Ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓ

Ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓ
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ１
ＣａｒｄｉｏｖａｓｃｕｌａｒＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ……………………………………………………．．１
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ２
ＲｅｓｐｉｒａｔｏｒｙＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ………………………………………………………．１７
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ３
ＭｕｓｃｕｌｏｓｋｅｌｅｔａｌＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ…………………………………………………．３４
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ４
ＩｎｔｅｇｕｍｅｎｔａｒｙＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ…………………………………………………．．５８
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ５
ＤｉｇｅｓｔｉｖｅａｎｄＥｘｃｒｅｔｏｒｙＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ…………………………………．．７４
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ６
ＵｒｉｎａｒｙＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ……………………………………………………………１０４
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ７
ＮｅｒｖｏｕｓＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ…………………………………………………………．１２０
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ８
ＥｎｄｏｃｒｉｎｅＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ………………………………………………………．１４７
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ９
ＨｅｍａｔｏｐｏｉｅｔｉｃａｎｄＬｙｍｐｈａｔｉｃＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ………………………．．１６２
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ１０
ＲｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ………………………………………………．．１７７
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ１１
ＳｐｅｃｉａｌＳｅｎｓｅＯｒｇａｎｓＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ…………………………………………………．２１３
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ１２
ＤｅｎｔａｌＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ………………………………………………………………………．．２３９
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ１３
ＰｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃａｌＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ…………………………………………………………．２５３
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ１４
ＳｏｍｅＢａｓｉｃＴｅｒｍｓｆｏｒＯｎｃｏｌｏｇｙ……………………………………………………．２６５
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ１５
ＳｏｍｅＣｏｍｍｏｎＴｙｐｅｓｏｆＢａｃｔｅｒｉａａｎｄＶｉｒｕｓ……………………………………．２７１
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ１６
ＣｅｌｌｕｌａｒａｎｄＭｏｌｅｃｕｌａｒＢｉｏｌｏｇｙＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ……………………………………２７７
ＡｐｐｅｎｄｉｘⅠ ＰｒｅｆｉｘＭａｓｔｅｒＬｉｓｔ………………………………………………………………………………２９７
ＡｐｐｅｎｄｉｘⅡ ＳｕｆｆｉｘＭａｓｔｅｒＬｉｓｔ……………………．．………………………………………………………．３０２
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ１ＣａｒｄｉｏｖａｓｃｕｌａｒＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ
Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
The circulatory system, or cardiovascular system, combines function of the heart, blood, and
blood vessels to transport oxygen and nutrients to organs and tissues throughout the body and
carry away waste products. Among its vital functions, the circulatory system increases the flow of
blood to meet increased energy demands during exercise and regulates body temperature. In
addition, when foreign substances or organisms invade the body, the circulatory system conveys
disease-fighting elements of the immune system to regions under attack. Also, in the case of injury
or bleeding, the circulatory system sends clotting cells and proteins to the affected site which
quickly stop bleeding and promote healing.
The heart, blood, and blood vessels are the three structural elements that make up the
circulatory system. The heart is the engine of the circulatory system. It is divided into four
chambers: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle. The walls of
these chambers are made of a special muscle called myocardium, which contracts continuously
and rhythmically to pump blood. The pumping action of the heart occurs in two stages for each
heart beat: diastole, when the heart is at rest; and systole, when the heart contracts to pump
deoxygenated blood toward the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body.
Three types of blood vessels form a complex network of tubes throughout the body. Arteries
carry blood away from the heart, and veins carry it toward the heart. Capillaries are the tiny links
between the arteries and the veins where oxygen and nutrients diffuse to body tissues.
Unit 1
Terminology Presentation
ａｎｇｉ（ｏ）－ a component indicating relationship to a blood vessel
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｎｇｉｅｃｔａｓｉｓ
-ectasis
dilation, expansion
-ectopia
out of place
-itis
inflammation
fibr(o)-oma
fibrous
tumor
lip(o)-
fat, fatty, lipid
血管扩张
ａｎｇｉｅｃｔｏｐｉａ
血管异位
ａｎｇｉｉｔｉｓ
血管炎
ａｎｇｉｏｆｉｂｒｏｍａ
血管纤维瘤
ａｎｇｉｏｌｉｐｏｍａ
-1-
-oma
tumor
-megaly
enlargement
-plasty
plastic surgery
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-spasm
contraction
-stenosis
narrowing
血管脂肪瘤
ａｎｇｉｏｍｅｇａｌｙ
血管肿大
ａｎｇｉｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
血管成形术
ａｎｇｉｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
血管缝合术
ａｎｇｉｏｓｐａｓｍ
血管痉挛
ａｎｇｉｏｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓ
血管狭窄
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Dilation of a blood vessel
a. angiitis
2. The narrowing of one or more blood vessels
b. angioplasty
3. Inflammation of a blood vessel
c. angiolipoma
4. Surgical reconstruction of a blood vessel
d. angiospasm
5. Abnormal location or course of a blood vessel
e. angiomegaly
6. Suture repair of a blood vessel
f. angiostenosis
7. Contraction of spasm of a blood vessel
g. angiorrhaphy
8. A benign neoplasm composed of fat cells and blood vessels
h. angiofibroma
9. Enlargement of blood vessels
i. angiectopia
10. A benign neoplasm of fibrous tissue having numerous
vascular channels
j. angiectasia
-2-
Unit 2
Terminology Presentation
ａｒｔｅｒｉ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to an artery or arteries
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｒｔｅｒｉｅｃｔａｓｉｓ
-ectasis
dilatation, expansion
-gram
record
-lith
stone, concretion, calculus
necr(o)-osis
death, dead body
abnormal condition, disease
-pathy
disease
-plasty
plastic surgery
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-rrhexis
rupture
-sclerosis
hardening
-itis
inflammation
动脉扩张
ａｒｔｅｒｉｏｇｒａｍ
动脉 X 线照片
ａｒｔｅｒｉｏｌｉｔｈ
动脉石
ａｒｔｅｒｉｏｌｏｎｅｃｒｏｓｉｓ
小动脉坏死
ａｒｔｅｒｉｏｐａｔｈｙ
//
动脉病
ａｒｔｅｒｉｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
//
动脉成形术
ａｒｔｅｒｉｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
/
动脉缝合术
ａｒｔｅｒｉｏｒｒｈｅｘｉｓ
/
/
动脉破裂
ａｒｔｅｒｉｏｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｉｓ
//
动脉硬化
ａｒｔｅｒｉｔｉｓ
//
动脉炎
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. A condition of hardening of an artery
a. arteriogram
-3-
2. A disease of the arteries
b. arteriorrhexis
3. Surgical reconstruction of the wall of an artery
c. arteriolonecrosis
4. Suture or repair of an artery
d. arteriolith
5. A calcareous deposit in an arterial wall or thrombus
e. arteriorrhaphy
6. Rupture of the arteries
f. arteriopathy
7. Inflammation of the arteries
g. arteriectasis
8. An X-ray of an artery filled with a contrast medium
h. arteriosclerosis
9. An abnormal distension of an artery
i. arteritis
10. Necrosis of the arterioles
j. arterioplasty
Unit 3
Terminology Presentation
ａｏｒｔ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the aorta
ａｔｈｅｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting soft glue-like depotist or atheroma
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｏｒｔａｌｇｉａ
-algia
pain
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-tomy
incision, cutting
-ectomy
excision, removal
-genesis
origin, production
主动脉痛
ａｏｒｔｅｃｔｏｍｙ
主动脉部分切除术
ａｏｒｔｉｔｉｓ
主动脉炎
ａｏｒｔｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
主动脉缝合术
ａｏｒｔｏｔｏｍｙ
主动脉切开术
ａｔｈｅｒｅｃｔｏｍｙ
动脉粥样硬化切除术
ａｔｈｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｓｉｓ
动脉粥样化形成
-4-
ａｔｈｅｒｏｍａ
-oma
tumor
-sclerosis
hardening
thromb(o)-osis
blood clot, thrombus
disease, abnormal condition
粥样瘤，粉瘤
ａｔｈｅｒｏｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｉｓ
动脉粥样硬化病
ａｔｈｅｒｏｔｈｒｏｍｂｏｓｉｓ
动脉粥样化血栓形成
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Surgical removal of atherosclerotic plaque from the artery
a. atherothrombosis
2. Incision of the aorta
b. aortectomy
3. Formation of atheromatous deposits in the arterial intima
c. atherogenesis
4. Inflammation of the aorta
d. aortotomy
5. Thrombus formation in an atheromatous vessel
e. atherosclerosis
6. Excision of part of the aorta
f. aortalgia
7. Pain in the region of the aorta
g. atheroma
8. A fatty deposit in the intima (inner lining) of an artery
h. aortorrhaphy
9. Suture of the aorta
i. aortitis
10. A condition of the arteries characterized by the buildup of
fatty substances and hardening of the walls
j. atherectomy
Unit 4
Terminology Presentation
ａｔｒｉ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to an atrium of the heart
ｖａｌｖ（ｏ）－ｏｒｖａｌｖｕｌ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the valve
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｔｒｉｏｍｅｇａｌｙ
-megaly
enlargement
ventriculo-
ventricle
心房肥大
ａｔｒｉｏｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｕｌａｒ
-5-
-ar
pertaining to
septo-pexy
septum
fix, fasten
septo-plasy
septum
plastic surgery
-tomy
incision, cutting
-tome
instrument for cutting
-tomy
incision, cutting
-itis
inflammation
-pathy
disease
-plasy
plastic surgery
房室的
ａｔｒｉｏｓｅｐｔｏｐｅｘｙ
房中隔修补术
ａｔｒｉｏｓｅｐｔｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
房中隔成形术
ａｔｒｉｏｔｏｍｙ
心房切开术
ｖａｌｖｏｔｏｍｅ
瓣膜刀
ｖａｌｖｏｔｏｍｙ
瓣膜切开术
ｖａｌｖｕｌｉｔｉｓ
心瓣炎
ｖａｌｖｕｌｏｐａｔｈｙ
瓣膜病
ｖａｌｖｕｌｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
瓣膜成形术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Enlargement of the atrium of the heart
a. valvuloplasty
2. Inflammation of a cardiac valve
b. atrioventricular
3. Repair of an atrial septal defect by plastic surgery
c. valvulitis
4. Incision of a cardiac valve to relieve obstruction
d. valvotomy
5. Surgical repair of an atrial septal defect
e. valvotome
6. Abnormality of a cardiac valve
f. atrioseptopexy
7. Surgical incision of an atrium of the heart
g. atriotomy
8. A surgical instrument for incising a valve
h. atriomegaly
-6-
9. Plastic surgery to repair a heart valve
i. valvulopathy
10. Of, or relating to the atria and the ventricles of the heart
j. atrioseptoplasty
Unit 5
Terminology Presentation
ｃａｒｄｉ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the heart or the cardiac orifice
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃａｒｄｉｏｃｅｎｔｅｓｉｓ
-centesis
surgical puncture
my(o)lip(o)-osis
my(o)-pathy
muscle
fat, fatty, lipid
disease, abnormal condition
muscle
disease
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-spasm
contraction
brady-ia
slow
disease, pathological condition
endo-itis
within, inside
inflammation
my(o)-itis
muscle
inflammation
peri-itis
around, surrounding
inflammation
tachy-ia
fast
disease, pathological condition
心脏穿刺术
ｃａｒｄｉｏｍｙｏｌｉｐｏｓｉｓ
心肌脂变
ｃａｒｄｉｏｍｙｏｐａｔｈｙ
!原发性"心肌病
ｃａｒｄｉｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
心肌缝合术
ｃａｒｄｉｏｓｐａｓｍ
#
贲门痉挛
ｂｒａｄｙｃａｒｄｉａ
心动过缓
ｅｎｄｏｃａｒｄｉｔｉｓ
心内膜炎
ｍｙｏｃａｒｄｉｔｉｓ
心肌炎
ｐｅｒｉｃａｒｄｉｔｉｓ
心包炎
ｔａｃｈｙｃａｒｄｉａ
心动过速
-7-
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart
a. cardiomyoliposis
2. Fatty degeneration of the heart muscle
b. bradycardia
3. Inflammation inside the heart
c. pericarditis
4. A contraction of the heart
d. tachycardia
5. A disease or disorder of the heart muscle
e. cardiorrhaphy
6. Inflammation of the membrane which surrounds the heart
f. endocarditis
7. Abnormally slow heart beat
g. cardiomyopathy
8. The suturing of the heart wall
h. cardiocentesis
9. Rapid heart rate, especially more than 100 beats per minute
i. cardiospasm
10. Puncture of a chamber of the heart for diagnosis or therapy
j. myocarditis
Unit 6
Terminology Presentation
ｐｈｌｅｂ（ｏ )－ a combining form denoting relationship to a vein or veins
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｐｈｌｅｂｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
-clysis
infusion, washing
-graphy
process of recording
-plasty
plastic surgery
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
静脉切除术
ｐｈｌｅｂｉｔｉｓ
静脉炎
ｐｈｌｅｂｏｃｌｙｓｉｓ
静脉输注
ｐｈｌｅｂｏｇｒａｐｈｙ
静脉造影术
ｐｈｌｅｂｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
静脉成形术
ｐｈｌｅｂｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
-8-
静脉出血
ｐｈｌｅｂｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-sclerosis
hardening
-stenosis
narrowing
-tomy
incision, cutting
静脉缝合术
ｐｈｌｅｂｏｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｉｓ
静脉硬化
ｐｈｌｅｂｏｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓ
静脉狭窄
ｐｈｌｅｂｏｔｏｍｙ
静脉切开放血术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Surgical incision or puncture of a vein to remove blood
a. phleboplasty
2. Suture or repair of a vein
b. phleboclysis
3. Hardening of the walls of the veins
c. phlebostenosis
4. Narrowing or constricting of a vein
d. phleborrhaphy
5. Plastic surgery for repair of a vein
e. phleborrhagia
6. Surgery to remove part or all of a vein
f. phlebosclerosis
7. Radiography of veins after injecting a radiopaque substance
g. phlebotomy
8. Inflammation or irritation of a vein
h. phlebography
9. Excessive bleeding from a vein
i. phlebitis
10. Intravenous injection of an isotonic solution of dextrose or
other substances
j. phlebectomy
Unit 7
Terminology Presentation
ｓｐｈｙｇｍ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the pulse or blood pressure
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
-9-
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｓｐｈｙｇｍｉｃ
-ic
pertaining to
-graph
diagram or chart
-gram
record
-oid
like, resembling
-logy
science, study, theory
-meter
measuring instrument
palpate
-ation
examine by touching
action, process
-phone
sound converting device
-scopy
visual examination
systole
rhythmic contraction of the heart
脉搏的
ｓｐｈｙｇｍｏｇｒａｐｈ
脉搏记录仪
ｓｐｈｙｇｍｏｇｒａｍ
脉搏描记
ｓｐｈｙｇｍｏｉｄ
脉搏样的
ｓｐｈｙｇｍｏｌｏｇｙ
//
脉搏学
ｓｐｈｙｇｍｏｍｅｔｅｒ
/
/
脉搏计, 血压计
ｓｐｈｙｇｍｏｐａｌｐａｔｉｏｎ
脉搏触诊，切脉，按脉
ｓｐｈｙｇｍｏｐｈｏｎｅ
脉音听诊器
ｓｐｈｙｇｍｏｓｃｏｐｙ
脉搏检查
ｓｐｈｙｇｍｏｓｙｓｔｏｌｅ
收缩期脉搏曲线
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. The study or science of what is known on the pulse
a. sphygmogram
2. Examination of the pulse
b. sphygmoid
3. Palpating or feeling the pulse
c. sphygmograph
4. An instrument measuring the strength of the pulse beat
d. sphygmophone
5. The record or tracing of the pulse
e. sphygmic
- 10 -
6. Like or resembling the pulse
f. sphygmosystole
7. Blood pressure recorder
g. sphygmology
8. An electrical instrument used for hearing the pulse beat
h. sphygmoscopy
9. Of or pertaining to the pulse
i. sphygmopalpation
10. The segment of the sphygmograph corresponding to the
heart systole
j. sphygmometer
Unit 8
Terminology Presentation
ｖａｓ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to a blood vessel or duct
ｖｅｎ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to a vein
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｖａｓｏｇｒａｐｈｙ
-graphy
process of recording
-paresis
slight paralysis
-spasm
contraction
-tonia
state of tonicity
-itis
inflammation
fibr(o)-osis
fibrous
disease, abnormal condition
-clysis
infusion, washing
-sclerosis
hardening
-spasm
contraction
血管造影术
ｖａｓｏｐａｒｅｓｉｓ
血管轻瘫
ｖａｓｏｓｐａｓｍ
血管痉挛
ｖａｓｏｔｏｎｉａ
血管紧张
ｖａｓｃｕｌｉｔｉｓ
血管炎，脉管炎
ｖｅｎｏｆｉｂｒｏｓｉｓ
静脉纤维变性
ｖｅｎｏｃｌｙｓｉｓ
静脉输注
ｖｅｎｏｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｉｓ
静脉硬化
ｖｅｎｏｓｐａｓｍ
!
静脉痉挛
- 11 -
ｖｅｎｏｓｔａｓｉｓ
-stasis
control, stop
静脉淤滞
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. A mild degree of vasoparalysis
a. venostasis
2. Radiography of the blood vesels
b. venoclysis
3. A sudden constriction of blood vessel, causing a reduction
in blood flow
c. venospasm
4. Fibrous hardening of the walls of the veins
d. vasotonia
5. Hardening of the veins
e. vasculitis
6. Injection of isotonic solution into a vein
f. vasography
7. The tone of blood vessels, particularly of the arterioles
g. venosclerosis
8. Contraction of the veins
h. venofibrosis
9. Inflammation of a vessel
i. vasoparesis
10. Halting or stopping of the blood circulation in veins
j. vasospam
Some Related Terms of Cardiovascular System
ＷＯＲＤ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｍｅｄｉａｓｔｉｎｕｍ
The space in the thoracic cavity behind the sternum and in
between the two pleural sacs
纵隔，中隔膜
ａｔｒｉｕｍ
Upper chamber of the heart
心房
ｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｌｅ
Lower and larger chamber of the heart
心室
ａｏｒｔａ
The largest artery in the body through which the muscles in
the left side of the heart pump the blood out of the heart
主动脉，大动脉
ａｏｒｔｉｃｖａｌｖｅ
A semilunar valve between the left ventricle and the aorta;
prevents blood from flowing from the aorta back into the
- 12 -
主动脉瓣
ｓｅｍｉｌｕｎａｒｖａｌｖｅ
heart
A heart valve with half-moon shaped cusps, preventing the
blood from flowing back into the ventricle
半月瓣
ｍｉｔｒａｌｖａｌｖｅ
二尖瓣，两尖瓣
ｔｒｉｃｕｓｐｉｄｖａｌｖｅ
"
The valve that controls blood flow between the left atrium
and left ventricle in the heart. Also called bicuspid valve, left
atrioventricular valve.
The three-segmented valve of the heart that keeps blood in the
right ventricle from flowing back into the right atrium
三尖瓣
ｖｅｎａｃａｖａ
Largest vein in the body separated into superior and inferior,
which bring blood into the right atrium of the heart
腔静脉
ｃｈｏｒｄａｅｔｅｎｄｉｎｅａｅ
腱索
ｐａｐｉｌｌａｒｙｍｕｓｃｌｅｓ
"
乳头肌
ｐｅｒｉｃａｒｄｉｕｍ
Thread-like bands of fibrous tissue which attach on one end to
the edges of the tricuspid and mitral valves and on the other to
the papillary muscles
Conical muscular projections from the walls of the cardiac
ventricles, attached to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves
by the chordae tendineae
A double membranous sac which envelops and protects the
heart
心包膜
ｅｐｉｃａｒｄｉｕｍ
The inner lining of the serous pericardium lying directly on
the heart, forming the outermost layer of the heart wall
心外膜
ｍｙｏｃａｒｄｉｕｍ
The middle muscular layer of the heart wall
心肌层
ｅｎｄｏｃａｒｄｉｕｍ
The inner most lining of the heart cavities
心内膜
ｓｉｎｏａｔｒｉａｌｎｏｄｅ
A small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that
produces electric impulses of the heartbeat
窦房结
ｄｉａｓｔｏｌｅ
The time, in between ventricular contractions, at which
ventricular filling occurs
心脏舒张
ｓｙｓｔｏｌｅ
The time at which ventricular contraction occurs
心脏收缩
ａｕｓｃｕｌｔａｔｉｏｎ
Listening through a stethoscope for respiratory, heart, and
abdominal sounds within the body
听诊
ｂｒｕｉｔ
An abnormal intermittent sound heard in auscultation of a
- 13 -
vein or artery
脉杂音
ｈｅａｒｔｍｕｒｍｕｒ
#
An abnormal sound of the heart, and sometimes a sign of
abnormal function of the heart valves
心杂音
ｖａｒｉｃｏｓｅｖｅｉｎ
An abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the
superficial veins of the legs
静脉曲张
ａｎｅｕｒｙｓｍ
$%
A localized, pathological, blood-filled dilatation of a blood
vessel caused by a disease or weakening of the vessel’s wall
动脉瘤
ｃｏｒｏｎａｒｙａｒｔｅｒｙｄｉｓｅａｓｅ
A disease in which the coronary arteries become narrowed or
completely occluded, also known as atherosclerosis
冠心病
ｃｏｒｏｎａｒｙｔｈｒｏｍｂｏｓｉｓ
A blood clot in the lumen of a coronary artery
&
冠状动脉血栓病
ｃｏｒｏｎａｒｙｏｃｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ
’
Blockage of a coronary vessel, usually by thrombosis or
atheroma, often leading to myocardial infarction
冠状动脉闭塞
ａｎｇｉｎａｐｅｃｔｏｒｉｓ
A heart condition marked by paroxysms of chest pain due to
reduced oxygen to the heart
心绞痛
ａｒｒｈｙｔｈｍｉａ
Any variation from the normal rhythm of the heart beat
&
心律失常
ｓｉｎｕｓａｒｒｈｙｔｈｍｉａ
An increase in heart rate during inspiration
&
窦性心律不齐
ｐｒｅｍａｔｕｒｅｂｅａｔ
早搏，期前收缩
ｈｅａｒｔｂｌｏｃｋ
#
心脏传导阻滞
ａｔｒｉａｌｆｉｂｒｉｌｌａｔｉｏｎ
A premature contraction of the heart that is independent of the
normal rhythm and arises in response to an impulse in some
part of the heart other than the sinoatrial node
Recurrent sudden attacks of unconsciousness caused by
impaired conduction of the impulse that regulates the
heartbeat
Fibrillation of the muscles of the atria of the heart
心房颤动，房颤
ａｔｒｉａｌｆｌｕｔｔｅｒ
"
A rapid well organised contraction of the atrium at a rate of
250~350 contractions per minute
心房扑动，房扑
ｐｕｌｓｕｓａｌｔｅｒｎａｎｓ
"
A pulse regular in time but with alternate beats stronger and
weaker, usually indicating serious myocardial disease
交替脉
- 14 -
ｐａｒｏｘｙｓｍａｌｔａｃｈｙｃａｒｄｉａ
The excessive rapidity in the action of the heart with
Recurring in paroxysms, spasms or seizures
阵发性心动过速
ｃａｒｄｉａｃａｒｒｅｓｔ
Sudden cessation of heartbeat and cardiac function, resulting
in the loss of effective circulation
心脏停止
ｃｏｎｇｅｓｔｉｖｅｈｅａｒｔｆａｉｌｕｒｅ
#
A condition where there is ineffective pumping of the heart
leading to an accumulation of fluid in the lungs
充血性心力衰竭
ｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｅｍｂｏｌｉｓｍ
"
Blockage of the pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by a
blood clot
肺栓塞
ｒｈｅｕｍａｔｉｃｈｅａｒｔｄｉｓｅａｓｅ
#
Permanent damage to the valves of the heart usually caused
by repeated attacks of rheumatic fever
风湿性心脏病
ＣｏｒＰｕｌｍｏｎａｌｅ
"
Acute strain or hypertrophy of the right ventricle caused by a
disorder of the lungs or of the pulmonary blood vessels
肺心病
Ｒａｙｎａｕｄ＇ｓＤｉｓｅａｓｅ
Paroxysmal spasm of the digital arteries, causing pallor
(blanching) of the fingers and toes
雷诺氏病
ｔｅｔｒａｌｏｇｙｏｆＦａｌｌｏｔ
法乐氏四联症
ｂｙｐａｓｓｇｒａｆｔ
A congenital malformation of the heart characterized by a
defect in the ventricular septum, misplacement of the origin
of the aorta, narrowing of the pulmonary artery, and
enlargement of the right ventricle
A surgical procedure to bypass a blockage of an artery of the
heart by grafting a replacement vessel around the blockage
冠状动脉搭桥术
ｐａｃｅｍａｋｅｒ
An electronic device that is surgically implanted into the
patient’s heart and chest to regulate heartbeat
起搏器
ｄｅｆｉｂｒｉｌｌａｔｏｒ
An electronic device used to establish normal heartbeat
除颤器
ｃａｒｄｉａｃｃａｔｈｅｔｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎ
&
心脏导管插入（术）
Ｈｏｌｔｅｒｍｏｎｉｔｏｒ
#
霍尔特心电动态监测仪
ｓｔｅｎｔ
A procedure in which a catheter is introduced into a blood
vessel and guided into the heart in order to measure blood
flow and evaluate structural defects
A portable device for continuously monitoring the electrical
activity of the heart for 24 hours or more, uesd for observing
occasional cardiac arrhythmias
A tube that is made out of wire mesh and used to insert into
arteries to help keep them open so blood can flow to the heart
动脉支架
ＣＰＲ
An emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac
- 15 -
ｃａｒｄｉｏｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｒｅｓｕｓｃｉｔａｔｉｏｎ
massage and artificial respiration
心肺复苏术
ＥＫＧ
ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｃａｒｄｉｏｇｒａｍ
A graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an
electrocardiograph
心电图
- 16 -
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ２ＲｅｓｐｉｒａｔｏｒｙＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ
Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
In anatomy and physiology, respiratory system refers to organs that deliver oxygen to the
circulatory system for transport to all body cells. Oxygen is essential for cells, which use this vital
substance to liberate the energy needed for cellular activities. In addition to supplying oxygen, the
respiratory system aids in removing of carbon dioxide, preventing the lethal buildup of this waste
product in body tissues. Day-in and day-out, without the prompt of conscious thought, the
respiratory system carries out its life-sustaining activities. If the respiratory system¡fl
s tasks are
interrupted for more than a few minutes, serious, irreversible damage to tissues occurs, followed
by the failure of all body systems, and ultimately, death.
While the intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide are the primary functions of the
respiratory system, it plays other important roles in the body. The respiratory system helps
regulate the balance of acid and base in tissues, a process crucial for the normal functioning of
cells. It protects the body against disease-causing organisms and toxic substances inhaled with air.
The respiratory system also houses the cells that detect smell, and assists in the production of
sounds for speech.
Unit 1
Terminology Presentation
ｂｒｏｎｃｈｉ（ｏ）－ｏｒｂｒｏｎｃｈ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to a bronchus
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｂｒｏｎｃｈｉｅｃｔａｓｉｓ
-ectasis
dilatation, expansion
-itis
inflammation
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
-malcia
softening
myc(o)-osis
fungus
disease, abnormal condition
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
支气管扩张
ｂｒｏｎｃｈｉｔｉｓ
支气管炎
ｂｒｏｎｃｈｏｃｅｌｅ
支气管囊肿
ｂｒｏｎｃｈｏｍａｌａｃｉａ
支气管软化
ｂｒｏｎｃｈｏｍｙｃｏｓｉｓ
支气管真菌病
ｂｒｏｎｃｈｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
- 17 -
支气管出血
ｂｒｏｎｃｈｏｒｒｈｅａ
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-scopy
visual examination
-spasm
contraction
-stenosis
narrowing
支气管黏液溢
ｂｒｏｎｃｈｏｓｃｏｐｙ
支气管镜检查
ｂｒｏｎｃｈｏｓｐａｓｍ
支气管痉挛
ｂｒｏｎｃｈｏｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓ
支气管狭窄
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Examination of the bronchi through a bronchoscope
a. bronchorrhagia
2. Inflammation of the bronchi
b. bronchorrhea
3. Softening of the bronchi
c. bronchoscopy
4. Any infection of the bronchi or lungs by a fungus
d. bronchiectasis
5. Dilatation of the bronchi
f. bronchocele
6. Spasm of the bronchi causing exhalation difficult and noisy
e. bronchitis
7. Chronic narrowing of a bronchus
g. bronchomalacia
8. Hemorrhage from the bronchi
h. bronchomycosis
9. A localized dilatation of a bronchus
i. bronchospasm
10. Excessive secretion of mucus from the bronchial mucous
membrane
j. bronchostenosis
Unit 2
Terminology Presentation
ｌａｒｙｎｇ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the larynx (throat)
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｌａｒｙｎｇｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
- 18 -
喉切除术
ｌａｒｙｎｇｉｔｉｓ
-itis
inflammation
-centesis
surgical puncture
-plegia
paralysis
-ptosis
drooping, falling, sagging
py(o)-cele
pus, suppuration
hernia, swelling, tumor
-scope
viewing instrument
-spasm
contraction
-stenosis
narrowing
-stomy
surgical opening
喉炎
ｌａｒｙｎｇｏｃｅｎｔｅｓｉｓ
喉穿刺术
ｌａｒｙｎｇｏｐｌｅｇｉａ
喉麻痹
ｌａｒｙｎｇｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
喉下垂
ｌａｒｙｎｇｏｐｙｏｃｅｌｅ
喉脓囊肿
ｌａｒｙｎｇｏｓｃｏｐｅ
喉镜
ｌａｒｙｎｇｏｓｐａｓｍ
喉痉挛
ｌａｒｙｎｇｏｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓ
喉狭窄
ｌａｒｙｎｇｏｓｔｏｍｙ
喉造口术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Paralysis of the larynx
a. laryngostenosis
2. Surgical puncture of the larynx
b. laryngopyocele
3. Inflammation of the larynx
c. laryngoscope
4. Spasmodic closure of the larynx
d. laryngoptosis
5. The creation of an artificial opening into the larynx
e. laryngocentesis
6. Narrowing of the larynx
f. laryngitis
- 19 -
7. A laryngocele containing pus
g. laryngospasm
8. Instrument used to examine the larynx
h. laryngectomy
9. Surgery to remove the voice box
i. laryngoplegia
10. An abnormally low position of the larynx
j. laryngostomy
Unit 3
Terminology Presentation
ｐｈａｒｙｎｇ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the pharynx
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｐｈａｒｙｎｇｅｍｐｈｒａｘｉｓ
-emphraxis
stoppage, obstruction
-itis
inflammation
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
-plegia
paralysis
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
salping(o)-itis
tube
inflammation
-spasm
contraction
-stenosis
narrowing
-stomy
surgical opening
xer(o)-osis
dry, dryness
disease, abnormal condition
咽阻塞
ｐｈａｒｙｎｇｉｔｉｓ
咽炎
ｐｈａｒｙｎｇｏｃｅｌｅ
咽囊肿
ｐｈａｒｙｎｇｏｐｌｅｇｉａ
咽肌麻痹
ｐｈａｒｙｎｇｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
咽部出血
ｐｈａｒｙｎｇｏｓａｌｐｉｎｇｉｔｉｓ
咽鼓管炎
ｐｈａｒｙｎｇｏｓｐａｓｍ
咽部痉挛
ｐｈａｒｙｎｇｏｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓ
咽狭窄
ｐｈａｒｙｎｇｏｓｔｏｍｙ
咽造口术
ｐｈａｒｙｎｇｏｘｅｒｏｓｉｓ
咽干燥
- 20 -
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Inflammation of the pharynx
a. pharyngoxerosis
2. Obstruction of the pharynx
b. pharyngospasm
3. Inflammation of the pharynx and the eustachian tube
c. pharyngocele
4. Narrowing of the pharynx
d. pharyngostomy
5. Paralysis of the muscles of the pharynx
e. pharyngostenosis
6. Spasmodic closure of the pharynx
f. pharyngoplegia
7. A small sac-like structure which forms in the pharynx
g. pharyngitis
8. Drying of the pharynx
h. pharyngorrhagia
9. Hemorrhage from the pharynx
i. pharyngosalpingitis
10. Surgical creation of an artificial opening into the pharynx
j. pharyngemphraxis
Unit 4
Terminology Presentation
ｐｌｅｕｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the pleura, to the side, or to a rib
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｐｌｅｕｒｉｔｉｓ
-itis
inflammation
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
-centesis
surgical puncture
-clysis
infusion, washing
-dynia
pain
-graphy
process of recording
胸膜炎
ｐｌｅｕｒｏｃｅｌｅ
胸膜疝
ｐｌｅｕｒｏｃｅｎｔｅｓｉｓ
胸腔穿刺术
ｐｌｅｕｒｏｃｌｙｓｉｓ
胸膜腔灌洗术
ｐｌｅｕｒｏｄｙｎｉａ
胸膜痛
ｐｌｅｕｒｏｇｒａｐｈｙ
- 21 -
胸膜造影术
ｐｌｅｕｒｏｌｙｓｉｓ
-lysis
dissolution, separation
-pexy
fix, fasten
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-tomy
incision, cutting
胸膜松解术
ｐｌｅｕｒｏｐｅｘｙ
胸膜固定术
ｐｌｅｕｒｏｒｒｈｅａ
胸膜腔渗液
ｐｌｅｕｒｏｔｏｍｙ
胸膜切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Surgical separation of pleural adhesions
a. pleuropexy
2. Effusion of fluid into the pleura
b. pleuritis
3. Herniation of lung tissue or of the pleura
c. pleurocentesis
4. The flushing out of the pleural cavity
d. pleurotomy
5. Surgical puncture or tap of the pleura
e. pleurorrhea
6. Incision into the pleura
f. pleurocele
7. Radiography of the pleural cavity
g. pleuroclysis
8. Surgery to fix the film that covers the lungs
h. pleurodynia
9. Pain in the pleura
i. pleurography
10. Inflammation of the pleura of the lungs
j. pleurolysis
Unit 5
Terminology Presentation
ｐｎｅｕｍ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting the relationship to respiration, the lungs, or air
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
- 22 -
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｐｎｅｕｍｏｃｅｎｔｅｓｉｓ
-centesis
surgical puncture
coni(o)-osis
dust
disease, abnormal condition
-malacia
softening
melan(o)-osis
black
disease, abnormal condition
myc(o)-osis
fungus
disease, abnormal condition
-ectasis
dilatation, expansion
-ectomy
excision, removal
-ia
disease, pathological condition
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
-phagia
eating, swallowing
肺穿刺术
ｐｎｅｕｍｏｃｏｎｉｏｓｉｓ
尘肺
ｐｎｅｕｍｏｍａｌａｃｉａ
肺软化
ｐｎｅｕｍｏｍｅｌａｎｏｓｉｓ
肺黑变病
ｐｎｅｕｍｏｍｙｃｏｓｉｓ
肺真菌病
ｐｎｅｕｍｏｎｅｃｔａｓｉｓ
肺气肿
ｐｎｅｕｍｏｎｅｃｔｏｍｙ
肺切除术
ｐｎｅｕｍｏｎｉａ
肺炎
ｐｎｅｕｍｏｎｏｃｅｌｅ
肺膨出
ｐｎｅｕｍｏｐｈａｇｉａ
吞气症
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Any disease of the lungs caused by the presence of fungi
a. pneumonocele
2. Distention of the lungs with air
b. pneumonectomy
3. An inflammatory infection of the lungs, usually caused by
viruses or bacteria
c. pneumophagia
4. Surgical puncture for aspiration of the lung
d. pneumomycosis
5. The blackening of the lungs as from coal dust
e. pneumonectasis
- 23 -
6. A disease of the lungs caused by inhalation of metallic or
mineral particles
f. pneumonia
7. Softening of the lung tissue
g. pneumocentesis
8. Protrusion of a portion of the lung through a defect in the
chest wall
h. pneumomelanosis
9. Surgery to remove a lung
i. pneumoconiosis
10. Excessive swallowing of air resulting in the abdominal
distention or belching
j. pneumomalacia
Unit 6
Terminology Presentation
ｒｈｉｎ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the nose
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｒｈｉｎｉｔｉｓ
-itis
inflammation
-cleisis
closure, occlusion
sinus
-itis
a notch or cavity
inflammation
myc(o)-osis
fungus
disease, abnormal condition
phyma
a nodule or tubercle
-plasty
plastic surgery
polypus
vascular growth
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
-rrhea
flow, discharge
鼻炎
ｒｈｉｎｏｃｌｅｉｓｉｓ
鼻塞
ｒｈｉｎｏｓｉｎｕｓｉｔｉｓ
鼻窦炎
ｒｈｉｎｏｍｙｃｏｓｉｓ
鼻腔真菌病
ｒｈｉｎｏｐｈｙｍａ
肥大性酒渣鼻
ｒｈｉｎｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
鼻成形术
ｒｈｉｎｏｐｏｌｙｐｕｓ
鼻息肉
ｒｈｉｎｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
鼻出血
ｒｈｉｎｏｒｒｈｅａ
鼻液溢
- 24 -
ｒｈｉｎｏｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓ
-stenosis
narrowing
鼻腔狭窄
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose
a. rhinophyma
2. Surgical repair of the nose
b. rhinostenosis
3. Nasal obstruction
c. rhinorrhea
4. A small vascular growth found on the surface of the mucous
membrane of the nose
d. rhinomycosis
5. Hemorrhage from the nose
e. rhinopolypus
6. Fungus infection of the nasal mucus membrane
f. rhinoplasty
7. Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses
g. rhinocleisis
8. Narrowing of the nasal passages
h. rhinorrhagia
9. Runny nose
i. rhinitis
10. A manifestation of severe rosacea resulting in enlargement
of the nose, occurring primarily in men
j. rhinosinusitis
Unit 7
Terminology Presentation
ｔｈｏｒａｃ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the chest or the thorax
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｔｈｏｒａｃｅｎｔｅｓｉｓ
-centesis
surgical puncture
cyllosis
crippling, deformity
-lysis
dissolution, separation
-pagus
conjoined twins
!
