United States History
Advanced Placement
Review Test #10 - War and Cold War
1941-1980
Directions: Read each question. Discuss the possible answers and choose the best one from the available options. You
may consult your textbook, or any suitable reference book, to help you determine the solution. Mark the Scantron
and submit it for grading at the end of the class period. (Note* Do not leave any answer blank.)
1. The series of treaties signed at the Washington Conference of 1921 to 1922 dealt with three of the
following. Which is the exception?
a. The limitation of land forces.
b. The limitation of naval armaments.
c. The reaffirmation of the Open Door in China.
d. Mutual respect between the four major powers for territorial possessions in the Pacific.
2. The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 pledged the signatory nations to:
a. join the League of Nations.
b. respect the Open Door policy in China.
c. renounce war as an instrument of national policy.
d. establish a binding regional-security military alliance with one another.
3. According to the Dawes Plan of 1924, the United States would:
a. provide economic assistance to rebuild the economies of Poland and Russia.
b. provide loans to Germany, enabling it to pay reparations to Britain and France.
c. reduce tariff rates, allowing trading partners to increase exports and thus earn needed funds to
repay debts.
d. double its investments in Latin America, providing modern facilities to weaken the appeal of
revolutionary groups in that region.
4. How did the Hoover administration respond to the Japanese conquest of Manchuria?
a. It supported the Japanese action.
b. It imposed economic sanctions on the Japanese.
c. It refused to grant diplomatic recognition to the new Japanese territories.
d. It ordered the Pacific fleet to stand by off the China coast.
5. The Nye committee reached the conclusion that an important factor leading the United States into war
in 1917 was the:
a. threat to the balance of power in Europe.
b. power vacuum created by the decline of Turkey.
c. need to protect American bank loans to the Allies.
d. need to protect American overseas colonial possessions.
6. The Neutrality Acts of the 1930s were based on the assumption that the United States could stay out of
war by:
a. ending the Depression.
b. freeing all American colonies.
c. staying out of the League of Nations.
d. banning arms sales to countries at war.
7. The Lend-Lease bill, in 1941, empowered the president to:
a. grant government loans to the Allies.
b. lend physical goods rather than money to the Allies.
c. authorize private American loans to the Allies.
d. abrogate the Neutrality Act of 1939 by executive order.
8. The American First Committee advocated:
a. immediate U.S. entry into the war, to defend France.
b. concentrating U.S power in the Pacific.
c. keeping the United States out of the war.
d. significantly increasing American assistance to the Allies short of actual entry into the war.
Review Test #10. War and Cold War, Page Two
9. Which of the following most seriously threatened the Japanese war effort and forced Japan to choose
between conciliating the United States and enlarging the scope of the war?
a. the Stimson Doctrine
b. world reaction to the Panay incident
b. the League of Nations
d. the freezing of Japanese assets in the United States.
10. In the August 1941 Atlantic Charter, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill:
a. decided that as soon as Nazi submarines were controlled in the Atlantic, military forces
should make the defeat of Japan in the Pacific the "highest priority."
b. announced a set of de facto war aims with "common principles" that called for the "final
destruction of Nazi tyranny."
c. resolved to defeat Germany as quickly as possible because they both regarded the Soviet
Union as "a greater threat to world self determination."
d. agreed that the British would have principal responsibility for "command and control" in
the European theater and that the United States would have it in Asia.
11. Prior to Pearl Harbor, A. Philip Randolph organized a march on Washington, D.C., to demand
a. immediate American entry into the war.
b. the internment of all Japanese-Americans.
c. equal opportunities for black workers in defense plants.
d. an end to segregation in public schools, housing, and transportation.
12. Which does not describe the internment of Japanese Americans during World War 11?
a. The Supreme Court upheld their evacuation from the West Coast.
b. Reparations were finally paid to evacuees about forty years after the war.
c. Many of the evacuees were United States citizens.
d. Outside California, there was widespread public opposition to the internment policy.
13. "I walked in there, in my overalls, and suddenly all the machines stopped and every guy in the shop
just turned around and looked at me. It took...two weeks before anyone even talked to me. The
discrimination was indescribable. They wanted to kill me.... Anyway, eventually some of the men became
very friendly, particularly the older ones.... They were sort of fatherly, protective.' The World War Two
experience described above was the
a. resistance to women workers.
b. internment of Japanese-Americans.
c. intolerance German-Americans faced.
d. rapid racial integration of the armed forces.
14. In the final months of World War Two in Europe, American and British forces:
a. pushed into the heart of Germany while Soviet troops bogged down in Poland.
b. entered Germany from the west and Soviet troops entered Germany from the east and
occupied Berlin.
c. stalled along the Rhine River just outside Germany until they linked with Soviet forces.
d. rushed toward Berlin to gain a "knock-out punch" on Hitler before the Soviet troops could
arrive in the capital city.
15. "A new situation has been created in Poland as a result of her complete liberation by the Red Army.
The provisional government...should...be reorganized on a broader basis with the inclusion of democratic
leaders from Poland itself and from Poles abroad...This new government...shall be pledged to the holding
of free and unfettered elections as soon as possible on the basis of universal suffrage and secret ballot."
This is from the
a. Declaration of the United Nations.
b. Atlantic Charter.
c. Potsdam Conference.
d. Yalta Conference.
16. At the Potsdam meeting in July 1945, the victorious Allies agreed to
a. hold free elections in all of Europe liberated from the Nazis.
b. have future discussions on international control of the atomic bomb.
c. divide Germany into four zones of occupation.
d. exact no reparations from Germany because that policy after World War I had helped cause
World
Review Test #10. War and Cold War, Page Three
17. According to the revisionist historians, Stalin believed that dominating Poland through an unpopular
pro-Soviet government
a. would be bitterly resisted by the U.S. and England.
b. was not necessary for future Soviet security.
c. was no different than the U.S. domination of many Latin American nations.
d. might cause the Soviets to be expelled from the United Nations.
18. Truman's "containment" policy was based on the assumption that
a. Soviet aggression was inevitable.
b. Southern racism was decreasing.
c. England's colonial empire was collapsing.
d. Labor unions were becoming too powerful.
e. The United States should revert to her post-war policy of non-involvement.
