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6;
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dqg xqltxhqhvv ri wklv vroxwlrq zdv hvwdeolvkhg e| Wkhruhp 51 E| wkh vdph wkhruhp/ av +4, kdv wkh
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1
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Figure 2
1
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m m+1
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Figure 3
1
y*s(b)
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m m+1
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78
R
K
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