1
Unit 1
One of the Founding Fathers, he
wrote the
Declaration of Independence,
which set forth the colonies’
reasons for becoming The
United States of America. Used
John Locke’s theory on
unalienable rights: life,
liberty, and the pursuit of
rd
happiness. He was the 3
President of the U. S. serving
from 1801-1809.–
Thomas Jefferson
2
George Washington
1
2
He was Commander in Chief
of the Continental Army
during the Revolutionary
War. He served as the 1st
President of the U. S. from
1789 to 1797 and guided the
new
Nation through its tough
beginnings. Today he is
known as “The Father of
Our Country.”
3
The Constitution of
the United States
4
The Magna Carta
3
After much discussion and
debate about whether America
should have a strong central
government, this document was
written by James Madison and
lays out America’s form of
government. It replaces the
Articles of Confederation and
calls for a balance of federal
powers between the Executive,
Legislative and Judicial
branches
4
Its name means Great Charter
and in signing this document in
1215, King John of England
granted his subjects certain
permanent liberties or rights,
such as the right to a fair trial by
a jury of their peers. Some of
the provisions listed in the Bill
of Rights reflect ancient
liberties from this document
5
The principle writer of
the U.S.
Constitution, this
Founding Father
served as the 4th
President from 18091817. Known as the
“father of the
constitution”
James Madison
6
John Adams
5
6
One of the nation’s Founding
Fathers, he served as the 1st
V.P. under George Washington
and was the 2nd President
serving from 1797-1801. He
was a teacher and lawyer. He
successfully defended the
British soldiers accused of
killing colonists at the so-called
Boston Massacre.
7
7
Bill of Rights
First 10 Amendments of the US
Constitution that protects individual
freedoms:
st
1 – Freedom of Speech, Press,
Assembly, Religion;
2nd – Right to Bear Arms
5th – Right to Private Property / Right
to not incriminate oneself – Gov’t
needs to pay just compensation for
taking private property
8
Marbury v Madison
8
The Supreme Court ruling that
established judicial review; the
principle that the Supreme Court
has the final say on what laws
are Constitutional. This
affirmed the Court’s place in the
balance of powers in the
American democratic system of
government.
9
9
Mayflower Compact
First written
framework for selfgovernment in the
colonies, signed for
the general good of
the colony
10
Declaration of Independence
10
A list of grievances
against King
George. It was a
declaration of war on
England.
11
Benjamin Rush
12
JKjohnj
John Hancock
11
A Founding Father of the United
States. He served as Surgeon General
in the Continental army, and was
blamed for criticizing George
Washington. Rush was a leader of
the American Enlightenment, and an
enthusiastic supporter of the
American Revolution. He signed the
Declaration of Independence. A
leading physician his study of mental
disorder made him one of the
founders of American psychiatry.
12
A Patriot of the American
Revolution. He served as
president of the Second
Continental Congress. He is
remembered for his large and
stylish signature on the United
States Declaration of
Independence and was the first
person to sign the document.
13
13
John Witherspoon
A Scots Presbyterian
minister and a signatory of
the United States
Declaration of
Independence. The only
active clergyman and the
only college president to
sign the Declaration.
14
14
John Peter Muhlenburg
He was an American
clergyman, Continental Army
soldier during the American
Revolutionary War, A Lutheran
minister, he served in the United
States House of
Representatives.
15
Charles Carroll
16
15
He served as a delegate to the
Continental Congress and
Confederation Congress and
later as first United States
Senator for Maryland. He was
the only Catholic and the
longest-lived (and last
surviving) signatory of the
Declaration of Independence.
16
Jonathan Trumball Sr.
He was the only colonial
governor at the start of the
Revolution to take up the
rebel cause.
17
Articles of Confederation
18
Thomas Paine
17
The first constitution of
the U.S. it gave the
States more rights than
the Federal Gov’t. It
did NOT contain a Bill
of Rights, an executive
leader, a judicial
branch, the power to
tax, nor the power to
draft a military.
18
As the author of Common
Sense he inspired the
Patriots in 1776 to declare
independence from Britain.
His ideas reflected
Enlightenment-era rhetoric
of transnational human
rights
19
First European Diplomat
to study the American
Political System and
publish his positive
findings in Democracy in
America...wanted the
French to replicate the
American System
Alexis de
Tocqueville
20
1861-1865
19
20
The Civil War between The
United States and the
rebelling Confederate
States was fought during
these years. This is
America’s bloodiest war
with 620,000 men killed
and 1,250,000 wounded.
21
21
Year military
enforced
Reconstruction of
the former
Confederate states
ended with the
Compromise of
1877.
1877
22
13th Amendment
22
Abolished Slavery
23
14th Amendment
23
Equal Protection
underneath the Law
Gave ex-slaves
citizenship
.