19. The Soviet Union's aggressive activities after World War II, especially in Eastern Europe, were called
extending the "Iron Curtain" by ..... in a speech in Fulton, Missouri.
a. George C. Marshall.
b. Winston Churchill.
c. Harry Truman.
d. George F. Kennan.
e. Joe McCarthy
20. At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of
life.... One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and...guarantees of individual liberty.... The
second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon
terror and oppression,...and the suppression of personal freedoms.... Should we fail to aid Greece and
Turkey in this fateful hour, the effect will be far reaching to the West as well to the East. We must take
immediate and resolute action." This quotation was taken from the .....
a. Eisenhower Doctrine.
b. Atlantic Charter.
c. Truman Doctrine.
d. Lend-Lease Act.
e. Atlantic Charter
21. The announced purpose of the Marshall Plan was to
a. stabilize world currencies
b. promote advanced technology for use in the military defense of Western Europe
c. reduce the dependence of the European economy on overseas empires
d. maintain the United States position as the world's leading creditor nation
e. aid the economic recovery of war torn Europe
22. One result of the Marshall Plan of 1948 was
a. the shipment of food, raw material and machinery to post-war Europe
b. the airlift of vital supplies to blockaded cities on the Baltic after the Second World War
c. the division of Germany into four administrative zones
d. the withdrawal of the United States from foreign affairs
e. the admission of China to the United Nations
23. Truman and the U.S. government reacted to the Soviet Union's blockade of Berlin in 1948 by which
of the following means?
a. Seized Soviet diplomats in western capitals as hostages.
b. Mounted a year-long airlift to supply the city by a peaceful means.
c. Cut off the Soviets from all western financial aid.
d. Expelled the Soviets from the UN Security Council.
e. Offered to joint the Soviet in the Marshall Plan if they would end the blockade.
24. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was organized in 1949 as a joint military defensive alliance
between Western European nations and the U.S. It represented all the following changes for the U.S.
except?
a. Broke the traditional "non-entangling alliance" policy of isolationism.
b. Became the center of all U.S. Cold War policy in Europe.
c. Assured the European democracies that the U.S. would not abandon them.
d. Became an important branch of the United Nations Organization.
e. Boosted the military confrontation between the U.S. and its allies and the Soviet Union.
Review Test #10. War and Cold War, Page Four
25. After Mao Tse-tung's 1949 victory in China, Truman was
a. praised for aiding Mao to expand freedom and democracy.
b. condemned for involving American troops in an unwinnable land war in Asia.
c. eager to establish normal relations with China as soon as possible.
d. criticized by conservatives for not backing Chiang Kai-shek strongly enough.
e. attacked by General MacArthur for his failure to stand up to the menace posed by the
communists in Korea.
26. Why was the United Nations able to defend South Korea when it was attacked
a. The Soviet Union was boycotting it in protest of its refusal to give a seat to Communist
China.
b. The Soviet Union did not use its veto power as it was concerned about the rise of Communist
China as a rival.
c. The Korean War was a local struggle, and neither the United States nor the Soviet Union
considered it part of the
Cold War.
d. The Soviet Union was boycotting it in order to test its response to a carefully orchestrated
scheme—the preplanned invasion by a communist country into an ally of the West.
e. South Korea was entitled to protection as a member of the United Nations.
27. The initial response of the United States to the outbreak of war in Korea was to
a. seek the cooperation of the People's Republic of China to end the fighting
b. increase American aid to Indochina to meet the threat of communist aggression
c. seek collective action against North Korea through the United Nations
d. request a summit meeting with the Soviet Union
e. encourage Japan to rearm
28. "How can we account for our present situation unless we believe that men high in this Government
are concerting to deliver us to disaster. This must be the product of a great conspiracy.... What is the
objective of this great conspiracy? To the end that we shall...finally fall victim to Soviet intrigue from
within and Russian military might from without." The author was
a. Joseph McCarthy.
b. Roger Baldwin.
c. Douglas MacArthur.
d. Eugene Dennis.
e. James Forestal
29. Eisenhower's Secretary of State who advocated the policies of "massive retaliation" and
"brinkmanship" was
a. Sherman Adams.
b. Richard Nixon
c. Dean Rusk.
d. John Foster Dulles.
e. Cordell Hull.
30. When the Russians crushed the Hungarian revolt of 1956, the Eisenhower administration
a. refused to aid the rebels.
b. tried to "rollback" communism by airlifting weapons to the rebels.
c. attempted to have the United Nations Security Council send a peacekeeping force.
d. closed all Soviet ground access to Berlin.
e. threatened the use of tactical nuclear weapons against their troops in Eastern Europe.
31. In his farewell address in January 1961, Eisenhower warned the American people against:
a. the rise of military pacifism.
b. the tendency to hysterical anticommunism.
c. the risk of creeping socialism.
d. the influence of the military-industrial complex.
e. the dangers of international, monolithic communism.
32. I n April 1961, the Central Intelligence Agency-sponsored invasion of Cuba
a. led to direct involvement of American troops in Cuba.
b. was unable to land because of bad weather.
c. ousted Castro's government for a short time.
d. was forced to surrender since the Cuban people did not aid them.
e. options A and B
Review Test #10. War and Cold War, Page Five
33. "This secret, swift, and extraordinary buildup...in an area well known to have a special and historical
relationship to the United States...,in violation of Soviet assurances, and in defiance of American and
hemispheric policy--this sudden, clandestine decision to station strategic weapons for the first time
outside of Soviet soil--is a deliberately provocative and unjustified change in the status quo which cannot
be accepted by this country...." The above topic was the
a. Chinese Communist Revolution.
b. Cuban missile crisis.
c. Berlin wall.
d. Bay of Pigs invasion.