胸腔穿刺术
ｔｈｏｒａｃｏｃｙｌｌｏｓｉｓ
!
胸部畸形
ｔｈｏｒａｃｏｌｙｓｉｓ
!""
胸壁粘连松解术
ｔｈｏｒａｃｏｐａｇｕｓ
- 25 -
!
胸部联胎
ｔｈｏｒａｃｏｓｃｈｉｓｉｓ
-schisis
split, fissure
-stenosis
narrowing
hem(o)-
blood
hydro-
water
pneum(o)-
lung or air
py(o)-
pus, suppuration
!
胸裂（畸形）
ｔｈｏｒａｃｏｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓ
!
胸廓狭窄
ｈｅｍｏｔｈｏｒａｘ
#!
血胸
ｈｙｄｒｏｔｈｏｒａｘ
#!
水胸
ｐｎｅｕｍｏｔｈｏｒａｘ
!
气胸
ｐｙｏｔｈｏｒａｘ
!
脓胸
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. The loosening of adhesions of the lung to the chest wall
a. pneumothorax
2. Deformity of the chest
b. pyothorax
3. The accumulation of pus in a pleural cavity
c. hydrothorax
4. Congenital fissure of the chest wall
d. thoracocyllossi
5. Abnormal narrowness of the thorax
e. thoracolysis
6. An accumulation of serous fluid in the cavity of the chest
f. hemothorax
7. Abnormal presence of air in the pleural cavity resulting in
the collapse of the lung
g. thoracostenosis
8. An effusion of blood into the cavity of the pleura
h. thoracoschisis
9. Surgical puncture or tap of the chest
i. thoracopagus
10. Conjoined twins with fusion in the thoracic region
j. thoracentesis
- 26 -
Unit 8
Terminology Presentation
ｔｒａｃｈｅ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the trachea or the windpipe
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｔｒａｃｈｅｏｃｅｌｅ
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
-itis
inflammation
-malacia
softening
-pathy
disease
-plasty
plastic surgery
py(o)-osis
pus, suppuration
disease, abnormal condition
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-stenosis
narrowing
-tomy
incision, cutting
气管膨出
ｔｒａｃｈｅｉｔｉｓ
气管炎
ｔｒａｃｈｅｏｍａｌａｃｉａ
气管软化
ｔｒａｃｈｅｏｐａｔｈｙ
!
气管病
ｔｒａｃｈｅｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
气管成形术
ｔｒａｃｈｅｏｐｙｏｓｉｓ
化脓性气管炎
ｔｒａｃｈｅｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
气管出血
ｔｒａｃｈｅｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
"
气管缝合术
ｔｒａｃｈｅｏｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓ
气管狭窄
ｔｒａｃｈｅｏｔｏｍｙ
气管切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Surgical repair or suture of the trachea
a. tracheopyosis
- 27 -
2. Abnormal narrowing of the lumen of the trachea
b. tracheitis
3. Plastic surgery on the trachea
c. tracheomalacia
4. Disease of the trachea
d. tracheorrhagia
5. Suppurative inflammation of the trachea
e. tracheocele
6. Inflammation of the trachea
f. tracheotomy
7. Softening of the tracheal tubes
g. tracheorrhaphy
8. Haemorrhage from the mucous membrane of the trachea.
h. tracheostenosis
9. Hernial protrusion of part of the trachea
i. tracheoplasty
10. Incision into the trachea through the neck
j. tracheopathy
Unit 9
Terminology Presentation
－ｐｎｅａ： a word termination denoting breath or respiration
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｐｎｅａ
a-
without, lack of
brady-
slow
bromo-
foul-smelling
dys-
bad, difficult, painful
eu-
normal, good, healthy
hyper-
above, over, abundant
hypo-
below, deficient
oligo-
few, little, scanty
呼吸暂停
ｂｒａｄｙｐｎｅａ
呼吸缓慢
ｂｒｏｍｏｐｎｅａ
口臭
ｄｙｓｐｎｅａ
呼吸困难
ｅｕｐｎｅａ
呼吸正常
ｈｙｐｅｒｐｎｅａ
#
呼吸过度
ｈｙｐｏｐｎｅａ
#
呼吸不足
ｏｌｉｇｏｐｎｅａ
- 28 -
肺换气不足
ｏｒｔｈｏｐｎｅａ
orth(o)-
straight, normal
tachy-
fast
!
端坐呼吸
ｔａｃｈｙｐｎｅａ
呼吸急促
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Easier to breathe when sitting or standing up
a. bromopnea
2. Easy, normal breathing
b. oligopnea
3. Abnormal slowness of breathing
c. tachypnea
4. Offensive breath; bad smell of breath
d. dyspnea
5. Abnormally shallow or slow breathing
e. eupnea
6. Abnormally deep and rapid breathing
f. apnea
7. Difficult or labored breathing
g. orthopnea
8. Rapid breathing
h. hyperpnea
9. Temporary absence of breathing
i. bradypnoea
10. Abnormally infrequent respiration of the lung
j. hypopnea
Unit 10
Terminology Presentation
ｃａｐｎ（ｏ）： a combining form denoting the presence of carbon dioxide
ｏｘ（ｏ）－： a combining form denoting relationship to oxygen
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｃａｐｎｉａ
a-ia
without, lack of
disease, pathological condition
hyper-ia
above, over, abundant
disease, pathological condition
缺碳酸血症
ｈｙｐｅｒｃａｐｎｉａ
#
- 29 -
高二氧化碳血症
ｈｙｐｏｃａｐｎｉａ
#
hypo-ia
below, deficient
disease, pathological condition
-meter
measuring instrument
an-ia
without, lack of
disease, pathological condition
hypo-emia
below, deficient
blood
hypo-ia
below, deficient
disease, pathological condition
-meter
measuring instrument
-metry
measurement
hem(o)globin
blood
a type of protein
低二氧化碳血症
ｃａｐｎｏｍｅｔｅｒ
二氧化碳检测计
ａｎｏｘｉａ
缺氧症
ｈｙｐｏｘｅｍｉａ
# 血氧不足
ｈｙｐｏｘｉａ
#
组织缺氧
ｏｘｉｍｅｔｅｒ
血氧分析仪
ｏｘｉｍｅｔｒｙ
血氧测量
ｏｘｙｈｅｍｏｇｌｏｂｉｎ
#
氧合血红蛋白
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Insufficient oxygenation of arterial blood
a. acapnia
2. An excess of carbon dioxide in the blood
b. hypoxia
3. Lack of oxygen in body tissues
c. hypercapnia
4. A device for measuring the oxygen saturation of arterial
blood
5. A photoelectric device for determining the oxygen
saturation of the blood
d. hypoxemia
6. Abnormally low levels of carbon dioxide in the blood
f. anoxia
7. Deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood
g. oxyhemoglobin
8. Insufficient levels of oxygen in blood or tissue
h. oximetry
- 30 -
e. capnometer
9. Red hemoglobin in combination with oxygen present in
arterial blood
10. A device for measuring the end-tidal partial pressure of
carbon dioxide
i. oximeter
j. hypocapnia
Some Related Terms of Respiratory System
ＷＯＲＤ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｒａｌｅ
An abnormal respiratory sound characterized by fine crackles
啰音
ｒｈｏｎｃｈｉ
干啰音
ｓｔｒｉｄｏｒ
A coarse rattling sound somewhat like snoring that is heard
with a stethoscope, usually caused by secretion in a bronchial
tube
A whistling sound when breathing, usually heard on
inspiration, indicating obstruction of the trachea or larynx
喘鸣
ａｐｅｘ
Top portion of the upper lobes of the lungs
顶点
ｓｅｐｔｕｍ
A thin partition or membrane that divides two cavities or soft
masses of tissue
隔膜
ｄｉａｐｈｒａｇｍ
Primary muscle used for respiration, located just below the
lung bases
横膈膜
ｐａｒｉｅｔａｌｐｌｅｕｒａ
Pleura that lines the inner chest walls and covers the
diaphragm
胸膜壁层
ｖｉｓｃｅｒａｌｐｌｅｕｒａ
Pleura that covers the lungs
$
胸膜脏层
ｖａｇｕｓｎｅｒｖｅ
$
$
Nerve in the stomach that controls the production of stomach
acid
迷走神经
ｅｐｉｇｌｏｔｔｉｓ
The flap that covers the trachea during swallowing so that
food does not enter the lungs
会厌
ｐｈｌｅｇｍ
Mucus secreted by the mucous membrane of the respiratory
tract as during a cold or other respiratory infection
黏液，痰
ｓｐｕｔｕｍ
The mixture of saliva, mucus, blood or phlegm, which is
coughed up from the respiratory tract during illness
- 31 -
痰
ｍｕｃｏｐｕｒｕｌｅｎｔ
Containing or composed of mucus and pus
黏液脓性的
ｐｏｓｔｕｒａｌｄｒａｉｎａｇｅ
体位性引流（法）
Ｖａｌｓａｌｖａｍａｎｅｕｖｅｒ
$$$
瓦尔萨瓦压力均衡法
Ｈｅｉｍｌｉｃｈｍａｎｅｕｖｅｒ
#$
A therapeutic technique for drainage, used in bronchiectasis
and lung abscess, in which the patient is placed head
downward so that the trachea is down and below the affected
area
Expiratory effort when the mouth is closed and the nostrils
are pinched shut, which forces air into the eustachian tubes
and increases pressure on the inside of the eardrum
An emergency procedure to help someone who is choking
because food is lodged in the trachea
海姆利克急救法
ａｓｐｈｙｘｉａ
Suffocation due to insufficient oxygen intake
窒息
ｃｒｏｕｐ
哮吼
ａｓｔｈｍａ
A viral disease of the larynx, especially in infants and
children, characterized by respiratory difficulty, runny nose
and a hoarse, brassy cough
A respiratory disorder characterized by wheezing
哮喘
ｗｈｏｏｐｉｎｇｃｏｕｇｈ
#
An infectious disease characterized by catarrh of the
respiratory tract and peculiar paroxysms of coughing
百日咳
ｄｉｐｈｔｈｅｒｉａ
!
白喉
ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｚａ
流行性感冒
ｃｙｓｔｉｃｆｉｂｒｏｓｉｓ
Acute contagious bacterial infection marked by the formation
of a false membrane in the throat and other air passages
causing difficulty in breathing
Infection of the respiratory tract which may cause fever,
headache, and general body aches, runny nose, sore throat, or
cough
A common hereditary disease in which exocrine (secretory)
glands produce abnormally thick mucus
囊肿性纤维化
ａｔｅｌｅｃｔａｓｉｓ
Collapse of an expanded lung, especially in infants; also
failure of pulmonary alveoli to expand at birth
肺不张
ｅｍｐｈｙｓｅｍａ
肺气肿
ｔｕｂｅｒｃｕｌｏｓｉｓ
A pathological condition of the lungs marked by decreased
respiratory function; associated with smoking or chronic
bronchitis or old age
Infection transmitted by inhalation or ingestion of tubercle
bacillus and manifested in fever and small lesions
肺结核
- 32 -
ｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｅｍｂｏｌｉｓｍ
%
Bockage of the pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by a
blood clot
肺栓塞
ｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｏｒｙａｃｉｄｏｓｉｓ
Acidosis resulting from reduced gas exchange in the lungs as
in emphysema or pneumonia
呼吸性酸中毒
ｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｏｒｙａｌｋａｌｏｓｉｓ
Alkalosis resulting from increased gas exchange in the lungs
呼吸性碱中毒
ｓｌｅｅｐａｐｎｅａｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ（ＳＡＳ）
睡眠呼吸暂停综合征
Ｃｈｅｙｎｅ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎ
t
中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停
ａｄｕｌｔｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｏｒｙｄｉｓｔｒｅｓｓ
ｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ（ＡＲＤＳ）
%
Cessation of breath, characterized by repetitive episodes of
upper airway obstruction that occur during sleep, usually
associated with a reduction in blood oxygen saturation
An abnormal type of breathing seen especially in comatose
patients, characterized by alternating periods of shallow and
deep breathing
Interstitial and alveolar edema and hemorrhage of the lungs
following injury and associated with hyaline membrane,
proliferation of collagen fibers, and swollen epithelium. Also
called acute respiratory distress syndrome.
成人呼吸窘迫综合征
ＰｎｅｕｍｏｃｙｓｔｉｃＣａｒｉｎｉｉ
Ｐｎｅｕｍｏｎｉａ（ＰＣＰ）
A pneumonia caused by an infection with Pneumocystis
carinii
&
卡氏肺囊虫肺炎
ｃｈｒｏｎｉｃｏｂｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙ
ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ（ＣＯＰＤ）
A chronic lung disease, such as asthma or emphysema, in
which breathing becomes slowed or forced
%$
%
慢性阻塞性肺病
Ｈｅｒｉｎｇ－Ｂｒｅｕｅｒｒｅｆｌｅｘ
#
The effects of afferent impulses from the pulmonary vagi in
the control of respiration
肺牵张反射（黑－伯反射）
Ｌｅｇｉｏｎｎａｉｒｅｓ＇Ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ
’(
军团病
ｓｅｖｅｒｅａｃｕｔｅｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｏｒｙ
ｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ（ＳＡＲＳ）
$ A virulent and sometimes fatal respiratory disease caused by
a bacterium of the genus Legionella, especially L.
Pneumophila, and characterized by severe pneumonia,
headache, and a dry cough
A contagious respiratory disease of unknown etiology that
can cause a fatal form of pneumonia and characterized by
fever, coughing or difficulty breathing or hypoxia
严重急性呼吸器官综合征
- 33 -
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ３ＭｕｓｃｕｌｏｓｋｅｌｅｔａｌＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ
Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
Bones, muscles, and joints make up the Musculoskeletal System. This system gives the body
a supporting framework, protection for vital organs, and the ability to move. Bones are made up of
a special type of connective tissue, which is hard due to deposits of the mineral calcium. Bones are
divided into four classes according to their shape: long, short, flat, and irregular. Almost all bones
are covered on the outside by a membrane called periosteum, which contains many nerve fibers
and lymphatics. Inside most bones is a spongy type of tissue, bone marrow, which manufactures
several different types of blood cells.
In regions where bones are connected are joints, and the bone ends are lined with cartilage.
As strong bands of connective tissue, the ligaments help to hold bones in place. Certain joints have
a saclike structure called a bursa surrounding them that prevents friction between moving parts,
such as tendons and bones. Common bursal locations are at the elbow, knee, and shoulder joints.
Most muscles have two or more attachments to the bones. The method of attachment varies.
In some parts of the body, the connective tissue within the muscle is attached to the periosteum of
the tendons. Connective tissues that are broad and sheet-like are known as aponeuroses, and they
serve to attach muscle to bone or other tissue. Some muscles attach to cartilage. Cartilage is a
dense connective tissue found in several regions of the adult body. Some of these regions are the
nasal septum, larynx, trachea, bronchi, external ear, and covering the surfaces of movable joints.
Unit 1
Terminology Presentation
ａｃｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to extremity, tip or end
－ｍｅｌｉａ a world termination denoting relationship to a limb
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｃｒｏａｎｅｓｔｈｅｓｉａ
an(a)esthesia
without, lack of
sensation
arthr(o)-itis
joint
inflammation
cyan-osis
blue
disease, abnormal condition
-dynia
pain
-magely
enlargement
!
四肢麻木
ａｃｒｏａｒｔｈｒｉｔｉｓ
&!
肢关节炎
ａｃｒｏｃｙａｎｏｓｉｓ
手足发绀
ａｃｒｏｄｙｎｉａ
肢端痛
ａｃｒｏｍｅｇａｌｙ
- 34 -
肢端肥大症
ａｍｅｌｉａ
a-
without, lack of
hemi-
half
macro-
large, big
micro-
small
melo-
limb
缺肢，无肢
ｈｅｍｉｍｅｌｉａ
#
多肢畸形胎
ｍａｃｒｏｍｅｌｉａ
巨肢
ｍｉｃｒｏｍｅｌｉａ
短肢
ｍｅｌｏｍｅｌｉａ
缺肢畸形胎
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Inflammation of the joints of the hands or feet
a. melomelia
2. A circulatory disorder in which the hands or the feet, are
persistently cold, blue, and sweaty
b. macromelia
3. Congenital absence of one or more limbs
c. acrodynia
4. Abnormally huge size of one or more of the limbs
d. acrocyanosis
5. Malformed fetus with defective development of the
extremities
e. acromegaly
6. Pain in the extremities
f. amelia
7. Malformed fetus with one or more rudimentary limbs in
addition to the normal limbs
g. acroarthritis
8. Condition of having disproportionately short or small limbs
h. acroanesthesia
9. Loss of sensation of one or more of the limbs
i. micromelia
10. Enlargement of the extremities caused by hyper-functioning
of the pituitary gland after puberty
j. hemimelia
- 35 -
Unit 2
Terminology Presentation
ａｒｔｈｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to a joint or joints
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｒｔｈｒａｌｇｉａ
-algia
pain
-itis
inflammation
-centesis
surgical puncture
-desis
binding, fixation
dys-plasia
bad, difficult, painful
growth, development
py(o)-osis
pus, suppuration
disease, abnormal condition
-sclerosis
hardening
-scopy
visual examination
xer(o)-osis
dry, dryness
disease, abnormal condition
hydr(o)-osis
water
disease, abnormal condition
&!
关节痛
ａｒｔｈｒｉｔｉｓ
/&!/
关节炎
ａｒｔｈｒｏｃｅｎｔｅｓｉｓ
/&!
/
关节穿刺术
ａｒｔｈｒｏｄｅｓｉｓ
/&!/
关节固定术
ａｒｔｈｒｏｄｙｓｐｌａｓｉａ
/&!
/
关节发育异常
ａｒｔｈｒｏｐｙｏｓｉｓ
&!
关节化脓
ａｒｔｈｒｏｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｉｓ
/&!
关节硬化
ａｒｔｈｒｏｓｃｏｐｙ
&!
关节(内窥)镜检查
ａｒｔｈｒｏｘｅｒｏｓｉｓ
/&!
关节干燥症
ｈｙｄｒａｒｔｈｒｏｓｉｓ
#&!
关节积水
Self-Assessment Test
ＣｈｏｏｓｅｔｈｅｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｉｏｎｆｒｏｍＣｏｌｕｍｎＡｔｈａｔｂｅｓｔｍａｔｃｈｅｓｅａｃｈｔｅｒｍｉｎＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ．
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. The formation of pus in a joint
a. arthrosclerosis
- 36 -
2. Abnormal joint development
b. arthralgia
3. Surgical fixation of a joint
c. hydrarthrosis
4. Inflammation of a joint
d. arthropyosis
5. Surgical puncture and aspiration of a joint
e. arthrodysplasia
6. An effusion of watery liquid into the cavity of a joint
f. arthroscopy
7. Hardening or stiffening of the joints
g. arthrodesis
8. Severe pain in a joint
h. arthritis
9. Abnormal dryness of the joints
i. arthrocentesis
10. Examination of the interior of a joint through an endoscope
j. arthroxerosis
Unit 3
Terminology Presentation
ｂｕｒｓ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to a bursa
ｓｙｎｏｖｉ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to lubricating fluid of joints or synovum
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｂｕｒｓｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
-lith
stone, concretion, calculus
-pathy
disease
-tomy
incision, cutting
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
黏液囊切除术
ｂｕｒｓｉｔｉｓ
黏液囊炎
ｂｕｒｓｏｌｉｔｈ
!
黏液囊石
ｂｕｒｓｏｐａｔｈｙ
!
黏液囊病
ｂｕｒｓｏｔｏｍｙ
黏液囊切开术
ｓｙｎｏｖｅｃｔｏｍｙ
$
滑膜切除术
ｓｙｎｏｖｉｔｉｓ
$
滑膜炎
- 37 -
ｓｙｎｏｖｉｏｂｌａｓｔ
-blast
immature cell
-oma
tumor
sarc(o)-oma
flesh or tissue
tumor
$
成滑膜细胞
ｓｙｎｏｖｉｏｍａ
$
滑膜瘤
ｓｙｎｏｖｉｏｓａｒｃｏｍａ
$&
滑膜肉瘤
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Incision through the wall of a bursa
a. synovectomy
2. A calculus formed in a bursa
b. bursitis
3. A fibroblast of synovial membrane
c. bursolith
4. Any disease of a bursa
d. bursectomy
5. A tumor of synovial origin, involving a joint or tendon
sheath
e. synovioblast
6. Inflammation of a synovium membrane
f. bursopathy
7. A malignant neoplasm arising in the synovial membrane of
the joints
g. synovioma
8. Surgical removal of a bursa
h. bursotomy
9. Excision of a synovial membrane
i. synovitis
10. Inflammation of a bursa, especially in the shoulder, elbow,
or knee joint
j. synoviosarcoma
Unit 4
Terminology Presentation
ｃａｒｐ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to a wrist
ｔａｒｓ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the tarsus or ankle
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃａｒｐｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
&
腕切除术
- 38 -
ｃａｒｐｉｔｉｓ
-itis
inflammation
ped-al
foot
of, pertaining to
-ptosis
drooping, falling, sagging
meta-al
behind, hindmost
pertaining to
-itis
inflammation
-clasis
break, fracture
-megaly
enlargement
-ptosis
drooping, falling, sagging
-tomy
incision, cutting
&
腕部滑膜炎
ｃａｒｐｏｐｅｄａｌ
&
手足的
ｃａｒｐｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
&
手腕下垂
ｍｅｔａｃａｒｐａｌ
&
掌骨的
ｔａｒｓｉｔｉｓ
&
跗骨炎
ｔａｒｓｏｃｌａｓｉｓ
&
跗骨再折术
ｔａｒｓｏｍｅｇａｌｙ
&
巨跟骨
ｔａｒｓｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
&
扁平脚
ｔａｒｓｏｔｏｍｙ
&
跗骨切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Congenital maldevelopment and overgrowth of a tarsal
bone
a. carpopedal
2. Inflammation of the tarsus of the foot
b. carpitis
3. Flatfoot, splayfoot, falling of the tarsus
c. tarsoclasis
4. The operation of cutting into the tarsal cartilages
d. carpectomy
5. Excision of a portion or all of the carpus
e. metacarpal
6. Of or relating to the five bones between the fingers and the
wrist
7. Wrist dropping, caused by paralysis of the extensor muscles
f. tarsomegaly
- 39 -
g. tarsitis
of the wrist and fingers
8. Of or relating to the wrists and feet or the fingers and toes
h. carpoptosis
9. Inflammation of the synovial membranes of the carpal joint
i. tarsoptosis
10. Surgical fracture of the tarsus as a treatment for clubfoot
j. tarsotomy
Unit 5
Terminology Presentation
ｃｈｅｉｒ（ｏ）－ｏｒｃｈｉｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the hand
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃｈｅｉｒａｒｔｈｒｉｔｉｓ
arthr(o)-itis
joints
inflammation
gnostic
perceptive
-megaly
enlargement
-plasty
plastic surgery
pod-agra
foot
acute, excessive pain
pod-algia
foot
pain
pompholyx
eruption of bullae
-spasm
contraction
brachi(o)-algia
arm
pain
-pod
-ist
foot
specialist
!
手关节炎
ｃｈｅｉｒｏｇｎｏｓｔｉｃ
能辨别左右的
ｃｈｅｉｒｏｍｅｇａｌｙ
巨手
ｃｈｅｉｒｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
手成形术
ｃｈｅｉｒｏｐｏｄａｇｒａ
手足痛风
ｃｈｅｉｒｏｐｏｄａｌｇｉａ
手足痛
ｃｈｅｉｒｏｐｏｍｐｈｏｌｙｘ
汗疱
ｃｈｅｉｒｏｓｐａｓｍ
手肌痉挛
ｃｈｉｒｏｂｒａｃｈｉａｌｇｉａ
手臂麻痛
ｃｈｉｒｏｐｏｄｉｓｔ
手足病医生
- 40 -
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Inflammation of the joints of the hands and fingers
a. cheiromegaly
2. Pain in the hands and in the feet
b. cheirognostic
3. Spasm of the muscles of the hand, as in writers’ cramp
c. chirobrachialgia
4. Plastic surgery done to enhance the beauty or to cover up
the defects of the hands
d. cheiropompholyx
5. Gouty pain in the hands and the great toe of the feet
e. cheirarthritis
6. A specialist or a doctor who treats the disease of the hands
and feet
f. cheiropodalgia
7. Abnormal largeness of the hands
g. cheirospasm
8. Able to distinguish between right and left, as of the hands
h. cheiroplasty
9. Pain and numbness in the hand and arm
i. cheiropodagra
10. A vesicular eruption that occurs on the hands and feet
j. chiropodist
Unit 6
Terminology Presentation
ｃｈｏｎｄｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to cartilage
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃｈｏｎｄｒｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
-cyte
cell
dys-plasia
bad, difficult, painful
growth, development
fibr(o)-oma
fibrous
tumor
软骨切除术
ｃｈｏｎｄｒｉｔｉｓ
"
软骨炎
ｃｈｏｎｄｒｏｃｙｔｅ
"
软骨细胞
ｃｈｏｎｄｒｏｄｙｓｐｌａｓｉａ
软骨发育不良
ｃｈｏｎｄｒｏｆｉｂｒｏｍａ
软骨纤维瘤
- 41 -
ｃｈｏｎｄｒｏｉｄ
-oid
like, resembling
-lysis
dissolution, separation
-malacia
softening
-phyte
pathological growth
sarc(o)-oma
flesh or tissue
tumor
软骨样的
ｃｈｏｎｄｒｏｌｙｓｉｓ
""
软骨溶解
ｃｈｏｎｄｒｏｍａｌａｃｉａ
软骨软化
ｃｈｏｎｄｒｏｐｈｙｔｅ
软骨赘，软骨刺
ｃｈｏｎｄｒｏｓａｒｃｏｍａ
&
软骨肉瘤
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. A malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage tissue
a. chondrophyte
2. Abnormal formation of cartilage
b. chondromalacia
3. Degeneration or destruction of cartilage
c. chondrocyte
4. Inflammation of cartilage
d. chondrosarcoma
5. A malignant tumor originating in cartilage and fibrous
tissue
e. chondroid
6. Surgery to remove cartilage
f. chondrolysis
7. Resembling cartilage
g. chondritis
8. An abnormal cartilaginous mass that develops at the
articular surface of a bone
h. chondrofaibroma
9. Softening of the joint cartilage usually inside the knee
i. chondrectomy
10. A connective tissue cell that occupies a lacuna within the
cartilage matrix
j. chondrodysplasia
Unit 7
Terminology Presentation
ｃｏｓｔ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the ribs
- 42 -
ｒａｃｈｉ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the spine
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃｏｓｔａｌｇｉａ
-algia
pain
chondr(o)-itis
cartilage
inflammation
sterno-plasty
chest
plastic surgery
-tome
instrument for cutting
-tomy
incision, cutting
-graphy
recording
-centesis
surgical puncture
-schisis
split, fissure
-tomy
incision, cutting
-itis
inflammation
肋骨痛
ｃｏｓｔｏｃｈｏｎｄｒｉｔｉｓ
"
肋软骨炎
ｃｏｓｔｏｓｔｅｒｎｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
胸肋骨成形术
ｃｏｓｔｏｔｏｍｅ
肋骨刀，肋骨剪
ｃｏｓｔｏｔｏｍｙ
肋骨切开术
ｒａｃｈｉｇｒａｐｈ
&
脊柱描记器
ｒａｃｈｉｏｃｅｎｔｅｓｉｓ
腰椎穿刺术
ｒａｃｈｉｓｃｈｉｓｉｓ
脊柱裂
ｒａｃｈｉｏｔｏｍｙ
脊柱切开术
ｒａｃｈｉｔｉｓ
脊柱炎，佝偻病
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. A graph for recording the curves of the vertebrae
a. costotomy
2. Congenital fissure of one or more of the vertebral arches
b. costosternoplasty
3. Inflammation of the spine commonly applied to the rickets
c. rachitis
- 43 -
4. Incision of a vertebral laminae
d. costochondritis
5. Surgery to correct a malformation of the anterior chest wall
e. rachiocentesis
6. Surgical incision or division of a rib or costal cartilage
f. rachigraph
7. Surgical knife for cutting through ribs
g. rachischisis
8. Pain in the ribs
h. costalgia
9. The inflammation of the costal cartilages
i. rachiotomy
10. Puncture into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region
for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes
j. costotome
Unit 8
Terminology Presentation
ｆａｓｃｉ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the band of fibrous tissue or fascia
ｋｉｎｅｓｉ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to movement
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｆａｓｃｉｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
-plasty
plastic surgery
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-tomy
incision, cutting
-algia
pain
-ia
disease, pathological condition
brady-ia
slow
disease, pathological condition
筋膜切除术
ｆａｓｃｉｉｔｉｓ
筋膜炎
ｆａｓｃｉｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
筋膜成形术
ｆａｓｃｉｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
"
筋膜缝合术
ｆａｓｃｉｏｔｏｍｙ
筋膜切开术
ｋｉｎｅｓａｌｇｉａ
动作性痛
ｋｉｎｅｓｉａ
晕动病
ｂｒａｄｙｋｉｎｅｓｉａ
运动徐缓
- 44 -
ｄｙｓｋｉｎｅｓｉａ
dys-ia
bad, difficult, painful
disease, pathological condition
hyper-ia
above, over, abundant
disease, pathological condition
运动障碍
ｈｙｐｅｒｋｉｎｅｓｉａ
#
运动机能亢奋
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Extreme slowness in movement
a. dyskinesia
2. Inflammation in a fascia
b. fasciorrhaphy
3. Pathologically increased muscular movement
c. fasciectomy
4. Plastic surgery on a fascia
d. kinesia
5. Suturing together of any torn fascia
e. fascioplasty
6. Surgical removal of strips of fascia
f. hyperkinesia
7. Nausea and dizziness induced by motion
g. kinesalgia
8. Incision through a fascia
h. bradykinesia
9. Pain caused by muscular movement
i. fasciitis
10. An impairment in the ability to control movements
j. fasciotomy
Unit 9
Terminology Presentation
ｍｙ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to muscle
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｍｙｏａｔｒｏｐｈｙ
a-trophy
without, lack of
nutrition, growth
blast-oma
immature cell
tumor
-dynia
pain
肌萎缩
ｍｙｏｂｌａｓｔｏｍａ
成肌细胞瘤
ｍｙｏｄｙｎｉａ
- 45 -
肌痛
ｍｙｏｄｙｓｐｌａｓｉａ
dys-plasia
bad, difficult, painful
growth, development
necr(o)-osis
death, dead body
disease, abnormal condition
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-rrhexis
rupture
-sclerosis
hardening
-spasm
contraction
ten(o)-itis
tendons
inflammation
肌发育异常
ｍｙｏｎｅｃｒｏｓｉｓ
肌坏死
ｍｙｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
肌缝合术
ｍｙｏｒｒｈｅｘｉｓ
肌断裂
ｍｙｏｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｉｓ
肌硬化症
ｍｙｏｓｐａｓｍ
肌痉挛
ｍｙｏｔｅｎｏｓｉｔｉｓ
肌腱炎
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Inflammation of a muscle and its tendon
a. myoblastoma
2. Spasmodic muscular contraction
b. myorrhexis
3. Necrosis of muscles
c. myorrhaphy
4. Rupture or tearing of a muscle
d. myospasm
5. Surgery to stitch a muscle
e. myosclerosis
6. Muscular atrophy
f. myodynia
7. Abnormal formation of muscles
g. myotenositis
8. Muscle pain
h. myopachynsis
9. Abnormal hardening of the muscles
i. myoatrophy
10. A tumor composed of immature muscle cells
j. myodysplasia
- 46 -
Unit 10
Terminology Presentation
ｏｓｔｅ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to a bone or bones
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｏｓｔｅｏａｒｔｈｒｉｔｉｓ
arthr(o)-itis
joint
inflammation
-blast
immature cell
-clast
break, divide
fibr(o)-oma
fibrous
tumor
meyl(o)-itis
bone marrow
inflammation
necr(o)-osis
death, dead body
disease, abnormal condition
-penia
lack, deficiency
peri-itis
around, surrounding
inflammation
-phyte
pathological growth
porosis
passage
&!
骨关节炎
ｏｓｔｅｏｂｌａｓｔ
造骨细胞
ｏｓｔｅｏｃｌａｓｔ
破骨细胞
ｏｓｔｅｏｆｉｂｒｏｍａ
//
骨纤维瘤
ｏｓｔｅｏｍｙｅｌｉｔｉｓ
骨髓炎
ｏｓｔｅｏｎｅｃｒｏｓｉｓ
/
骨坏死
ｏｓｔｅｏｐｅｎｉａ
/
骨质减少
ｏｓｔｅｏｐｅｒｉｏｓｔｉｔｉｓ
骨膜炎
ｏｓｔｅｏｐｈｙｔｅ
骨赘, 骨刺
ｏｓｔｅｏｐｏｒｏｓｉｓ
//
骨质疏松症
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. A small abnormal bony growth; bone spur
- 47 -
a. osteomyelitis
2. Abnormal loss of bony tissue resulting in fragile porous bones
b. osteoperiostitis
3. Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow
c. osteoarthritis
4. Death of bone tissue
d. osteophyte
5. A benign bone tumor consisting chiefly of dense fibrous
connective tissue and bone
e. osteoclast
6. Inflammation of the periosteum and the underlying bone
f. osteoporosis
7. A cell that breaks down and resorbs bony tissue
g. osteonecrosis
8. Inflammation of the bone and joint
h. osteopenia
9. A cell from which bone develops; a bone-forming cell
i. osteofibroma
10. A condition of bone in which decreased calcification, decreased
density, or reduced mass occurs
j. osteoblast
Unit 11
Terminology Presentation
ｐｏｄ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the foot
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｐｏｄａｇｒａ
-agra
acute, excessive pain
-algia
pain
arthr-itis
joint
inflammation
-edema
swelling
-iatrist
medical man
-iatry
medical treatment
-itis
inflammation
足痛风
ｐｏｄａｌｇｉａ
足痛, 脚痛
ｐｏｄａｒｔｈｒｉｔｉｓ
&!