24
15th Amendment
24
Right to Vote for
African American
Men and Male ExSlaves.
25
Jim Crow Laws
26
Dred Scott decision
25
These were racial segregation
laws enacted between 1876 1965 in the Southern United
States at the state and local
level. They mandated de jure
racial segregation in all public
facilities Starting in 1890, a
"separate but equal" status for
African Americans
26
Supreme Court case
whereas the S.C.
ruled that slaves are
property and not
people thus having
no rights
27
Nat’l Rifle Association
[NRA]
End Unit1
28
KKK
27
Group that promotes firearm
competency, safety, and
ownership, The NRA's political
activity is based on the civil
right to keep and bear arms,
which is protected by the 2nd
amendment. The group has a
nearly century long record of
influencing as well as lobbying
for or against proposed firearm
legislation on behalf of its
members. Observers and
lawmakers see the NRA as one
of the top three most influential
lobbying groups in Washington
28
The Ku Klux Klan (KKK),
informally known as the Klan
or the "Hooded Order", have
advocated extremist reactionary
currents such as white
supremacy, white nationalism,
and anti-immigration,
historically expressed through
terrorism. It’s associated with
opposing the Civil Rights
Movement and progress among
minorities.
29
29
Unit 2
Knights of Labor – First
American Union
Labor Unions
American Federation of Labor
– Largest / Most Notorious in
the late 1800s – 1900s (led by
Gompers) 3 main goals were
higher wages, an 8 hour
working day and better working
conditions
30
Indian Policies
30
Due to efforts to assimilate
Native Americans, including the
Dawes Act (1887), the
traditions of Native Americans
disappeared as they were
removed from their homelands,
isolated on reservations, and
forced to abandon their rituals.
31
Interstate Commerce
Commission/Act
32
Labor Strikes
31
It was established by
an act of Congress in
1887, this outlawed
discrimination
against shippers and
the practice of a
freight carrier
charging more for
short hauls than for
long ones.
32
Pullman Strike - The Pullman Strike was a
nationwide railroad strike; The strike and
boycott shut down much of the nation's freight
and passenger traffic west of Detroit,
Michigan. The conflict began in Pullman,
Chicago, on May 11 when nearly 4,000 factory
employees of the Pullman Company began a
wildcat strike in response to recent reductions
in wages.
Haymarket Square - When police began to
disperse the public meeting, an unknown
person threw a dynamite bomb into their midst.
This incident painted Unions in a bad light
33
Populist Party
34
Andrew Carnegie
(1835-1919)
33
Party that rose in
support of Government
Regulation of RR,
coinage of Silver, and
support of worker’s
rights. Voice for the
average person
[farmers and factory
workers]
34
He founded steel mills in
Pittsburg & used the Bessemer
Process. He sold the mills
becoming the world’s richest
man in 1901. He gave most of
his wealth to worthy causes
aiding education, international
peace, libraries, culture centers,
research and publications.
35
William Jennings Bryan
(1860-1925)
36
Chisholm Trail
35
A noted politician,
populist and orator, he
ran for President in 1896,
1900 & 1908 as a
Democrat supporting
reforms such as income
tax, prohibition and
women’s suffrage. He
was Secretary of State
under Woodrow Wilson.
He was the prosecutor in
the Scopes trial.
36
The cattle drive trail from
San Antonio to Abilene,
Kansas. This was due to the
growing population of
eastern cities had raised the
demand for beef.
37
37
A doctrine that held
the market will
regulate itself through
supply and demand
if the Gov’t did not
interfere. “Hands Off”
38
38
Based on the “theory of
evolution” said that the
best run businesses led
by the most capable
people would prosper
and those led by inferior
people would fail.
Laissez-Faire
Social Darwinism
39
Vertical Integration
40
39
Taking control of each
step in the production
and distribution of a
product leading to a
monopoly.
40
Horizontal Integration
The joining of
together of multiple
firms from the same
industry in order to
gain control of that
industry
41
A company that
completely dominates a
particular industry
Monopoly
42
Corporations
41
42
A company that is
recognized by law as
existing
independently from
its owners. People
buy stock and
become owners of
the company.
43
43
A set of companies that
are managed by a small
group known as
trustees. They have the
power to prevent
companies in the trust
from competing with
each other.
44
44
A process to make steel
more efficiently and
cheaply. It involves
blowing air through
molten iron.
Trusts
Bessemer Process
45
Thomas Edison
Invented the light
bulb which led to
longer work hours
which spurred on the
age of industry
46
Capitalism
45
46
Is an economic system
in which factories and
equipment are privately
owned rather than be
controlled by the Gov’t
and run by competition.
47
Henry Ford
48
Transcontinental
Railroad
47
He helped create a
mobile society by mass
producing [assembly
line] and marketing the
automobile, making it
an indispensable part
of American life.