34. By the end of 1967, the United States war efforts in Vietnam:
a. had effectively reduced to a trickle the flow of communist soldiers and supplies in the
southern part of Vietnam by intensive bombings of the north.
b. involved roughly a half-million American military personnel in the war region.
c. had succeeded in establishing an honest and efficient, if weak, government in South
Vietnam.
d. involved all of the above.
e. Only options B and C
35. The term "Vietnamization" referred to the policy of:
a. using propaganda to develop public support for the war.
b. training United States troops to understand Vietnamese social customs.
c. shifting the emphasis of the United States military from traditional to guerrilla warfare.
d. shifting the burden of actual combat to the South Vietnamese army.
e. increased covert activity along the coast of North Vietnam
36. Ngh Dinh Diem was probably an unfortunate choice as the basis of American hopes for creation of a
viable noncommunist regime in the southern part of Vietnam because he:
a. resisted serious political or economic reforms.
b. failed to attract the support of the upper class in Saigon.
c. was too willing to appease the Viet Cong.
d. persecuted the nation's Roman Catholics.
e. had close ties with the Chinese Communists.
37. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution:
a. aroused strong opposition and a lengthy debate in Congress before being narrowly passed.
b. limited President Johnson to a one-time retaliatory bombing strike on the northern part of
Vietnam .
c. was used by President Johnson as legal authorization for the military escalation of the
U.S. role in the conflict.
d. marked the beginning of significant international support for the American response to
communist aggression in Indochina.
e. inaugurated large scale political opposition on American college campuses.
38. The American military forces in Vietnam seemed least capable of:
a. winning a military victory in the major battles in which it became engaged.
b. removing the Viet Cong and their Vietnamese allies from the north from such strongholds as
Khe Sahn.
c. sustaining a favorable "kill ratio."
d. pacifying a captured region by winning "the hearts and minds" of the Vietnamese people.
e. winning due to the over attempts by the media and anti-war activists to undermine the war
effort
39. The invasion of Cambodia by U.S. and South Vietnamese forces in the spring of 1970:
a. resulted in a crushing defeat of the U.S. forces.
b. was the last major encounter of the war involving U.S. troops.
c. Ied to Chinese intervention on the side of the North Vietnamese.
d. was hailed as an effort to bring democracy to the region.
e. revived the domestic antiwar movement in the United States and led to large
demonstrations.
Review Test #10. War and Cold War, Page Six
40. The Paris accords of January 1973 on Vietnam provided for all of the following except.
I. an immediate cease-fire
II. the return of American prisoners of war
III. the Thieu regime to remain in power in South Vietnam
IV. North Vietnamese troops to be withdrawn from the southern part of Vietnam
a. I & II b. I & III
c. I, II, & III
d. I, III, & IV
e. I, II, III, & IV
41. Richard Nixon's approach to China was to:
a. isolate the mainland government because of its support for the north in the Vietnam War.
b. open up contact for the first time since 1949 by visiting China and beginning diplomatic
relations short of full recognition.
c. try to stir up Soviet-Chinese border conflict so that both nations would be preoccupied with
each other and reduce tensions with the United States.
d. pressure the government of Nationalist China to seek reunification with the mainland.
e. utilize Dwight Eisenhower’s “madman strategy” and convince them that he was willing to
use nuclear weapons in Korea.
42. An important effect of America's support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War (1973) was:
a. a reduction in unemployment.
b. the strengthening of the dollar in international trade.
c. the cancellation of the wheat deal with the Soviet Union.
d. an Arab embargo on oil exports to the United States.
43. President Carter had hoped to base American foreign policy on increased attention to:
a. flexible military response whenever democratic governments were challenged.
b. expansion of American economic interests overseas.
c. reduction of American responsibility for involvement in world conflicts.
d. the issue of how nations respect human rights.
e. the concept of real politick and a balance of power.
44. The Camp David summit, hosted by President Carter, was a meeting between the leaders of Israel
and:
a. Egypt.
b. Libya.
c. Iraq
d. Iran
e. the Palestine Liberation Organization.
45. In November 1979, Iranian militants took over the U.S. embassy in Teheran and held fifty-three
embassy personnel hostage for more than a year. The immediate provocation for their act was the fact
that the Carter administration:
a. began to support Iraq in its war with Iran.
b. refused to recognize Iran's new regime.
c. attempted to restore the pro-American Shah to power in Iran.
d. allowed the exiled former Shah of Iran to enter the United States.
e. chemical attacks on the Kurds in Iraq
United States History
Advanced Placement
Review Test #10 - War and Cold War
1941-1980
Directions: Read each question. Discuss the possible answers and choose the best one from the available options. You
may consult your textbook, or any suitable reference book, to help you determine the solution. Mark the Scantron
and submit it for grading at the end of the class period. (Note* Do not leave any answer blank.)
1.A
2.C
3.B
4.C
5.C
6.D
7.B
8.C
9.D
10.B
11.C
12.D
13.A
14.B
15.D
16.C
17.C
18.A
19.B
20.C
21.E
22.A
41. B
42. D
43. D
44. A
45. D
23.B
24.D
25.D
26.A
27.C
28.A
29.D
30.A
31.D
32.D
33.B
34.B
35.D
36.A
37.C
38.D
39.E
40.C
1. The series of treaties signed at the Washington Conference of 1921 to 1922 dealt with three of the
following. Which is the exception?
a. The limitation of land forces.
b. The limitation of naval armaments.
c. The reaffirmation of the Open Door in China.
d. Mutual respect between the four major powers for territorial possessions in the Pacific.
2. The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 pledged the signatory nations to:
a. join the League of Nations.
b. respect the Open Door policy in China.
c. renounce war as an instrument of national policy.
d. establish a binding regional-security military alliance with one another.
3. According to the Dawes Plan of 1924, the United States would:
a. provide economic assistance to rebuild the economies of Poland and Russia.
b. provide loans to Germany, enabling it to pay reparations to Britain and France.
c. reduce tariff rates, allowing trading partners to increase exports and thus earn needed funds to
repay debts.
d. double its investments in Latin America, providing modern facilities to weaken the appeal of
revolutionary groups in that region.
4. How did the Hoover administration respond to the Japanese conquest of Manchuria?
a. It supported the Japanese action.
b. It imposed economic sanctions on the Japanese.
c. It refused to grant diplomatic recognition to the new Japanese territories.
d. It ordered the Pacific fleet to stand by off the China coast.
5. The Nye committee reached the conclusion that an important factor leading the United States into war
in 1917 was the:
a. threat to the balance of power in Europe.
b. power vacuum created by the decline of Turkey.
c. need to protect American bank loans to the Allies.
d. need to protect American overseas colonial possessions.