足关节炎
ｐｏｄｅｄｅｍａ
足水肿
ｐｏｄｉａｔｒｉｓｔ
足病医生
ｐｏｄｉａｔｒｙ
脚病学
ｐｏｄｉｔｉｓ
足炎
- 48 -
ｐｏｄｏｂｒｏｍｉｄｒｏｓｉｓ
汗足臭
ｐｏｄｏｄｅｒｍａｔｉｔｉｓ
brom(o)hidr(o)-osis
dermat(o)-itis
foul-smelling
sweat
disease, abnormal condition
skin
inflammation
dynamo-meter
force
measuring instrument
蹄皮炎
ｐｏｄｏｄｙｎａｍｏｍｅｔｅｒ
足肌力测仪
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Inflammation of the skin of the foot
a. podiatrist
2. Pain in the foot
b. podarthritis
3. An inflammatory disorder of the foot
c. pododermatitis
4. Diagnosis and treatment of feet disorders
d. podalgia
5. Foul-smelling perspiration of the feet
e. podagra
6. A specialist in foot care, diagnosis and treatment
f. podedema
7. Inflammation of the joints of the fee
g. podiatry
8. Gouty pain in the great toe
h. poditis
9. Edema of the feet and ankles
i. pododynamometer
10. An instrument measuring the muscle strength of the foot
j. podobromidrosis
Unit 12
Terminology Presentation
ｓａｒｃ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to flesh or connective tissue
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｓａｒｃｏｂｌａｓｔ
-blast
immature cell
cyst(o)-osis
sac, bladder
disease, abnormal condition
&
成肌细胞
ｓａｒｃｏｃｙｓｔｏｓｉｓ
&
- 49 -
肉孢子虫病
ｓａｒｃｏｌｉｐｏｍａ
&
lip(o)-oma
fat, fatty, lipid
tumor
-oma
-oid
tumor
like, resembling
-oma
-osis
tumor
disease, abnormal condition
omphal(o)-cele
navel, umbilicus
hernia, swelling, tumor
-poietic
productive, formative
sepsis
infection, poison
ost(o)-osis
bone
disease, abnormal condition
carcin(o)-oma
cancer, cancerous
tumor
脂肉瘤
ｓａｒｃｏｍａｔｏｉｄ
&"
肉瘤样的
ｓａｒｃｏｍａｔｏｓｉｓ
&
肉瘤病
ｓａｒｃｏｍｐｈａｌｏｃｅｌｅ
&
脐肉瘤
ｓａｒｃｏｐｏｉｅｔｉｃ
&
生肌的
ｓａｒｃｏｓｅｐｓｉｓ
&
肌肉脓血症
ｓａｒｃｏｓｔｏｓｉｓ
&
肌肉骨化病
ｃａｒｃｉｎｏｓａｒｃｏｍａ
&&
癌肉瘤
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Primitive or immature cells having the potential to develop
into muscle fiber
a. sarcomphalocele
2. Sepsis due to the presence of bacteria in the tissue
b. sarcolipoma
3. Infection of the striated muscle by parasites of the genus.
sarcocystis
c. sarcostosis
4. A fleshy tumor at the umbilicus
d. sarcomatoid
5. A malignant tumor consisting of immature and anaplastic
lipoblasts
e. carcinosarcoma
6. Ossification of the fleshy tissues
f. sarcopoietic
7. Like or resembling sarcoma
g. sarcomatosis
8. A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma
h. sarcoblast
- 50 -
and sarcoma
9. Producing flesh or muscle
i. sarcosepsis
10. A condition marked by formation of numerous sarcomas in
various parts of the body
j. sarcocystosis
Unit 13
Terminology Presentation
ｓｐｏｎｄｙｌ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to a vertebra or the spinal column
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｓｐｏｎｄｙｌａｌｇｉａ
-algia
pain
arthr(o)-itis
joint
inflammation
exarthr(o)-osis
-itis
outside, out of, away from
joint
disease, abnormal condition
inflammation
-malacia
softening
-osis
disease, abnormal condition
-pathy
diseased
py(o)-osis
pus, suppuration
disease, abnormal condition
-schisis
split, fissure
-tomy
incision, cutting
/
脊椎痛
ｓｐｏｎｄｙｌａｒｔｈｒｉｔｉｓ
&!
脊椎关节炎
ｓｐｏｎｄｙｌｅｘａｒｔｈｒｏｓｉｓ
"
&!
脊椎脱位
ｓｐｏｎｄｙｌｉｔｉｓ
脊椎炎
ｓｐｏｎｄｙｌｏｍａｌａｃｉａ
"
脊椎软化
ｓｐｏｎｄｙｌｏｓｉｓ
椎关节强硬
ｓｐｏｎｄｙｌｏｐａｔｈｙ
!/
脊椎病
ｓｐｏｎｄｙｌｏｐｙｏｓｉｓ
"
脊椎化脓
ｓｐｏｎｄｙｌｏｓｃｈｉｓｉｓ
"
脊椎弓裂
ｓｐｏｎｄｙｌｏｔｏｍｙ
""
脊椎切开术
- 51 -
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Ankylosis of the vertebral bones
a. spondylitis
2. Softening of the vertebra
b. spondyloschisis
3. A condition in which a vertebra is out of its joint
c. spondylalgia
4. Arthritis of the spine
d. spondylopyosis
5. Incision of a vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the
spinal cord or nerve root
e. spondylomalacia
6. Disease of the vertebrae or of the spinal column
f. spondylexarthrosis
7. Pain occurring in the spine
g. spondylosis
8. Suppurative inflammation of a vertebral body
h. spondylotomy
9. Inflammation of a vertebra
i. spondylopathy
10. Congenital fissure of one or more of the vertebral arches
j. spondylarthritis
Unit 14
Terminology Presentation
ｓｙｎｄｅｓｍ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the ligaments
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｓｙｎｄｅｓｍｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-ectopia
out of place
-itis
inflammation
-logy
science, study, theory
-oma
tumor
-pexy
fix, fasten
韧带切除术
ｓｙｎｄｅｓｍｅｃｔｏｐｉａ
韧带异位
ｓｙｎｄｅｓｍｉｔｉｓ
韧带炎
ｓｙｎｄｅｓｍｏｌｏｇｙ
韧带学
ｓｙｎｄｅｓｍｏｍａ
韧带结缔组织瘤
ｓｙｎｄｅｓｍｏｐｅｘｙ
- 52 -
韧带固定术
ｓｙｎｄｅｓｍｏｐｈｙｔｅ
-phyte
pathological growth
-plasty
plastic surgery
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-tomy
incision, cutting
韧带骨赘
ｓｙｎｄｅｓｍｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
韧带成形术
ｓｙｎｄｅｓｍｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
"
韧带缝合术
ｓｙｎｄｅｓｍｏｔｏｍｙ
"
韧带切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Inflammation of a ligament
a. syndesmectomy
2. A connective tissue (ligament) tumor
b. syndesmoplasty
3. Suture or repair of ligaments
c. syndesmotomy
4. Displacement of aligament
d. syndesmophyte
5. Plastic surgery on a ligament
e. syndesmorrhaphy
6. That part of anatomy which deals with ligaments
f. syndesmopexy
7. Surgery to remove a ligament
g. syndesmoma
8. A pathological growth attached to a ligament
h. syndesmectopia
9. Surgical division of a ligament
i. syndesmitis
10. Operative fixation of a dislocation using the joint ligaments
j. syndesmology
Unit 15
Terminology Presentation
ｔｅｎ（ｏ）－，ｔｅｎｄ（ｏ）－ a combining forms denoting relationship to tendons
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
- 53 -
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｔｅｎｄｏｎｉｔｉｓ
-itis
inflammation
-plasty
plastic surgery
-ectomy
excision, removal
-desis
binding, fixation
-dynia
pain
-phyte
pathological growth
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical
oste(o)-osis
bone
disease, abnormal condition
synovi(o)-itis
synovial membrane
inflammation
-tomy
incision, cutting
/
/
腱炎
ｔｅｎｄｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
腱成形术
ｔｅｎｅｃｔｏｍｙ
/
腱切除术
ｔｅｎｏｄｅｓｉｓ
腱固定术
ｔｅｎｏｄｙｎｉａ
/
腱痛
ｔｅｎｏｐｈｙｔｅ
腱赘
ｔｅｎｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
//
腱缝合术
ｔｅｎｏｓｔｏｓｉｓ
腱骨化
ｔｅｎｏｓｙｎｏｖｉｔｉｓ
腱鞘炎
ｔｅｎｏｔｏｍｙ
割腱术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Surgery to stitch together a ripped tendon
a. tenonostosis
2. The cutting of a tendon as for strabismus or clubfoot
b. tendonitis
3. Pain in a tendon
c. tenosynovitis
4. The surgical excision of part of a tendon
d. tendoplasty
5. Ossification of a tendon
e. tenodesis
- 54 -
6. Inflammation of a tendon
f. tendophyte
7. Inflammation of a tendon and its surrounding sheath
g. tenorrhaphy
8. Plastic surgery on a tendon
h. tenotomy
9. The surgical fixation of a tendon, as to a bone
i. tenodynia
10. A bony or a cartilaginous growth in or on a tendon
j. tenectomy
Some Related Terms of Musculoskeletal System
ＷＯＲＤ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｃｒｏｍｉｏｎ
Outward extension of the shoulder bone forming the point of
the shoulder
肩峰
ａｃｅｔａｂｕｌｕｍ
The hollow, cuplike portion of the pelvis into which the head
of the thigh bone fits
髋臼，关节窝
ｍｅｎｉｓｃｕｓ
An interarticular synovial cartilage or membrane
新月，半月板
ｉｎｔｅｒｖｅｒｔｅｂｒａｌｄｉｓｋ
Piece of cartilage between each vertebra
椎间盘
ａｂｄｕｃｔｏｒ
Muscles which move a portion of the body away from the
midline such as raising the arm out from your side
外展肌
ｌｅｖａｔｏｒ
A muscle that serves to raise some part; as the lip or the
eyelid
提肌
ｆｌｅｘｏｒ
A muscle which bends or flexes any part; as the flexors of the
arm or the hand
屈肌
ｅｘｔｅｎｓｏｒ
A muscle which serves to extend or straighten any part of the
body, as an arm or a finger
伸肌
ｃｏｎｓｔｒｉｃｔｏｒ
A muscle, the action of which is to narrow a canal; also called
sphincter
括约肌，缩肌
ｏｐｐｏｎｅｎｓ
Several muscles of the fingers or toes, by the action of which
these digits are opposed to the others
对向肌
ｒｏｔａｔｏｒ
A muscle which partially rotates or turns some part on its axis
- 55 -
四旋肌
ｓｃａｌｅｎｕｓ
斜角肌
ｔｅｎｓｏｒ
Any of four pairs of muscles extending from the cervical
vertebrae to the second rib; involved in moving the neck and
in breathing
Any of several muscles that stretch a part, or cause an
attached structure to become tense or firm
张肌
ｒｅｃｔｕｓ
Any of various straight muscles; as the recti of the eye
直肌
ｂｉｃｅｐｓ
A muscle having two heads or origins, especially the muscle
that flexes the forearm
二头肌
ｔｒｉｃｅｐｓ
Any skeletal muscle having three heads or origins, especially
the triceps brachii
三头肌
ｑｕａｄｒａｔｕｓ
A muscle that is more or less square in shape
方肌
ｔｅｒｅｓ
Either of two muscles in the shoulder region that move the
shoulders and arms
圆肌
ｄｉａｐｈｒａｇｍ
The thin muscle below the lungs and heart that separates the
chest from the abdomen
横膈膜
ｄｉｓｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎ
The displacement of any part of a bone
脱臼
ｓｐｒａｉｎ
A tearing injury to ligaments
扭伤
ｃｒｅｐｉｔｕｓ
A crinkly, crackling or grating feeling or sound in the joints
摩擦
ｏｐｅｎｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ
Fracture in which the skin is perforated and there is an open
wound down to the fracture
开放性骨折
ｃｌｏｓｅｄｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ
A fracture in which skin is intact at site of fracture
闭合性骨折
ａｎｇｕｌａｔｅｄｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ
The presence of angular deformity to a fractured bone
!
成角畸形骨折
- 56 -
ｇｒｅｅｎｓｔｉｃｋｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ
"
The bending of a bone with incomplete fracture involving the
convex side of the curve only
青枝性骨折
ｔｒａｎｓｖｅｒｓｅｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ
A fracture the line of which forms a right angle with the axis
of the bone
横形骨折
ｏｂｌｉｑｕｅｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ
A fracture the line of which runs obliquely to the axis of the
bone
斜形骨折
ｓｐｉｒａｌｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ
A fracture the line of which is helical in the bone
螺旋形骨折
ｃｏｍｍｉｎｕｔｅｄｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ
A fracture in which the bone is broken into pieces
粉碎性骨折
ｉｍｐａｃｔｅｄｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ
A fracture in which one of the fragments is driven into the
cancellous tissue of the other fragment
嵌入性骨折
ｌｏｒｄｏｓｉｓ
An abnormal forward curvature of the spine in the lumbar
region
脊柱前凸
ｓｐｉｎａｂｉｆｉｄａ
脊柱裂
ａｃｒｏｍｉｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
A congenital defect in which part of the spinal cord or
meninges protrudes through a cleft in the spinal column,
resulting in loss of voluntary movement in the lower body
Repair or plastic surgery of the acromion, the highest point of
the shoulder
肩峰成形术
ｌｕｍｂａｒｐｕｎｃｔｕｒｅ
／腰椎穿刺
ｄｉｓｋｅｃｔｏｍｙ
The insertion of a hollow needle beneath the arachnoid
membrane of the spinal cord in the lumbar region to
withdraw cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposes
Excision in part or whole of a herniated or displaced
intervertebral (spine) disk
椎间盘切除术
Ｄｕｐｕｙｔｒｅｎ＇ｓｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｕｒｅ
The thickening of the connective tissue in the palm of the
hand that has led to difficulty in extending the fingers
杜普伊特伦挛缩
#手掌挛缩症）
ｅｘｏｓｔｏｓｉｓｒｅｐａｉｒ
Removal of a benign growth from the surface of a bone
$
外生骨疣整形修复术
- 57 -
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ４ＩｎｔｅｇｕｍｅｎｔａｒｙＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ
Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
The integumentary system consists of the skin, nails, hair, and the glands embedded in the
skin. The skin is made up of two layers, the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis, the upper or
outer layer of the skin, is a tough, waterproof, protective layer. The dermis, or inner layer, is
thicker than the epidermis and gives the skin its strength and elasticity. The two layers of the skin
are anchored to one another by a thin but complex layer of tissue, known as the basement
membrane. This tissue is composed of a series of elaborately interconnecting molecules that act as
ropes and grappling hooks to hold the skin together. Below the dermis is the subcutaneous layer, a
layer of tissue composed of protein fibers and adipose tissue.
The skin is essential to a person¡fl
s survival. It forms a barrier that helps prevent harmful
microorganisms and chemicals from entering the body, and it also prevents the loss of
life-sustaining body fluids. It protects the vital structures inside the body from injury and from the
potentially damaging ultraviolet rays of the sun. The skin also helps regulate body temperature,
excretes some waste products, and is an important sensory organ. It contains various types of
specialized nerve cells responsible for the sense of touch.
The skin is the body¡fl
s largest organ because of its great surface area. It covers the surface of
the body at a thickness of just 1.4 to 4.0 mm (0.06 to 0.16 in). The skin is thickest on areas of the
body that regularly rub against objects, such as the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
Both delicate and resilient, the skin constantly renews itself and has a remarkable ability to repair
itself after injury.
Unit 1
Terminology Presentation
ｃｈｅｉｌ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the lip
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃｈｅｉｌｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
ectropion
outward turning
-itis
inflammation
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
%
唇切除术
ｃｈｅｉｌｅｃｔｒｏｐｉｏｎ
唇外翻
ｃｈｅｉｌｉｔｉｓ
唇炎
ｃｈｅｉｌｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
唇缝合术
- 58 -
ｃｈｅｉｌｏｐｈａｇｉａ
-phagia
eating, swallowing
-plasty
plastic surgery
-osis
disease, abnormal condition
-schisis
split, fissure
-tomy
incision, cutting
macr(o)-ia
large, big
disease, pathological condition
&
啮唇癖
ｃｈｅｉｌｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
唇成形术
ｃｈｅｉｌｏｓｉｓ
唇干裂
ｃｈｅｉｌｏｓｃｈｉｓｉｓ
唇裂
ｃｈｅｉｌｏｔｏｍｙ
唇切开术
ｍａｃｒｏｃｈｅｉｌｉａ
巨唇
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Plastic surgery on the lip and mouth
a. cheilectropion
2. Habitual biting of the lip
b. cheilophagia
3. Abnormal largeness of the lips
c. cheilitis
4. Cleft in the lip or harelip
d. cheilorrhaphy
5. Inflammation affecting the lips
e. cheilectomy
6. Eversion or turning outward of a lip or the lips
f. cheiloschisis
7. The surgical repair of a congenitally cleft lip
g. macrocheilia
8. Excision of a portion of the lip
h. cheilotomy
9. Incision into the lip
i. cheilosis
10. A disorder of the lips marked by fissures at the corners of
the mouth, often due to riboflavin deficiencies
j. cheiloplasty
- 59 -
Unit 2
Terminology Presentation
ｄｅｒｍ（ｏ）－ｏｒｄｅｒｍａｔ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the skin
－ｄｅｒｍａ： a word termination denoting skin or skin disease
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｄｅｒｍａｔｉｔｉｓ
-itis
inflammation
heter(o)-plasty
different, other
plastic surgery
myc(o)-osis
fungus
disease, abnormal condition
-pathy
disease
-sclerosis
hardening
hypo-ic
below, deficient
pertaining to
intra-al
within
pertaining to
leuk(o)-
white
pachy-
thick
xero-
dry
皮炎
ｄｅｒｍａｔｏｈｅｔｅｒｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
’
异体皮移植术
ｄｅｒｍａｔｏｍｙｃｏｓｉｓ
皮肤真菌病
ｄｅｒｍａｔｏｐａｔｈｙ
(
皮肤病
ｄｅｒｍａｔｏｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｉｓ
硬皮病
ｈｙｐｏｄｅｒｍｉｃ
’
皮下的，皮下注射
ｉｎｔｒａｄｅｒｍａｌ
皮内的，皮内注射
ｌｅｕｋｏｄｅｒｍａ
白斑病
ｐａｃｈｙｄｅｒｍａ
厚皮病
ｘｅｒｏｄｅｒｍａ
干皮病
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
- 60 -
1. Skin grafting by using skin from another person
a. dermatitis
2. Any fungus disease of the skin
b. hypodermic
3. In the skin, or an intradermal injection given into the skin
c. pachyderma
4. Inflammation of the skin
d. dermatosclerosis
5. Applied or administered beneath the skin
e. leukoderma
6. Abnormal thickening of the skin
f. dermatopathy
7. A congenital skin condition characterized by spots or bands
of unpigmented skin
g. xeroderma
8. Excessive or abnormal dryness of the skin
h. intradermal
9. A disease of the skin
i. dermatomycosis
10. A disease characterized by the deposition of fibrous tissue
into the skin, often causing tissue hardening
j. dermatoheteroplasty
Unit 3
Terminology Presentation
ｅｐｉｄｅｒｍ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the outer layer of skin
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｅｐｉｄｅｒｍａｔｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
-plasty
plastic surgery
-al
pertaining to
-itis
inflammation
dys-plasia
bad, difficult, painful
growth, development
-oid
like, resembling
-lysis
dissolution, separation
-oma
tumor
表皮成形术
ｅｐｉｄｅｒｍａｌ
表皮的
ｅｐｉｄｅｒｍｉｔｉｓ
表皮炎
ｅｐｉｄｅｒｍｏｄｙｓｐｌａｓｉａ
表皮发育不良
ｅｐｉｄｅｒｍｏｉｄ
表皮样的
ｅｐｉｄｅｒｍｏｌｙｓｉｓ
表皮松解
ｅｐｉｄｅｒｍｏｍａ
)
- 61 -
表皮瘤
ｅｐｉｄｅｒｍｏｍｙｃｏｓｉｓ
myc(o)-osis
fungus
disease, abnormal condition
phyt(o)-osis
plant, fungus
disease, abnormal condition
-osis
disease, abnormal condition
表皮霉菌病
ｅｐｉｄｅｒｍｏｐｈｙｔｏｓｉｓ
表皮真菌病
ｅｐｉｄｅｒｍｏｓｉｓ
表皮病
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Inflammation of the superficial layers of the skin
a. epidermophytosis
2. A disease of the epidermis caused by infection from fungi
b. epidermoid
3. A tumor or growth of the epidermis
c. epidermolysis
4. Skin grafting done by transplanting pieces of epidermis to
denuded areas
d. epidermitis
5. The abnormal growth or development of the epidermis
e. epidermosis
6. Of or relating to the outer layer of the skin
f. epidermoma
7. A skin disease affecting only the epidermis
g. epidermatoplasty
8. Fungal infection of the epidermis
h. epidermal
9. Resembling or pertaining to the epidermal tissue
i. epidermodysplasia
10. A condition in which the epidermis is loosely attached to
the dermis and readily detaches or forms blisters
j. epidermomycosis
Unit 4
Terminology Presentation
ｈｉｄｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to sweat or sweat glands
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｈｉｄｒａｄｅｎｉｔｉｓ
aden(o)-itis
gland
inflammation
’
汗腺炎
- 62 -
ｈｉｄｒａｄｅｎｏｉｄ
’
aden(o)-oid
gland
like, resembling
aden(o)-oma
gland
tumor
cyst(o)-oma
sac, bladder
tumor
-poiesis
production, formation
-schesis
checking, holding
-osis
disease, abnormal condition
an-osis
without, lack of
disease, abnormal condition
hyper-osis
above, over, abundant
disease, abnormal condition
hypo-osis
below, deficient
disease, abnormal condition
汗腺的
ｈｉｄｒａｄｅｎｏｍａ
’
汗腺瘤
ｈｉｄｒｏｃｙｓｔｏｍａ
’
汗腺囊瘤
ｈｉｄｒｏｐｏｉｅｓｉｓ
’
汗生成
ｈｉｄｒｏｓｃｈｅｓｉｓ
’
止汗
ｈｉｄｒｏｓｉｓ
’
排汗，汗病
ａｎｈｉｄｒｏｓｉｓ
’
无汗
ｈｙｐｅｒｈｉｄｒｏｓｉｓ
’’
多汗症
ｈｙｐｏｈｉｄｒｏｓｉｓ
’’
少汗症
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. The formation of sweat
a. hyperhidrosis
2. The condition of being without sweat
b. hidradenitis
3. Diminished perspiration
c. hidrosis
4. The excretion of sweat
d. hidroschesis
5. Inflammation of the sweat glands
e. hidrocystoma
6. Excessive and profuse perspiration
f. hidradenoid
7. The suppression of sweating
g. hypohidrosis
- 63 -
8. A cystic form of hidradenoma
h. hidropoiesis
9. Resembling a sweat gland
i. anhidrosis
10. A benign tumor derived from epithelial cells of sweat gland
j. hidradenoma
Unit 5
Terminology Presentation
ｈｉｓｔ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to tissue
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｈｉｓｔａｎｏｘｉａ
an-oxia
without, lack of
oxygen
cyt(o)-oma
cell
tumor
cyt(o)-osis
cell
disease, abnormal condition
-genesis
origin, produciton
-lysis
dissolution, separation
-oma
tumor
myc(o)-osis
fungus
disease, abnormal condition
plasm(a)
-osis
fluid component of blood
disease, abnormal condition
-rrhexis
rupture
-tomy
incision, cutting
’
组织缺氧
ｈｉｓｔｉｏｃｙｔｏｍａ
’
组织细胞瘤
ｈｉｓｔｉｏｃｙｔｏｓｉｓ
’
组织细胞增多病
ｈｉｓｔｏｇｅｎｅｓｉｓ
’
&
组织发生
ｈｉｓｔｏｌｙｓｉｓ
’
组织解体
ｈｉｓｔｏｍａ
’
组织瘤
ｈｉｓｔｏｍｙｃｏｓｉｓ
’
深部霉菌病
ｈｉｓｔｏｐｌａｓｍｏｓｉｓ
’
组织胞浆菌病
ｈｉｓｔｏｒｒｈｅｘｉｓ
’
组织破碎
ｈｉｓｔｏｔｏｍｙ
’
组织切开术
- 64 -
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Oxygen deprivation of tissue due to lack of blood supply
a. histotomy
2. A tumor composed of histiocytes
b. histomycosis
3. Abnormal multiplication of histiocytes
c. histolysis
4. A tumor derived from mature tissue
d. histiocytosis
5. The breakdown and disintegration of organic tissue
e. histanoxia
6. The formation or development of tissues of the body
f. histiocytoma
7. The dissection of organic tissues
g. histoplasmosis
8. Fungus infection of the tissues deep inside the body
h. histoma
9. Breaking up of tissue by a process other than infection
i. historrhexis
10. Abnormal appearance of phagocyte in the blood
j. histogenesis
Unit 6
Terminology Presentation
ｋｅｒａｔ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to horn or horny tissue
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｋｅｒａｔｉａｓｉｓ
-iasis
disease, abnormal condition
acantho-oma
thorn
tumor
-cyte
cell
-derma
skin, skin disease
-genesis
origin, production
-oid
like, resembling
角质疣
ｋｅｒａｔｏａｃａｎｔｈｏｍａ
(
角化棘皮瘤
ｋｅｒａｔｉｎｏｃｙｔｅ
角化细胞
ｋｅｒａｔｏｄｅｒｍａ
角皮症
ｋｅｒａｔｏｇｅｎｅｓｉｓ
&
角质生成
ｋｅｒａｔｏｉｄ
- 65 -
角状的，角质的
ｋｅｒａｔｏｌｙｓｉｓ
-lysis
dissolution, separation
-oma
tumor
myc(o)-osis
fungus
disease, abnormal condition
-osis
disease, abnormal condition
角质层分离
ｋｅｒａｔｏｍａ
角质瘤
ｋｅｒａｔｏｍｙｃｏｓｉｓ
皮层角质真菌病
ｋｅｒａｔｏｓｉｓ
角化病
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. A horny covering or growth, especially of the skin
a. keratoacanthoma
2. The presence of horny warts on the skin
b. keratosis
3. A tumor of horny tissue
c. keratinocyte
4. A fungal infection of the horny layer of the epidermis
d. keratoderma
5. Like or resembling a horny skin
e. keratiasis
6. Separation or loosening of the horny layer of the epidermis
f. keratoma
7. Production of horny cells or tissues
g. keratomycosis
8. A rapidly-growing skin tumor with a central keratin mass,
usually healing spontaneously
h. keratoid
9. Any skin disorder consisting of horny growth
i. keratolysis
10. An epidermal cell that produces keratin
j. keratogenesis
Unit 7
Terminology Presentation
ｌｉｐ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to fat, fatty, fatty tissue or lipid
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
- 66 -
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｌｉｐｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-edema
swelling
-osis
disease, abnormal condition
a-trophy
without, lack of
nutrition, growth
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
dys-trophy
bad, difficult, painful
nutrition, growth
fibr(o)-oma
fibrous
tumor
my(o)-oma
muscle
tumor
-penia
lack, deficiency
hyper-emia
above, over, abundant
blood
脂肪切除
ｌｉｐｅｄｅｍａ
脂肪水肿
ｌｉｐｉｄｏｓｉｓ
脂沉积症
ｌｉｐｏａｔｒｏｐｈｙ
脂肪萎缩
ｌｉｐｏｃｅｌｅ
脂肪疝
ｌｉｐｏｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｙ
脂肪代谢失调
ｌｉｐｏｆｉｂｒｏｍａ
脂肪纤维瘤
ｌｉｐｏｍｙｏｍａ
脂肌瘤
ｌｉｐｏｐｅｎｉａ
脂肪减少症
ｈｙｐｅｒｌｉｐｅｍｉａ
’
高脂血
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Excision of subcutaneous fatty tissue
a. lipodystrophy
2. Presence of fatty tissue in a hernia sac
b. lipidosis
3. Defective metabolism of fat
c. lipoatrophy
4. A benign neoplasm of fibrous connective tissue with
conspicuous numbers of adipose cells
d. lipedema
5. Atrophy of subcutaneous fat
e. hyperlipemia
- 67 -
6. Chronic swelling caused by excess fat and fluid in
subcutaneous tissues
f. lipomyoma
7. An excess of lipids in the blood
g. lipopenia
8. A benign tumor that consists of muscle cells and fat cells
h. lipocele
9. A deficiency of lipids in the body
i. lipectomy
10. An inborn or acquired disorder of the lipid metabolism that
results in abnormal amounts of lipid deposition
j. lipofibroma
Unit 8
Terminology Presentation
ｏｎｙｃｈ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the nails
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｏｎｙｃｈａｕｘｉｓ
-auxis
increase, growth
-ectomy
excision, removal
crypt(o)-osis
hidden, concealed
disease, abnormal condition
dys-trophy
bad, difficult, painful
nutrition, growth
grypo-osis
hooked, curved
abnormal conditon
heter(o)-topia
different, other
place
myc(o)-osis
fungus
disease, abnormal condition
-phagia
eating, swallowing
-ptosis
drooping, falling, sagging
甲肥厚
ｏｎｙｃｈｅｃｔｏｍｙ
甲切除术
ｏｎｙｃｈｏｃｒｙｐｔｏｓｉｓ
)
嵌甲
ｏｎｙｃｈｏｄｙｓｔｒｏｐｈｙ
甲变形
ｏｎｙｃｈｏｇｒｙｐｏｓｉｓ
")
钩甲
ｏｎｙｃｈｏｈｅｔｅｒｏｔｏｐｉａ
’
指甲异位
ｏｎｙｃｈｏｍｙｃｏｓｉｓ
甲真菌病，甲癣
ｏｎｙｃｈｏｐｈａｇｉａ
&
咬甲癖
ｏｎｙｃｈｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
)
甲脱落
- 68 -
ｏｎｙｃｈｏｒｒｈｅｘｉｓ
-rrhexis
rupture
脆甲
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Abnormal placement of a fingernail or toenail
a. onychophagia
2. Overgrowth of the fingernails or toenails
b. onychomycosi
3. Falling off of the nails
c. onychocryptosis
4. Deformity of the nails, producing a hooked or incurved
claw-like nails
d. onychorrhexis
5. The habit of nail biting
e. onychectomy
6. Fungus condition of the nails
f. onychodystrophy
7. Ingrown nails
g. onychauxis
8. Brittleness of the nails with splitting of the free edge
h. onychoptosis
9. Surgery to remove a nail
i. onychogryposis
10. Changes in the color, texture, and structure of the nails due
to malnutrition
j. onychoheterotopia
Unit 9
Terminology Presentation
ｔｒｉｃｈ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the hair
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｔｒｉｃｈａｕｘｉｓ
-auxis
increase, growth
-iasis
disease, abnormal condition
crypt(o)-osis
hidden, concealed
disease, abnormal condition
-megaly
enlargement
多发症
ｔｒｉｃｈｉａｓｉｓ
倒睫症
ｔｒｉｃｈｏｃｒｙｐｔｏｓｉｓ
毛囊病
ｔｒｉｃｈｏｍｅｇａｌｙ
- 69 -
"
长睫症
ｔｒｉｃｈｏｍｙｃｏｓｉｓ
myc(o)-osis
fungus
disease, abnormal condition
-pathy
disease
-phagia
eat, bite
phyt(o)-osis
plant, fungus
disease, abnormal condition
-rrhexis
rupture
tillo-mania
pulling
compulsion, madness
毛发菌病
ｔｒｉｃｈｏｐａｔｈｙ
(
毛发病
ｔｒｉｃｈｏｐｈａｇｉａ
&
食毛癖
ｔｒｉｃｈｏｐｈｙｔｏｓｉｓ
毛癣菌病
ｔｒｉｃｈｏｒｒｈｅｘｉｓ
裂发症
ｔｒｉｃｈｏｔｉｌｌｏｍａｎｉａ
拔毛发癖
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. The inward growth of hair, especially the eyelashes
a. trichauxis
2. Excessive growth of hair
b. trichiasis
3. Disease of the hair
c. trichorrhexis
4. A superficial fungus infection caused by trichophyton
d. trichomegaly
5. A disease of hair caused by infetction with fungus
e. trichophagia
6. Any disease of the hair follicles
f. trichotillomania
7. A condition in which hairs tend to readily break or split
g. trichophytosis
8. A compulsion to pull out one’s own hair
h. trichomycosis
9. The habit of eating the hair
i. trichocryptosis
10. A congenital condition in which the eyelashes are
abnormally long
j. trichopathy
- 70 -
Some Related Terms of Integumentary System
ＷＯＲＤ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｂｓｃｅｓｓ
A localized collection of pus caused by suppuration buried in
tissues, organs or confined spaces
脓肿
ａｃｎｅ
Inflammatory papular and postular eruption of the skin
痤疮，粉刺
ａｌｏｐｅｃｉａ
Baldness or absence of the hair from skin areas
脱发
ａｒｅｏｌａ
The circular field of dark colored skin surrounding the nipple
乳房晕
ｃｉｃａｔｒｉｘ
The formation of new tissue in the process of wound healing
疤痕，瘢痕
ｃｈｉｌｂｌａｉｎ
冻疮
ｃｏｎｔｕｓｉｏｎ
Redness, itching and burning of the skin, especially the fingers,
toes, heels, nose and ears on exposure to extreme cold and high
humidity
A bruise or an injury of a part without a break in the skin
)&
擦伤，撞伤
ｅｃｃｈｙｍｏｓｉｓ
淤斑
ｅｃｚｅｍａ
The escape of blood from ruptured blood vessels into the
surrounding tissue to form a purple or black-and-blue spot on the
skin
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to
many endogenous and exogenous agents
湿疹
ｅｒｙｔｈｅｍａ
(
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the cappillaries
which may result from a variety of causes
红斑
ｅｘｆｏｌｉａｔｉｏｎ
A falling off in scales or layers
表皮剥脱
ｆｅｌｏｎ
A painful purulent infection at the end of a finger or toe in the
area surrounding the nail. Also called whitlow
甲沟炎
ｆｕｒｕｎｃｌｅ
A Staphylococcal skin infection which involves a hair follicle,
often referred to as a boil or a furuncle
疖
ｇａｎｇｒｅｎｅ
Death of tissue generally associated with loss of blood supply
! !
- 71 -
坏疽
ｈｅｒｐｅｓ
’
Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpes virus and
characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles
疱疹
ｈｅｒｐｅｓｓｉｍｐｌｅｘ
’
单纯疱疹
ｉｍｐｅｔｉｇｏ
!
A recurrent viral disease that is caused by herpesvirus type one
and is marked by fluid-containing vesicles on the mouth, lips or
face
A contagious bullous, pustular eruption of the skin, usually
located on the face, especially about the nose and mouth
脓疱疮
ｋｅｌｏｉｄ
An abnormally raised ,thickened scars that form in the skin after
trauma or surgical incision
瘢痕疙瘩，瘢痕瘤
ｌａｃｅｒａｔｉｏｎ
A torn, ragged, mangled wound
破口
ｍａｃｕｌｏｐａｐｕｌｅ
A lesion with a flat base surrounding a papule in the centre
斑丘疹
ｎｅｖｕｓ
Tumor like but non-neoplastic hamartoma of skin
痣
ｐｅｄｉｃｕｌｏｓｉｓ
Infestation with lice of the family Pediculidae, especially
infestation with Pediculus humanus
虱病
ｐｒｕｒｉｔｕｓ
Unpleasant condition marked by itching that provokes the desire
to rub or scratch the skin in order to get relief
瘙痒症
ｐｓｏｒｉａｓｉｓ
#*
Common inherited condition marked by redish, silvery, scaled
papules
银屑病
ｐｕｓｔｕｌｅ
A vesicle or an elevation of the cuticle with an inflamed base,
containing pus
脓疱
ｒｈｙｔｉｄｅｃｔｏｍｙ
A surgical procedure designed to reduce the visible signs of
aging in the face and give a younger appearance
皱纹切除术
ｒｏｓａｃｅａ
A skin disease of adults in which blood vessels of the face
enlarge resulting in a flushed appearance
红斑痤疮，酒渣鼻
ｓｃａｂｉｅｓ
A contagious, parasitic infection of the skin with the human itch
or mange mite
疥疮
ｓｃｌｅｒｏｄｅｒｍａ
A pathological thickening and hardening of the skin
- 72 -
硬皮病
ｓｅｂｏｒｒｈｅａ
A morbidly increased discharge of sebaceous matter upon the
skin
皮脂溢出
ｓｈｉｎｇｌｅｓ
!#*
A painful rash due to viral infection of nerve tissue. Also called
herpes zoster.
带状疱疹
ｔｉｎｅａｐｅｄｉｓ
Fungal infection of the foot. Also called athlete¡fl
s foot.
足癣
ｕｒｔｉｃａｒｉａ
$
A vascular reaction pattern of the skin marked by the transient
appearance of slightly elevated patches and severe itching
荨麻疹
ｖｉｔｉｌｉｇｏ
!
Partial or total loss of skin pigmentation, often occurring in
patches. Also called leukoderma.
白癜风
ｗａｒｔ
Benign tumor of basal cell of skin, the result of the infection of a
single cell with wart virus
疣
ｗｈｅａｌ
#’*
A flat, burning or itching eminence on the skin, such as is
produced in urticaria
风团
- 73 -
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ５ＤｉｇｅｓｔｉｖｅａｎｄＥｘｃｒｅｔｏｒｙＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ
Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
The digestive system is a series of connected organs whose purpose is to break down, or digest,
the food we eat. Food is made up of large, complex molecules, which the digestive system breaks
down into smaller, simple molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. The simple
molecules travel through the bloodstream to all of the body’s cells, which use them for growth,
repair, and energy.
All animals, including humans, have a digestive system, a feature that distinguishes them
from plants. Humans must take in food in the form of organic matter, such as plants or other
animals. The digestive system must also remove waste together with the excretory system.
The digestive system consists mainly of a long, continuous tube called the alimentary canal,
or digestive tract. This canal has a mouth at one end, through which food is taken in, and an anus
at the other end, through which digestive wastes are excreted. Muscles in the walls of the
alimentary canal move the food along. Most digestive organs are part of the alimentary canal.