48
A railroad that spanned the
continent helping to close the
“west” by transporting people
east to west to settle down. It
also allowed goods to be
shipped to merchants across the
continent.
49
49
Manifest Destiny
(Expansionism)
Idea popular in the U. S.
during the 1800s that the
country had the Godgiven right and duty to
expand its boundaries to
the Pacific Ocean and
spread America’s form of
civilization.
50
Chinese
Exclusionary Act
50
A law passed in 1888
that prohibited
immigration of
Chinese laborers for a
period of 10 years
51
Homestead Act
52
Immigrants /
Emigrants
51
A federal law passed in
1862 that granted tracts
of land to western
settlers who agreed to
live and work the land
for 5 years. This helped
close the “West”
52
Immigrants - An immigrant is a
person who once resided somewhere
else and now lives in your country.
Immigration steadily increased from
1850 to 1900. More than 12 million
people entered the U.S after 1870
swelling urban populations.
Emigrants – An Emigrant leaves his
or her land to live in another country.
53
53
A migration to the
great plains by
former slaves. They
bought farmlands and
formed new
communities.
Exodusters
54
Entrepreneurs
54
Bold risk takers who
use their own money
to establish business.
Some examples are
Vanderbilt,
Rockefeller and
Carnegie
55
U.S. Free Enterprise System
56
The Gilded Age
55
A capitalistic
economic system in
which individuals
depend on supply and
demand and the profit
margin to determine
what to produce, how
much to produce and
for whom to produce.
56
While industrialists
[robber barons] obtained
great fortune society was
tainted by political
corruption, poverty, and
unfair business practice.
The term was first coined
by Mark Twain.
57
Rundown apartment
buildings usually housing
multiple families. They
were also used as a place
to work from.
Tenements
58
Steerage
57
58
The open area below
the deck used by
most immigrants
upon ships traveling
to America
59
Ellis /Angel Island
59
Ellis Island A
processing center in
New York for
European immigrants
Angel Island a
processing center in
San Francisco for
Asian immigrants
60
Nativists
60
People who favored
the interests of native
born Americans over
those of immigrants.
61
61
Americanization
Influence the United
States of America has on
the culture of other
countries
62
Frederick Taylor
62
He used scientific techniques
to analyze ways to make
workers more efficient in
each task. He wrote a book
called “the principle of
scientific management”. It
would influence Henry
Ford
63
th
16 Amendment
64
17th Amendment
Senate
63
Amendment to the
United States
Constitution (1913)
that gave Congress
the power to tax
income.
64
Amendment to the
Constitution that
guaranteed the direct
election of Senators by a
state’s voters. In the case
of a vacancy, a special
election is called to fill
the vacancy.
65
Prohibition
[18th Amendment]
66
th
19 Amendment
65
Enforced by the 18th
Amendment to the
U.S. Constitution
(1919), it became
illegal to
manufacture, sell, or
transport alcoholic
beverages.
66
Amendment to the
U.S. Constitution in
1920 that gave
women the right to
vote in federal and
state elections.
67
Civil Service
Reform
Congress took action in
the late 19th century to
protect ethical
politicians and create
standards for political
service; including a
civil service test for
those seeking a job in
government.
68
Initiative
67
68
A process by which
special interest groups,
through voter
participation, can propose
bills to their legislature
for a vote. This can force
lawmakers to deal with
difficult issues.
69
Voters hold the power
to remove a public
official from office
before the next
scheduled election.
This process developed
out of the political
reform movements of
the Progressive Era.
Recall
70
Referendum
69
70
A process by which
voters approve bills
offered by the
legislature.
Controversial bills such
as tax increases can be
put to a public vote
before coming law.
71
Sherman AntiTrust Act
72
Federal Reserve Act
1913
71
Passed in 1890, in an
effort to control
monopolies, this act
outlawed efforts to
consolidate
businesses under
trusts that
monopolized and
restrained free trade.
72
Divides the country into 12
regions each with their own
Federal Reserve Bank. The
FED offers banks a safety
net and sets monetary policy
to regulate the amount of
money in circulation
73
Political Machines
74
JANE ADDAMS
73
Informal groups led by a
“Boss” that controlled
formal processes of
government through
bribery and force.
“Friends” were rewarded
with contracts or jobs in
the government in a
process called the “spoils
system.”
74
Founder of “Settlement Houses” she
discovered it was a place to
assimilate immigrants. They doubled
up as community arts centers and
social service facilities. The HULL
HOUSE in Chicago was first
settlement house in the U.S.
Also a social worker and leader in
women's suffrage. Addams was one
of the most prominent reformers of
the Progressive Era. She became the
first American woman to be awarded
the Nobel Peace Prize.
75
Upton Sinclair
76
Jacob Riis
75
A Muckraker who
exposed the unsanitary
conditions of meat
packing plants in his
book “The Jungle”.