6. The Neutrality Acts of the 1930s were based on the assumption that the United States could stay out of
war by:
a. ending the Depression.
b. freeing all American colonies.
c. staying out of the League of Nations.
d. banning arms sales to countries at war.
7. The Lend-Lease bill, in 1941, empowered the president to:
a. grant government loans to the Allies.
b. lend physical goods rather than money to the Allies.
c. authorize private American loans to the Allies.
d. abrogate the Neutrality Act of 1939 by executive order.
8. The American First Committee advocated:
a. immediate U.S. entry into the war, to defend France.
b. concentrating U.S power in the Pacific.
c. keeping the United States out of the war.
d. significantly increasing American assistance to the Allies short of actual entry into the war.
9. Which of the following most seriously threatened the Japanese war effort and forced Japan to choose
between conciliating the United States and enlarging the scope of the war?
a. the Stimson Doctrine
b. world reaction to the Panay incident
b. the League of Nations
d. the freezing of Japanese assets in the United States.
10. In the August 1941 Atlantic Charter, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill:
a. decided that as soon as Nazi submarines were controlled in the Atlantic, military forces
should make the defeat of Japan in the Pacific the "highest priority."
b. announced a set of de facto war aims with "common principles" that called for the "final
destruction of Nazi tyranny."
c. resolved to defeat Germany as quickly as possible because they both regarded the Soviet
Union as "a greater threat to world self determination."
d. agreed that the British would have principal responsibility for "command and control" in
the European theater and that the United States would have it in Asia.
11. Prior to Pearl Harbor, A. Philip Randolph organized a march on Washington, D.C., to demand
a. immediate American entry into the war.
b. the internment of all Japanese-Americans.
c. equal opportunities for black workers in defense plants.
d. an end to segregation in public schools, housing, and transportation.
12. Which does not describe the internment of Japanese Americans during World War 11?
a. The Supreme Court upheld their evacuation from the West Coast.
b. Reparations were finally paid to evacuees about forty years after the war.
c. Many of the evacuees were United States citizens.
d. Outside California, there was widespread public opposition to the internment policy.
13. "I walked in there, in my overalls, and suddenly all the machines stopped and every guy in the shop
just turned around and looked at me. It took...two weeks before anyone even talked to me. The
discrimination was indescribable. They wanted to kill me.... Anyway, eventually some of the men became
very friendly, particularly the older ones.... They were sort of fatherly, protective.' The World War Two
experience described above was the
a. resistance to women workers.
b. internment of Japanese-Americans.
c. intolerance German-Americans faced.
d. rapid racial integration of the armed forces.
14. In the final months of World War Two in Europe, American and British forces:
a. pushed into the heart of Germany while Soviet troops bogged down in Poland.
b. entered Germany from the west and Soviet troops entered Germany from the east and
occupied Berlin.
c. stalled along the Rhine River just outside Germany until they linked with Soviet forces.
d. rushed toward Berlin to gain a "knock-out punch" on Hitler before the Soviet troops could
arrive in the capital city.
15. "A new situation has been created in Poland as a result of her complete liberation by the Red Army.
The provisional government...should...be reorganized on a broader basis with the inclusion of democratic
leaders from Poland itself and from Poles abroad...This new government...shall be pledged to the holding
of free and unfettered elections as soon as possible on the basis of universal suffrage and secret ballot."
This is from the
a. Declaration of the United Nations.
b. Atlantic Charter.
c. Potsdam Conference.
d. Yalta Conference.
16. At the Potsdam meeting in July 1945, the victorious Allies agreed to
a. hold free elections in all of Europe liberated from the Nazis.
b. have future discussions on international control of the atomic bomb.
c. divide Germany into four zones of occupation.
d. exact no reparations from Germany because that policy after World War I had helped cause
World
17. According to the revisionist historians, Stalin believed that dominating Poland through an unpopular
pro-Soviet government
a. would be bitterly resisted by the U.S. and England.
b. was not necessary for future Soviet security.
c. was no different than the U.S. domination of many Latin American nations.
d. might cause the Soviets to be expelled from the United Nations.
18. Truman's "containment" policy was based on the assumption that
a. Soviet aggression was inevitable.
b. Southern racism was decreasing.
c. England's colonial empire was collapsing.
d. Labor unions were becoming too powerful.
e. The United States should revert to her post-war policy of non-involvement.
19. The Soviet Union's aggressive activities after World War II, especially in Eastern Europe, were called
extending the "Iron Curtain" by ..... in a speech in Fulton, Missouri.
a. George C. Marshall.
b. Winston Churchill.
c. Harry Truman.
d. George F. Kennan.
e. Joe McCarthy
20. At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of
life.... One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and...guarantees of individual liberty.... The
second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon
terror and oppression,...and the suppression of personal freedoms.... Should we fail to aid Greece and
Turkey in this fateful hour, the effect will be far reaching to the West as well to the East. We must take
immediate and resolute action." This quotation was taken from the .....
a. Eisenhower Doctrine.
b. Atlantic Charter.
c. Truman Doctrine.
d. Lend-Lease Act.
e. Atlantic Charter
21. The announced purpose of the Marshall Plan was to
a. stabilize world currencies
b. promote advanced technology for use in the military defense of Western Europe
c. reduce the dependence of the European economy on overseas empires
d. maintain the United States position as the world's leading creditor nation
e. aid the economic recovery of war torn Europe
22. One result of the Marshall Plan of 1948 was
a. the shipment of food, raw material and machinery to post-war Europe
b. the airlift of vital supplies to blockaded cities on the Baltic after the Second World War
c. the division of Germany into four administrative zones
d. the withdrawal of the United States from foreign affairs
e. the admission of China to the United Nations
23. Truman and the U.S. government reacted to the Soviet Union's blockade of Berlin in 1948 by which
of the following means?
a. Seized Soviet diplomats in western capitals as hostages.
b. Mounted a year-long airlift to supply the city by a peaceful means.
c. Cut off the Soviets from all western financial aid.
d. Expelled the Soviets from the UN Security Council.
e. Offered to joint the Soviet in the Marshall Plan if they would end the blockade.
24. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was organized in 1949 as a joint military defensive alliance
between Western European nations and the U.S. It represented all the following changes for the U.S.
except?
a. Broke the traditional "non-entangling alliance" policy of isolationism.
b. Became the center of all U.S. Cold War policy in Europe.
c. Assured the European democracies that the U.S. would not abandon them.
d. Became an important branch of the United Nations Organization.
e. Boosted the military confrontation between the U.S. and its allies and the Soviet Union.
25. After Mao Tse-tung's 1949 victory in China, Truman was
a. praised for aiding Mao to expand freedom and democracy.
b. condemned for involving American troops in an unwinnable land war in Asia.
c. eager to establish normal relations with China as soon as possible.
d. criticized by conservatives for not backing Chiang Kai-shek strongly enough.
e. attacked by General MacArthur for his failure to stand up to the menace posed by the
communists in Korea.
26. Why was the United Nations able to defend South Korea when it was attacked
a. The Soviet Union was boycotting it in protest of its refusal to give a seat to Communist
China.
b. The Soviet Union did not use its veto power as it was concerned about the rise of Communist
China as a rival.
c. The Korean War was a local struggle, and neither the United States nor the Soviet Union
considered it part of the
Cold War.
d. The Soviet Union was boycotting it in order to test its response to a carefully orchestrated
scheme—the preplanned invasion by a communist country into an ally of the West.
e. South Korea was entitled to protection as a member of the United Nations.
27. The initial response of the United States to the outbreak of war in Korea was to
a. seek the cooperation of the People's Republic of China to end the fighting
b. increase American aid to Indochina to meet the threat of communist aggression
c. seek collective action against North Korea through the United Nations
d. request a summit meeting with the Soviet Union
e. encourage Japan to rearm
28. "How can we account for our present situation unless we believe that men high in this Government
are concerting to deliver us to disaster. This must be the product of a great conspiracy.... What is the
objective of this great conspiracy? To the end that we shall...finally fall victim to Soviet intrigue from
within and Russian military might from without." The author was
a. Joseph McCarthy.
b. Roger Baldwin.
c. Douglas MacArthur.
d. Eugene Dennis.
e. James Forestal
29. Eisenhower's Secretary of State who advocated the policies of "massive retaliation" and
"brinkmanship" was
a. Sherman Adams.
b. Richard Nixon
c. Dean Rusk.
d. John Foster Dulles.
e. Cordell Hull.
30. When the Russians crushed the Hungarian revolt of 1956, the Eisenhower administration
a. refused to aid the rebels.
b. tried to "rollback" communism by airlifting weapons to the rebels.
c. attempted to have the United Nations Security Council send a peacekeeping force.
d. closed all Soviet ground access to Berlin.
e. threatened the use of tactical nuclear weapons against their troops in Eastern Europe.
31. In his farewell address in January 1961, Eisenhower warned the American people against:
a. the rise of military pacifism.
b. the tendency to hysterical anticommunism.
c. the risk of creeping socialism.
d. the influence of the military-industrial complex.
e. the dangers of international, monolithic communism.
32. I n April 1961, the Central Intelligence Agency-sponsored invasion of Cuba
a. led to direct involvement of American troops in Cuba.
b. was unable to land because of bad weather.
c. ousted Castro's government for a short time.
d. was forced to surrender since the Cuban people did not aid them.
e. options A and B
33. "This secret, swift, and extraordinary buildup...in an area well known to have a special and historical
relationship to the United States...,in violation of Soviet assurances, and in defiance of American and
hemispheric policy--this sudden, clandestine decision to station strategic weapons for the first time
outside of Soviet soil--is a deliberately provocative and unjustified change in the status quo which cannot
be accepted by this country...." The above topic was the
a. Chinese Communist Revolution.
b. Cuban missile crisis.
c. Berlin wall.
d. Bay of Pigs invasion.
34. By the end of 1967, the United States war efforts in Vietnam:
a. had effectively reduced to a trickle the flow of communist soldiers and supplies in the
southern part of Vietnam by intensive bombings of the north.
b. involved roughly a half-million American military personnel in the war region.
c. had succeeded in establishing an honest and efficient, if weak, government in South
Vietnam.
d. involved all of the above.
e. Only options B and C
35. The term "Vietnamization" referred to the policy of:
a. using propaganda to develop public support for the war.
b. training United States troops to understand Vietnamese social customs.
c. shifting the emphasis of the United States military from traditional to guerrilla warfare.
d. shifting the burden of actual combat to the South Vietnamese army.
e. increased covert activity along the coast of North Vietnam
36. Ngh Dinh Diem was probably an unfortunate choice as the basis of American hopes for creation of a
viable noncommunist regime in the southern part of Vietnam because he:
a. resisted serious political or economic reforms.
b. failed to attract the support of the upper class in Saigon.
c. was too willing to appease the Viet Cong.
d. persecuted the nation's Roman Catholics.
e. had close ties with the Chinese Communists.
37. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution:
a. aroused strong opposition and a lengthy debate in Congress before being narrowly passed.
b. limited President Johnson to a one-time retaliatory bombing strike on the northern part of
Vietnam .
c. was used by President Johnson as legal authorization for the military escalation of the
U.S. role in the conflict.
d. marked the beginning of significant international support for the American response to
communist aggression in Indochina.
e. inaugurated large scale political opposition on American college campuses.
38. The American military forces in Vietnam seemed least capable of:
a. winning a military victory in the major battles in which it became engaged.
b. removing the Viet Cong and their Vietnamese allies from the north from such strongholds as
Khe Sahn.
c. sustaining a favorable "kill ratio."
d. pacifying a captured region by winning "the hearts and minds" of the Vietnamese people.
e. winning due to the over attempts by the media and anti-war activists to undermine the war
effort
39. The invasion of Cambodia by U.S. and South Vietnamese forces in the spring of 1970:
a. resulted in a crushing defeat of the U.S. forces.
b. was the last major encounter of the war involving U.S. troops.
c. Ied to Chinese intervention on the side of the North Vietnamese.
d. was hailed as an effort to bring democracy to the region.
e. revived the domestic antiwar movement in the United States and led to large
demonstrations.