However, two accessory digestive organs, the liver and pancreas, are located outside the
alimentary canal. These organs contribute to chemical digestion by releasing digestive juices into
the canal through tubes called ducts.
Unit 1
Terminology Presentation
ａｎｔｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the antrum of the stomach
ａｐｐｅｎｄｉｃ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the vermiform appendix
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｎｔｒｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
duoden(o)-ectomy
duodenum
excision, removal
-scopy
visual examination
-stomy
surgical opening
-tomy
incision, cutting
窦切除术
ａｎｔｒｏｄｕｏｄｅｎｅｃｔｏｍｙ
胃窦十二指肠（溃疡）切除术
ａｎｔｒｏｓｃｏｐｙ
上颌窦镜检查
ａｎｔｒｏｓｔｏｍｙ
窦造瘘术
ａｎｔｒｏｔｏｍｙ
窦切开术
- 74 -
ａｐｐｅｎｄｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
-lysis
dissolution, separation
-stomy
surgical opening
阑尾切除术
ａｐｐｅｎｄｉｃｉｔｉｓ
阑尾炎
ａｐｐｅｎｄｉｃｏｃｅｌｅ
阑尾疝
ａｐｐｅｎｄｉｃｏｌｙｓｉｓ
阑尾粘连分离术
ａｐｐｅｎｄｉｃｏｓｔｏｍｙ
阑尾造瘘术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Inflammation of the vermiform appendix
a. antrostomy
2. Surgical removal of the vermiform appendix
b. appendicocele
3. Surgical opening of the tip of the veriform appendix to
irrigate the bowel
c. antroduodenectomy
4. Surgical excision of an antrum
d. appendicostomy
5. Examination of the antrum by means of an antroscope
e. antrectomy
6. Incision through the wall of an antrum
f. antroscopy
7. The surgical formation of an opening into an antrum
g. antrotomy
8. Surgical freeing of the appendix from adhesions
h. appendicitis
9. Hernia of the veriform appendix
i. appendicolysis
10. Surgical removal of the antrum of the stomach and the
ulcer-bearing part of the duodenum
j. appendectomy
Unit 2
Terminology Presentation
ｃｈｏｌａｎｇｉ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relation to the bile duct
- 75 -
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃｈｏｌａｎｇｉｅｃｔａｓｉｓ
-ectasis
dilatation, expansion
carcin(o)-oma
cancer, cancerous
tumor
enter(o)-stomy
intestine
surgical opening
fibr(o)-osis
fibrous
disease, abnormal condition
-graphy
recording
-oma
tumor
-scopy
visual examination
-stomy
surgical opening
-tomy
incision, cutting
-itis
inflammation
&
胆管扩张
ｃｈｏｌａｎｇｉｏｃａｒｃｉｎｏｍａ
&+
胆管癌
ｃｈｏｌａｎｇｉｏｅｎｔｅｒｏｓｔｏｍｙ
&)
胆肠吻合术
ｃｈｏｌａｎｇｉｏｆｉｂｒｏｓｉｓ
&)
胆管纤维变性
ｃｈｏｌａｎｇｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ
&!
胆管造影术
ｃｈｏｌａｎｇｉｏｍａ
&
胆管瘤
ｃｈｏｌａｎｇｉｏｓｃｏｐｙ
&
胆道镜检查
ｃｈｏｌａｎｇｉｏｓｔｏｍｙ
&
胆管造瘘术
ｃｈｏｌａｎｇｉｏｔｏｍｙ
&
胆管切开术
ｃｈｏｌａｎｇｉｔｉｓ
&
胆管炎
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Dilation of a bile duct
a. cholangiostomy
2. Incision into a bile duct
b. cholangiocarcinoma
3. A tumor of the bile ducts
c. cholangiofibrosis
4. Examination of the bile duct through a fibreoptic endoscope
d. cholangitis
- 76 -
5. Formation of a fistula into a bile duct
e. cholangiectasis
6. An adenocarcinoma of the intrahepatic bile ducts
f. cholangiotomy
7. Fibrosis of the bile ducts
g. cholangioma
8. Surgical connection of a bile duct to the intestine
h. cholangiography
9. Inflammation of a bile duct
i. cholangioscopy
10. Radiography of the bile duct after injecting a contrast
medium
j. cholangioenterostomy
Unit 3
Terminology Presentation
ｃｈｏｌｅｄｏｃｈ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relation to the common bile duct
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃｈｏｌｅｄｏｃｈｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
lith(o)-iasis
stone, concretion, calculus
disease, abnormal condition
lith(o)-tomy
stone, concretion, calculus
incision, cutting
lith(o)-tripsy
stone, concretion, calculus
surgical crushing
-plasty
plastic surgery
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-scope
viewing instrument
-stomy
surgical opening
胆总管部分切除术
ｃｈｏｌｅｄｏｃｈｉｔｉｓ
胆总管炎
ｃｈｏｌｅｄｏｃｈｏｌｉｔｈｉａｓｉｓ
(
胆总管结石病
ｃｈｏｌｅｄｏｃｈｏｌｉｔｈｏｔｏｍｙ
(
胆总管石切除术
ｃｈｏｌｅｄｏｃｈｏｌｉｔｈｏｔｒｉｐｓｙ
(
胆总管碎石术
ｃｈｏｌｅｄｏｃｈｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
胆总管成形术
ｃｈｏｌｅｄｏｃｈｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
胆总管缝合术
ｃｈｏｌｅｄｏｃｈｏｓｃｏｐｅ
胆管镜
ｃｈｏｌｅｄｏｃｈｏｓｔｏｍｙ
- 77 -
胆总管造瘘术
ｃｈｏｌｅｄｏｃｈｏｔｏｍｙ
-tomy
incision, cutting
胆总管切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Surgical removal of a portion of the common bile duct
a. choledocholithiasis
2. Inflammation of the common bile duct
b. choledocholithotomy
3. The presence of a gallstone in the common bile duct
c. choledocholithotripsy
4. Plastic surgery on the common bile duct
d. choledochostomy
5. An instrument used for inspection of the interior of the
common bile duct
e. choledochitis
6. Incision into the common bile duct
f. choledochectomy
7. Incision of the common bile duct for the extraction of an
impacted gallstone
g. choledochorrhaphy
8. The operation of crushing a stone in the common bile duct
h. choledochoplasty
9. The establishment of a fistula into the common bile duct
i. choledochoscope
10. Suturing together the divided ends of the common bile duct
j. choledochotomy
Unit 4
Terminology Presentation
ｃｈｏｌ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the bile sac
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃｈｏｌｅｃｙｓｔｅｃｔｏｍｙ
cyst(o)-ectomy
sac, bladder
excision, removal
cyst(o)-itis
sac, bladder
inflammation
cyst(o)-ptosis
sac, bladder
drooping, falling, sagging
胆囊切除术
ｃｈｏｌｅｃｙｓｔｉｔｉｓ
胆囊炎
ｃｈｏｌｅｃｙｓｔｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
胆囊下垂
- 78 -
ｃｈｏｌｅｃｙｓｔｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
cyst(o)-rrhaphy
sac, bladder
suture, surgical repair
cyst(o)lith(o)-iasis
cyst(o)son(o)-graphy
lith(o)-tripsy
sac, bladder
stone, concretion, calculus
disease, abnormal condition
sac, bladder
sound
process of recording
stone, concretion, calculus
surgical crushing
-emesis
vomit
-poiesis
production, formation
-stasis
control, stop
胆囊缝合术
ｃｈｏｌｅｃｙｓｔｏｌｉｔｈｉａｓｉｓ
(
胆囊结石
ｃｈｏｌｅｃｙｓｔｏｓｏｎｏｇｒａｐｈｙ
"
胆囊超声显像术
ｃｈｏｌｅｌｉｔｈｏｔｒｉｐｓｙ
(
碎胆石术
ｃｈｏｌｅｍｅｓｉｓ
呕胆
ｃｈｏｌｅｐｏｉｅｓｉｓ
胆汁生成
ｃｈｏｌｅｓｔａｓｉｓ
胆汁淤积
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Ultrasonic examination of the gallbladder
a. cholecystoptosis
2. The crushing of a gallstone
b. cholecystorrhaphy
3. The formation of bile
c. cholecystitis
4. An arrest in the flow of bile
d. cholecystosonography
5. Surgical removal of the gallbladder
e. cholelithotripsy
6. The vomiting of bile
f. cholepoiesis
7. The presence of gallstones in the gallbladder
g. cholestasis
8. Prolapse or falling of the gallbladder
h. cholecystectomy
9. Suture of an incised or ruptured gallbladder
i. cholemesis
10. Acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder
j. cholecystolithiasis
- 79 -
Unit 5
Terminology Presentation
ｃｏｌｏ－ a combing form denoting relationship to the colon
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃｏｌｏｃｅｎｔｅｓｉｓ
-centesis
surgical puncture
-algia
pain
-pathy
disease
-scopy
visual examination
proct(o)-itis
rectum
inflammation
-ptosis
drooping, falling, sagging
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-stomy
surgical opening
mega-
large
结肠穿刺术
ｃｏｌｏｎａｌｇｉａ
&
结肠痛
ｃｏｌｏｎｏｐａｔｈｙ
(
结肠病
ｃｏｌｏｎｏｓｃｏｐｙ
结肠镜检查
ｃｏｌｏｐｒｏｃｔｉｔｉｓ
结肠直肠炎
ｃｏｌｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
)
结肠下垂
ｃｏｌｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
结肠缝合术
ｃｏｌｏｒｒｈｅａ
结肠性腹泻
ｃｏｌｏｓｔｏｍｙ
结肠造瘘术
ｍｅｇａｃｏｌｏｎ
!
巨结肠症
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. An endoscopic examination of the inner surface of the
- 80 -
a. colocentesis
colon
2. Inflammation of both colon and rectum
b. colorrhaphy
3. Extreme dilation and hypertrophy of the colon
c. colorrhea
4. Pain in the colon
d. colonopathy
5. Downward displacement or prolapse of the colon,
especially of the transverse portion
e. colostomy
6. Surgical puncture of the colon to relieve distention
f. colonoscopy
7. Suture of the colon.
g. coloproctitis
8. Diarrhea caused by a condition affecting chiefly the colon
h. megacolon
9. Any disease or disorder of the colon
i. colonalgia
10. Surgical construction of an artificial excretory opening from
the colon
j. coloptosis
Unit 6
Terminology Presentation
ｄｕｏｄｅｎ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the duodenum
ｅｍｅｓ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to vomit or vomiting
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｄｕｏｄｅｎｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
-lysis
dissolution, separation
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-stomy
surgical opening
-esis
disease, abnormal condition
-tic
involuntary movement
)
十二指肠切除术
ｄｕｏｄｅｎｉｔｉｓ
十二指肠炎
ｄｕｏｄｅｎｏｌｙｓｉｓ
十二指肠松解术
ｄｕｏｄｅｎｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
十二指肠缝合术
ｄｕｏｄｅｎｏｓｔｏｍｙ
十二指肠造口术
ｅｍｅｓｉｓ
呕吐
ｅｍｅｔｉｃ
- 81 -
催吐剂
ａｎｔｉｅｍｅｔｉｃ
anti-tic
against, opposed
involuntary movement
hemat(o)-esis
blood
disease, abnormal condition
hyper-esis
above, over, abundant
disease, abnormal condition
止吐药
ｈｅｍａｔｅｍｅｓｉｓ
’
吐血
ｈｙｐｅｒｅｍｅｓｉｓ
’
剧吐
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. The operation of suturing the duodenum
a. hematemesis
2. Inflammation of the duodenal mucosa
b. antiemetic
3. An agent that stops vomiting
c. duodenolysis
4. Excision of the duodenum
d. hyperemesis
5. An agent that stimulates vomiting
e. emesis
6. The act or process of vomiting
f. duodenitis
7. The surgical creation of an opening into the duodenum
g. duodenostomy
8. Vomiting blood
h. duodenectomy
9. Excessive vomiting
i. emetic
10. The surgery of freeing the duodenum from adhesions
j. duodenorrhaphy
Unit 7
Terminology Presentation
ｅｎｔｅｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the intestines
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｅｎｔｅｒｏｃｌｅｉｓｉｓ
-cleisis
closure, occlusion
肠闭塞
- 82 -
ｅｎｔｅｒｏｃｌｙｓｉｓ
-clysis
infusion, washing
-kinesis
movement
-lysis
dissolution, separation
myc(o)-osis
fungus
disease, abnormal condition
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-rrhexis
rupture
-sepsis
infection, poison
-spasm
contraction
灌肠剂
ｅｎｔｅｒｏｋｉｎｅｓｉｓ
肠蠕幼
ｅｎｔｅｒｏｌｙｓｉｓ
肠粘连松解术
ｅｎｔｅｒｏｍｙｃｏｓｉｓ
肠真菌病
ｅｎｔｅｒｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
&
肠出血
ｅｎｔｅｒｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
肠缝合术
ｅｎｔｅｒｏｒｒｈｅｘｉｓ
肠破裂
ｅｎｔｅｒｏｓｅｐｓｉｓ
肠脓毒血症
ｅｎｔｅｒｏｓｐａｓｍ
肠痉挛
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Blockage or closure of the intestine
a. enterorrhaphy
2. An enema injected into the intestine
b. enterodialysis
3. Muscular movement of the intestinal canal
c. enterocleisis
4. Rupture of the intestine
d. enteroclysis
5. Bleeding within the intestinal tract
e. enterokinesis
6. Sepsis due to the presence of bacteria in the intestines
f. enterorrhexis
7. An intestinal disease of fungal origin
g. enterorrhagia
- 83 -
8. Painful, increased and irregular contraction of the intestine
h. enterosepsis
9. Surgery to stitch the intestine
i. enteromycosis
10. The surgical division or removal of intestinal adhesions
j. enterospasm
Unit 8
Terminology Presentation
ｅｓｏｐｈａｇ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the passage that carries food
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｅｓｏｐｈａｇｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
-dynia
pain
-malacia
softening
-ptosis
drooping, falling, sagging
-scope
viewing instrument
-spasm
contraction
-stenosis
narrowing
-stomy
surgical opening
食管切除术
ｅｓｏｐｈａｇｉｔｉｓ
&
食管炎
ｅｓｏｐｈａｇｏｃｅｌｅ
!
食管隆起
ｅｓｏｐｈａｇｏｄｙｎｉａ
!
食管痛
ｅｓｏｐｈａｇｏｍａｌａｃｉａ
!
食管软化症
ｅｓｏｐｈａｇｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
!
食管脱垂
ｅｓｏｐｈａｇｏｓｃｏｐｅ
!
食管镜
ｅｓｏｐｈａｇｏｓｐａｓｍ
"
食管痉挛
ｅｓｏｐｈａｇｏｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓ
!
食管狭窄
ｅｓｏｐｈａｇｏｓｔｏｍｙ
"
食管造瘘术
- 84 -
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. The creation of an opening into the esophagus
a. esophagodynia
2. Inflammation of the esophagus
b. esophagoptosis
3. Excision of all or a part of the esophagus
c. esophagostenosis
4. Abnormal distention or hernia of the esophagus
d. esophagomalacia
5. Prolapse or downward displacement of the esophagus
e. esophagostomy
6. Stricture or constriction of the esophagus
f. esophagospasm
7. An endoscope for examining the interior of the esophagus
g. esophagitis
8. Softening of the walls of the esophagus
h. esophagectomy
9. Pain in the esophagus
i. esophagoscope
10. Spasm of the walls of the esophagus
j. esophagocele
Unit 9
Terminology Presentation
ｇａｓｔｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the stomach
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｇａｓｔｒｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
iflammation
duoden(o)-itis
duodenum
iflammation
-helcosis
ulceration
-pathy
disease
-ptosis
drooping, falling, sagging
!
胃切除术
ｇａｓｔｒｉｔｉｓ
"
胃炎
ｇａｓｔｒｏｄｕｏｄｅｎｉｔｉｓ
!
胃十二指肠炎
ｇａｓｔｒｏｈｅｌｃｏｓｉｓ
!
’
胃溃疡
ｇａｓｔｒｏｐａｔｈｙ
!
(
胃病
ｇａｓｔｒｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
- 85 -
!
胃下垂
ｇａｓｔｒｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-scope
viewing instrument
-spasm
contraction
!
&
胃出血
ｇａｓｔｒｏｒｒｈｅａ
!
胃液分泌过多
ｇａｓｔｒｏｓｃｏｐｅ
!
胃镜
ｇａｓｔｒｏｓｐａｓｍ
!
胃痉挛
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. An endoscope for inspecting the interior of the stomach
a. gastritis
2. Hemorrhage from the stomach
b. gastrorrhea
3. Excision of all or part of the stomach
c. gastrohelcosis
4. Spasmodic contraction of the walls of the stomach
d. gastroptosis
5. Inflammation of the stomach
e. gastropathy
6. Inflammation of the stomach and duodenum
f. gastroscope
7. Ulceration of the stomach
g. gastrorrhagia
8. Downward displacement of the stomach
h. gastrectomy
9. Any disease of the stomach
i. gastrospasm
10. Excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus by stomach
j. gastroduodenitis
Unit 10
Terminology Presentation
ｇｌｏｓｓ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the tongue
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
- 86 -
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｇｌｏｓｓｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
-dynia
pain
onc(o)-
tumor, mass, swelling
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-spasm
contraction
trich-ia
hair
disease, pathological condition
ankyl(o)-ia
bent, crooked
disease, pathological condition
macro-ia
large, long
disease, pathological condition
!
舌切除术
ｇｌｏｓｓｉｔｉｓ
!
舌炎
ｇｌｏｓｓｏｃｅｌｅ
"
舌膨出
ｇｌｏｓｓｏｄｙｎｉａ
!
舌痛
ｇｌｏｓｓｏｎｃｕｓ
!
舌肿，舌肿瘤
ｇｌｏｓｓｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
!
舌缝合术
ｇｌｏｓｓｏｓｐａｓｍ
"
舌痉挛
ｇｌｏｓｓｏｔｒｉｃｈｉａ
!
毛舌
ａｎｋｙｌｏｇｌｏｓｓｉａ
!
结舌，舌粘连
ｍａｃｒｏｇｌｏｓｓｉａ
!
巨舌
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Swelling or tumor of the tongue
a. glossectomy
2. Excessively large tongue
b. glossotrichia
3. Spasmodic contraction of the tongue
c. ankyloglossia
4. Removal of all or part of the tongue
d. glossitis
5. Hairy tongue
e. glossodynia
- 87 -
6. Partial or complete fusion of the tongue to the floor of the
mouth
f. glossorrhaphy
7. Inflammation of the tongue
g. glossocele
8. A burning or painful sensation in the tongue
h. glossospasm
9. Suture of an injured tongue
i. macroglossia
10. Protrusion of the tongue from the mouth, owing to its
excessive size
j. glossoncus
Unit 11
Terminology Presentation
ｈｅｐａｔ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the liver
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｈｅｐａｔａｌｇｉａ
-algia
pain
a-trophy
-ia
-ectomy
without, lack of
nutrition, growth
disease, pathological condition
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
carcin(o)-oma
cancer, cancerous
tumor
lith(o)-tripsy
stone, concretion, calculus
surgical crushing
-megaly
enlargement
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-rrhexis
rupture
’&
肝痛
ｈｅｐａｔａｔｒｏｐｈｉａ
’
肝萎缩
ｈｅｐａｔｅｃｔｏｍｙ
’
肝叶切除术
ｈｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓ
’
肝炎
ｈｅｐａｔｏｃａｒｃｉｎｏｍａ
’+
肝癌
ｈｅｐａｔｉｃｏｌｉｔｈｏｔｒｉｐｓｙ
’(
肝管碎石术
ｈｅｐａｔｏｍｅｇａｌｙ
’!
肝肿大
ｈｅｐａｔｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
’
肝缝合术
ｈｅｐａｔｏｒｒｈｅｘｉｓ
’
肝破裂
- 88 -
ｐｅｒｉｈｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓ
prei-
around, about, near
’
肝周炎
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Surgical repair or suture of the liver
a. perihepatitis
2. Atrophy or wasting of the liver
b. hepatectomy
3. The abnormal enlargement of the liver
c. hepatalgia
4. The crushing of a biliary caculus in a hepatic duct
d. hepatocacinoma
5. Inflammation of the liver
e. hepatorrhaphy
6. Rupture of the liver
f. hepatatrophia
7. Inflammation of the serous or peritoneal covering of the
liver
g. hepatomegaly
8. Excision of liver tissue
h. hepatitis
9. Pain in the liver
i. hepaticolithotripsy
10. A carcinoma derived from parenchymal cells of the liver
j. hepatorrhexis
Unit 12
Terminology Presentation
ｉｌｅ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the ileum
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｉｌｅｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
colo-itis
colon
inflammation
cyst(o)-plasty
sac, bladder
plastic surgery
回肠切除术
ｉｌｅｉｔｉｓ
回肠炎
ｉｌｅｏｃｏｌｉｔｉｓ
回肠结肠炎
ｉｌｅｏｃｙｓｔｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
- 89 -
回肠膀胱成形术
ｉｌｅｏｎｅｃｒｏｓｉｓ
necr(o)-osis
death, dead body
disease, abnormal condition
-pexy
fix, fasten
proct(o)-stomy
rectum
surgical opening
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-stomy
surgical opening
-tomy
incision, cutting
回肠坏死
ｉｌｅｏｐｅｘｙ
回肠固定术
ｉｌｅｏｐｒｏｃｔｏｓｔｏｍｙ
回肠直肠吻合术
ｉｌｅｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
回肠缝合术
ｉｌｅｏｓｔｏｍｙ
回肠造瘘术
ｉｌｅｏｔｏｍｙ
回肠切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Inflammation of the ileum and colon
a. ileoproctostomy
2. Death of the tissue of the ileum
b. ileotomy
3. Surgical construction of an artificial excretory opening
through the abdominal wall into the ileum
c. ileocystoplasty
4. Surgical fixation of the ileum
d. ileocolitis
5. Suturing of the ileum
e. ileonecrosis
6. Surgical removal or excision of the ileum
f. ileostomy
7. Inflammation of the ileum
g. ileopexy
8. Surgical construction of an opening between the ileum and
the rectum
h. ileorrhaphy
9. Incision into the ileum
i. ileectomy
10. Surgical reconstruction of the bladder using of an isolated
intestinal segment to augment bladder capacity
j. ileitis
- 90 -
Unit 13
Terminology Presentation
ｊｅｊｕｎ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the jejunum
ｓｉｇｍｏｉｄ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the sigmoid colon
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｊｅｊｕｎｉｔｉｓ
-itis
inflammation
ile-itis
ileum
inflammation
-plasty
plastic surgery
-stomy
surgical opening
-tomy
incision, cutting
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
-scope
viewing instrument
-scopy
visual examination
-stomy
surgical opening
&&
空肠炎
ｊｅｊｕｎｏｉｌｅｉｔｉｓ
&&)
空肠回肠炎
ｊｅｊｕｎｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
&&)
空肠成形术
ｊｅｊｕｎｏｓｔｏｍｙ
&&
空肠造瘘术
ｊｅｊｕｎｏｔｏｍｙ
&&
空肠切开术
ｓｉｇｍｏｉｄｅｃｔｏｍｙ
!
乙状结肠切除术
ｓｉｇｍｏｉｄｉｔｉｓ
!
乙状结肠炎
ｓｉｇｍｏｉｄｏｓｃｏｐｅ
!
乙状结肠镜
ｓｉｇｍｏｉｄｏｓｃｏｐｙ
!
乙状结肠镜检
ｓｉｇｍｏｉｄｏｓｔｏｍｙ
!
乙状结肠造瘘术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
- 91 -
1. A tubular instrument for visual examination of the sigmoid
flexure
a. sigmoidectomy
2. Inflammation of the jejunum
b. sigmoidostomy
3. Inflammation of the jejunum and ileum
c. sigmoiditis
4. Excision of the sigmoid colon
d. sigmoidoscopy
5. Establishment of an artificial anus by surgically creating an
opening into the sigmoid colon
e. jejunoplasty
6. Inflammation of the sigmoid colon
f. jejunotomy
7. Examination of the sigmoid colon by using an endoscope
g. jejunostomy
8. A corrective surgical procedure on the jejunum
h. sigmoidoscope
9. Incision into the jejunum
i. jejunitis
10. Surgical creation of an opening through the abdominal wall
into the jejunum
j. jejunoileitis
Unit 14
Terminology Presentation
ｌａｐａｒ（ｏ）－ a word part denoting relationship to the abdominal wall or abdomen
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｌａｐａｒｏｃｅｌｅ
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
colo-ectomy
colon
excision, removal
colo-stomy
colon
surgical opening
cyst(o)-tomy
sac, bladder
incision, cutting
enter(o)-stomy
intestine
surgical opening
my(o)-itis
flesh, muscle
inflammation
腹疝
ｌａｐａｒｏｃｏｌｅｃｔｏｍｙ
经腹结肠切除术
ｌａｐａｒｏｃｏｌｏｓｔｏｍｙ
经腹结肠造瘘术
ｌａｐａｒｏｃｙｓｔｏｔｏｍｙ
经腹膀胱切开术
ｌａｐａｒｏｅｎｔｅｒｏｓｔｏｍｙ
经腹肠造瘘术
ｌａｐａｒｏｍｙｏｓｉｔｉｓ
侧腹肌炎
- 92 -
ｌａｐａｒｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
salping(o)-tomy
fallopian tube
incision, cutting
-scopy
visual examination
-tomy
incision, cutting
腹部缝合术
ｌａｐａｒｏｓａｌｐｉｎｇｏｔｏｍｙ
"
经腹输卵管切开术
ｌａｐａｒｏｓｃｏｐｙ
腹腔镜检查
ｌａｐａｒｏｔｏｍｙ
剖腹术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Incision of abdomen to remove contents of the bladder
a. laparocele
2. Suture or repair of the abdominal wall
b. laparotomy
3. Formation of an opening into intestine via abdominal wall
c. laparoscopy
4. Inflammation of lateral abdominal muscles
d. laparosalpingotomy
5. Excision of a portion of the colon or of the whole colon
e. laparocolostomy
6. A hernial protruding into any part of the abdominal wall
f. laparocystotomy
7. Cutting into the abdomen
g. laparorrhaphy
8. Examination of the interior of the abdomen by a
laparoscope
h. laparoenterostomy
9. Abdominal salpingotomy
i. laparomyositis
10. The surgical construction of an artificial anus between the
colon and the surface of the abdomen
j. laparocolectomy
Unit 15
Terminology Presentation
ｐｅｒｉｔｏｎｅ（ｏ）－ a combing form denoting relationship to the peritoneum
ｐｏｌｙｐ（ｏ）－ a combing form denoting relationship to a polyp
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
- 93 -
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｐｅｒｉｔｏｎｅａｌｇｉａ
-algia
pain
-centesis
surgical puncture
-clysis
infusion, washing
-plasty
plastic surgery
-scopy
visual examination
-tomy
incision, cutting
-itis
inflammation
-ectomy
excision, removal
-osis
disease, abnormal condition
-tome
instrument for cutting
&
腹膜痛
ｐｅｒｉｔｏｎｅｏｃｅｎｔｅｓｉｓ
腹膜穿刺术
ｐｅｒｉｔｏｎｅｏｃｌｙｓｉｓ
腹腔灌肠术
ｐｅｒｉｔｏｎｅｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
腹膜成形术
ｐｅｒｉｔｏｎｅｏｓｃｏｐｅ
腹腔镜检查
ｐｅｒｉｔｏｎｅｏｔｏｍｙ
腹膜切开术
ｐｅｒｉｔｏｎｉｔｉｓ
腹膜炎
ｐｏｌｙｐｅｃｔｏｍｙ
息肉切除术
ｐｏｌｙｐｏｓｉｓ
息肉病
ｐｏｌｙｐｏｔｏｍｅ
)
息肉切除刀
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Incisiton of the peritoneum
a. peritoneoplasty
2. Inflammation of the peritoneum
b. peritoneoclysis
3. Pain in the peritoneum
c. polyposis
4. Paracentesis of the abdomen cavity
d. polypotome
5. The presence of several polyps
e. polypectomy
- 94 -
6. An instrument used for cutting away a polyp
f. peritoneoscopy
7. Excision of a polyp
g. peritoneotomy
8. Surgical loosening of adhesions and the covering of the
raw surfaces with peritoneum to prevent reformation
h. peritonitis
9. Irrigation of the abdominal cavity
i. peritonealgia
10. Examination of the peritoneum with a peritoneoscope
j. peritoneocentesis
Unit 16
Terminology Presentation
ｐｒｏｃｔ（ｏ）－ a combining form designating relationship to the rectum or anus
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｐｒｏｃｔａｔｒｅｓｉａ
a-tresia
without, lack of
opening, hole
-itis
inflammation
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
-pexy
fix, fasten
-ptosis
drooping, falling, sagging
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-scopy
visual examination
-spasm
contraction
-stasis
control, stop
肛门闭锁
ｐｒｏｃｔｉｔｉｓ
直肠炎
ｐｒｏｃｔｏｃｅｌｅ
直肠突出
ｐｒｏｃｔｏｐｅｘｙ
直肠固定术
ｐｒｏｃｔｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
脱肛
ｐｒｏｃｔｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
&
直肠出血
ｐｒｏｃｔｏｒｒｈｅａ
直肠泻
ｐｒｏｃｔｏｓｃｏｐｙ
直肠镜检查
ｐｒｏｃｔｏｓｐａｓｍ
直肠痉挛
ｐｒｏｃｔｏｓｔａｓｉｓ
- 95 -
便秘
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Bleeding from the rectum or anus
a. proctospasm
2. Anal atresia, absence of a proper rectal opening
b. proctoptosis
3. Constipation with stasis in the rectum
c. proctopexy
4. Spasmodic stricture of the rectum or anus
d. proctitis
5. Hernial protrusion of the rectum
e. proctorrhagia
6. Inflammation of the rectum
f. proctorrhea
7. A mucoserous discharge from the rectum
g. proctocele
8. Prolapse or falling of the rectum
h. proctatresia
9. Surgical fixing or fastening of the rectum
i. proctoscopy
10. Examination of the rectum by the use of a proctoscope
j. proctostasis
Unit 17
Terminology Presentation
ｐｙｌｏｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the pylorus
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｐｙｌｏｒｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-stenosis
narrowing
-itis
inflammation
-diosis
pushing apart
幽门切除术
ｐｙｌｏｒｉｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓ
)
幽门狭窄
ｐｙｌｏｒｉｔｉｓ
幽门炎
ｐｙｌｏｒｏｄｉｏｓｉｓ
)
幽门扩张术
- 96 -
ｐｙｌｏｒｏｄｕｏｄｅｎｉｔｉｓ
duoden(o)-itis
duodenum
inflammation
-plasty
plastic surgery
-ptosis
drooping, falling, sagging
-spasm
contraction
-stomy
surgical opening
-tomy
incision, cutting
幽门十二指肠炎
ｐｙｌｏｒｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
幽门成形术
ｐｙｌｏｒｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
幽门下垂
ｐｙｌｏｒｏｓｐａｓｍ
幽门痉挛
ｐｙｌｏｒｏｓｔｏｍｙ
幽门造口术
ｐｙｌｏｒｏｔｏｍｙ
幽门切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. The surgical widening of the pyloric canal
a. pylorotomy
2. Spasmodic contraction of the pylorus
b. pyloristenosis
3. Downward displacement of the pylorus
c. pylorodiosis
4. Inflammation of the pyloric end of the stomach
d. pyloroduodenitis
5. Excision of the pylorus
e. pyloroplasty
6. Establishment of a fistula from the abdominal surface
into the stomach near the pylorus
f. pylorospasm
7. Incision of the pylorus
g. pyloroptosis
8. Stricture or narrowing of the orifice of the pylorus
h. pyloritis
9. Operative dilation of the pylorus
i. pylorectomy
10. Inflammation of the duodenum and the pyloric orifice
j. pylorostomy
- 97 -
Unit 18
Terminology Presentation
ｓｉａｌ（ｏ）－ a combing form denoting relationship to saliva or salivary glands
ｕｖｕｌ（ｏ）－ a combing form denoting relationship to uvula or uvula palatina
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｓｉａｌａｄｅｎｉｔｉｓ
aden(o)-itis
gland
inflammation
aden(o)-tomy
gland
incision, cutting
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
lith(o)-tomy
stone, concretion, calculus
incision, cutting
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-schesis
check, suppression
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
-ptosis
drooping, falling, sagging
-tomy
incision, cutting
涎腺炎
ｓｉａｌｏａｄｅｎｏｔｏｍｙ
涎腺切开引流术
ｓｉａｌｏｃｅｌｅ
涎腺囊肿, 舌下囊肿
ｓｉａｌｏｌｉｔｈｏｔｏｍｙ
(
涎管切开取石术
ｓｉａｌｏｒｒｈｅａ
流涎，多涎
ｓｉａｌｏｓｃｈｅｓｉｓ
涎液分泌抑制
ｕｖｕｌｅｃｔｏｍｙ
悬雍垂切除术
ｕｖｕｌｉｔｉｓ
)
悬雍垂炎
ｕｖｕｌｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
悬雍垂下垂
ｕｖｕｌｏｔｏｍｙ
悬雍垂切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Inflammation of a salivary gland
a. sialorrhea
- 98 -
2. Incision of a salivary gland
b. sialolithotomy
3. Excessive flow of saliva
c. sialoschesis
4. Incision of a salivary duct or gland to remove a calculus
d. uvuloptosis
5. Suppression of the secretion of saliva
e. uvulitis
6. Relaxation or elongation of the uvula
f. uvulectomy
7. Inflammation of the uvula
g. uvulotomy
8. Excision of the uvula
h. sialocele
9. Incision of the uvula
i. sialadenitis
10. A cyst formed under the tongue caused by an obstructed
salivary gland duct
j. sialoadenotomy
Unit 19
Terminology Presentation
ｔｙｐｈｌ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the cecum
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｔｙｐｈｌｅｃｔａｓｉｓ
-ectasis
dilatation, expansion
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
empyema
abscess
lith(o)-iasis
stone, concretion, calculus
disease, abnormal condition
-pexy
fix, fasten
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
盲肠膨胀
ｔｙｐｈｌｅｃｔｏｍｙ
盲肠切除术
ｔｙｐｈｌｉｔｉｓ
盲肠炎
ｔｙｐｈｌｏｃｅｌｅ
盲肠隆起
ｔｙｐｈｌｏｅｍｐｙｅｍａ
盲肠脓肿
ｔｙｐｈｌｏｌｉｔｈｉａｓｉｓ
(
盲肠积粪
ｔｙｐｈｌｏｐｅｘｙ
盲肠固定术
ｔｙｐｈｌｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
- 99 -
盲肠缝合术
ｔｙｐｈｌｏｓｔｏｍｙ
-stomy
surgical opening
-tomy
incision, cutting
盲肠造瘘术
ｔｙｐｈｌｏｔｏｍｙ
盲肠切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. The presence of pus following typhlitis
a. typhlectasis
2. Surgery to fix the cecum to the abdominal wall
b. typhlectomy
3. Distention or dilatation of the caecum
c. typhlitis
4. Surgical removal of the caecum
d. typhlostomy
5. Inflammation of the caecum
e. typhlolithiasis
6. Incision of the caecum
f. typhloempyema
7. Abnormal distention or hernia of the caecum
g. typhlorrhaphy
8. The condition of having fecal concretions in the cecum
h. typhlotomy
9. Suture of the caecum
i. typhlocele
10. Surgical formation of an artificial opening into the cecum
j. typhlopexy
Unit 20
Terminology Presentation
－ｐｅｐｓｉａ： a word termination denoting relationship to digestion
－ｐｈａｇｉａ： a word termination denoting relationship to eating or swallowing
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｐｅｐｓｉａ
a-
without, lack of
brady-
slow
不消化
ｂｒａｄｙｐｅｐｓｉａ
- 100 -
消化徐缓
ｄｙｓｐｅｐｓｉａ
dys-
bad, difficult, painful
eu-
normal, good, healthy
hyper-
above, over, abundant
hypo-
below, deficient
aero-
air
a-
without, lack of
dys-
bad, difficult, painful
poly-
many, much
消化不良
ｅｕｐｅｐｓｉａ
消化良好
ｈｙｐｅｒｐｅｐｓｉａ
’
胃酸过多性消化不良
ｈｙｐｏｐｅｐｓｉａ
’
胃蛋白酶过少性消化不良
ａｅｒｏｐｈａｇｉａ
&
吞气症
ａｐｈａｇｉａ
&
吞咽不能
ｄｙｓｐｈａｇｉａ
&
吞咽困难
ｐｏｌｙｐｈａｇｉａ
&
贪食症
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Impaired digestion with hyperchlorhydria
a. hyperpepsia
2. Impaired digestion, especially due to deficiency of pepsin
b. bradypepsia
3. Inability to eat
c. dyspepsia
4. Difficulty in digestion
d. apepsia
5. Difficulty in swallowing
e. hypopepsia
6. Great hunger, often a sign of diabetes
f. aphagia
7. Good digestion.
g. aerophagia
8. Defective digestion
h. dysphagia
- 101 -
9. Slowness of digestion
i. polyphagia
10. The condition of swallowing too much air, causing belching
j. eupepsia
Some Related Terms of Digestive System
ＷＯＲＤ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃａｃｈｅｘｉａ
Weight loss, wasting of muscle, loss of appetite, and general
debility that can occur during a chronic disease
恶病体质
ａｎｏｒｅｘｉａ
Loss of appetite, especially as a result of disease
#*
厌食
ｅｒｕｃｔａｔｉｏｎ
The act of belching or of casting up wind from the stomach
through the mouth
打嗝
ｇａｖａｇｅ
!+&
The introduction of nutritive material into the stomach by
means of a tube. Also called gastrogavage
管饲法
ｆｅｃｅｓ
Waste matter eliminated from the bowels; excrement
粪便
ｄｉａｒｒｈｅａ
Excessive and frequent evacuation of watery feces, usually
indicating gastrointestinal distress or disorder
腹泻
ｄｙｓｅｎｔｅｒｙ
An infection of the intestines marked by severe diarrhea
痢疾
ｐｙｒｏｓｉｓ
A painful burning sensation in the esophagus, just below the
breastbone. Also called heartburn.