This led to regulations
76
A Muckraker who exposed the
horrible conditions of
tenements and slum life in his
book “How the Other Half
Live”
77
Pendleton Act
78
77
Set guidelines for
hiring civil service
employees by giving
exams to test
knowledge in the field.
This was passed to
eliminate
PATRONAGE
78
The Progressive Party
The Progressive Party of 1912 was
an American political party. It was
formed by former President
Theodore Roosevelt, after a split in
the Republican Party between him
and President William Howard
Taft. The party also became known
as the Bull Moose Party. Their
platform was to limit campaign
contributions / registration of
lobbyists / women’s suffrage / direct
election of senators
79
79
Pure Food and Drug Act
Passed by Teddy
Roosevelt in 1906 after
reading The Jungle. Was
created to protect
consumers by putting
regulations on food and
drugs
80
80
Theodore Roosevelt
(1901-1909)
A leader of the “Rough Riders”
during the 1898 SpanishAmerican War. Was the first
progressive President, he created
the reform Square Deal and
foreign policy of “Big Stick
Diplomacy”. He passed “Pure
Food & Drug and Meat
Inspection Acts of 1906” and
also supported women having
the right to vote. He also was
a conservationist.
81
Woodrow Wilson
82
William Taft
81
Was the 3rd progressive
President and the creator of
the “Moral Diplomacy”. He
was President during WW1
in which he tried to use
Neutrality to avoid. He
created the reform “New
Freedom” to try and
eliminate all trusts
82
Was the 2nd progressive
President. He created
the “Dollar
Diplomacy” He signed
the Payne – Aldrich
Bill which raised
tariffs
83
83
Seneca Falls Convention
First Women’s Rights
Conference at Seneca
Falls, New York in
July, 1848. They
proposed the delegates’
first priority should be
getting women the
right to vote.
84
Susan B.
Anthony
84
She was a leading force in
the women’s suffrage
movement for 50 years. She
traveled the U. S. and
Europe giving 75-100
speeches a year promoting
women’s rights.
85
85
A New York political
machine ran by William
“Boss” Tweed who
cheated the city out of
over 20 million dollars.
Tammany Hall
86
BOOKER T. WASHINGTON
86
He was an African-American
educator, author, orator, and advisor
to presidents of the United States.
Between 1890 and 1915. Washington
was the dominant leader in the South
in the African-American community.
His base was the Tuskegee
Institute, a historically black college
in Alabama. He was opposed by
W.E.B Dubois who had different
tactics and ideology than Booker. He
believed Blacks should get a job and
become skilled while Dubois
preached Education.
87
W. E. B DuBois
87
(1869-1962)
He believed in the ability
of the Talented Tenth,
intellectual black elites, to
advance the cause for all
blacks. He is a founder of
the National Association
for the Advancement of
Colored People
(NAACP).
NAACP
88
88
Muckrakers
Journalists who wrote
about social,
environmental and
political problems
Americans faced in the
early 1900s.
89
89
Was an African-American
journalist, newspaper editor, suffr
agist, sociologist, and an early
leader in the civil rights
movement. She
documented lynching in the
United States, showing how it
was often a way to control or
punish blacks who competed with
whites, often under the guise of
rape charges
IDA B. WELLS
90
The Temperance Movement
9090
Reformers in the late
1800s who saw
alcohol consumption
as a main reason in
domestic abuse and
unemployment. They
wanted to make
alcohol illegal.
93
93
91
Plessy vs Ferguson
91
(1896) A landmark United
States Supreme
Court decision in the
jurisprudence of the United
States, upholding
the constitutionality of state
laws requiring racial
segregation in public facilities
under the doctrine of
"separate but equal." It
was later overturned in
Brown vs Board
92
Social Gospel
92
Religious movement
that inspired
progressives. The idea
being social reform
and Christianity went
hand in hand. Society
must take responsibility
for those less fortunate
95
93
National Child
Labor Committee
[NCLC]
94
Urbanization
95
One of the nation’s Founding
93
Helped get laws passed to
restrict or ban child labor.
These laws prevented
children under 14 from
working and also limited
the hours per week they
worked
94
When people left the farm
and moved into the city
looking for work. It was also
a destination for the new
immigrants. The influx of
people into the cities caused
pollution, disease, and
overcrowded buildings.
97
95
NAACP
96
NAWSA
97
95
Founded by W.E.B.
DuBois in 1909.
They fought through
the courts to end
segregation and
promote equality.
They protested racial
violence
96
Fought for suffrage
rights for women. The
first President was
Elizabeth Stanton it
would become a
powerful political force
at state and national
levels.
99
97
Progressive Era
97
A political movement
in the early 1900’s
which saw social
reforms such as child
labor laws, a
minimum wage,
rights for women, and
political reforms such
as initiative and
referendum.