40. The Paris accords of January 1973 on Vietnam provided for all of the following except.
I. an immediate cease-fire
II. the return of American prisoners of war
III. the Thieu regime to remain in power in South Vietnam
IV. North Vietnamese troops to be withdrawn from the southern part of Vietnam
a. I & II b. I & III
c. I, II, & III
d. I, III, & IV
e. I, II, III, & IV
41. Richard Nixon's approach to China was to:
a. isolate the mainland government because of its support for the north in the Vietnam War.
b. open up contact for the first time since 1949 by visiting China and beginning diplomatic
relations short of full recognition.
c. try to stir up Soviet-Chinese border conflict so that both nations would be preoccupied with
each other and reduce tensions with the United States.
d. pressure the government of Nationalist China to seek reunification with the mainland.
e. utilize Dwight Eisenhower’s “madman strategy” and convince them that he was willing to
use nuclear weapons in Korea.
42. An important effect of America's support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War (1973) was:
a. a reduction in unemployment.
b. the strengthening of the dollar in international trade.
c. the cancellation of the wheat deal with the Soviet Union.
d. an Arab embargo on oil exports to the United States.
43. President Carter had hoped to base American foreign policy on increased attention to:
a. flexible military response whenever democratic governments were challenged.
b. expansion of American economic interests overseas.
c. reduction of American responsibility for involvement in world conflicts.
d. the issue of how nations respect human rights.
e. the concept of real politick and a balance of power.
44. The Camp David summit, hosted by President Carter, was a meeting between the leaders of Israel
and:
a. Egypt.
b. Libya.
c. Iraq
d. Iran
e. the Palestine Liberation Organization.
45. In November 1979, Iranian militants took over the U.S. embassy in Teheran and held fifty-three
embassy personnel hostage for more than a year. The immediate provocation for their act was the fact
that the Carter administration:
a. began to support Iraq in its war with Iran.
b. refused to recognize Iran's new regime.
c. attempted to restore the pro-American Shah to power in Iran.
d. allowed the exiled former Shah of Iran to enter the United States.
e. chemical attacks on the Kurds in Iraq
24. After Mao Tse-tung's 1949 victory in China, Truman was
A. praised for aiding Mao to expand freedom and democracy.
B. condemned for involving American troops in an unwinnable land war in Asia.
C. eager to establish normal relations with China as soon as possible.
D. criticized by conservatives for not backing Chiang Kai-shek strongly enough.
E. attacked by General MacArthur for his failure to stand up to the menace posed by the communists
in Korea.
26. "How can we account for our present situation unless we believe that men high in this Government
are concerting to deliver us to disaster. This must be the product of a great conspiracy.... What is the
objective of this great conspiracy? To the end that we shall...finally fall victim to Soviet intrigue from
within and Russian military might from without." The author was
A. Robert Taft.
B. Roy Cohn.
C. Joseph McCarthy.
D. Adlai Stevenson.
E. Eugene McCarthy
27. Eisenhowers Secretary of State who advocated the policies of "massive retaliation" and
"brinkmanship" was
A. John Foster Dulles.
B . Sherman Adams.
C. Dean Rusk.
D. Cordell Hull.
E. Henry Kissinger
28. When the Russians crushed the Hungarian revolt of 1956, the Eisenhower administration
A. tried to "rollback" communism by airlifting weapons to the rebels.
B. refused to aid the rebels.
C. attempted to have the United Nations Security Council send a peacekeeping force.
D. closed all Soviet ground access to Berlin.
E. threatened the use of tactical nuclear weapons against Cuba if the Soviets did not retreat.
43. In response to the 1979 Soviet invasion of -----, President Carter imposed economic sanctions on the
Soviet Union, called for a boycott of the 1980 Olympics in Moscow, and withdrew SALT II from
consideration by the Senate.
A. Afghanistan
B. Bosnia
C. Czechoslovakia
D. Poland
E. Kosovo
44. With respect to the civil war in El Salvador, the Reagan administration:
A. maintained a strictly neutral position.
B. sent in a peacekeeping force of American combat troops.
C. supported the existing military regime with money and material.*
D. supported the revolutionaries, who were seeking to overthrow the military regime.
E. deferred to the United Nations authority.
45. The leader of the Soviet Union at the time of the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold
War was:
A. Yuri Andropov
B. Boris Yeltsin.
C. Mikhail Gorbachev.*
D. Leonid Brezhnev.
E. Nikita Khrushchev.
1. Which was the first wartime conference attended by the three leaders, Stalin, FDR, and Churchill?
(A) Teheran
(B) Yalta
(C) Casablanca
(D) Cairo
(E) Atlantic Charter meeting
2. ''I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting
attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free
peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily
through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political
processes.
The statement above is taken from
(A) Woodrow Wilson's request for a declaration of war against Germany (1917)
(B) Herbert Hoover's statement on Japanese aggression in China (1931)
(C) a joint statement by the United States, Great Britain and France with regard to the Spanish Civil
War(1936)
(D) Franklin D' Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war against Japan (1941)
(E) Harry S. Truman's request for funds to support Greece and Turkey against communism (1947)
3. The difference between a "cold war" and a "hot war" is that, during a "cold war,"
(A) neither side publicly acknowledges its animosity toward its enemy
(B) United Nations armed forces are used to maintain treaties
(C) opponents differ over religious, rather than political, ideals
(D) the opposing sides are military superpowers
(E) opposing sides do not engage in military combat
4. The policy of containment, justified by George Kennan's 1947 analysis of the international situation,
called for
(A) blocking the expansion of the Soviet Union's influence
(B) curbing United States foreign investment to limit involvement in world conflict
(C) liberating Eastern Europe from communism
(D) destabilizing the Soviet Union
(E) dividing Germany into zones administered by the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union
5. At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of
life.... One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and...guarantees of individual liberty.... The
second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon
terror and oppression,...and the suppression of personal freedoms.... Should we fail to aid Greece and
Turkey in this fateful hour, the effect will be far reaching to the West as well to the East. We must take
immediate and resolute action." The source of the above
(A) Eisenhower Doctrine.