胃灼热
ｐｅｐｔｉｃｕｌｃｅｒ
胃溃疡
Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｂａｃｔｏｒｐｙｌｏｒｉ
’
An ulcer of the upper digestive tract, usually in the stomach
or duodenum, where the mucous membrane is exposed to
gastric secretions
A bacterum that infects the lining mucus of human stomach
and many peptic ulcer and gastritis are caused by H. pylori
幽门螺旋杆菌
ａｃｈａｌａｓｉａ
The failure of a ring of muscle fibers, such as a sphincter of
the esophagus, to relax
贲门失弛缓症
ａｃｈｙｌｉａ
Absence of gastric juices (partial or complete)
胃液缺乏
- 102 -
ａｄｈｅｓｉｏｎ
’&
A condition in which body tissues that are normally separate
grow together
粘连
ｖｏｌｖｕｌｕｓ
Abnormal twisting of the intestine causing obstruction
肠扭转
ａｎａｓｔｏｍｏｓｉｓ
A natural or surgical joining of parts or branches of tubular
structures so as to make or become continuous
肠吻合术
ｉｎｔｕｓｓｕｓｃｅｐｔｉｏｎ
Invagination, especially an infolding of one part of the
intestine into another
肠套叠
ａｔｒｅｓｉａ
&
The absence or closure of a normal body orifice or tubular
passage such as the anus or intestine
闭锁
ａｓｃｉｔｅｓ
The accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
Also called hydroperitoneum
腹水
ｃｉｒｒｈｏｓｉｓ
A chronic disease interfering with the normal functioning of
the liver; the major cause is chronic alcoholism
肝硬化
Ｃｒｏｈｎ＇ｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅ
克罗恩病
ｕｌｃｅｒａｔｉｖｅｃｏｌｉｔｉｓ
Chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, most
commonly the bowel. Crohn’s disease increases risk for colon
cancer
A disease characterized by inflammation of the lining of the
colon and rectum
溃疡性结肠炎
Ｚｏｌｌｉｎｇｅｒ－Ｅｌｌｉｓｏｎｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ
"
卓－艾综合征
A gastrointestinal disease characterized by chronic peptic
ulcers, gastric hypersecretion, and gastrinomas of the
pancreatic islets of Langerhans
#胰原性溃疡病综合征)
ｈａｅｍｏｒｒｈｏｉｄｅｃｔｏｍｙ
’
Removal of haemorrhoids (a bulging vein either at the
opening of the anus or just inside the anus)
痔切除术
- 103 -
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ６ＵｒｉｎａｒｙＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ
Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
Urinary system refers to the system of organs that produces and excretes urine from the body.
Urine is a transparent yellow fluid containing unwanted wastes, mostly excess water, salts, and
nitrogen compounds. The major organs of the urinary system are the kidneys, a pair of
bean-shaped organs that continuously filter substances from the blood and produce urine. Urine
flows from the kidneys through two long, thin tubes called ureters. With the aid of gravity and
wavelike contractions, the ureters transport the urine to the bladder, a muscular vessel. The normal
adult bladder can store up to about 0.5 liter (1 pint) of urine, which it excretes through the tube
like urethra.
An average adult produces about 1.5 liters (3 pint) of urine each day, and the body needs, at a
minimum, to excrete about 0.5 liter (1 pint) of urine daily to get rid of its waste products.
Excessive or inadequate production of urine may indicate illness and doctors often use urinalysis
(examination of a patient¡fl
s urine) as part of diagnosing disease. For instance, the presence of
glucose, or blood sugar, in the urine is a sign of diabetes mellitus; bacteria in the urine signal an
infection of the urinary system; and red blood cells in the urine may indicate cancer of the urinary
tract.
Unit 1
Terminology Presentation
ａｌｂｕｍｉｎ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to albumin
ｌｉｔｈ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to stone or to a calculus
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｌｂｕｍｉｎａｔｕｒｉａ
at-uria
toward, to, before
urine
-meter
measuring instrument
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-uria
urine
-genesis
origin, production
变性蛋白尿
ａｌｂｕｍｉｎｉｍｅｔｅｒ
白蛋白计
ａｌｂｕｍｉｎｏｒｒｈｅａ
白蛋白溢
ａｌｂｕｍｉｎｕｒｉａ
蛋白尿
ｌｉｔｈｏｇｅｎｅｓｉｓ
(&
结石形成，结石发生
- 104 -
ｌｉｔｈｏｌｙｓｉｓ
-lysis
dissolution, separation
nephr(o)-itis
kidney
inflammation
-scope
viewing instrument
-tomy
incision, cutting
-tripsy
surgical crushing
(
结石溶解
ｌｉｔｈｏｎｅｐｈｒｉｔｉｓ
(
结石性肾炎
ｌｉｔｈｏｓｃｏｐｅ
(
结石检查镜
ｌｉｔｈｏｔｏｍｙ
(
膀胱切开取石术
ｌｉｔｈｏｔｒｉｐｓｙ
(
碎石术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Surgical removal of a calculus from the urinary bladder
a. lithogenesis
2. An instrument for ascertaining the quantity of albumen in a
liquid such as urine
b. lithonephritis
3. Surgical crushing of a urinary calculus
c. albuminuria
4. Inflammation of the kidney due to irritation by calculi
d. lithotripsy
5. The presence of protein or albumin in the urine
e. albuminorrhea
6. The dissolution of calculi
f. lithoscope
7. An instrument used to examine the interior of the urinary
bladder and ureter
g. albuminaturia
8. The formation of calculi
h. lithotomy
9. Excessive excretion of albumins
i. albuminimeter
10. Proteinuria in which there is an excess of albuminates in the
urine
j. litholysis
Unit 2
Terminology Presentation
ｃｙｓｔ（ｏ）－ a component denoting a relationship to a sac, cyst, especially the urinary bladder
- 105 -
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃｙｓｔａｌｇｉａ
-algia
pain
-ectasia
dilatation, expansion
-ectomy
excision, removal
-graphy
process of recording
lith(o)-ectomy
stone, concretion, calculus
excision, removal
-ptosis
drooping, falling, sagging
pyel-itis
renal pelvis
inflammation
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-scopy
visual examination
&
膀胱痛
ｃｙｓｔｅｃｔａｓｉａ
膀胱扩张
ｃｙｓｔｅｃｔｏｍｙ
膀胱切除术
ｃｙｓｔｏｇｒａｐｈｙ
!
膀胱造影术
ｃｙｓｔｏｌｉｔｈｅｃｔｏｍｙ
(
膀胱切开取石术
ｃｙｓｔｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
膀胱下垂
ｃｙｓｔｏｐｙｅｌｉｔｉｓ
膀胱肾盂炎
ｃｙｓｔｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
&
膀胱出血
ｃｙｓｔｏｒｒｈｅａ
膀胱黏液溢
ｃｙｓｔｏｓｃｏｐｙ
膀胱镜检查
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
11. Inflammation of the bladder and the pelvis of the kidney
a. cystectasia
12. Surgical removal of bladder
b. cystalgia
13. The removal of a urinary calculus by cutting into the urinary
bladder
c. cystoptosis
- 106 -
14. Pain of the bladder
d. cystorrhagia
15. Dilation of the bladder
e. cystoscopy
16. Prolapse of the mucous membrane of the bladder into the
urethra
f. cystorrhea
17. Hemorrhage from the bladder
g. cystography
18. A medical procedure in which a cystoscope is used to examine
the bladder
h. cystectomy
19. A mucus discharge from the bladder
i. cystopyelitis
20. Radiography of the bladder following injection of a contrast
medium
j. cystolithectomy
Unit 3
Terminology Presentation
ｇｌｏｍｅｒｕｌ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to renal glomeruli
ｍｅａｔ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to meatus
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｇｌｏｍｅｒｕｌａｒ
-ar
pertaining to
-itis
inflammation
nephr(o)-itis
kidney
inflammation
-pathy
disease
-sclerosis
hardening
-plasty
plastic surgery
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-scope
viewing instrument
!
肾小球的
ｇｌｏｍｅｒｕｌｉｔｉｓ
!
肾小球炎
ｇｌｏｍｅｒｕｌｏｎｅｐｈｒｉｔｉｓ
!
肾小球性肾炎
ｇｌｏｍｅｒｕｌｏｐａｔｈｙ
!(
肾小球肾病
ｇｌｏｍｅｒｕｌｏｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｉｓ
!
肾小球硬化症
ｍｅａｔｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
尿道成形术
ｍｅａｔｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
尿道口缝合术
ｍｅａｔｏｓｃｏｐｅ
- 107 -
尿道口镜
ｍｅａｔｏｓｃｏｐｙ
-scopy
visual examination
-tomy
incision, cutting
尿道口镜检查
ｍｅａｔｏｔｏｍｙ
尿道口切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Suture of the wound made by performing a meatotomy
a. meatoplasty
2. A speculum for examining the urethra
b. glomerulonephritis
3. Inflammation of a glomerulus
c. meatorrhaphy
4. Disease of the renal glomeruli
d. meatoscope
5. Fibrosis and scarring within the renal glomeruli
e. glomerulitis
6. An incision made to enlarge the urethra or ureter
f. glomerulopathy
7. Pertaining to a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus
g. glomerulosclerosis
8. The inspection of the meatus of the urethra
h. meatotomy
9. Plastic surgery of the urethral meatus
i. glomerular
10. A form of nephritis characterized by inflammation of the renal
glomeruli
j. meatoscopy
Unit 4
Terminology Presentation
ｎｅｐｈｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the kidney
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｎｅｐｈｒａｌｇｉａ
-algia
pain
-ectasis
dilatation, expansion
-ectomy
excision, removal
&
肾痛
ｎｅｐｈｒｅｃｔａｓｉｓ
肾扩张
ｎｅｐｈｒｅｃｔｏｍｙ
- 108 -
肾切除术
ｎｅｐｈｒｅｌｃｏｓｉｓ
-helcosis
ulceration
-itis
inflammation
hydr(o)-osis
water, fluid
disease, abnormal condition
lith(o)-iasis
stone, concretion, calculus
disease, abnormal condition
py(o)-osis
pus, suppuration
disease, abnormal condition
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
-ptosis
drooping, falling, sagging
肾溃疡
ｎｅｐｈｒｉｔｉｓ
肾炎
ｎｅｐｈｒｏｈｙｄｒｏｓｉｓ
’
肾积水
ｎｅｐｈｒｏｌｉｔｈｉａｓｉｓ
(
肾结石
ｎｅｐｈｒｏｐｙｏｓｉｓ
脓肾
ｎｅｐｈｒｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
&
肾出血
ｎｅｐｈｒｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
肾下垂
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Bursting forth of blood from the kidney
a. nephroptosis
2. An accumulation of water or fluid in the kidneys
b. nephralgia
3. Ulceration of the kidney
c. nephritis
4. Calculi in the kidneys
d. nephrohydrosis
5. Downward displacement of the kidney
e. nephrelcosis
6. Pain in the kidney
f. nephrectasis
7. Inflammation of the kidney
g. nephropyosis
8. Surgical removal of a kiney
h. nephrolithiasis
9. Dilation or distention of the pelvis of the kidney
i. nephrectomy
10. Suppuration of the kidney
j. nephrorrhagia
- 109 -
Unit 5
Terminology Presentation
ｐｙｅｌ（ｏ）－ a combing form denoting relationship to renal pelvis
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｐｙｅｌｅｃｔａｓｉｓ
-ectasis
dilatation, expansion
cyst(o)-itis
sac, bladder
inflammation
lith(o)-tomy
stone, concretion, calculus
incision, cutting
nephr(o)-itis
of the kidney
inflammation
nephr(o)-osis
of the kidney
disease, abnormal condition
phleb(o)-itis
vein
inflammation
-plasty
plastic surgery
-scopy
visual examination
-stomy
surgical opening
-tomy
incision, cutting
肾盂扩张
ｐｙｅｌｏｃｙｓｔｉｔｉｓ
膀胱肾盂炎
ｐｙｅｌｏｌｉｔｈｏｔｏｍｙ
(
肾盂切开取石术
ｐｙｅｌｏｎｅｐｈｒｉｔｉｓ
肾盂肾炎
ｐｙｅｌｏｎｅｐｈｒｏｓｉｓ
肾盂肾病
ｐｙｅｌｏｐｈｌｅｂｉｔｉｓ
肾盂静脉炎
ｐｙｅｌｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
肾盂成形术
ｐｙｅｌｏｓｃｏｐｙ
肾盂镜检
ｐｙｅｌｏｓｔｏｍｙ
肾盂造口引流术
ｐｙｅｌｏｔｏｍｙ
肾盂切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Observation of the kidney pelvis under the fluoroscope after
- 110 -
a. pyelophlebitis
intravenous injection of a contrast medium
2. Dilatation of the kidney pelvis
b. pyelonephritis
3. Inflammation of the urinary bladder and the kidney pelvis
c. pyelotomy
4. Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis
d. pyelonephrosis
5. The operation of removing a renal calculus from the pelvis of
the kidney
e. pyelostomy
6. Inflammation of the veins of the renal pelvis
f. pyeloscopy
7. Plastic or reconstructive surgery of the pelvis of the kidney to
correct an obstruction
g. pyelectasis
8. Incision into the pelvis of the kidney
h. pyelocystitis
9. Any disease of the kidney and its pelvis
i. pyeloplasty
10. Surgery to make an opening into the pelvis of the kidney to
allow discharge of urine
j. pyelolithotomy
Unit 6
Terminology Presentation
ｕｒｅｔｅｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the ureter
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｕｒｅｔｅｒａｌｇｉａ
-algia
pain
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
-graphy
process of recording
-lith
stone, concretion, calculus
py(o)-osis
pus, suppuration
disease, abnormal condition
&
输尿管痛
ｕｒｅｔｅｒｅｃｔｏｍｙ
输尿管切除术
ｕｒｅｔｅｒｉｔｉｓ
输尿管炎
ｕｒｅｔｅｒｏｃｅｌｅ
输尿管疝
ｕｒｅｔｅｒｏｇｒａｐｈｙ
!
输尿管造影术
ｕｒｅｔｅｒｏｌｉｔｈ
(
输尿管结石
ｕｒｅｔｅｒｏｐｙｏｓｉｓ
- 111 -
输尿管积脓
ｕｒｅｔｅｒｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
-stenosis
narrowing
-stomy
surgical opening
&
输尿管出血
ｕｒｅｔｅｒｏｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓ
)
输尿管狭窄
ｕｒｅｔｅｒｏｓｔｏｍｙ
输尿管造口术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Prolapse of the end of the ureter into the bladder
a. ureterostomy
2. Inflammation of the ureter
b. ureteralgia
3. A calculus in the ureter
c. ureterorrhagia
4. Accumulation of pus in the ureter
d. ureterography
5. The surgical removal of a ureter or of a part of it
e. ureterocele
6. Stricture or narrowing of the ureter
f. ureteritis
7. Surgical establishment of an external opening into the ureter
g. ureterolith
8. Pain in the ureter or neuralgia of the ureter
h. ureteropyosi
9. A discharge of blood from the ureter
i. ureterectomy
10. Radiography of the ureter after injection of contrast medium
j. ureterostenosis
Unit 7
Terminology Presentation
ｕｒｅｔｈｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the urethra
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｕｒｅｔｈｒａｌｇｉａ
-algia
pain
a-
without, lack of
(&
尿道痛
ｕｒｅｔｈｒａｔｒｅｓｉａ
- 112 -
(
-tresia
opening, hole
-itis
inflammation
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-scope
viewing instrument
-spasm
contraction
-stenosis
narrowing
-tomy
incision, cutting
尿道闭锁
ｕｒｅｔｈｒｉｔｉｓ
(
尿道炎
ｕｒｅｔｈｒｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
(&
尿道出血
ｕｒｅｔｈｒｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
(
尿道缝合术
ｕｒｅｔｈｒｏｒｒｈｅａ
(
尿道液溢
ｕｒｅｔｈｒｏｓｃｏｐｅ
(
尿道镜
ｕｒｅｔｈｒｏｓｐａｓｍ
(
尿道痉挛
ｕｒｅｔｈｒｏｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓ
()
)
尿道狭窄
ｕｒｅｔｈｒｏｔｏｍｙ
(
尿道切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. An abnormal discharge from the urethra
a. urethrotomy
2. Pain in the urethra
b. urethrorrhagia
3. Suture of the urethra
c. urethrospasm
4. Inflammation of the urethra
d. urethroscope
5. Stricture or narrowing of the urethra
e. urethralgia
6. Occlusion of the urethra
f. urethrorrhaphy
7. Spasm of the muscular tissue of the urethra
g. urethritis
8. Incision of the urethra for relief of stricture
h. urethrostenosis
- 113 -
9. A flow of blood from the urethra
i. urethratresia
10. An instrument for examining the interior of the urethra
j. urethrorrhea
Unit 8
Terminology Presentation
ｕｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to urine, the urinary tract, or urination
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｕｒｅｍｉａ
-emia
blook
cyst(o)-itis
sac, bladder
inflammation
-dynia
pain
-lith
stone, concretion, calculus
onc(o)-
tumor, mass, swelling
-penia
lack, deficiency
-poiesis
production, formation
-schesis
check, suppression
-scopy
visual examination
-sepsis
infection, poison
尿毒症
ｕｒｏｃｙｓｔｉｔｉｓ
尿道膀胱炎
ｕｒｏｄｙｎｉａ
尿痛
ｕｒｏｌｉｔｈ
(
尿结石
ｕｒｏｎｃｕｓ
尿性肿胀
ｕｒｏｐｅｎｉａ
少尿
ｕｒｏｐｏｉｅｓｉｓ
尿生成
ｕｒｏｓｃｈｅｓｉｓ
尿潴留
ｕｒｏｓｃｏｐｙ
验尿
ｕｒｏｓｅｐｓｉｓ
尿脓毒症
- 114 -
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Deficiency of urine or urinary secretion
a. uroncus
2. Sepsis caused by the decomposition of extravasated urine
b. uroscopy
3. The production of the urine
c. uropenia
4. Inflammation of the urinary bladder
d. urodynia
5. The accumulation of urinary waste products in the blood
e. uropoiesis
6. A calculus in any part of the urinary tract
f. urocystitis
7. The suppression of urine
g. urosepsis
8. Pain on urination
h. urolith
9. A circumscribed swelling containing extravasated urine
i. uroschesis
10. The diagnosis of diseases by inspection of urine
j. uremia
Unit 9
Terminology Presentation
－ｕｒｉａ： a word termination denoting a characteristic or constituent of the urine
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｄｒｅｎａｌｉｎｕｒｉａ
adren(o)-
adrenal gland
an-
without, lack of
dys-
bad, difficult, painful
glyco-
sweet, sugar
hemat(o)-
blood
melan(o)-
black
肾上腺素尿
ａｎｕｒｉａ
无尿
ｄｙｓｕｒｉａ
排尿困难
ｇｌｙｃｏｓｕｒｉａ
!
糖尿
ｈｅｍａｔｕｒｉａ
’
血尿
ｍｅｌａｎｕｒｉａ
- 115 -
黑素尿
ｎｏｃｔｕｒｉａ
noct-
night
olig(o)-
few, little, scanty
poly-
many
py(o)-
pus, suppuration
夜尿症
ｏｌｉｇｕｒｉａ
!
少尿症
ｐｏｌｙｕｒｉａ
多尿症
ｐｙｕｒｉａ
脓尿
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. The excretion of urine of a dark color
a. adrenalinuria
2. The presence of blood in the urine
b. polyuria
3. The presence of epinephrine in the urine
c. anuria
4. Excessive excretion of urine
d. nocturia
5. Complete suppression of urinary secretion
e. oliguria
6. Excessive urination at night
f. dysuria
7. Abnormally slight or infrequent urination
g. pyuria
8. Painful or difficult urination
h. glycosuria
9. The presence of pus in the urine
i. melanuria
10. Excess sugar in the urine, often associated with diabetes
j. hematuria
Some Related Terms of Urinary System
ＷＯＲＤ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｓｐｈｉｎｃｔｅｒ
A ringlike muscle that contracts to close an opening of a
body passage or orifice
括约肌
ｃｏｒｔｅｘ
The outer layer of an internal organ or body structure, as
- 116 -
of the kidney or adrenal gland
皮质
ｍｅｄｕｌｌａ
The inner core of certain organs or body structures, such
as the marrow of bone
骨髓
ｐｙｒａｍｉｄ
Structure or part suggestive of a pyramid in shape
延髓锥体
ｃａｌｙｘ
A cuplike structure or organ, such as one of the cuplike
divisions of the pelvis or of the kidney
肾盂
ｔｒｉｇｏｎｅ
!
A smooth triangular area on the inner surface of the
bladder, limited by the apertures of the ureters and urethra
膀胱三角
ｆｌａｎｋ
The side of the body between the pelvis or hip and the last
rib
胁腹
ｒｅｔｒｏｐｅｒｉｔｏｎｅａｌ
Situated behind the peritoneum
腹膜后的
ｏｒｉｆｉｃｅ
An opening, especially to a cavity or passage, such as the
ureters or urethra, of the body
排尿口
ｖｏｉｄ
To excrete body wastes such as urine
排尿
ｍｉｃｔｕｒａｔｅ
To urinate
排尿
ｉｎｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔ
Lacking normal voluntary control of excretory functions
失禁的
ｄｉｓｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ
The act of distending or the state of being distended or
enlarged
膨胀
ｒｅｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ
Involuntary withholding by the body of wastes or
secretions that are normally eliminated
保持力，保留
ｓｔｒｉｃｔｕｒｅ
An abnormal narrowing of a duct or passage
狭窄
ａｔｏｎｙ
Lack of normal muscular tension or tonus
张力缺乏
- 117 -
ｅｍｐｈｒａｘｉｓ
A clogging or obstruction of the mouth of the ureters or
urethra
阻塞，闭塞
ｒｅｆｌｕｘ
An abnormal backward flow of body fluids
反流
ｂｏｕｇｉｅ
&
探针，探条
ｃａｔｈｅｔｅｒ
(
导尿管
ｆｉｌｔｒａｔｅ
A slender, flexible, cylindrical instrument that is inserted
into a bodily canal, such as the urethra, to dilate, examine,
or medicate
A thin flexible tube inserted into the ureters and urethra to
permit introduction or withdrawal of fluids or to keep the
passageway open
Material, especially liquid, that has passed through a filter.
滤液
ｅｐｉｓｐａｄｉａｓ
A congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the
upper penile surface
尿道上裂
ｈｙｐｏｓｐａｄｉａｓ
’
An abnormal condition in males in which the urethra
opens on the under surface of the penis
尿道下裂
ｐａｒａｓｐａｄｉａｓ
A congenital defect of the penis in which the urethra opens
to one side of the normal opening
尿道旁裂
ｐｏｌｙｃｙｓｔｉｃｋｉｄｎｅｙ
多囊肾
ｐｅｒｉｔｏｎｅａｌｄｉａｌｙｓｉｓ
腹膜透析
Ｂｏｗｍａｎ＇ｓＣａｐｓｕｌｅ
An inherited progressive disease marked by formation of
multiple cysts scattered diffusely throughout both kidneys
and resulting in destruction of the kidney parenchyma,
bloody urine, and uremia
The removal of fluid from the body by transfer across the
peritoneum, utilizing a solution which is intermittently
introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity
A double-walled, cup-shaped structure around the
glomerulus of each nephron of the vertebrate kidney
鲍氏囊
ｂｅｎｉｇｎｐｒｏｓｔａｔｉｃｈｙｐｅｒｔｒｏｐｈｙ
（ＢＰＨ）
’
A benign enlargement of the prostate gland begins
normally after age 50 years probably secondary to the
effects of male hormones
良性前列腺肥大
ａｃｕｔｅｔｕｂｕｌａｒｎｅｃｒｏｓｉｓ（ＡＴＮ）
A kidney disorder that results in damage to the renal
tubule cells leading to acute renal failure
急性肾小管坏死
ａｃｕｔｅｒｅｎａｌｆａｉｌｕｒｅ
A sudden decline in renal function may be triggered by a
number of acute disease processes
急性肾衰竭
- 118 -
ｃｒｅａｔｉｎｉｎｅｃｌｅａｒａｎｃｅ
The volume of serum or plasma that would be cleared of
creatinine by one minute’s excretion of urine
内生肌酐清除率
- 119 -
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ７ＮｅｒｖｏｕｓＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ
Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
The nervous system has two main divisions, the central and the peripheral nervous systems.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for coordinating
the actions of the voluntary muscles and the conscious thought processes. The nervous system is
built up of nerve cells, called neurons, which are supported and protected by other cells. Of the
200 billion or so neurons making up the human nervous system, approximately half are found in
the brain. The brain contains 12 billion cells and is very complicated communications center for
the body. It is divided into three parts ¤Cthe brain stem, cerebrum, and cerebellum. The brain stem
is connected to the lower part of the brain. Impulses of all kinds travel up and down this column,
sending messages to and from the brain.
The peripheral nervous system is made up of 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which are bundles of
nerve cells or neurons. These nerves are the message-relaying mechanism for the brain. Afferent
nerves note changes within the body and in the outside environment, and they signal these changes
to the brain by means of electrical impulses. The brain interprets the nerve messages to all parts of
the body via efferent nerves.
Some of the body¡fl
s nerves are involved in the autonomic nervous system, which controls the
organs, glands, and certain muscles automatically. The autonomic nervous system is further
divided into sympathetic nerves prepare the body for stress and action in times of emergency by
slowing digestion and increasing the heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure. The
parasympathetic nerves restore the body¡fl
s systems to ¡normal¡–after the emergency is over by
lowering blood pressure, slowing breathing, decreasing the heart rate, and stimulating digestion.
All parts of the nervous system are interdependent and work with each other. The brain is the
most complex computer known. The brain might be compared to a computer and its memory
banks, the spinal cord to the conducting cable for the computer’s input and output, and the nerves
to a circuit supplying input information to the cable and transmitting the output to muscles and
organs.
Unit 1
Terminology Presentation
ｃｅｐｈａｌ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the head
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃｅｐｈａｌａｅｍｉａ
-aemia
blood
-algia
pain
脑溢血
ｃｅｐｈａｌａｌｇｉａ
&
头痛
- 120 -
ｃｅｐｈａｌｅｄｅｍａ
-edema
swelling
-itis
inflammation
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
-centesis
surgical puncture
-megaly
enlargement
-ia
disease, pathological condition
-pagus
conjoined twins
-plegia
paralysis
脑水肿
ｃｅｐｈａｌｉｔｉｓ
脑炎
ｃｅｐｈａｌｏｃｅｌｅ
脑膨出
ｃｅｐｈａｌｏｃｅｎｔｅｓｉｓ
头颅穿刺术
ｃｅｐｈａｌｏｍｅｇａｌｙ
"
脑肿大
ｃｅｐｈａｌｏｎｉａ
巨头症
ｃｅｐｈａｌｏｐａｇｕｓ
"
头部联胎
ｃｅｐｈａｌｏｐｌｅｇｉａ
&
头肌麻痹
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Conjoined twins with heads fused
a. cephalitis
2. Paralysis of the head muscles
b. cephaledema
3. Protrusion of part of the cranial contents
c. cephalonia
4. Pain in the head
d. cephalaemia
5. Enlargement of the head
e. cephalalgia
6. Inflammation of the brain usually caused by a virus
f. cephalopagus
7. Edema or swelling of the head
g. cephaloplegia
8. A condition in which the head is abnormally large
h. cephalocele
9. Congestion or accumulation of blood in the brain
i. cephalocentesis
- 121 -
10. Surgical puncture of the skull or head to draw off fluid
j. cephalomegaly
Unit 2
Terminology Presentation
ｃｅｒｅｂｅｌｌ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to cerebellum (little brain)
ｃｅｒｅｂｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to cerebrum (brain)
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃｅｒｅｂｅｌｌｉｆｕｇａｌ
-fugal
moving away from
-petal
moving toward
-itis
inflammation
-itis
inflammation
-logy
branch of learning
-malacia
softening
sarc(o)-oma
flesh or tissue
tumor
-sclerosis
hardening
-scopy
visual examination
-tomy
incision, cutting
"
小脑传出的
ｃｅｒｅｂｅｌｌｉｐｅｔａｌ
向小脑的
ｃｅｒｅｂｅｌｌｉｔｉｓ
小脑炎
ｃｅｒｅｂｒｉｔｉｓ
大脑炎
ｃｅｒｅｂｒｏｌｏｇｙ
&
脑学
ｃｅｒｅｂｒｏｍａｌａｃｉａ
脑软化
ｃｅｒｅｂｒｏｓａｒｃｏｍａ
+
脑癌
ｃｅｒｅｂｒｏｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｉｓ
脑硬化
ｃｅｒｅｂｒｏｓｃｏｐｙ
脑剖检
ｃｅｒｅｂｒｏｔｏｍｙ
脑切开术
- 122 -
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Abnormal softening of the brain tissue
a. cerebrology
2. Hardening of the cerebral hemispheres
b. cerebellitis
3. Cancer in the brain tissue
c. cerebellifugal
4. Surgical incision or section into the brain
d. cerebromalacia
5. Inflammation of the brain
e. cerebrosclerosis
6. Examination of the brain for the diagnosis of disease
f. cerebrosarcoma
7. Tending or moving toward the cerebellum
g. cerebrotomy
8. The science which treats of the cerebrum or brain
h. cerebritis
9. Inflammation of the cerebellum
i. cerebroscopy
10. Tending or proceeding from the cerebellum
j. cerebellipetal
Unit 3
Terminology Presentation
ｃｒａｎｉ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the cranium or skull
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃｒａｎｉｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
-clast
break, divide
-malacia
softening
-pathy
disease, abnormal condition
-plasty
plastic surgery
部分颅骨切除术
ｃｒａｎｉｏｃｅｌｅ
颅膨出
ｃｒａｎｉｏｃｌａｓｔ
碎颅钳
ｃｒａｎｉｏｍａｌａｃｉａ
颅骨软化
ｃｒａｎｉｏｐａｔｈｙ
(
颅病
ｃｒａｎｉｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
- 123 -
颅骨成形术
ｃｒａｎｉｏｓｃｈｉｓｉｓ
-schisis
split, fissure
-sclerosis
hardening
-stenosis
narrowing
-tomy
incision, cutting
颅裂
ｃｒａｎｉｏｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｉｓ
颅骨硬化
ｃｒａｎｉｏｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓ
)
狭颅症
ｃｒａｎｉｏｔｏｍｙ
颅骨切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. A protrusion of part of the cranial contents through a defect
in the skull
a. cranioclast
2. Surgical removal of a portion of the skull
b. craniosclerosis
3. Congenital malformation in which there is incomplete
closure of the skull
c. cranioplasty
4. Incision into the skull
d. craniocele
5. Premature closure of cranial sutures resulting in
malformation of the skull
e. craniectomy
6. Softening of the skull
f. craniotomy
7. An instrument for crushing the head of a fetus to facilitate
delivery in difficult cases
g. cranioschisis
8. Any of various pathological conditions of the cranial bones
h. craniostenosis
9. Thickening or hardening of the bones of the skull
i. craniomalacia
10. Surgical repair of a defect or deformity of the skull
j. craniopathy
Unit 4
Terminology Presentation
ｅｎｃｅｐｈａｌ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the brain
- 124 -
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｅｎｃｅｐｈａｌａｔｒｏｐｈｙ
a-trophy
without, lack of
nutrition, growth
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
dys-plasia
bad, difficult, painful
growth, development
-gram
record
-oma
tumor
py(o)-osis
pus, suppuration
disease, abnormal condition
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
-sclerosis
hardening
-osis
disease, abnormal condition
-tomy
incision, cutting
脑萎缩
ｅｎｃｅｐｈａｌｏｃｅｌｅ
脑膨出
ｅｎｃｅｐｈａｌｏｄｙｓｐｌａｓｉａ
脑发育异常
ｅｎｃｅｐｈａｌｏｇｒａｍ
!
脑造影照片
ｅｎｃｅｐｈａｌｏｍａ
脑瘤
ｅｎｃｅｐｈａｌｏｐｙｏｓｉｓ
脑脓肿
ｅｎｃｅｐｈａｌｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
&
脑出血
ｅｎｃｅｐｈａｌｏｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｉｓ
脑硬化症
ｅｎｃｅｐｈａｌｏｓｉｓ
器质性脑病
ｅｎｃｅｐｈａｌｏｔｏｍｙ
脑切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Any congenital abnormality of the brain
a. encephalocele
2. An X-ray picture of the brain
b. encephalorrhagia
3. Hardening of the brain
c. encephalogram
4. Bleeding into the substance of the cerebrum
d. encephalosclerois
- 125 -
5. Purulent inflammation or suppuration of the brain
e. encephalosis
6. The act or art of dissecting the brain
f. encephalopyosis
7. Atrophy of the brain
g. encephalotomy
8. Tumor of the brain
h. encephalatrophy
9. Any of various organic diseases of the brain
i. encephaloma
10. Protrusion of brain tissue through a congenital fissure in the
skull
j. encephalodysplasia
Unit 5
Terminology Presentation
ｇａｎｇｌｉ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to a ganglion
ｒａｄｉｃ（ｏ）－ｏｒｒａｄｉｃｕｌ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the
nerve root
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｇａｎｇｌｉｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
cyt(o)-oma
cell
tumor
-oma
tumor
-itis
inflammation
-plegia
paralysis
-tomy
incision, cutting
-algia
pain
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
! !
神经节切除术
ｇａｎｇｌｉｏｃｙｔｏｍａ
! !
神经节细胞瘤
ｇａｎｇｌｉｏｍａ
! !
神经节瘤
ｇａｎｇｌｉｏｎｉｔｉｓ
! !
神经节炎
ｇａｎｇｌｉｏｐｌｅｇｉａ
! !&
神经节麻痹
ｒａｄｉｃｏｔｏｍｙ
神经根切断术
ｒａｄｉｃｕｌａｌｇｉａ
&
神经根痛
ｒａｄｉｃｕｌｅｃｔｏｍｙ
神经根切除术
ｒａｄｉｃｕｌｉｔｉｓ
- 126 -
脊神经根炎
ｒａｄｉｃｕｌｏｐａｔｈｙ
-pathy
disease
(
神经根病
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Surgical removal of an autonomic or sensory ganglion
a. radiculalgia
2. A type of benign tumor made up of gangliocytes
b. radiculopathy
3. Paralysis of an autonomic ganglion
c. ganglioma
4. Inflammation of a nerve ganglion or a lymphatic ganglion
d. radiculectomy
5. Disease of the nerve roots
e. ganglioplegia
6. Surgical severance of a spinal nerve roots for relief of pain
f. radicotomy
7. Inflammation of a portin of the spinal nerve root
g. gangliocytoma
8. Pain due to irritation to the sensory root of a spinal nerve
h. gangliectomy
9. A benign neoplasm composed of mature ganglionic neurons
i. ganglionitis
10. Excision of a rootlet, especially resection of spinal nerve
roots
j. radiculitis
Unit 6
Terminology Presentation
ｍｅｎｉｎｇ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the meninges
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｍｅｎｉｎｇｅｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-oma
tumor
-itis
inflammation
&
脑膜缝合术
ｍｅｎｉｎｇｉｏｍａ
&
脑膜瘤
ｍｅｎｉｎｇｉｔｉｓ
&
脑膜炎
- 127 -
ｍｅｎｉｎｇｏｃｅｌｅ
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
cerebr(o)-itis
brain
inflammation
-cyte
cell
-malacia
softning
meyl(o)-itis
bone marrow
inflammation
-pathy
disease
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
!