(B) Atlantic Charter.
(C) Truman Doctrine.
(D) Marshall Plan.
(E) Lend-Lease
Cold War (group Exam) Page Two
8. The National Security Act of 1947 and the National Security Act of 1949 established which of the
following?
I. National Security Council
II. Central Intelligence Agency
III. Secretary of Defense
IV. Joint Chiefs of Staff
V. House Un American Activities Commit tee
(A) I only (B) I and II only (C) I, II, and V only
(D) II and IV only
(E) I, II, III, and
IV only
9. The American ally and leader of the Chinese Nationalists after World War II was
(A) Mao Tse-tung.
(B) Sun Yat-sen.
(C) Wu Tien-wei.
(D) Chiang Kai-shek.
(E) Ho Chi Minh
10. After Mao Tse-tung's 1949 victory in China, Truman was
(A) praised for aiding Mao to expand freedom and democracy.
(B) condemned for involving American troops in an unwinnable land war in Asia.
(C) eager to establish normal relations with China as soon as possible.
(D) criticized by conservatives for not backing Chiang Kai-shek strongly enough.
(E)reelected in a stunning victory, a mandate on his policies in the Far East.
11. "Red China is not the powerful nation seeking to dominate the world. Frankly, in the opinion of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff, this strategy would involve us in the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong
time, and with the wrong enemy." This quotation from a speech before a congressional hearing by
General Omar Bradley, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, concerned
(A) U.S. recognition of the government of Taiwan
(B) U.S. response to the Japanese invasion of China in the 1930s
(C) the application of the Hoover-Stimson Doctrine to Manchuria
(D) U.S. policy in regard to enlarging the scope of the Korean War
(E) the U.S. decision to support the government of South Vietnam
Cold War (group Exam) Page Three
12. Why was the United Nations able to defend South Korea when it was attacked
(A) The Soviet Union was boycotting it in protest of its refusal to give a seat to Communist China.
(B) The Soviet Union did not use its veto power as it was concerned about the rise of Communist
China
as a rival.
(C) The Korean War was a local struggle, and neither the United States nor the Soviet Union
considered
it part of the Cold War.
(D) The Soviet Union was boycotting it in order to test its response to a carefully orchestrated
scheme—the preplanned invasion by a communist country into an ally of the West.
(E) South Korea was entitled to protection as a member of the United Nations.
15. In 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Republican party effectively used the issue of the to defeat the
Democrats.
(A) Iack of national health insurance.
(B) Korean War.
(C) decline in agricultural prices.
(D) housing shortages.
(E) Israel and the Middle East
16. The Korean War was considered a "police action" because
(A) the Supreme Court found the U.S. Army's recruiting practices unconstitutional
(B) the President did not endorse the participation of American troops
(C) Congress never formally declared war against North Korea
(D) the United Nations forced the U.S. government to enter the war
(E) the war was fought between two sovereign states
17. All of the following exemplify the policy of containment EXCEPT
(A) the Truman Doctrine
(B) the Marshall Plan
(C) the creation of NATO
(D) the MacArthur-led invasion of North Korea
(E) the 1948 Berlin airlift
Cold War (group Exam) Page Four
18. The 1940 Smith Act made it illegal to
(A) advocate the overthrow of the government by force.
(B) belong to any fascist organization.
(C) join the Socialist party or any of its front groups.
(D) support or join the Ku Klux Klan.
(E) none of the above
19. Which of the following contributed the LEAST to the growth of McCarthyism in the early 1950's?
(A) Fears over Soviet development of an atomic weapon
(B) Revelations about Soviet spies in Great Britain and the United States
(C) President Truman's use of anticommunism to build support for his foreign policy
(D) A large influx of immigrants following the Second World War
(E) Political recriminations over the success of the Chinese Communist revolution
20. All of the following were crises during the Eisenhower administration except the
(A) U-2 spy plane incident
(B) building of the Berlin Wall
(C) tension between Red China and National
ist China in the Taiwan Straits
(D) Suez Canal crisis
(E) Lebanon crisis leading to the Eisenhower Doctrine
23. Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev announced that Soviet communism would
(A) no longer challenge capitalism for world domination.
(B) bury capitalism through science and technology.
(C) destroy capitalism in a future land war beginning in Europe.
(D) absolutely refuse to cooperate with the capitalist nations.
(E) work within the confines of the United Nations to find a peaceful solution to our problems.
24. "The President is authorized to undertake, in the ...the Middle East, military assistance programs with
any nation....Furthermore, he is authorized to employ the Armed forces of the United States as he deems
necessary to secure and protect the territorial integrity and political independence of any such
nation...requesting such aid against overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by international
communism." The source of the above was the
(A) Marshall Plan.
(B) Eisenhower Doctrine.
(C) Atlantic Charter.
(D) Truman Doctrine.
(E) Nixon Doctrine
Cold War (group Exam) Page Five
25. Which of the following is not correctly linked to an event which occurred during his presidential
administration?
(A) Peace Corps started—JFK
(B) Marshall Plan—FDR
(C) U-2 incident—Eisenhower
(D) Guatemala incident - Eisenhower
(E) Korean War - Truman
26. In 1948 the United States joined the .... , appearing to commit itself to a policy of true cooperation with
Latin America.
(A) Organization of American States
(B) Alliance for Progress
(C) Western Hemisphere Treaty Organization
(D) United Nations
(E) SEATO
27. The successful Cuban revolution of January 1959 was led by
(A) Fulgencio Batista.
(B) Jacobo Arbenz Guzman.
(C) Aamons Monzano.
(D) Fidel Castro.
(E) Hubert Matos
28. Which outgoing president warned the nation in a farewell speech to beware of "the military industrial
complex," the result of the need for a sophisticated technological military and the subsequent
development of a permanent, politically-oriented arms industry dependent on military purchases?
(A) Jimmy Carter (B) Richard Nixon (C) Harry Truman (D) Dwight Eisenhower
(E) Lyndon
Johnson
29. After the Second World War the Soviet Union had difficulty presenting communism as a unified
movement, a monolithic workers' international. During the Cold War, which of the following satellites
challenged the leadership of the Soviet Union the least?
(A) China
(B) Yugoslavia
(C) Albania
(D) Hungary
(E) Cuba
30. In a ringing speech John F. Kennedy said that those who don't understand what the confrontation
between the Soviet Union and the Western democracies was all about should visit "an island of freedom
in a Communist Sea.... a beacon of hope behind the Iron Curtain, an escape hatch for refugees . . . the
great testing place of Western courage and will." To what was Kennedy referring?
(A) South Korea
(B) West Berlin
(C) South Vietnam
(D) Laos
(E) Cuba
31. All of the following were crises during the Eisenhower administration except the
(A) U-2 spy plane incident
(B) building of the Berlin Wall
(C) tension between Red China and National
ist China in the Taiwan Straits
(D) Suez Canal crisis
(E) Lebanon crisis leading to the Eisenhowe Doctrine
32. In April 1961, the Central Intelligence Agency-sponsored invasion of Cuba
(A) Ied to direct involvement of American troops in Cuba.
(B) was unable to land because of bad weather.
(C) deposed Castro for a brief period of time.
(D) was forced to surrender since the Cuban people did not aid them.
(E) was undermined by a conspiracy in the highest ranks of government.
33. In August 1961, Soviet Premier Khrushchev increased cold war tensions by
(A) starting the Berlin Blockade.
(B) ordering the Berlin Wall built.
(C) threatening a military takeover of West Berlin unless the United States left Cuba alone.
(D) closing all Western surfaces access to Berlin.
(E) building up Soviet forces in Laos and Cambodia.
34. Which of the following is not correctly linked to an event which occurred during his presidential
administration?
(A) Peace Corps started—JFK
(B) Marshall Plan—FDR
(C) U-2 incident—Eisenhower
(D) Guatemala incident - Eisenhower
(E) Korean War - Truman
35. The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Berlin Airlift share which of the following characteristics?
(A) They were both Cold War confrontations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.*
(B) They were both precursors to multi-national military engagements.
(C) They were both examples of the policy known as detente, demonstrating a willingness of the U.S. to
negotiate with Communist countries.
(D) They were both unsuccessful military campaigns that embarrassed President Jimmy Carter.
(E) They were both examples of the superiority of U.S weapons technology.
..........
13.
The decision to create the United Nations was made by Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill at which
of the following wartime conferences?
A.
Casablanca.
B.
Cairo.
C.
Teheran.
-D.
Yalta.
E.
Potsdam.
14.
In the closing months of World War II, the U.S. was desperate to get the Soviet Union to join the
war against Japan to reduce the loss of American lives if an invasion were necessary. Stalin extracted all
the following concessions from Roosevelt in exchange for a promise to join war against Japan after
Germany was beaten. Which of the following concessions was NOT among those to which Roosevelt
agreed?
-A.
The Soviets would have complete dominance in Eastern Europe, especially Poland.
B.
The seaport of Port Arthur would come under Soviet control.
C.
Russia would receive the southern half of Sakhalin Island.
D.
Manchurian railroads would fall partially under Soviet control.
E.
The Kurile Islands would become Soviet possessions.
15.
Unstable post war relations and the growing distrust between the United States and the Soviet
Union were both made more difficult by all of the following factors EXCEPT?
A.
U.S. abrupt termination of Lend-Lease in 1945.
B.
Refusal of the U.S. government to recognize the Bolshevik goverment from 1918 to 1933.
C.
Delay of Britain and the U.S. to open a 2nd front against Nazi Germany in France until 1944.
D.
Britain and the U.S. had kept the USSR out of their development of the atomic bomb.
-E.
British and U.S. troops occupying Manchurian cities that had been placed under Soviet control at
the end of World War II.
16.
The great promise of the United Nations and international cooperation failed terribly very early
after World War II on this particular issue?
A.
Peaceful, joint occupation of Germany.
-B.
Placing atomic technology under international control.
C.
Helping former colonies move toward independence.
D.
Preserving the peace in places like Iran and Kasmir.
E.
Establishing a Jewish homeland in Israel.
19.
The essential ideas behind the American policy of "containment" of Soviet aggression were
developed by which individual?
A.
Thomas E. Dewey.
-B.
George F. Kennan.
C.
Douglas MacArthur.
D.
Richard Nixon.
E.
Joseph McCarthy.
20.
The trigger that pushed the U.S. into adopting the Truman Doctrine and the policy of
containment was events in which of the following nations in 1947?
A.
Italy.
B.
Germany.
-C.
Greece.
D.
France.
E.
Czechoslovakia.
21.
Congress balked at funding the reconstruction of Europe under the Marshall Plan until a
communist takeover in this nation in 1948.
A.
Italy.
B.
Germany.
C.
Greece.
D.
France.
-E.
Czechoslovakia
22.
In the years immediately following the end of World War II the United States reluctantly rearmed
for the "Cold War" with all of the following actions EXCEPT?
A.
Congress passed the National Security Act of 1947 creating the Department of Defense.
-B.
The U.S. Senate reluctantly approved U.S. membership in the United Nations.
C.
Created the Central Intelligence Agency to coordinate the government's foreign fact finding
activities.
D.
Established the "Voice of America" to beam radio programs to Soviet dominated Eastern
European nations.
E.
Reestablished the military draft for U.S. citizens 19 to 25 years of age.
With regard to Latin America, Herbert Hoover:
a. relied on "dollar diplomacy" as William H. Taft had.
b. returned to military intervention as Woodrow Wilson had.
c. renounced the Monroe Doctrine and encouraged western European intervention.
d. repudiated the Roosevelt corollary and refused to send in U.S. troops when Caribbean nations got into
debt problems and political instability. *
8. Which of the following places and names most readily brings to mind appeasement of the Nazis?
a. Dunkirk - Churchill
b. Munich - Chamberlain *
c. Stockholm - FDR
d. Warsaw - Stalin
20. One school of history argues that World War Two “caused a fundamental change in international
politics.” A fundamental aspect aspect of this change, and a cause of lingering resentment toward the
United States, was the:
a. sudden independence gained by many former European colonies in Africa.
b. formation of a world government under the United Nations.
c. triumph of isolationism in America.
d. reduction of all the Western European nations to the status of second-class powers.
*