脑膜膨出
ｍｅｎｉｎｇｏｃｅｒｅｂｒｉｔｉｓ
!
脑膜脑炎
ｍｅｎｉｎｇｏｃｙｔｅ
!
脑膜细胞
ｍｅｎｉｎｇｏｍａｌａｃｉａ
!
脑膜软化
ｍｅｎｉｎｇｏｍｙｅｌｉｔｉｓ
!
脑膜脊髓炎
ｍｅｎｉｎｇｏｐａｔｈｙ
!(
脑膜病
ｍｅｎｉｎｇｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
"&
脑膜出血
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Hernial protrusion of the meninges through a bony defect
a. meningitis
2. A histiocyte of the meninges
b. meningopathy
3. Inflammation of the brain and meninges
c. meningioma
4. Softening of the membrane of the brain
d. meningomyelitis
5. Inflammation of the spinal cord and of its membranes
e. meningocyte
6. Hemorrhage into or beneath the cerebral or the spinal
membranes
f. meningocerebritis
7. Suture of the cranial or spinal meninges
g. meningomalacia
8. Inflammation of the meninges, usually by bacteria or virus
h. meningocele
9. Any disease of the meninges
i. meningorrhagia
10. A slow-growing tumor of the meninges, often creating
pressure and damaging the brain and adjacent tissues
j. meningeorrhaphy
- 128 -
Unit 7
Terminology Presentation
ｍｙｅｌ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to marrow, the spinal cord or myelin
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｍｙｅｌａｔｒｏｐｈｙ
a-trophy
without, lack of
nutrition, growth
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
cyt(o)-oma
cell
tumor
dys-plasia
bad, difficult, painful
growth, development
fibr(o)-osis
fibrous
disease, abnormal condition
lip(o)-oma
fat, fatty, lipid
tumor
-malacia
softening
-phthisis
wasting
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
polio-iits
gray
inflammation
脊髓萎缩
ｍｙｅｌｏｃｅｌｅ
脊髓突出
ｍｙｅｌｏｃｙｔｏｍａ
脊髓细胞瘤
ｍｙｅｌｏｄｙｓｐｌａｓｉａ
脊髓发育不良
ｍｙｅｌｏｆｉｂｒｏｓｉｓ
骨髓纤维化
ｍｙｅｌｏｌｉｐｏｍａ
)
脊髓脂肪瘤
ｍｙｅｌｏｍａｌａｃｉａ
脊髓软化
ｍｙｅｌｏｐｈｔｈｉｓｉｓ
(
脊髓结核
ｍｙｅｌｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
&
脊髓出血
ｐｏｌｉｏｍｙｅｌｉｔｉｓ
急性脊髓灰质炎
#小儿麻痹症*
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
- 129 -
1. Hernial protrusion of the spinal cord in spina bifida
a. myelocytoma
2. Infection of the gray matter of the spinal cord, usually
caused by a poliovirus
b. myelodysplasia
3. Fibrosis of the bone marrow
c. myelatrophy
4. Hemorrhage into the substance of the spinal cord
d. myelocele
5. Wasting or atrophy of the spinal cord
e. myelolipoma
6. Morbid softening of the spinal cord
f. poliomyelitis
7. A tumor composed of cells found in the bone marrow
g. myelofibrosis
8. Abnormal or defective formation of the bone marrow cells
h. myelophthisis
9. Atrophy of the spinal cord
i. myelorrhagia
10. A benign tumour of the adrenal gland composed of fatty
tissue, lymphocytes, and hemopoietic cells
j. myelomalacia
Unit 8
Terminology Presentation
ｎｅｕｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to nerves or the nervous system
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｎｅｕｒａｌｇｉａ
-algia
pain
-ectomy
excision, removal
-ectopia
out of place
-itis
inflammation
-blast
immature cell
-lysis
dissolution, separation
-pathy
disease
&
神经痛
ｎｅｕｒｅｃｔｏｍｙ
神经切除术
ｎｅｕｒｅｃｔｏｐｉａ
神经异位
ｎｅｕｒｉｔｉｓ
神经炎
ｎｅｕｒｏｂｌａｓｔ
成神经细胞
ｎｅｕｒｏｌｙｓｉｓ
神经松解术
ｎｅｕｒｏｐａｔｈｙ
(
- 130 -
神经病
ｎｅｕｒｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-osis
disease, abnormal condition
-tomy
incision, cutting
神经缝合术
ｎｅｕｒｏｓｉｓ
神经官能症
ｎｅｕｒｏｔｏｍｙ
神经切断术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Displacement of a nerve or abnormal situation of a nerve
a. neuritis
2. Inflammation of a nerve
b. neurotomy
3. The surgical suturing of a divided nerve
c. neuropathy
4. Surgery to make a break in the nerve
d. neurosis
5. Any disease of the nerves
e. neurectomy
6. An emotional disorder characterized by anxiety
f. neuralgia
7. Surgery to remove part of a nerve
g. neuroblast
8. Pain extending along a nerve or a group of nerves
h. neurolysis
9. An embryonic cell from which a nerve cell develops
i. neurectopia
10. The surgical freeing of a nerve from inflammatory
adhesions
j. neurorrhaphy
Unit 9
Terminology Presentation
ｐｒｏｓｏｐ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the face
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｐｒｏｓｏｐａｇｎｏｓｉａ
agnosia
without, lack of
perceiving, recognizing
-algia
pain
"
面部失认
ｐｒｏｓｏｐａｌｇｉａ
- 131 -
&
三叉神经痛
ｐｒｏｓｏｐｅｃｔａｓｉａ
-ectasia
dilatation, extension
di-plegia
two
paralysis
neur(o)-algia
nerve
pain
-pagus
conjoined twins
-plegia
paralysis
-schisis
split, fissure
-spasm
contraction
thorac(o)-pagus
chest
conjoined twins
巨面，特大型脸
ｐｒｏｓｏｐｏｄｉｐｌｅｇｉａ
&
面部两侧神经瘫痪
ｐｒｏｓｏｐｏｎｅｕｒａｌｇｉａ
&
面部神经痛
ｐｒｏｓｏｐｏｐａｇｕｓ
"
面部联胎
ｐｒｏｓｏｐｏｐｌｅｇｉａ
&
面神经麻痹，面瘫
ｐｒｏｓｏｐｏｓｃｈｉｓｉｓ
面裂#畸形*
ｐｒｏｓｏｐｏｓｐａｓｍ
面肌痉挛
ｐｒｏｓｏｐｏｔｈｏｒａｃｏｐａｇｕｓ
(!
面胸联胎
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Inability to recognize familiar faces, even one’s own face in
a mirror, usually caused by injury or disease of the brain
a. prosopodiplegia
2. Enlargement of the face, as in acromegaly
b. prosoposchisis
3. Paroxysmal shooting pains of the facial area around one or
more branches of the trigeminal nerve
4. Involuntary twitching of the facial muscles, sometimes
unilateral
c. prosopopagus
5. Paralysis of the facial muscles, usually unilateral
e. prosopothoracopagus
6. Congenital facial cleft from mouth to the inner canthus of
the eye
f. prosopectasia
- 132 -
d. prosopalgia
7. Paralysis affecting both sides of the face
g. prosopagnosia
8. Unequal conjoined twins in which the parasite is attached to
the cheek of the autosite
h. prosoponeuralgia
9. Facial trigeminal neuralgia
i. prosopospasm
10. Conjoined twins united in the frontal plane, the fusion
extending from the oral region through the thorax
j. prosopoplegia
Unit 10
Terminology Presentation
ｐｓｙｃｈ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the mind, the soul or the psyche
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｐｓｙｃｈａｓｔｈｅｎｉａ
-asthenia
lack of strength, weakness
-ataxia
confusion
-geusic
taste
-kinesis
movement
-lagny
lust
-lepsy
seizer
-pathy
disease
-phylaxis
protection
-osis
disease, abnormal condition
somat(o)-ic
body
pertaining to
(
精神衰弱
ｐｓｙｃｈａｔａｘｉａ
精神失调
ｐｓｙｃｈｏｇｅｕｓｉｃ
&
精神性味觉的
ｐｓｙｃｈｏｋｉｎｅｓｉｓ
精神冲动
ｐｓｙｃｈｏｌａｇｎｙ
"
意淫
ｐｓｙｃｈｏｌｅｐｓｙ
抑郁发作
ｐｓｙｃｈｏｐａｔｈｙ
(
心理变态
ｐｓｙｃｈｏｐｈｙｌａｘｉｓ
精神病预防
ｐｓｙｃｈｏｓｉｓ
精神狂躁症
ｐｓｙｃｈｏｓｏｍａｔｉｃ
- 133 -
与身心相关的
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. The power to move something by thinking about it without
the application of physical force
a. psychasthenia
2. Severe mental disorder; craziness
b. psychogeusic
3. Mental confusion and inability to fix the attention
c. psycholepsy
4. Mental disorder, especially when manifested by antisocial
behavior
d. psychokinesis
5. Pertaining to the mind-body relationship
e. psychosis
6. Sexual enjoyment and excitement from imagining or
thinking of sexual acts
f. psychataxia
7. Preventing mental illness
g. psychopathy
8. A functional personality disorder or mental weakness
h. pshychosomatic
9. Mental perception and interpretation of taste
i. psycholagny
10. A sudden, intense lowering of mood level, usually of short
duration, in individuals with unstable psychic tension
j. psychophylaxis
Unit 11
Terminology Presentation
ｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｕｌ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to a ventricle of the brain
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｕｌｉｔｉｓ
-itis
inflammation
encephal(o)-itis
brain
inflammation
-graphy
process of recording
-megaly
enlargement
脑室炎
ｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｕｌｏｅｎｃｅｐｈａｌｉｔｉｓ
脑室脑炎
ｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｕｌｏｇｒａｐｈｙ
!
脑室造影术
ｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｕｌｏｍｅｇａｌｙ
"
- 134 -
脑室肥大
ｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｕｌｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
-plasty
plastic surgery
puncture
piercing, penetrating
-scope
view instrument
-scopy
visual examination
-stomy
surgical opening
-tomy
incision, cutting
脑室成形术
ｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｕｌｏｐｕｎｃｔｕｒｅ
脑室穿刺术
ｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｕｌｏｓｃｏｐｅ
脑室镜
ｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｕｌｏｓｃｏｐｙ
脑室检查
ｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｕｌｏｓｔｏｍｙ
脑室造口引流术
ｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｕｌｏｔｏｍｙ
脑室切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Examination of a ventricle of the brain with an endoscope
a. ventriculitis
2. Enlargement of a ventricle of the brain
b. ventriculopuncture
3. Incision into a ventricle of the brain
c. ventriculography
4. An endoscope for examining the cerebral ventricles
d. ventriculoencephalitis
5. Inflammation of the ventricle of the brain
e. ventriculoplasty
6. Insertion of a needle into the ventricle to withdraw fluid
f. ventriculostomy
7. Radiography of the cerebral ventricles by direct injection
of air or contrast medium
g. ventriculscopy
8. Ventriculitis accompanied by encephalitis
h. ventriculomegaly
9. Surgical procedure to repair a defect of a ventricle of the
brain
10. Surgical creation of an opening in a cerebral ventricle for
the treatment of hydrocephalus
i. ventriculotomy
- 135 -
j. ventriculoscope
Unit 12
Terminology Presentation
ｓｏｍｎ（ｉ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to sleep
ａｓｔｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the aster of a cell
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｄｙｓｓｏｍｎｉａ
dys-ia
bad, difficult, painful
disease, pathological condition
hyper-ia
above, over, abundant
disease, pathological condition
in-ia
not
disease, pathological condition
para-ia
incorrect, abnormal
disease, pathological condition
ambult-ism
walk, move about
state, condition, disease
-pathy
disease
-ence
state, condition
¤C
log, -logue
speech; discourse
-cyte
cell
-cyte
-oma
cell
tumor
睡眠障碍
ｈｙｐｅｒｓｏｍｎｉａ
’#*
睡眠过度
ｉｎｓｏｍｎｉａ
失眠（症）
ｐａｒａｓｏｍｎｉａ
拟梦症
somnambulism
梦游症
ｓｏｍｎｉｐａｔｈｙ
(
睡眠不正常
ｓｏｍｎｏｌｅｎｃｅ
嗜眠
ｓｏｍｎｉｌｏｑｕｙ
说梦话
ａｓｔｒｏｃｙｔｅ
星细胞
ａｓｔｒｏｃｙｔｏｍａ
,%-
星细胞瘤
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
- 136 -
1. The act or habit of talking in one’s sleep
a. hypersomnia
2. A disturbance in the normal rhythm or pattern of sleep
b. somniloquy
3. One of the large neuroglia cells of nervous tissue
c. astrocytoma
4. An inability to sleep; chronic sleeplessness
d. parasomnia
5. A disorder of sleep
e. somnipathy
6. Condition in which one sleeps for excessively long time
f. astrocyte
7. A state of drowsiness; sleepiness
g. insomnia
8. The act of walking or performing another act while asleep
h. somnolence
9. Malignant tumor of nervous tissue composed of astrocytes
i. dyssomnia
10. Any of various sleep dysfunctions, such as somnambulism
j. somnambulism
Unit 13
Terminology Presentation
－ａｌｇｉａｏｒ－ａｌｇｅｓｉａ： a word termination denoting pain or ache
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｒｔｈｒａｌｇｉａ
arthr(o)-
joint
chol(o)cyst(o)-
bile
sac, bladder
enceli(o)-
soft internal organs
fibr(o)my(o)-
fibrous
muscle
gloss(o)-
tongue
hyper-
above, over, abundant
pharyng(o)-
pharynx
+(&
关节痛
ｃｈｏｌｅｃｙｓｔａｌｇｉａ
&
胆囊痛
ｅｎｃｅｌｉａｌｇｉａ
&
内脏痛
ｆｉｂｒｏｍｙａｌｇｉａ
&
纤维肌痛
ｇｌｏｓｓａｌｇｉａ
"
&
舌痛
ｈｙｐｅｒａｌｇｅｓｉａ
’&
痛觉过敏
ｐｈａｒｙｎｇａｌｇｉａ
!&
咽痛
- 137 -
ｐｈｒｅｎａｌｇｉａ
phren(o)-
mind
pleur(o)-
pleura; pleural
trich-
hair
&
精神性痛
ｐｌｅｕｒａｌｇｉａ
&
胸膜痛
ｔｒｉｃｈａｌｇｉａ
&
毛发痛
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. The excessive sensitiveness or sensibility to pain
a. encelialgia
2. Painful joints
b. phrenalgia
3. Pain in the side region of the ribs
c. glossalgia
4. Pain when the hair is touched
d. hyperalgesia
5. Pain in the gallbladder
e. arthralgia
6. Pain in an abdominal viscus
f. trichalgia
7. Emotional pain that accompanies a mental effort
g. pharyngalgia
8. A burning or painful sensation in the tongue
h. fibromyalgia
9. Pain of the pharynx
i. cholecystalgia
10. A syndrome characterized by chronic pain in the muscles
j. pleuralgia
Unit 14
Terminology Presentation
－ｍａｎｉａ： a word termination denoting abnormal compulsion or an extreme love for something
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｅｒｏｔｏｍａｎｉａ
erot(o)-
love
klept(o)-
to steal
色情狂
ｋｌｅｐｔｏｍａｎｉａ
- 138 -
偷窃癖
ｌｏｇｏｍａｎｉａ
logo-
word, thought, speech
megal(o)-
large, great
mono-
single
necr(o)-
death, dead body
nympho-
(of women) sexual desire
oni(o)-
for sale
onych(o)tillo-
nail
pulling
pyr(o)-
heat, fire
!
多言狂
ｍｅｇａｌｏｍａｎｉａ
!
夸大狂
ｍｏｎｏｍａｎｉａ
偏执狂
ｎｅｃｒｏｍａｎｉａ
恋尸癖
ｎｙｍｐｈｏｍａｎｉａ
女色情狂
ｏｎｉｏｍａｎｉａ
购物癖
ｏｎｙｃｈｏｔｉｌｌｏｍａｎｉａ
剔甲癖
ｐｙｒｏｍａｎｉａ
放火狂
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. A morbid desire to buy beyond one¡fl
s realistic needs
a. logomania
2. A compulsion to steal
b. onychotillomania
3. Excessive or morbid inclination to erotic thoughts or
behavior
c. megalomania
4. A morbid compulsion to set fires
d. oniomania
5. A psychological condition characterized by delusions of
grandeur
e. kleptomania
6. An irresistible sexual attraction to dead bodies
f. erotomania
7. Abnormally intense sexual desire in women
g. pyromania
8. Pathologically excessive talking and often incoherent
h. monomania
- 139 -
9. Compulsive picking or tearing the nails
i. necromania
10. Pathological obsession with one idea or subject
j. nymphomania
Unit 15
Terminology Presentation
－ｐａｒｅｓｉｓ： a word termination meaning slight or partial paralysis
－ｐｌｅｇｉａ： a word termination meaning paralysis or stroke
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｈｅｍｉｐａｒｅｓｉｓ
hemi-
half, partial
mono-
single
para-
beside, beyond, after
tetra-
four
hemipara-
half, partial
beside, beyond, after
hemi-
half, partial
mono-
single
pan-
all, entire
para-
beside, beyond, after
quadri-
four
’
偏身轻瘫
ｍｏｎｏｐａｒｅｓｉｓ
单肢轻瘫
ｐａｒａｐａｒｅｓｉｓ
下肢轻瘫
ｔｅｔｒａｐａｒｅｓｉｓ
四肢轻瘫
ｈｅｍｉｐａｒａｐｌｅｇｉａ
’&
偏侧下身麻痹
ｈｅｍｉｐｌｅｇｉａ
’&
偏瘫
ｍｏｎｏｐｌｅｇｉａ
&
单瘫
ｐａｎｐｌｅｇｉａ
&
全麻痹，全瘫
ｐａｒａｐｌｅｇｉａ
&
截瘫，下身麻痹
ｑｕａｄｒｉｐｌｅｇｉａ
&
四肢麻痹，四肢瘫痪
- 140 -
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body
a. paraplegia
2. Paresis affecting a single extremity or part of one
b. panplegia
3. Paralysis of one leg
c. quadriplegia
4. Partial paralysis of the lower extremities
d. hemiparesis
5. Weakness of all four limbs
e. monoparesis
6. Paralysis affecting only one side of the body
f. hemiparaplegia
7. Paralysis of a single limb, muscle, or muscle group
g. paraparesis
8. Paralysis of the legs and lower part of the body
h. tetraparesis
9. Paralysis of the four extremities or a total loss of muscle
i. hemiplegia
control
10. Paralysis of all four limbs, both arms and both legs
j. monoplegia
Some Related Terms of Nervous System and Mental Health
ＷＯＲＤ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃｏｎｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ
One of the convex folds of the surface of the brain
脑回
ｇｙｒｕｓ
&
Any of the prominent, rounded, elevated convolutions on
the surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres
脑回
ｓｕｌｃｕｓ
Any of the grooves on the brain surface, bounding the gyri
回间沟
ｆｏｒａｍｅｎｏｆＭｏｎｒｏ
门罗孔，室间孔
ｂｒａｉｎｓｔｅｍ
脑干
ｐｏｎｓ
The small opening that connects the third ventricle in the
diencephalon with the lateral ventricle in the cerebral
hemisphere
The lowest part of the brain, which merges with the spinal
cord. It consists of the medulla oblongata, midbrain and
pons
A band of nerve fibers linking the medulla oblongata and
the cerebellum with upper portions of the brain
脑桥
ｍｅｄｕｌｌａｏｂｌｏｎｇａｔａ
Lowest part of the brain-stem, located just above the
- 141 -
"
延脑
ｓｐｉｎａｌｃｏｒｄ
spinal cord, at the exit from the skull, and containing
centres for vital functions
A cord-like bundle of nerves that extends from the base of
the brain to the small of the back
脊髓
ａｒａｃｈｎｏｉｄ
A delicate membrane enclosing the spinal cord and brain
蛛网膜
ｐｉａｍａｔｅｒ
软脑膜
ｄｕｒａｍａｔｅｒ
The fine vascular membrane that closely envelops the
brain and spinal cord under the arachnoid and the dura
mater
The three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
硬脑膜
ｍｉｄｂｒａｉｎ
The portion of the vertebrate brain that develops from the
middle section of the embryonic brain
中脑
ｃｏｒｔｅｘ
The outer layer of gray matter that covers the surface of
the cerebral hemisphere
脑皮质
ｆｉｓｓｕｒｅ
脑裂
ｌｏｂｅ
Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise, especially a
deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire
thickness of the brain wall
A subdivision of the brain bounded by fissures, connective
tissue, or other structural boundaries
脑叶
ｅｐｅｎｄｙｍａ
The thin epithelial membrane lining the ventricular system
of the brain
室管膜
ｃａｕｄａｅｑｕｉｎａ
马尾神经
ｓｙｍｐａｔｈｅｔｉｃ
The bundle of spinal nerve roots running through the
lower part of the subarachnoid space within the vertebral
canal below the first lumbar vertebra
A sympathetic nerve or the sympathetic nervous system
(
交感神经
ｐａｒａｓｙｍｐａｔｈｅｔｉｃ
The parasympathetic nervous system
(
副交感神经
ｓｙｍｐａｔｈｅｃｔｏｍｙ
(
交感神经切除术
ｐｌｅｘｕｓ
Excision or interruption of a sympathetic nerve to improve
circulation to the skin of an arm or leg, or to reduce
sweating
A structure in the form of a network of nerves
神经丛
- 142 -
ａｘｏｎ
The usually long process of a nerve fiber that generally
conducts impulses away from the body of the nerve cell
神经轴突
ｍｉｃｒｏｇｌｉａ
"
Neuroglia consisting of phagocytic cells active in immune
reactions of the central nervous system
小神经胶质
ｏｌｉｇｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｃｙｔｅ
One of the cells comprising the oligodendroglia
!
少突细胞
ｓａｔｅｌｌｉｔｅｃｅｌｌｓ
Any of the cells that encapsulate the bodies of nerve cells
in many ganglia
卫星细胞
Ｓｃｈｗａｎｎｃｅｌｌｓ
Any of the cells that cover the nerve fibers in the
peripheral nervous system and form the myelin sheath
施旺细胞
ｌｕｍｂａｒｐｕｎｃｔｕｒｅ
腰椎穿刺
ｓｃｉａｔｉｃａ
A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of
the spinal column for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
Also called spinal tap.
Neuralgia along the sciatic nerve
坐骨神经痛
ｅｐｉｌｅｐｓｙ
A disorders of the central nervous system characterized by
loss of consciousness and convulsions
癫痫症
ｃｏｎｖｕｌｓｉｏｎ
An intense, paroxysmal, involuntary muscular contraction
惊厥，抽搐
ｓｅｉｚｕｒｅ
&
A sudden attack, spasm, or convulsion, as in epilepsy or
another disorder
抽搐，痉挛
ｓｙｎｃｏｐｅ
A brief loss of consciousness caused by a temporary
deficiency of oxygen in the brain
昏厥，晕厥
ｔｒｅｍｏｒ
An involuntary trembling or quivering, as from nervous
agitation or weakness
震颤
ａｔａｘｉａ
Loss of the ability to coordinate muscular movement
运动失调症
ｃｏｍａ
A state of deep, often prolonged unconsciousness, usually
the result of injury
昏迷
ｃｏｎｃｕｓｓｉｏｎ
An injury to the brain, produced by a violent blow and
followed by a temporary or prolonged loss of function
- 143 -
脑震荡
ｍｉｇｒａｉｎｅ
!
偏头痛
ＣｅｒｅｂｒｏｖａｓｃｕｌａｒＡｃｃｉｄｅｎｔ
（ＣＶＡ）
A severe recurring headache, usually affecting only one
side of the head, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting,
and visual disturbances
A sudden loss of consciousness resulting when the rupture
or occlusion of a blood vessel leads to oxygen lack in the
brain
脑血管意外
ｓｔｒｏｋｅ
脑卒中（中风）
ＳｕｂｄｕｒａｌＨｅｍａｔｏｍａ
’
A sudden loss of brain function caused by a blockage or
rupture of a blood vessel to the brain. Also called cerebral
accident, cerebrovascular accident.
A serious type of head injury characterised by a collection
of blood under the dura mater adjacent to the brain
硬膜下血肿
ＡｍｙｏｔｒｏｐｈｉｃＬａｔｅｒａｌＳｃｌｅｒｏｓｉｓ
（ＡＬＳ）
A disease of unknown cause affecting nerve cells in the
brain and spinal cord, leading to muscular wasting. Also
called Charcot’s disease, Lou Gehrig’s disease
肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症
ＨｅｒｅｄｉｔａｒｙＣｈｏｒｅａ
’
遗传性舞蹈症
ＴｒｉｇｅｍｉｎａｌＮｅｕｒａｌｇｉａ
&&
A chronic disorder characterized by choreic movements in
the face and extremities, accompanied by a gradual loss of
the mental faculties ending in dementia
Intense paroxysmal neuralgia along the trigeminal nerve.
Also called tic douloureux
三叉神经痛
Ｂｅｌｌ＇ｓＰａｌｓｙ
Paralysis of the facial nerve, producing distortion of one
side of the face
贝尔麻痹（面神经麻痹）
Ｇｕｉｌｌａｉｎ－Ｂａｒｒｅｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ
"
A form of peripheral polyneuritis characterized by pain
and weakness and sometimes paralysis of the limbs
格林－巴利综合征
Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ’
ｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅ
’
阿尔茨海默病
Ｐａｒｋｉｎｓｏｎ＇ｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅ
+
帕金森症
ｓｅｎｉｌｅｐｌａｑｕｅ
+
老年斑
Ｒｅｙｅ＇ｓｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ
A progressive neurodegenerative disease leading to loss of
cognitive function such as memory and language among
the old
A degenerative disorder of the central nervous system
characterized by tremor and impaired muscular
coordination
A spherical mass of amyloid fibrils surrounded by
distorted interwoven neuronal processes, found in the
cerebral cortex in Alzheimer’s disease
Acquired brain disorder following acute viral infections
(especially influenza or chicken pox) in young children
雷耶综合征
ｃａｔａｐｌｅｘｙ
A sudden loss of muscle tone and strength, usually caused
by an extreme emotional stimulus
- 144 -
昏倒
ｃａｔａｔｏｎｉａ
A form of schizophrenia characterized by a tendency to
remain in a fixed stuporous state for long periods
紧张症
ｎａｒｃｏｌｅｐｓｙ
+
发作性睡病
ｓｔｕｐｏｒ
木僵
ｐａｒａｎｏｉａ
妄想狂，偏执狂
ｓｃｈｉｚｏｐｈｒｅｎｉａ
精神分裂症
ｂｉｐｏｌａｒｄｉｓｏｒｄｅｒ
躁郁症
ＩｎｔｅｒｍｉｔｔｅｎｔＥｘｐｌｏｓｉｖｅＤｉｓｏｒｄｅｒ
间歇性狂暴症
ＯｂｓｅｓｓｉｖｅＣｏｍｐｕｌｓｉｖｅＤｉｓｏｒｄｅｒ
强迫症
ＯｐｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎａｌＤｅｆｉａｎｔＤｉｓｏｒｄｅｒ
叛逆症（反抗行为障碍）
ＡｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎＤｅｆｉｃｉｔＨｙｐｅｒａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ
Ｄｉｓｏｒｄｅｒ（ＡＤＨＤ）
多动症（注意缺陷多动障碍）
ｐｉｃａ
A disorder characterized by sudden and uncontrollable,
though often brief, attacks of deep sleep, sometimes
accompanied by paralysis and hallucinations. Also called
hypnolepsy.
A condition in which an affected individual is conscious
with some ability to move voluntarily but shows a
markedly reduced response to stimuli
A psychotic disorder characterized by delusions of
persecution or grandeur, often strenuously defended with
apparent logic and reason
Any of several psychotic disorders characterized by
distortions of reality and disturbances of thought and
language and withdrawal from social contact
A mental disorder marked by episodes of mania and
depression. Also called bipolar illness, manic-depressive
illness.
A disorder of impulse control characterized by several
episodes in which aggressive impulses are released and
expressed in serious assault or destruction of property
A disorder characterized by the persistent intrusion of
repetitive, unwanted thoughts, sometimes accompanied by
compulsive actions, that the individual is unable to prevent
and that interfere with normal functioning
A disruptive childhood behavioral disorder characterized
by openly negative, defiant, disobedient and hostile
behavior toward authority figures that persists frequently
and consistently for at least six months
A syndrome, usually diagnosed in childhood,
characterized by a persistent pattern of impulsiveness, a
short attention span, and sometimes hyperactivity, and
interfering especially with academic, occupational, and
social performance
An abnormal craving or appetite for nonfood substances,
such as dirt, paint, or clay
异食癖
ｂｕｌｉｍｉａ
贪食症
ａｎｏｒｅｘｉａｎｅｒｖｏｓａ
An eating disorder, characterized by binge eating,
followed by self-induced vomiting, purging, and anorexia
and accompanied by feelings of guilt, depression, or
self-disgust. Also called bulimia nervosa, hyperorexia.
A psychophysiological disorder usually occurring in
- 145 -
#*
神经性厌食症
ｎａｒｃｉｓｓｉｓｍ
young women that is characterized by an abnormal fear of
becoming obese, a distorted self-image, a persistent
unwillingness to eat, and severe weight loss
An exceptional interest in and admiration for oneself
+
自恋癖
ａｕｔｉｓｍ
Mental introversion in which the attention or interest is
fastened upon the patients own ego
孤独症
ｄｅｌｉｒｉｕｍ
A usually brief state of excitement and mental confusion
often accompanied by hallucinations
谵妄
ｅｕｐｈｏｒｉａ
A feeling of great happiness or well-being, commonly
exaggerated and not necessarily well founded
欣快症
ｄｅｍｅｎｔｉａ
Mental deterioration of organic or functional origin
痴呆
ｈａｌｌｕｃｉｎａｔｉｏｎ
’
A false perception with no basis in reality; may be seen,
heard or smelled
幻觉
ａｍｎｅｓｉａ
Partial or total loss of memory, usually resulting from
shock, psychological disturbance, brain injury, or illness
健忘症
ａｇｎｏｓｉａ
!
Loss of the ability to interpret sensory stimuli, such as
sounds or images
失认
ａｇｒａｐｈｉａ
!
Loss of a pre-existing ability to express one’s self through
the act of writing
失写
ａｌｅｘｉａ
Loss of a previously intact ability to grasp the meaning of
written or printed words and sentences
失读
ｄｙｓｌｅｘｉａ
A learning disorder marked by impairment of the ability to
recognize and comprehend written words
诵读困难
- 146 -
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ８ＥｎｄｏｃｒｉｎｅＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ
Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
The endocrine system is a group of specialized organs and body tissues that produce, store,
and secrete chemical substances known as hormones. As the body’s chemical messengers,
hormones transfer information and instructions from one set of cells to another. Because of the
hormones they produce, endocrine organs have a great deal of influence over the body. Among
their many jobs are regulating the body’s growth and development, controlling the function of
various tissues, supporting pregnancy and other reproductive functions, and regulating
metabolism.
Endocrine organs are sometimes called ductless glands because they have no ducts
connecting them to specific body parts. The hormones they secrete are released directly into the
bloodstream. In contrast, the exocrine glands, such as the sweat glands or the salivary glands,
release their secretions directly to target areas ¡“ for example, the skin or the inside of the mouth.
Some of the body’s glands are described as endo-exocrine glands because they secrete hormones
as well as other types of substances.
Unit 1
Terminology Presentation
ａｄｅｎ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to a gland or glands
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｄｅｎａｌｇｉａ
-algia
pain
-ectomy
excision, removal
-ectopia
out of place
-emphraxis
stoppage, obstruction
-itis
inflammation
-blast
immature cell
腺痛
ａｄｅｎｅｃｔｏｍｙ
腺切除术
ａｄｅｎｅｃｔｏｐｉａ
腺异位
ａｄｅｎｅｍｐｈｒａｘｉｓ
腺梗阻
ａｄｅｎｉｔｉｓ
腺炎
ａｄｅｎｏｂｌａｓｔ
腺胚细胞
- 147 -
ａｄｅｎｏｃａｒｃｉｎｏｍａ
carcin(o)-oma
cancer, cancerous
tumor
fibr(o)-oma
fibrous
tumor
-oid
-itis
like, resembling
inflammation
lip(o)-oma
fat, fatty, lipid
tumor
腺癌
ａｄｅｎｏｆｉｂｒｏｍａ
腺纤维瘤
ａｄｅｎｏｉｄｉｔｉｓ
增殖腺炎
ａｄｅｎｏｌｉｐｏｍａ
脂肪腺瘤
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. An embryonic cell producing glandular tissue
a. adenitis
2. Glandular cancer or carcinoma
b. adenolipoma
3. Inflammation of the adenoids
c. adenectopia
4. The obstruction of the discharge of a glandular secretion
d. adenofibroma
5. Inflammation of a lymph node or gland
e. adenodynia
6. A benign tumor composed of glandular and fatty tissues
f. adenectomy
7. Surgical excision of a gland
g. adenoblast
8. A benign tumor composed of glandular and fibrous tissue
h. adenocarcinoma
9. Pain in a gland
i. adenoiditis
10. Development of multiple glandular overgrowth or tumors
j. adenemphraxis
Unit 2
Terminology Presentation
ａｄｒｅｎ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the adrenal gland
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｄｒｅｎａｌｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
- 148 -
肾上腺切除术
ａｄｒｅｎａｌｉｎｕｒｉａ
-uria
urine
-itis
inflammation
-gram
record
-lysis
dissolution, separation
-lytic
causing decomposition
-megaly
enlargement
-pathy
disease
toxi-in
poison, poisonous
chemical compound
troph(o)-ic
food, nutrition
pertaining to
肾上腺素尿
ａｄｒｅｎａｌｉｔｉｓ
肾上腺炎
ａｄｒｅｎｏｇｒａｍ
肾上腺 X 线照片
ａｄｒｅｎｏｌｙｓｉｓ
肾上腺分解
ａｄｒｅｎｏｌｙｔｉｃ
抑肾上腺的
ａｄｒｅｎｏｍｅｇａｌｙ
肾上腺肿大
ａｄｒｅｎｏｐａｔｈｙ
肾上腺病
ａｄｒｅｎｏｔｏｘｉｎ
肾上腺毒素
ａｄｒｅｎｏｔｒｏｐｉｃ
促肾上腺的
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Enlargement of one or both of the adrenal glands
a. adrenolytic
2. Surgery to remove an adrenal gland
b. adrenalitis
3. A substance toxic to the adrenal glands
c. adrenopathy
4. Destruction or dissolution of the adrenal glands
d. adrenalinuria
5. Inhibiting the action of adrenergic nerves
e. adrenogram
6. Inflammation of one or both of the adrenal glands
f. adrenotoxin
- 149 -
7. The presence of epinephrine in the urine
g. adrenolysis
8. Any disease of the adrenal gland
h. adrenomegaly
9. Stimulating or otherwise acting on the adrenal cortex
i. adrenalectomy
10. A radiograph of the adrenal glands
j. adrenotropic
Unit 3
Terminology Presentation
ｃｏｒｔｉｃ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to a cortex
ｐａｒａｔｈｙｒｏｉｄ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to parathyroid gland
－ｐｈｙｓｉｓ－ a word termination denoting relationship to growth
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃｏｒｔｉｃｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-fugal
moving away
-petal
moving toward
mineral(o)-oid
an inorganic element
like, resembling
-ectomy
excision, removal
-oma
tumor
-pathy
disease
aden(o)hypo-
gland
under, deficient
hypo-
under, deficient
neuro-
nerve
脑皮质切除术
ｃｏｒｔｉｃｉｆｕｇａｌ
离皮质的
ｃｏｒｔｉｃｉｐｅｔａｌ
向皮质的
ｍｉｎｅｒａｌｏｃｏｒｔｉｃｏｉｄ
盐皮质激素
ｐａｒａｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｅｃｔｏｍｙ
甲状旁腺切除术
ｐａｒａｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｏｍａ
甲状旁腺瘤
ｐａｒａｔｈｙｒｏｐａｔｈｙ
甲状旁腺病
ａｄｅｎｏｈｙｐｏｐｈｙｓｉｓ
!
腺（性）垂体（前叶）
ｈｙｐｏｐｈｙｓｉｓ
!
垂体
ｎｅｕｒｏｈｙｐｏｐｈｙｓｉｓ
- 150 -
!
hypo-
under, deficient
神经垂体
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1.
Of a nerve fiber passing outward from the cerebral cortex
a. parathyroidectomy
2.
Surgical removal of a specific portion of the frontal lobe of
the cerebral cortex
b. adenohypophysis
3.
The anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary gland
c. neurohypophysis
4.
Surgical excision of the parathyroid gland(s)
d. corticipetal
5.
The master gland of the endocrine system; located at the base
of the brain
e. parathyroidoma
6.
Parathyroid adenoma or carcinoma
f. parathyropathy
7.
The posterior lobe of the pituitary body, having a rich supply
of nerve fibers and releasing oxytocin and vasopressin
Of a nerve fiber originating outside and passing toward the
cerebral cortex
g. corticifugal
Any disease of the parathyroid gland(s)
i. hypophysis
8.
9.
10. A group of steroid hormones that are secreted by the adrenal
cortex and regulate the balance of water and electrolytes in
the body
h. corticectomy
j. mineralocorticoid
Unit 4
Terminology Presentation
ｇａｌａｃｔ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to milk
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｇａｌａｃｔａｃｒａｓｉａ
-acrasia
a bad or abnormal mixture
-emia
blood
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
乳液异常
ｇａｌａｃｔｅｍｉａ
乳血症
ｇａｌａｃｔｏｃｅｌｅ
乳腺囊肿
- 151 -
ｇａｌａｃｔｏｇｅｎｏｕｓ
-genous
producing, generating
-phlysis
an eruption
phoro-itis
movement, direction
inflammation
-poiesis
production, formation
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-schesis
check, suppression
-stasis
control, stop
生乳的
ｇａｌａｃｔｏｐｈｌｙｓｉｓ
乳性疱疹
ｇａｌａｃｔｏｐｈｏｒｉｔｉｓ
乳管炎
ｇａｌａｃｔｏｐｏｉｅｓｉｓ
乳生成
ｇａｌａｃｔｏｒｒｈｅａ
乳漏
ｇａｌａｃｔｏｓｃｈｅｓｉｓ
乳液分泌抑制
ｇａｌａｃｔｏｓｔａｓｉｓ
闭乳症
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Production of milk by the mammary glands
a. galactophoritis
2. Favoring the production of milk
b. galactostasis
3. Inflammation of the milk ducts
c. galactophlysis
4. Halting or stoppage of milk secretion
d. galactacrasia
5. A vesicular eruption containing a milky fluid
e. galactorrhea
6. Abnormal composition of mother¡fl
s milk
f. galactoschesis
7. Excessive or spontaneous flow of milk
g. galactemia
8. Suppression of the secretion of milk
h. galactocele
9. A mixture of the blood and the milk
i. galactopoiesis
10. A cystic enlargement of the mammary gland containing milk
j. galactogenous
- 152 -
Unit 5
Terminology Presentation
ｍｙｘ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to mucus or slime
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｍｙｘａｄｅｎｏｍａ
aden(o)-oma
gland
tumor
-asthenia
lack of strength, weakness
-edema
swelling
-oid
like, resembling
cyst(o)-itis
sac, bladder
inflammation
-cyte
cell
fibr(o)-oma
fibrous
tumor
-oma
-osis
tumor
disease, abnormal condition
-poiesis
production, formation
-rrhea
flow, discharge
黏液腺瘤
ｍｙｘａｓｔｈｅｎｉａ
黏液分泌机能衰弱
ｍｙｘｅｄｅｍａ
黏液水肿
ｍｙｘｏｉｄ
黏膜状的
ｍｙｘｏｃｙｓｔｉｔｉｓ
膀胱黏膜炎
ｍｙｘｏｃｙｔｅ
黏液细胞
ｍｙｘｏｆｉｂｒｏｍａ
黏液纤维瘤
ｍｙｘｏｍａｔｏｓｉｓ
多发性黏液瘤病
ｍｙｘｏｐｏｉｅｓｉｓ
黏液生成
ｍｙｘｏｒｒｈｅａ
黏液溢
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder
- 153 -
a. myxasthenia
2. A flow of mucus
b. myxomatosis
3. An adenoma having the structure of a mucous gland
c. myxedema
4. The production of mucus
d. myxocystitis
5. Like or resembling mucus
e. myxorrhea
6. A benign tumor fibrous connective tissue
f. myxadenoma
7. Weakness of, or faulty secretion of mucus
g. myxocyte
8. A condition characterized by the growth of many myxomas
h. myxioid
9. Swelling due to mucus in the tissue
i. myxofibroma
10. One of the stellate or polyhedral cells present in mucus tissue
j. myxopoiesis
Unit 6
Terminology Presentation
ｐａｎｃｒｅａｔ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the pancreas
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｐａｎｃｒｅａｔａｌｇｉａ
-algia
pain
-ectomy
excision, removal
-emphraxis
stoppage, obstruction
-itis
inflammation
-oid
like, resembling
-lith
stone, concretion, calculus
-megaly
enlargement
-pathy
disease
"
胰腺痛
ｐａｎｃｒｅａｔｅｃｔｏｍｙ
"
胰切除术
ｐａｎｃｒｅａｔｅｍｐｈｒａｘｉｓ
"
胰腺阻塞
ｐａｎｃｒｅａｔｉｔｉｓ
"
胰腺炎
ｐａｎｃｒｅａｔｏｉｄ
"
似胰腺的
ｐａｎｃｒｅａｔｏｌｉｔｈ
"
胰石
ｐａｎｃｒｅａｔｏｍｅｇａｌｙ
"
#
胰腺肿大
ｐａｎｃｒｅａｔｏｐａｔｈｙ
- 154 -
"
胰腺病
ｐａｎｃｒｅａｔｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
-tomy
incision, cutting
"
胰腺出血
ｐａｎｃｒｅａｔｏｔｏｍｙ
"
胰切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Incision of the pancreas
a. pancreatorrhagia
2. Pain in the pancreas
b. pancreatotomy
3. Abnormal enlargement of the pancreas
c. pancreatalgia
4. A stone or calculi in the pancreas
d. pancreatomegaly
5. Inflammation of the pancreas
e. pancreatolith
6. A disease of the pancreas
f. pancreatitis
7. Surgical removal of the pancreas
g. pancreatopathy
8. Like or resembling the pancreas
h. pancreatectomy
9. Stoppage of the pancreas
i. pancreatoid
10. Hemorrhage or bleeding from the pancreas
j. pancreatemphraxis
Unit 7
Terminology Presentation
ｐｉｎｅａｌ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the pine cone or the pineal gland
ｔｈｙｍ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to thymus gland
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｐｉｎｅａｌｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-blast
-oma
immature cell
tumor
松果体切除术
ｐｉｎｅａｌｏｂｌａｓｔｏｍａ
- 155 -
松果体细胞瘤
ｐｉｎｅａｌｏｃｙｔｅ
-cyte
cell
-oma
tumor
-pathy
disease
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
-cyte
cell
-lysis
dissolution, separation
-oma
tumor
松果体细胞
ｐｉｎｅａｌｏｍａ
松果体瘤
ｐｉｎｅａｌｏｐａｔｈｙ
松果体病
ｔｈｙｍｅｃｔｏｍｙ
胸腺切除术
ｔｈｙｍｉｔｉｓ
胸腺炎
ｔｈｙｍｏｃｙｔｅ
胸腺细胞
ｔｈｙｍｏｌｙｓｉｓ
胸腺溶解
ｔｈｙｍｏｍａ
胸腺瘤
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. An immature lymphocyte within the thymus
a. thymitis
2. Removal of the pineal body
b. pinealopathy
3. A tumor of thymic origin
c. thymoma
4. A tumor of the pineal body
d. pinealectomy
5. A type of pinealoma in which the pineal cells are not well
differentiated
e. thymolysis
6. Inflammation of the thymus
f. pinealoma
7. Surgical removal of the thymus gland
g. thymectomy
8. Dissolution of the thymus
h. pinealoblastoma
- 156 -
9. Any disease of the pineal gland
i. pinealocyte
10. A cell of the pineal body with long processes ending in
bulbous expansions
j. thymocyte
Unit 8
Terminology Presentation
ｓｐｅｒｍａｔ（ｏ）－ｏｒｓｐｅｒｍ（ｏ）－ a combing form denoting the male semen
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｓｐｅｒｍａｔｏｃｅｌｅ
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
cyst(o)-itis
sac, bladder
inflammation
-cyte
cell
-lysis
dissolution, separation
-poietic
productive, formative
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-schesis
check, suppression
-uria
urine
phleb(o)-ectasia
vein
dilatation, expansion
oligo-ia
few, little, scanty
dsease, abnormal condition
精液囊肿
ｓｐｅｒｍａｔｏｃｙｓｔｉｔｉｓ
精囊炎
ｓｐｅｒｍａｔｏｃｙｔｅ
精母细胞
ｓｐｅｒｍａｔｏｌｙｓｉｓ
精子溶解
ｓｐｅｒｍａｔｏｐｏｉｅｔｉｃ
精液生成的
ｓｐｅｒｍａｔｏｒｒｈｅａ
遗精
ｓｐｅｒｍａｔｏｓｃｈｅｓｉｓ
精液分泌抑制
ｓｐｅｒｍａｔｕｒｉａ
精液尿
ｓｐｅｒｍｏｐｈｌｅｂｅｃｔａｓｉａ
$
精索静脉曲张
ｏｌｉｇｏｓｐｅｒｍｉａ
少精症
- 157 -
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Dilatation or varicosity of the spermatic veins
a. spermaturia
2. Promoting secretion of semen
b. spermatorrhea
3. A subnormal concentration of spermatozoa in the ejaculated
semen
c. spermatoschesis
4. A sperm cell
d. spermatocele
5. Inflammation of the sac which contains spermatozoa
e. spermatopoietic
6. Destruction or dissolution of spermatozoa
f. oligospermia
7. Excretion of urine containing semen
g. spermatocyte
8. Involuntary, too frequent, and excessive discharge of semen
without copulation
h. spermatocystitis
9. Suppression of the secretion of semen
i. spermatolysis
10. A swelling of the epididymis containing spermatozoa
j. spermophlebectasia
Unit 9
Terminology Presentation
ｔｈｙｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the thyroid gland
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｔｈｙｒｏａｄｅｎｉｔｉｓ
anden(o)-itis
gland
inflammation
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
-genous
producing, generating
-oid
-ectomy
like, resembling
excision, removal
-megaly
enlargement
甲状腺炎
ｔｈｙｒｏｃｅｌｅ
甲状腺肿
ｔｈｙｒｏｇｅｎｏｕｓ
使甲状腺生长的
ｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｅｃｔｏｍｙ
甲状腺切除术
ｔｈｙｒｏｍｅｇａｌｙ
#
甲状腺肿大
- 158 -
ｔｈｙｒｏｐｅｎｉａ
-penia
lack, deficiency
-ptosis
drooping, falling, sagging
eu-ism
normal, good, healthy
state, condition, disease
hyper-ism
above, over, abundant
state, condition, disease
hypo-ism
under, deficient
state, condition, disease
甲状腺分泌减少
ｔｈｙｒｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
甲状腺下移
ｅｕｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｉｓｍ
$
甲状腺功能正常
ｈｙｐｅｒｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｉｓｍ
!
$
甲状腺功能亢进
ｈｙｐｏｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｉｓｍ
!
$
甲状腺功能减退
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Tumor or swelling of the thyroid gland
a. thyroadenitis
2. Originating in the thyroid gland
b. thyromegaly
3. Pathologically insufficient production of thyroid hormones
c. thyroidectomy
4. Deficiency of thyroid secretion
d. thyroptosis
5. Downward displacement of the thyroid gland
e. thyropenia
6. Inflammation of the thyroid gland
f. thyrocele
7. Enlargement of the thyroid
g. thyrogenous
8. Surgical removal of the thyroid
h. hypothyroidism
9. Pathologically excessive production of thyroid hormones
i. euthyroidism
10. Normal functioning of the thyroid gland
j. hyperthyroidism
Some Related Terms of Endocrine System
ＷＯＲＤ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｅｎｄｏｃｒｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ
The study of the glands and hormones of the body and their
related disorders
- 159 -
内分泌学
ｈｏｒｍｏｎｅ
!
An endocrine secretion that is transmitted by the blood to the
tissue on which it has a specific effect
激素（荷尔蒙）
ｃａｃｈｅｘｉａ
Weight loss, wasting of muscle, loss of appetite, and general
debility that can occur during a chronic disease
恶病质
ｃａｌｃｉｐｅｎｉａ
A low calcium concentration in the blood
钙缺乏
ｃｒｅｔｉｎｉｓｍ
$
A congenital condition caused by a deficiency of thyroid
hormone characterized by physical and mental stunting
呆小症
ｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｉｎｓｉｐｉｄｕｓ
$
尿崩症
ｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｍｅｌｌｉｔｕｓ
$
糖尿病
ｄｗａｒｆｉｓｍ
%$
A chronic metabolic disorder characterized by intense thirst
and excessive urination, caused by a deficiency of the
pituitary hormone vasopressin
A severe chronic form of diabetes caused by insufficient
production of insulin and characterized by increased sugar
levels in the blood and urine
A genetic abnormality resulting in short stature. Also called
nanism.
侏儒症
ｇｉｇａｎｔｉｓｍ
$
巨人症
ｅｘｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｏｓ
甲状腺突眼
ｇｏｉｔｅｒ
甲状腺肿
ｈｙｐｅｒｃａｌｃｅｍｉａ
Excessive growth of the body or any of its parts, especially as
a result of excessive secretion of the growth hormone by the
pituitary gland
Abnormal protrusion of the eyeball in the orbit when
observed from the side, occurring in association with
hyperthyroidism
Abnormally enlarged thyroid gland resulted from
under-production of hormone or from deficiency of iodine in
the diet. Also called struma.
An abnormally high concentration of calcium in the blood
!
高钙血
ｈｙｐｏｃａｌｃｅｍｉａ
An abnormally low concentration of calcium in the blood
!
低血钙
ｈｙｐｅｒｋａｌｅｍｉａ
!
An abnormally high concentration of potassium ions in the
blood
高钾血
ｈｙｐｏｋａｌｅｍｉａ
!
An abnormally low concentration of potassium ions in the
blood
低钾血
ｈｙｐｏｇｏｎａｄｉｓｍ
Incompetence of the gonads, especially in the male with low
- 160 -
!
$
testosterone
性腺功能减退
ｋａｌｉｐｅｎｉａ
A low potassium concentration in the blood
钾缺乏
ｋｅｔｏａｃｉｄｏｓｉｓ
Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies
(ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis
酮酸中毒
ｍｅｒｏｃｒｉｎｅ
局部分泌
ｔｅｔａｎｙ
手足抽搐
Ａｄｄｉｓｏｎ＇ｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅ
$$
阿狄森病
Ｃｕｓｈｉｎｇ＇ｓｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ
Commonest mode of secretion in which a secretory vesicle
fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to
the exterior
A clinical neurological syndrome characterized by periodic
painful muscular spasms and tremors, caused by faulty
calcium metabolism
A glandular disorder caused by failure of function of the
cortex of the adrenal gland and marked by anemia and
prostration with brownish skin
A glandular disorder caused by excessive cortisol
&"
库欣症
- 161 -
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ９ＨｅｍａｔｏｐｏｉｅｔｉｃａｎｄＬｙｍｐｈａｔｉｃＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ
Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
The hematopoietic and lymphatic systems have to do with the blood and the lymph. Blood is
made up of pale straw-colored fluid called plasma and various cells and cell parts formed elements.
The blood is about 55 percent plasma, which in turn is about 90 percent water. The remaining part
of plasma contains protein. Some of these proteins are serum albumin, serum globulin, and
fibrinogen.
The blood cells include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and
platelets or thrombocytes. Erythrocytes contain the protein hemoglobin, which allows them to
carry oxygen throughout the body. Iron is a very important part of red blood cells. Erythrocytes
are formed in the red bone marrow.
Thrombocytes or platelets are important elements in the blood for coagulation or clotting.
When a vessel is damaged or injured, the platelets form and release fibrin, a protein, which aids in
clotting in this area.
There are several types of leukocytes, some of which consume foreign particles, such as
bacteria and viruses, and others which produce antibodies. And increased amount of leukocytes in
the bloodstream is often a sign of infection.
Lymph is a colorless liquid made up of fluid from the spaces between cells and various salts,
sugar, water, and waste products. From all parts of the body, it enters special lymph vessels that
transport the lymph to the heart area, where it is added to the blood. The lymph passes through
nodular lymph glands, where harmful substances such as bacteria are filtered out. Lymph cells or
lymphocytes are important in the body¡fl
s immune system.
Unit 1
Terminology Presentation
ｃｙｔ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to a cell
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃｙｔｏｂｉｏｌｏｇｙ
bi(o)-logy
life, living
branch of learning
-blast
immature cell
-clasis
break, fracture
-genesis
origin, production
细胞生物学
ｃｙｔｏｂｌａｓｔ
细胞核
ｃｙｔｏｃｌａｓｉｓ
细胞解体
ｃｙｔｏｇｅｎｅｓｉｓ
- 162 -
细胞生成
ｃｙｔｏｌｙｓｉｓ
-lysis
dissolution, separation
morph(o)-logy
shape, form
branch of learning
necr(o)-osis
death, dead body
disease, abnormal condition
-pathy
-logy
disease
branch of learning
-pathy
-genic
disease
producing, generating
-penia
lack, deficiency
细胞溶解
ｃｙｔｏｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｙ
细胞形态学
ｃｙｔｏｎｅｃｒｏｓｉｓ
细胞坏死
ｃｙｔｏｐａｔｈｏｌｏｇｙ
细胞病理学
ｃｙｔｏｐａｔｈｏｇｅｎｉｃ
致细胞病变的
ｃｙｔｏｐｅｎｉａ
血细胞减少症
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. The destruction of cells by fragmentation
a. cytomorphology
2. The nucleus of a cell
b. cytolysis
3. The biology of cell
c. cytopathology
4. The study of the structure of cells
d. cytopathogenic
5. A lack of cellular elements in the circulating blood
e. cytogenesis
6. The dissolution of a cell
f. cytonecrosis
7. The study of changes caused by disease within cells
g. cytobiology
8. Death of individual cells
h. cytoclasis
9. The formation, development, and variation of cells
i. cytoblast
10. Of, relating to, or producing pathological changes in cells
j. cytopenia
- 163 -
Unit 2
Terminology Presentation
ｅｒｙｔｈｒ（ｏ）－ a word element denoting relationship to red or red blood cells
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｅｒｙｔｈｒｏｂｌａｓｔ
-blast
immature cell
-clasis
break, fracture
-cyte
cell
cyt(o)-osis
cell
disease, abnormal condition
-genic
producing, generating
-lysis
dissolution, separation
neocyt(o)-osis
-penia
new, abnormal
cell
disease, abnormal condition
lack, deficiency
-phagia
eating, swallowing
-poiesis
production, formation
成红细胞
ｅｒｙｔｈｒｏｃｌａｓｉｓ
红细胞破碎
ｅｒｙｔｈｒｏｃｙｔｅ
红细胞（红血球）
ｅｒｙｔｈｒｏｃｙｔｏｓｉｓ
红细胞增多
ｅｒｙｔｈｒｏｇｅｎｉｃ
红细胞发生的
ｅｒｙｔｈｒｏｌｙｓｉｓ
红细胞溶解
ｅｒｙｔｈｒｏｎｅｏｃｙｔｏｓｉｓ
幼稚红细胞血症
ｅｒｙｔｈｒｏｐｅｎｉａ
红细胞减少
ｅｒｙｔｈｒｏｐｈａｇｉａ
噬红细胞现象
ｅｒｙｔｈｒｏｐｏｉｅｓｉｓ
红细胞生成
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. The fragmentation or breaking down of red blood cells
- 164 -
a. erythropenia
2. A red blood cell
b. erythrocytosis
3. The destruction of red blood cells by cells such as
macrophages
c. erythrogenic
4. The dissolution or destruction of the red blood cells
d. erythroneocytosis
5. The formation or production of red blood cells
e. erythroclasis
6. A deficiency in the number of red blood cells
f. erythrophagia
7. The presence of immature red blood cells in the blood
g. erythrocyte
8. An abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells
h. erythrolysis
9. Relating to the formation of red blood cells
i. erythroblast
10. Nucleated cells in bone marrow that develop into red blood
cells
j. erythropoiesis
Unit 3
Terminology Presentation
ｈｅｍａｔ（ｏ）－ｏｒｈｅｍ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the blood
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｈｅｍａｎｇｉｏｍａ
angi(o)-oma
vessel
tumor
-crit
separate
-oma
tumor
-poiesis
production, formation
chrommat(o)-osis
color
disease, abnormal condition
dia-lysis
through, across
dissolution, separation
-lysis
dissolution, separation
!
血管瘤
ｈｅｍａｔｏｃｒｉｔ
!
红细胞比容
ｈｅｍａｔｏｍａ
!
血肿
ｈｅｍａｔｏｐｏｉｅｓｉｓ
!
血细胞生成
ｈｅｍｏｃｈｒｏｍａｔｏｓｉｓ
!
血色沉着病
ｈｅｍｏｄｉａｌｙｓｉｓ
!
血液透析
ｈｅｍｏｌｙｓｉｓ
!
溶血
- 165 -
ｈｅｍｏｐｔｙｓｉｓ
-ptysis
cough up, spit up
-rrhage
excessive flow, discharge
-stat
stop
!
咯血（咳血）
ｈｅｍｏｒｒｈａｇｅ
!
出血
ｈｅｍｏｓｔａｔ
!
止血钳，止血剂
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. An instrument or medicine for stopping bleeding
a. hemorrhage
2. A hereditary defect in iron metabolism with build up of iron
in the tissue
b. hemodialysis
3. Spitting or coughing up blood from the lungs
c. hemostat
4. Benign angioma composed of a mass of blood vessels
d. hemangioma
5. Breaking down or destroying of blood cells
e. hemoptysis
6. A localized swelling filled with blood resulting from broken
blood vessels
f. hematocrit
7. The formation of blood cells
g. hemolysis
8. The filtering of blood in order to remove metabolic wastes
or toxic substances
h. hematoma
9. An excessively escape of blood from the blood vessels
i. hematopoiesis
10. The percentage by volume of packed red blood cells in a
given sample of blood after centrifugation
j. hemochromatosis
Unit 4
Terminology Presentation
ｌｙｍｐｈ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting lymph or the lymphatic glands or vessels
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｌｙｍｐｈａｄｅｎｉｔｉｓ
aden(o)-itis
gland
inflammation
淋巴结炎
- 166 -
ｌｙｍｐｈａｄｅｎｏｐａｔｈｙ
angi(o)-pathy
vessel
disease
angi(o)-graphy
vessel
process of recording
angi(o)-oma
vessel
tumor
-edema
swelling
-cyte
cell
cyt(o)-penia
cell
lack, deficiency
-oma
tumor
-poiesis
production, formation
-stasis
control, stop
淋巴结病
ｌｙｍｐｈａｎｇｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ
淋巴管造影术
ｌｙｍｐｈａｎｇｉｏｍａ
淋巴管瘤
ｌｙｍｐｈｅｄｅｍａ
淋巴水肿
ｌｙｍｐｈｏｃｙｔｅ
淋巴细胞
ｌｙｍｐｈｏｃｙｔｏｐｅｎｉａ
淋巴细胞减少症
ｌｙｍｐｈｏｍａ
淋巴瘤
ｌｙｍｐｈｏｐｏｉｅｓｉｓ
淋巴组织生成
ｌｙｍｐｈｏｓｔａｓｉｓ
淋巴郁滞
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Swelling caused by lymph fluid accumulation in the tissues
a. lymphocyte
2. The formation of lymphocytes
b. lymphoma
3. Inflammation of the lymph nodes
c. lymphangiography
4. Reduction in the number of lymphocytes in the blood
d. lymphedema
5. Obstruction of the normal flow of lymph
e. lymphopoiesis
6. A benign tumor consisting of mass of lymphatic vessels
f. lymphadenitis
7. A disease of abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes
g. lymphocytopenia
- 167 -
8. A white cell which is formed in the lymph glands
h. lymphostasis
9. Tumor of lymphatic tissues, usually malignant
i. lymphangioma
10. An X-ray study of the lymph nodes or lymphatic vessels
j. lymphadenopathy
Unit 5
Terminology Presentation
ｓｐｌｅｎ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the spleen
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｓｐｌｅｎａｔｒｏｐｈｙ
a-trophy
without, lack of
nutrition, growth
-ectomy
excision, removal
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
-malacia
softening
-megaly
enlargement
-pexy
fix, fasten
-ptosis
drooping, falling, sagging
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-tomy
incision, cutting
脾萎缩
ｓｐｌｅｎｅｃｔｏｍｙ
脾切除术
ｓｐｌｅｎｏｃｅｌｅ
脾疝
ｓｐｌｅｎｏｍａｌａｃｉａ
&
脾软化
ｓｐｌｅｎｏｍｅｇａｌｙ
脾肿大
ｓｐｌｅｎｏｐｅｘｙ
脾固定术
ｓｐｌｅｎｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
’
脾下垂
ｓｐｌｅｎｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
脾出血
ｓｐｌｅｎｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
脾缝合术
ｓｐｌｅｎｏｔｏｍｙ
脾切开术
- 168 -
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Bleeding or hemorrhage from the spleen
a. splenocele
2. Incision into the spleen
b. splenomegaly
3. Surgery to remove the spleen
c. splenopexy
4. Softening of the spleen
d. splenoptosis
5. Atrophy or wasting of the spleen
e. splenorraphy
6. Herniation or swelling of the spleen
f. splenorrhagia
7. Enlargement of the spleen
g. splenotomy
8. Surgery to fix an ectopic or floating spleen
h. splenectomy
9. Suture of a ruptured spleen
i. splenomalacia
10. Prolapse or downward displacement of the spleen
j. splenatrophy
Unit 6
Terminology Presentation
ｔｈｒｏｍｂ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to a blood clot or thrombus
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｔｈｒｏｍｂａｓｔｈｅｎｉａ
-asthenia
lack of strength, weakness
-ectomy
excision, removal
arteri(o)-itis
arteries
inflammation
cyt(o)-penia
cell
lack, deficiency
cyt(o)-osis
cell
disease, abnormal condition
-oid
like, resembling
血小板功能不全
ｔｈｒｏｍｂｅｃｔｏｍｙ
血栓切除术
ｔｈｒｏｍｂｏａｒｔｅｒｉｔｉｓ
血栓动脉炎
ｔｈｒｏｍｂｏｃｙｔｏｐｅｎｉａ
血小板减少症
ｔｈｒｏｍｂｏｃｙｔｏｓｉｓ
血小板增多症
ｔｈｒｏｍｂｏｉｄ
- 169 -
似血栓的
ｔｈｒｏｍｂｏｌｙｓｉｓ
-lysis
destruction, dissolution
-pathy
disease, disorder
-poiesis
production, formation
-stasis
control, stop
血栓溶解
ｔｈｒｏｍｂｏｐａｔｈｙ
血小板紊乱
ｔｈｒｏｍｂｏｐｏｉｅｓｉｓ
血栓形成
ｔｈｒｏｍｂｏｓｔａｓｉｓ
血栓性郁血
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Arterial inflammation with thrombus formation
a. thrombocytopenia
2. An increase in the number of platelets in the blood
b. thrombopathy
3. The formation of clots or thrombi
c. thromboid
4. A decrease in the number of platelets in the blood
d. thrombectomy
5. Like or resembling a clot
e. thrombasthenia
6. Surgical removal of a blood clot from a blood vessel
f. thrombostasis
7. An abnormality of blood platelets
g. thromboarteritis
8. Dissolution or destruction of a thrombus
h. thrombocytosis
9. Local arrest of the circulation because of blood clots
i. thrombolysis
10. A disorder of blood platelets resulting in defective
thromboplastin
j. thrombopoiesis
Unit 7
Terminology Presentation
ｔｏｎｓｉｌｌ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to a tonsil or to the tonsils
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
- 170 -
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｔｏｎｓｉｌｌｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-centesis
surgical puncture
-dynia
pain
-lith
stone, concretion, calculus
-itis
inflammation
myc(o)-osis
fungus
disease, abnormal condition
-pathy
suffering, disease
-scope
viewing instrument
-tome
instrument for cutting
-tomy
incision, cutting
扁桃腺切除术
ｔｏｎｓｉｌｌｏｃｅｎｔｅｓｉｓ
扁桃体穿刺术
ｔｏｎｓｉｌｌｏｄｙｎｉａ
扁桃体痛
ｔｏｎｓｉｌｌｏｌｉｔｈ
扁桃体石
ｔｏｎｓｉｌｌｉｔｉｓ
扁桃腺炎
ｔｏｎｓｉｌｌｏｍｙｃｏｓｉｓ
扁桃体真菌病
ｔｏｎｓｉｌｌｏｐａｔｈｙ
扁桃体病
ｔｏｎｓｉｌｌｏｓｃｏｐｅ
扁桃体镜
ｔｏｎｓｉｌｌｏｔｏｍｅ
扁桃体刀
ｔｏｎｓｉｌｌｏｔｏｍｙ
扁桃体切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. An instrument used for visual examination of the tonsils
a. tonsillodynia
2. Disease of the tonsils
b. tonsillectomy
3. Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils
c. tonsillotome
4. A concretion or calculus in a tonsil
d. tonsillomycosis
5. Incision of a tonsil
e. tonsilloscope
- 171 -
6. Surgical puncture of the tonsils
f. tonsillopathy
7. A fungal infection of the tonsils
g. tonsillitis
8. Pain of the tonsils
h. tonsillolith
9. The surgical removal of the tonsils
i. tonsillotomy
10. An instrument for cutting away a hypertrophied tonsil
j. tonsillocentesis
Unit 8
Terminology Presentation
－（ａ）ｅｍｉａｏｒ –ｈ（ａ）ｅｍｉａ： a suffix meaning blood or the presence of a substance in the blood
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｎｅｍｉａ
an-
without, lack of
cyan(o)-
blue
hyperglyc(o)-
above, over, abundant
sugar, sweet
hypoglyc(o)-
below, deficient
sugar, sweet
hyperlip(o)-
above, over, abundant
fat, fatty, lipid
leuk(o)-
white
olig(o)-
few, scanty
polycyt(o)--
many, increase
cell
septic(o)-
sepsis, infection, poison
septic(o)-
sepsis, infection, poison
贫血
ｃｙａｎｅｍｉａ
青血症
ｈｙｐｅｒｇｌｙｃｅｍｉａ
!
高血糖
ｈｙｐｏｇｌｙｃｅｍｉａ
!
低血糖
ｈｙｐｅｒｌｉｐｉｄｅｍｉａ
!
高脂血
ｌｅｕｋｅｍｉａ
白血病
ｏｌｉｇｅｍｉａ
血量减少
ｐｏｌｙｃｙｔｈｅｍｉａ
红细胞增多症
ｓｅｐｔｉｃｅｍｉａ
败血症
ｓｅｐｔｉｃｏｐｙｅｍｉａ
- 172 -
py(o)-
pus, suppuration
脓毒败血症
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the
blood
a. cyanemia
2. An abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood
b. hypoglycemia
3. Deficiency in the volume of blood
c. hyperlipidemia
4. Abnormally high concentration of fat in the blood
d. hyperglycemia
5. Abnormally high blood sugar, usually associated with
diabetes
e. anemia
6. Reduction in the number of red blood cells in the blood
f. oligemia
7. A systemic disease caused by infection of virulent
microorganisms in the blood
g. septicopyemia
8. Pyemia and septicemia occurring together
h. leukemia
9. Bluishness of the blood
i. septicemia
10. Acute or chronic neoplastic disease caused by abnormal
proliferation of white blood cells
j. polycythemia
Unit 9
Terminology Presentation
－ｐｈｉｌ，－ｐｈｉｌｅｏｒ－ｐｈｉｌ（ｉａ）： a word termination denoting an abnormal affinity for something
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｃｉｄｏｐｈｉｌ
acid(o)-
acid
bas(o)-
base
cyt(o)-ic
cell
pertaining to
eosin(o)-
rose colored
嗜酸细胞
ｂａｓｏｐｈｉｌ
嗜碱细胞
ｃｙｔｏｐｈｉｌｉｃ
嗜细胞的
ｅｏｓｉｎｏｐｈｉｌ
- 173 -
嗜曙红细胞
ｅｒｙｔｈｒｏｐｈｉｌ
erythr(o)-
red or red blood cell
hem(o)-
blood
hydr(o)-
water
lip(o)-ic
fat, fatty, lipid
pertaining to
neutr(o)-
neither
polychromat(o)-
many
color
嗜红细胞
ｈｅｍｏｐｈｉｌｉａ
!
血友病
ｈｙｄｒｏｐｈｉｌｉａ
!
亲水性
ｌｉｐｏｐｈｉｌｉｃ
亲脂性的
ｎｅｕｔｒｏｐｈｉｌｉａ
’
中性白细胞增多
ｐｏｌｙｃｈｒｏｍａｔｏｐｈｉｌｉａ
嗜多色性细胞增多
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Having an affinity for cells
a. hemophilia
2. A hereditary blood-coagulation disorder in which the blood
fails to clot normally
3. A white blood cell, having granules that stain readily with
basic dyes
b. hydrophilia
4. A cell whose cytoplasm or granules stain with acid dyes
d. polychromatophilia
5. A cell that is easily stained red
e. basophil
6. A leukocyte readily stained with eosin
f. acidophil
7. An increase of neutrophilic white blood cells in blood or
tissues
g. erythrophil
8. A tendency of the blood and tissues to absorb fluid
h. eosinophil
9. Attracted to lipids, as in cell membranes
i. neutrophil
10. Affinity for more than one type of stain, especially for both
basic and acidic stains
j. cytophilic
- 174 -
c. lipiphilic
Some Related Terms of Hematopoietic and Lymphatic System
ＷＯＲＤ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｐｌａｓｍａ
The acellular liquid part of blood or lymph, in which formed
elements are suspended
$
血浆
ｓｅｒｕｍ
The clear liquid that separates from blood on clotting
血清
ａｇｒａｎｕｌｏｃｙｔｅ
A nongranular white blood cell
无粒白细胞
ｇｒａｎｕｌｏｃｙｔｅ
Leucocyte with conspicuous cytoplasmic granules
粒白细胞
ｍｏｎｏｃｙｔｅ
Mononuclear phagocyte circulating in blood that will later
emigrate into tissue and differentiate into a macrophage
单核细胞
ｌｅｕｋｏｃｙｔｅ
白细胞（白血球）
ｐｌａｔｅｌｅｔ
血小板
ｅｍｂｏｌｕｓ
Any of the colorless or white cells in the blood that have a
nucleus and cytoplasm and help protect the body from
infection and disease through specialized neutrophils,
lymphocytes, and monocytes
A minute, irregularly shaped, disklike cytoplasmic body
found in blood plasma that promotes blood clotting and has
no definite nucleus, no DNA, and no hemoglobin. Also called
blood platelet, thrombocyte.
A clot formed by platelets or leucocytes that blocks a blood
vessel
栓子，栓塞物
ｅｍｂｏｌｅｃｔｏｍｙ
Surgical removal of an obstructing clot which has been
transported from a distant vessel by the bloodstream
栓子切除术
ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｂｌｏｏｄｃｏｕｎｔ（ＣＢＣ）
(
The number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
are present in the patients sample of blood is determined
全血细胞计数
ｃｏａｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅ
The time required for blood to clot in a test tube
&
凝血时间
ａｎｔｉｃｏａｇｕｌａｎｔ
Any substance that prevents blood clotting
抗凝血剂
ｓａｎｇｕｉｎｅ
Characterized by abundance and active circulation of blood
"%
多血的
- 175 -
ｓａｎｇｕｉｎｅｏｕｓ
Of or pertaining to blood; constituting blood
"%
含血的
ｇｒａｆｔｒｅｊｅｃｔｉｏｎ
&
The donated bone marrow infused during a bone marrow
transplant is rejected by the patients¡flbody or does not take
移植排斥
ｇｒａｆｔｓｕｒｖｉｖａｌ
))
移植适应
ｇｒａｆｔ－ｖｅｒｓｕｓ－ｈｏｓｔｄｉｓｅａｓｅ
)
!
$$
The survival of a graft in a host, the factors responsible for
the survival and the changes occurring within the graft during
growth in the host
A reaction of donated bone marrow against a patient’s own
tissue
移植物抗宿主病
ａｐｌａｓｔｉｃａｎｅｍｉａ
再生障碍性贫血
ｓｉｃｋｌｅｃｅｌｌａｎｅｍｉａ
A form of anaemia occurs when the bone marrow ceases
sufficient red and white blood cell production, usually caused
by toxic exposures or neoplasm
A blood disease common in races of people in Africa and the
West Indies where malaria is endemic
镰状细胞贫血症
ｐｅｒｎｉｃｉｏｕｓａｎｅｍｉａ
&
恶性贫血
ＰｏｌｙＨｅｍｅ
!
人造血
ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓａｌｒｅｃｉｐｉｅｎｔ
)
A megaloblastic anemia that results when the bone marrow
fails to produce adequate numbers of red blood cells due to a
deficiency in vitamin B12
An oxygen-carrying blood substitute made from human
blood, requiring no cross-matching and available and
compatible with all blood types. Also called ¡ synthetic blood¡–
A person who has group AB blood and is therefore able to
receive blood from any other group in the ABO system
全适受血者
ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓａｌｄｏｎｏｒ
)
全适供血者
ａｕｔｏｌｏｇｏｕｓｂｌｏｏｄｄｏｎａｔｉｏｎ
(
&
A person who has group O blood and is therefore able to
serve as a donor to a person of any other blood group in the
ABO system
A process whereby the patient provides his or her own blood
prior to, during or immediately after the surgery
自体输血
- 176 -
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ１０ＲｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅＳｙｓｔｅｍＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ
Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
Reproductive system refers to the group of organs that are necessary for or that are accessory
to the reproductive processes. The basic units of sexual reproduction are the male and female germ
cells, the organs within which the germ cells of animals mature and are stored, the organs through
which they are transported in the process of producing a new individual, and accessory glandular
organs.
The male reproductive system is composed of the testes, genital ducts, accessory genital
glands, and the external genitalia: the penis and the scrotum. The primary role of the male
reproduction system is to produce the male gamete (sperm), the sex hormone testosterone, and
seminal fluid, a nutrient rich fluid that transports and nourishes the sperm as they pass through the
genital ducts
The female reproductive system consists of the paired ovaries and oviducts, the uterus,
vagina, (collectively, the ovaries and duct system are known as the internal genitalia, positioned
within the pelvic cavity), external genitalia, and paired mammary glands. The female reproductive
system functions to synthesize the female gametes, ova; produce the sex hormones estrogens and
progesterone; and provide a protective environment in which the embryo develops until birth.
Unit 1
Terminology Presentation (Male)
ａｎｄｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to male or man
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｎｄｒｏｇｅｎｉｃ
-genic
producing, generating
-cyte
cell
-blast
-oma
immature cell
tumor
gyn-ous
female
characterized by
galact(o)-z(e)mia
milk
loss
-gen
producer
产生男性特征的
ａｎｄｒｏｃｙｔｅ
精子细胞
ａｎｄｒｏｂｌａｓｔｏｍａ
足细胞瘤*睾丸+
ａｎｄｒｏｇｙｎｏｕｓ
两性的
ａｎｄｒｏｇａｌａｃｔｏｚｅｍｉａ
$
男子泌乳
ａｎｄｒｏｇｅｎ
- 177 -
雄激素
ａｎｄｒｏｌｏｇｙ
-logy
branch of learning
-pathy
disease
gyn(o)-
female
-phobia
fear
男科学
ａｎｄｒｏｐａｔｈｙ
男性病
ａｎｄｒｏｇｙｎｙ
两性畸形
ａｎｄｒｏｐｈｏｂｉａ
恐男症
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Male sex cell, especially an immature stage
a. andrology
2. A benign testicular tumor
b. androgyny
3. Having both male and female characteristics
c. androphobia
4. Any substance that promotes male sex hormone
d. androcyte
5. The secretion of milk from the male breast
e. androgenic
6. Morbid fear of men, or the male sex
f. androblastoma
7. Any disease or condition that affects only males
g. androgynous
8. A combination of male and female characteristics in one
person
h. androgen
9. Stimulating maleness
i. andropathy
10. Study of the diseases of the male sex, especially infertility and
sexual dysfunction
j. androgalactozemia
Unit 2
Terminology Presentation (Male)
ｂａｌａｎ（ｏ）－ a combining form indicating relationship to the glans penis
ｅｐｉｄｉｄｙｍ（ｏ）－ a combining form indicating relationship to the epididymis
- 178 -
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｂａｌａｎｏｃｅｌｅ
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
-plasty
plastic surgery
posth
-itis
prepuce
inflammation
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
posth
myc(o)-osis
-ectomy
prepuce
fungus
disease, abnormal condition
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
-graphy
process of recording
-plasty
plastic surgery
-tomy
incision, cutting
阴茎头囊肿
ｂａｌａｎｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
阴茎头成形术
ｂａｌａｎｏｐｏｓｔｈｉｔｉｓ
阴茎头包皮炎
ｂａｌａｎｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
阴茎头脓溢
ｂａｌａｎｏｐｏｓｔｈｏｍｙｃｏｓｉｓ
阴茎头霉菌病
ｅｐｉｄｉｄｙｍｅｃｔｏｍｙ
附睾切除术
ｅｐｉｄｉｄｙｍｉｔｉｓ
附睾炎
ｅｐｉｄｉｄｙｍｏｇｒａｐｈｙ
#
附睾造影术
ｅｐｉｄｉｄｙｍｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
附睾成形术
ｅｐｉｄｉｄｙｍｏｔｏｍｙ
附睾切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Inflammation of the glans penis and the prepuce
a. epididymotomy
2. Balanitis with free discharge of pus
b. balanoposthomycosis
3. A fungus infection of the entire external genitals
c. epididymitis
4. Operative removal of the epididymis
d. balanoplasty
- 179 -
5. Inflammation of the epididymis
e. epididymography
6. Incision into the epididymis
f. epididymoplasty
7. Plastic surgery of the glans penis
g. balanorrhagia
8. Radiography of the epididymis after injecting contrast medium
h. balanocele
9. Surgical repair of the epididymis
i. epididymectomy
10. Protrusion of the glans penis through a rupture of the prepuce
j. balanoposthitis
Unit 3
Terminology Presentation (Male)
ｏｒｃｈｉ（ｏ）－ｏｒｏｒｃｈｉｄ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the testes
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｏｒｃｈｉｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-ptosis
drooping, falling, sagging
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
-tomy
incision, cutting
-itis
inflammation
an-ism
without, lack of
state, condition, disease
crypt(o)-ism
hidden, concealed
state, condition, disease
mono-ism
single
state, condition, disease
poly-ism
many, much
state, condition, disease
睾丸切除术
ｏｒｃｈｉｄｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
睾丸下垂
ｏｒｃｈｉｏｃｅｌｅ
睾丸瘤
ｏｒｃｈｉｏｔｏｍｙ
睾丸切开术
ｏｒｃｈｉｔｉｓ
睾丸炎
ａｎｏｒｃｈｉｓｍ
$
无睾症
ｃｒｙｐｔｏｒｃｈｉｓｍ
$
隐睾症
ｍｏｎｏｒｃｈｉｓｍ
$
单睾症
ｐｏｌｙｏｒｃｈｉｓｍ
$
多睾症
- 180 -
ｓｙｎｏｒｃｈｉｓｍ
$
syn-ism
together, with, joined
state, condition, disease
睾丸粘连
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Surgical removal of one or both testes
a. orchidoptosis
2. A tumor of the testis
b. synorchism
3. Absence of the testes; may be congenital or acquired
c. monorchism
4. Incision into the testis
d. orchitis
5. Failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum
e. orchiotomy
6. Inflammation of the testis
f. polyorchism
7. The presence of one or more supernumerary testes
g. orchiectomy
8. Downward displacement of the testis
h. orchiocele
9. Congenital fusion of the testes in the abdomen or scrotum
i. anorchism
10. A condition in which only one testis is apparent, the other
being absent or undescended
j. cryptorchism
Unit 4
Terminology Presentation (Male)
ｏｓｃｈｅ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the scrotum
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｏｓｃｈｅａｌ
-al
pertaining to
-itis
inflammation
-iasis
dsease, abnormal condition
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
阴囊的
ｏｓｃｈｅｉｔｉｓ
阴囊炎
ｏｓｃｈｅｌｅｐｈａｎｔｉａｓｉｓ
阴囊象皮病
ｏｓｃｈｅｏｃｅｌｅ
- 181 -
阴囊疝
ｏｓｃｈｅｏｈｙｄｒｏｃｅｌｅ
!
hydr(o)-cele
water, fluid
hernia, swelling, tumor
-lith
stone, concretion, calculus
-oma
tumor
-plasty
plastic surgery
hemat(o)-cele
blood
hernia, swelling, tumor
ur(o)-cele
urine
hernia, swelling, tumor
阴囊积水
ｏｓｃｈｅｏｌｉｔｈ
阴囊结石
ｏｓｃｈｅｏｍａ
’
阴囊瘤
ｏｓｃｈｅｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
阴囊成形术
ｈｅｍａｔｏｓｃｈｅｏｃｅｌｅ
!
阴囊积血
ｕｒｏｓｃｈｅｏｃｅｌｅ
阴囊积尿
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Plastic surgery of the scrotum
a. hematoscheocele
2. Extravasations of urine into the scrotal sac
b. oscheoplasty
3. A concretion in the sebaceous glands of the scrotum
c. uroscheocele
4. Pertaining to the scrotum
d. oscheolith
5. An enlargement or elephantiasis of the scrotum
e. oscheal
6. A tumor of the scrotum
f. oschelephantiasis
7. Hernia or swelling of the scrotum
g. oscheoma
8. Inflammation of the scrotum
h. oscheocele
9. Hydrocele in the sac of the scrotum
i. oscheitis
10. A collection of blood within the scrotum
j. oscheohydrocele
- 182 -
Unit 5
Terminology Presentation (Male)
ｐｈａｌｌ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the
penis
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｐｈａｌｌｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
campsis
bending
crypsis
concealment
-dynia
pain
-oid
like, resembling
onc(o)-
tumor, mass, swelling
-plasty
plastic surgery
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
-tomy
incision, cutting
阴茎切除术
ｐｈａｌｌｉｔｉｓ
阴茎炎
ｐｈａｌｌｏｃａｍｐｓｉｓ
阴茎勃起弯曲
ｐｈａｌｌｏｃｒｙｐｓｉｓ
阴茎退缩
ｐｈａｌｌｏｄｙｎｉａ
阴茎痛
ｐｈａｌｌｏｉｄ
阴茎状的
ｐｈａｌｌｏｎｃｕｓ
"
阴茎肿
ｐｈａｌｌｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
阴茎成形术
ｐｈａｌｌｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
阴茎出血
ｐｈａｌｌｏｔｏｍｙ
阴茎切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Inflammation of the penis
a. phallocrypsis
- 183 -
2. Pain in the penis
b. phallitis
3. Curvature of the penis when erect
c. phallodynia
4. Retraction of the penis
d. phalloncus
5. A tumor or swelling of the penis
e. phalloplasty
6. Plastic surgery of the penis
f. phfallorrhagia
7. Discharge of blood from the penis
g. phalloid
8. Resembling in shape a penis
h. phallitis
9. Surgical incision into the penis
i. phallodynia
10. Surgical removal of the penis
j. phallocampsis
Unit 6
Terminology Presentation (Male)
ｐｒｏｓｔａｔｅ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the prostate gland
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｐｒｏｓｔａｔｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
cyst(o)-itis
sac, bladder
inflammation
cyst(o)-tomy
sac, bladder
incision, cutting
-dynia
pain
-lith
stone, concretion, calculus
lith(o)-tomy
stone, concretion, calculus
incision, cutting
-megaly
enlargement
前列腺切除术
ｐｒｏｓｔａｔｉｔｉｓ
前列腺炎
ｐｒｏｓｔａｔｏｃｙｓｔｉｔｉｓ
前列腺膀胱炎
ｐｒｏｓｔａｔｏｃｙｓｔｏｔｏｍｙ
前列腺膀胱切开术
ｐｒｏｓｔａｔｏｄｙｎｉａ
前列腺痛
ｐｒｏｓｔａｔｏｌｉｔｈ
前列腺结石
ｐｒｏｓｔａｔｏｌｉｔｈｏｔｏｍｙ
’
前列腺石切除术
ｐｒｏｓｔａｔｏｍｅｇａｌｙ
- 184 -
#
前列腺肥大
ｐｒｏｓｔａｔｏｒｒｈｅａ
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-tomy
incision, cutting
前列腺液溢
ｐｒｏｓｔａｔｏｔｏｍｙ
前列腺切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Surgical removal of the prostate or a part of it
a. prostatorrhea
2. Surgical incision of the prostate
b. prostatolithotomy
3. A prostatic calculus
c. prostatomegaly
4. A catarrhal discharge from the prostate
d. prostatitis
5. Incision of the prostate for removal of a calculus
e. prostatocystotomy
6. Enlargement of the prostate
f. prostatectomy
7. Pain in the prostate
g. prgostatotomy
8. Inflammation of the prostate
h. prostatolith
9. Incision through the prostate and the bladder wall
i. prostatocystitis
10. Inflammation of the prostate and the bladder
j. prostatodynia
Unit 7
Terminology Presentation (Male)
ｖａｓ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to duct carrying semen from testes
ｖｅｓｉｃｕｌ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to seminal vesicles
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｖａｓｏｌｉｇａｔｉｏｎ
ligation
biding, attaching
-ectomy
excision, removal
)
&
输精管结扎术
ｖａｓｅｃｔｏｍｙ
)
- 185 -
输精管切除术
ｖａｓｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-tomy
incision, cutting
-stomy
surgical opening
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
-gram
record
-graphy
process of recording
-tomy
incision, cutting
)$
输精管缝合术
ｖａｓｏｔｏｍｙ
)
输精管切开术
ｖａｓｏｖａｓｏｓｔｏｍｙ
)$
)
输精管吻合术
ｖｅｓｉｃｕｌｅｃｔｏｍｙ
)
精囊切除术
ｖｅｓｉｃｕｌｉｔｉｓ
)
精囊炎
ｖｅｓｉｃｕｌｏｇｒａｍ
)
#
精囊 X 线照片
ｖｅｓｉｃｕｌｏｇｒａｐｈｙ
)#
精囊造影术
ｖｅｓｉｃｕｌｏｔｏｍｙ
)
精囊切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Incision into or cutting of the vas deferens
a. vesiculography
2. Surgical ligation of the vas deferens as a means of sterilization
b. vasectomy
3. Surgical removal of the vas deferens, or a portion of it
c. vasotomy
4. Suture of a vessel or the vas deferens, or a portion of it
d. vesiculotomy
5. Resection of a portion or all of each of the seminal vesicles
e. vesiculogram
6. Inflammation of a seminal vesicle
f. vasovasostomy
7. Surgical incision of the seminal vesicles
g. vasorrhaphy
8. Radiographic contrast study of the seminal vesicles
h. vesiculectomy
- 186 -
9. Examination of the seminal vesicles by using X-rays
i. vesiculitis
10. Surgical creation of a passage to restore fertility for a
vasectomized man
j. vasoligation
Unit 8
Terminology Presentation (Female)
ａｍｎｉ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the inner fetal membrane
ｆｅｔ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the fetus
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｍｎｉｏｃｅｎｔｅｓｉｓ
-centesis
surgical puncture
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-rrhexis
rupture
-scopy
visual examination
-tomy
incision, cutting
-cide
death, killer
-logy
branch of learning
-metry
measurement
-pathy
disease
-scope
viewing instrument
羊水穿刺
ａｍｎｉｏｒｒｈｅａ
破水
ａｍｎｉｏｒｒｈｅｘｉｓ
羊膜破裂
ａｍｎｉｏｓｃｏｐｙ
羊膜腔镜检
ａｍｎｉｏｔｏｍｙ
羊膜腔切开术
ｆｅｔｉｃｉｄｅ
毁胎
ｆｅｔｏｌｏｇｙ
胎儿学
ｆｅｔｏｍｅｔｒｙ
胎儿测量
ｆｅｔｏｐａｔｈｙ
胎儿异常
ｆｅｔｏｓｃｏｐｅ
胎儿镜
- 187 -
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Sampling of the fluid in the amniotic sac by inserting a needle
through the abdominal wall into the uterus
a. fetometry
2. Rupture of the amniotic membrane
b. feticide
3. Examination of the amniotic cavity and fetus using an optical
instrument that is inserted into the amniotic cavity
c. amniotomy
4. A morbid condition in the embryo or fetus
d. amniorrhea
5. The medical study and treatment of the fetus, especially within
the uterus
6. Estimation of the size of the fetus, especially of its head, prior
to delivery
e. fetoscope
7. Destruction of the embryo or fetus in the uterus
g. amniorrhexis
8. Surgical rupture of the fetal membranes to induce labor
h. amnioscopy
9. Escape of amniotic fluid
i. fetopathy
10. A flexible fiber-optic device used to view a fetus in utero
j. fetology
f. amniocentesis
Unit 9
Terminology Presentation (Female)
ｃｅｒｖｉｃ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting the cervix uteri
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃｅｒｖｉｃｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
colp(o)-itis
vagina
inflammation
-dynia
pain
-graphy
process of recording
)
子宫颈切除术
ｃｅｒｖｉｃｉｔｉｓ
)
子宫颈炎
ｃｅｒｖｉｃｏｃｏｌｐｉｔｉｓ
)
子宫颈阴道炎
ｃｅｒｖｉｃｏｄｙｎｉａ
)
子宫颈痛
ｃｅｒｖｉｃｏｇｒａｐｈｙ
)
- 188 -
子宫颈造影术
ｃｅｒｖｉｃｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
-plasty
plastic surgery
-tomy
incision, cutting
vagin-al
vagin
pertaining to
vagin-itis
vagin
inflammation
vesic-al
bladder, sac
pertaining to
)
子宫颈成形术
ｃｅｒｖｉｃｏｔｏｍｙ
)
子宫颈切开术
ｃｅｒｖｉｃｏｖａｇｉｎａｌ
)
)
子宫颈阴道的
ｃｅｒｖｉｃｏｖａｇｉｎｉｔｉｓ
)
)
子宫颈阴道炎
ｃｅｒｖｉｃｏｖｅｓｉｃａｌ
)
)
子宫颈膀胱的
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Incision into the cervix uteri
a. cervicitis
2. Pertaining to the cervix uteri and vagina
b. cervicovesical
3. Plastic surgery on the neck or on the cervix of the uterus
c. cervicography
4. Inflammation of the cervix uteri and vagina
d. cervicodynia
5. Excision of cervix uteri
e. cervicotomy
6. Inflammation involving both the cervix uteri and vagina
f. cervicovaginal
7. Pain of the cervix uteri
g. cervicoplasty
8. Inflammation of the cervix uteri
h. cervicocolpitis
9. Pertaining to the cervix uteri and the urinary bladder
i. cervicectomy
10. Roentgenogram or X-ray picture of the uterine cervix
j. cervicovaginitis
Unit 10
Terminology Presentation (Female)
ｃｏｌｐ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the vagina
- 189 -
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃｏｌｐｅｃｔａｓｉｓ
-ectasis
dilatation, expansion
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
-plasty
plastic surgery
-ptosis
drooping, falling, sagging
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-rrhexis
rupture
-stenosis
narrowing
peri-itis
around, surrounding
inflammation
阴道扩张
ｃｏｌｐｅｃｔｏｍｙ
阴道切除术
ｃｏｌｐｉｔｉｓ
阴道炎
ｃｏｌｐｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
阴道成形术
ｃｏｌｐｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
阴道下垂
ｃｏｌｐｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
阴道出血
ｃｏｌｐｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
阴道缝合术
ｃｏｌｐｏｒｒｈｅｘｉｓ
’
阴道破裂
ｃｏｌｐｏｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓ
’
阴道狭窄
ｐｅｒｉｃｏｌｐｉｔｉｓ
阴道周围组织炎
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Dilatation or distention of the vagina
a. colporrhexis
2. Plastic surgical repair of the vagina
b. colpostenosis
3. Downward displacement of the vaginal wall
c. colpoplasty
4. Excision of the vagina.
d. pericolpitis
- 190 -
5. Suture of the vagina
e. colpoptosis
6. Inflammation of the vagina
f. colpectomy
7. Vaginal hemorrhage
g. colporrhaphy
8. Laceration of the vagina
h. colpitis
9. Contraction or narrowing of the vagina
i. colporrhagia
10. Inflammation of the connective tissue around the vagina
j. colpectasis
Unit 11
Terminology Presentation (Female)
ｅｐｉｓｉ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to vulva and perineum
ｈｙｍｅｎ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the hymen
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｅｐｉｓｉｏｈｅｍａｔｏｍａ
hemat(o)-oma
blood
tumor
-plasty
plastic surgery
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-stenosis
narrowing
-tomy
incision, cutting
-ectomy
excision, revomal
-itis
inflammation
-oid
like, resembling
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
$
!
外阴血肿
ｅｐｉｓｉｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
$
外阴成形术
ｅｐｉｓｉｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
$
外阴缝合术
ｅｐｉｓｉｏｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓ
$
’
阴道口狭窄
ｅｐｉｓｉｏｔｏｍｙ
$
会阴切开术
ｈｙｍｅｎｅｃｔｏｍｙ
!
处女膜切除术
ｈｙｍｅｎｉｔｉｓ
!
处女膜炎
ｈｙｍｅｎｏｉｄ
!
似处女膜的
ｈｙｍｅｎｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
!
- 191 -
处女膜缝合术
ｈｙｍｅｎｏｔｏｍｙ
-tomy
incision, cutting
!
处女膜切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Plastic surgery of the vulva
a. episiorrhaphy
2. Suture of the hymen
b. hymenoid
3. A collection of blood of the vulva
c. episiotomy
4. Narrowing of the vulva orifice
d. episioplasty
5. Surgical division of a hymen
e. hymenorrhaphy
6. Inflammation of the hymen
f. episiohematoma
7. Excision of the hymen
g. episiostenosis
8. Repair of a lacerated vulva or an episiotomy
h. hymenotomy
9. Resembling the hymen
i. hymenitis
10. Incision of the perineum during childbirth to ease delivery
j. hymenectomy
Unit 12
Terminology Presentation (Female)
ｇｙｎ（ｏ）－ｏｒｇｙｎｅｃ（ｏ）－ a combining form meaning women or the female
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｇｙｎａｅｏｌａｔｒｙ
-latry
worship
andr-oid
man, male
like, resembling
andrmorph(o)-ous
-iatry
man, male
form, shape, structure
characterized by
medical treatment
女性崇拜
ｇｙｎａｎｄｒｏｉｄ
#
男化女人
ｇｙｎａｎｄｒｏｍｏｒｐｈｏｕｓ
两性畸形的
ｇｙｎｅｃｏｉａｔｒｙ
- 192 -
妇科治疗学
ｇｙｎｅｃｏｌｏｇｙ
-logy
branch of learning
mast(o)-ia
breast, mammary gland
disease, pathological condition
-logist
specialist
-pathy
disease
-phobia
fear
-plasty
plastic surgery
妇科医学
ｇｙｎｅｃｏｍａｓｔｉａ
男性乳腺过度发育
ｇｙｎｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｓｔ
妇科医生
ｇｙｎｏｐａｔｈｙ
#
妇科病
ｇｙｎｏｐｈｏｂｉａ
#
恐女症
ｇｙｎｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
#
女性生殖器成形术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Medical treatment for the female disorders or diseases
a. gynandroid
2. A morbid fear or hatred of women
b. gynaeolatry
3. Plastic surgery of the female reproductive organs
c. gynecoiatry
4. Specialist in treating female disorders
d. gynoplasty
5. Enlargement of the breasts in boys during adolescence
e. gynecologist
6. Any disease of women
f. gynaecomastia
7. The branch of medicine treating diseases of women
g. gynopathy
8. Having both male and female characteristics
h. gynophobia
9. The adoration or worship of woman
i. gynecology
10. A female exhibiting physical characteristics of a male
j. gynandromorphous
- 193 -
Unit 13
Terminology Presentation (Female)
ｈｙｓｔｅｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting the relationship to the uterus
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｈｙｓｔｅｒａｔｒｅｓｉａ
a-tresia
without, lack of
opening, hole
-algia
pain
-ectomy
excision, removal
-cleisis
closure, occlusion
my(o)-oma
muscle
tumor
-ptosis
drooping, falling, sagging
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-rrhexis
rupture
-scopy
visual examination
-spasm
contraction
!
$
子宫闭锁
ｈｙｓｔｅｒａｌｇｉａ
!
子宫痛
ｈｙｓｔｅｒｅｃｔｏｍｙ
!
子宫切除术
ｈｙｓｔｅｒｏｃｌｅｉｓｉｓ
!
宫体闭合术
ｈｙｓｔｅｒｏｍｙｏｍａ
!
子宫肌瘤
ｈｙｓｔｅｒｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
!
子宫脱垂
ｈｙｓｔｅｒｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
!
子宫缝合术
ｈｙｓｔｅｒｏｒｒｈｅｘｉｓ
!
子宫破裂
ｈｙｓｔｅｒｏｓｃｏｐｙ
!
宫腔镜检查
ｈｙｓｔｅｒｏｓｐａｓｍ
!
$
子宫痉挛
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Removal or excision of the uterus
a. hysteromyoma
- 194 -
2. Surgical closure of the uteri
b. hysterorrhaphy
3. The occurence of pain in the uterus
c. hysteroptosis
4. Rupture of the uterus
d. hysteroscopy
5. A leiomyoma of the uterus
e. hysterospasm
6. The operation of suturing of the lacerated uterus
f. hysteratresia
7. Downward displacement of the uterus
g. hysterectomy
8. Visual inspection of the uterine cavity with an endoscope
h. hysterocleisis
9. A uterine spasm
i. hysteralgia
10. Atresia of the uterine cavity, resulting from inflammatory
endocervical adhesions
j. hysterorrhexis
Unit 14
Terminology Presentation (Female)
ｍａｍｍ（ｏ）－a combining form denoting relationship to the breast
ｍａｍｍｉｌ－ a combining form denoting relationship to the nipple
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｍａｍｍａｌｇｉａ
-algia
pain
-plasty
plastic surgery
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
-gram
record
-graphy
process of recording
-plasia
growth, development
乳腺痛
ｍａｍｍａｐｌａｓｔｙ
乳房成形术
ｍａｍｍｅｃｔｏｍｙ
乳房切除术
ｍａｍｍｉｔｉｓ
乳腺炎
ｍａｍｍｏｇｒａｍ
乳房 X 线照片
ｍａｍｍｏｇｒａｐｈｙ
乳房 X 线照相术
ｍａｍｍｏｐｌａｓｉａ
$
乳腺增生
- 195 -
ｍａｍｍｏｔｏｍｙ
-tomy
incision, cutting
-plasty
plastic surgery
-itis
inflammation
乳房切开术
ｍａｍｍｉｌｌｉｐｌａｓｔｙ
乳头成形术
ｍａｍｍｉｌｌｉｔｉｓ
乳头炎
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1.
Reconstructive or cosmetic plastic surgery to alter the size or
shape of the breast
a. mammogram
2.
The development of breast tissue
b. mammillitis
3.
Pain in the breast
c. mammitis
4.
Inflammation of the breast
d. mammotomy
5.
Radiographic examination of the breast for diagnosis
e. mammectomy
6.
Inflammation of the nipple
f. mammography
7.
Plastic surgery of the nipple and the areola of the breast
g. mammaplasty
8.
Surgical incision of the breast
h. mammoplasia
9.
Surgical removal of the breast
i. mammalgia
10. An X-ray image of the breast produced by mammography
j. mammilliplasty
Unit 15
Terminology Presentation (Female)
ｍａｓｔ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the breast or the mammary gland
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｍａｓｔａｔｒｏｐｈｙ
a-trophy
without, lack of
nutrition, growth
-ectomy
excision, removal
乳腺萎缩
ｍａｓｔｅｃｔｏｍｙ
- 196 -
乳房切除术
ｍａｓｔｈｅｌｃｏｓｉｓ
helcosis
ulceration
-it is
inflammation
carcin(o)-oma
cancer, cancerous
tumor
-menia
menstruation
-pexy
fix, fasten
-plasia
growth, development
-ptosis
drooping, falling, sagging
-tomy
incision, cutting
!
乳房溃疡
ｍａｓｔｉｔｉｓ
乳腺炎
ｍａｓｔｏｃａｒｃｉｎｏｍａ
乳腺癌
ｍａｓｔｏｍｅｎｉａ
乳房倒经
ｍａｓｔｏｐｅｘｙ
乳房固定术
ｍａｓｔｏｐｌａｓｉａ
$
乳房组织增生
ｍａｓｔｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
乳房下垂
ｍａｓｔｏｔｏｍｙ
乳房切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Plastic surgery to correct a sagging breast
a. masthelcosis
2. Incision into the breast
b. mastoplasia
3. Surgery to remove the breast
c. mastatrophy
4. Ptosis or sagging of the breast
d. mastocarcinoma
5. Ulceration of the breast or mammary gland
e. mastopexy
6. Enlargement of the breast
f. mastomy
7. Inflammation of the breast
g. mastomenia
8. Atrophy or wasting of breast
h. mastectomy
- 197 -
9. Breast cancer or carcinoma
i. mastoptosis
10. Discharge of blood from the breast during a menstrual period
j. mastitis
Unit 16
Terminology Presentation (Female)
ｍｅｎ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the menstruation or menses
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｍｅｎａｌｇｉａ
-algia
pain
arch-
primitive, earlier
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
pause
cessation
plania
deviation
-schesis
check, suppression
a-rrhea
without, lack of
flow, discharge
dys-rrhea
bad, difficult, painful
flow, discharge
hyper-rrhea
above, over, abundant
flow, discharge
hypo-rrhea
below, deficient
flow, discharge
痛经
ｍｅｎａｒｃｈｅ
月经初潮
ｍｅｎｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
月经过多
ｍｅｎｏｐａｕｓｅ
$
绝经期，更年期
ｍｅｎｏｐｌａｎｉａ
代偿性月经
ｍｅｎｏｓｃｈｅｓｉｓ
经闭
ａｍｅｎｏｒｒｈｅａ
无月经
ｄｙｓｍｅｎｏｒｒｈｅａ
月经困难
ｈｙｐｅｒｍｅｎｏｒｒｈｅａ
!
月经过多
ｈｙｐｏｍｅｎｏｒｒｈｅａ
!
月经过少
- 198 -
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. The cessation of menstruation occurring around the age of 50
a. menarche
2. Metastasis of the menses or vicarious menstruation
b. menalgia
3. Suppression of menstruation
c. hypermenorrhoea
4. Irregular or excessive bleeding during menstruation
d. hypomenorrhoea
5. Difficult or painful menstruation
e. menopause
6. The establishment or beginning of the menstrual function
f. dysmenorrhea
7. Pain accompanying menstruation
g. menoplania
8. Abnormally heavy or extended menstrual flow
h. menoschesis
9. A lack of the monthly flow or menstruation
i. menometrorrhagia
10. A diminution of the flow or a shortening of the duration of
menstruation
j. amenorrhea
Unit 17
Terminology Presentation (Female)
ｍｅｔｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the uterus
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｍｅｔｒａｔｏｎｉａ
a-tonia
without, lack of
state of tonicity
cyst(o)-osis
sac, bladder
disease, abnormal condition
-dynia
pain
fibr(o)-oma
fibrous
tumor
peri-itis
around, surrounding
inflammation
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
’
宫缩乏力
ｍｅｔｒｏｃｙｓｔｏｓｉｓ
’
子宫囊肿
ｍｅｔｒｏｄｙｎｉａ
子宫痛
ｍｅｔｒｏｆｉｂｒｏｍａ
子宫纤维瘤
ｍｅｔｒｏｐｅｒｉｔｏｎｉｔｉｓ
子宫周围炎
ｍｅｔｒｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
- 199 -
子宫出血
ｍｅｔｒｏｒｒｈｅａ
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-stenosis
narrowing
endo-osis
within, inside
disease, abnormal condition
endo-itis
within, inside
inflammation
子宫液溢
ｍｅｔｒｏｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓ
’
宫腔狭窄
ｅｎｄｏｍｅｔｒｉｏｓｉｓ
子宫内膜异位
ｅｎｄｏｍｅｔｒｉｔｉｓ
子宫内膜炎
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. A narrowing of the uterine cavity
a. metrorrhagia
2. Lack of tone or flaccidity of the uterine walls after childbirth
b. endometritis
3. A discharge, especially of mucus or pus, from the uterus
c. metrofibroma
4. Pain in the uterus
d. metratonia
5. A condition characterized by the abnormal presence of
endometrial tissue located outside the uterus
e. metrocystosis
6. A fibroma of the uterus
f. endometriosis
7. Inflammation of the uterus and its peritoneal covering
g. metrorrhea
8. Formation of cysts in the uterus
h. metrodynia
9. Uterine bleeding
i. metroperitonitis
10. Inflammation of the endometrium
j. metrostenosis
Unit 18
Terminology Presentation (Female)
ｏｍｐｈａｌ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to umbilicus or navel
ｐｅｒｉｎｅ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to perineum
- 200 -
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｏｍｐｈａｌｅｌｃｏｓｉｓ
-helcosis
ulceration
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
-pagus
conjoined twins
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
-rrhexis
rupture
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
-meter
measuring instrument
-plasty
plastic surgery
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-tomy
incision, cutting
脐溃疡
ｏｍｐｈａｌｏｃｅｌｅ
脐疝
ｏｍｐｈａｌｏｐａｇｕｓ
#
脐带联胎
ｏｍｐｈａｌｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
脐出血
ｏｍｐｈａｌｏｒｒｈｅｘｉｓ
脐破裂
ｐｅｒｉｎｅｏｃｅｌｅ
会阴膨出
ｐｅｒｉｎｅｏｍｅｔｅｒ
会阴收缩力计
ｐｅｒｉｎｅｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
会阴成形术
ｐｅｒｉｎｅｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
会阴缝合术
ｐｅｒｉｎｅｏｔｏｍｙ
会阴尿道造口术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Rupture of the umbilical cord during childbirth
a. perineoplasty
2. A hernial protruding in the perineal region
b. omphalocele
3. The operation of sewing up a ruptured perineum
c. omphalelcosis
4. Urethrostomy through the perineum
d. perineometer
- 201 -
5. Conjoined twins united at their umbilical regions
e. omphalorrhexis
6. Bleeding from the umbilicus
f. perineocele
7. The act or process of restoring an injured perineum
g. perineorrhaphy
8. A hernia at the navel
h. perineotomy
9. Ulceration at the umbilicus
i. omphalopagus
10. Instrument for measuring the strength of voluntary muscle
contractions of the perineum
j. omphalorrhagia
Unit 19
Terminology Presentation (Female)
ｏｏｐｈｏｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the ovary
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｏｏｐｈｏｒｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
cyst(o)-ectomy
sac, bladder
excision, removal
cyst(o)-osis
sac, bladder
disease, abnormal condition
-oma
tumor
-pexy
fix, fasten
-plasty
plastic surgery
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
-stomy
surgical opening
卵巢切除术
ｏｏｐｈｏｒｉｔｉｓ
卵巢炎
ｏｏｐｈｏｒｏｃｙｓｔｅｃｔｏｍｙ
卵巢囊肿切除术
ｏｏｐｈｏｒｏｃｙｓｔｏｓｉｓ
卵巢囊肿形成
ｏｏｐｈｏｒｏｍａ
卵巢肿瘤
ｏｏｐｈｏｒｏｐｅｘｙ
卵巢固定术
ｏｏｐｈｏｒｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
卵巢成形术
ｏｏｐｈｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
卵巢出血
ｏｏｐｈｏｒｏｓｔｏｍｙ
- 202 -
卵巢造口引流术
ｏｏｐｈｏｒｏｔｏｍｙ
-tomy
incision, cutting
卵巢切开术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Excision or surgical removal of an ovary
a. oophorrhagia
2. Tumor of the ovary
b. oophoroplasty
3. The formation and development of an ovarian cyst
c. oophorostomy
4. Hemorrhage or bleeding from an ovary
d. oophoritis
5. Plastic surgery on the ovary
e. oophoropexy
6. A surgical opening into an ovarian cyst to provide drainage
f. oophorocystectomy
7. Inflammation of an ovary
g. oophorotomy
8. Surgical fixation or suspension of an ovary
h. oophorectomy
9. Excision of an ovarian cyst
i. oophoroma
10. Incision into an ovary, as to perform a biopsy
j. oophorocystosis
Unit 20
Terminology Presentation (Female)
ｐａｒｔ（ｏ）－／ｐａｒｔｕｒ（ｏ）－ｏｒ –ｐａｒａ： combining form denoting bear, give birth, or labor
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｎｔｅｐａｒｔｕｍ
ante-
before
intra-
within, inside, during
post-
after
-facient
causing, bringing about
分娩前的，产前的
ｉｎｔｒａｐａｒｔｕｍ
分娩期的
ｐｏｓｔｐａｒｔｕｍ
产后的
ｐａｒｔｕｒｉｆａｃｉｅｎｔ
- 203 -
&
催产素
ｐａｒｔｕｒｉｏｍｅｔｅｒ
-meter
measuring instrument
-phobia
fear
bi-
two
multi-
many
null
zero
prim-
first
宫缩测量计
ｐａｒｔｕｒｉｐｈｏｂｉａ
分娩恐惧症
ｂｉｐａｒａ
二产妇
ｍｕｌｔｉｐａｒａ
(
经产妇
ｎｕｌｌｉｐａｒａ
未产妇
ｐｒｉｍｉｐａｒａ
初产妇
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. A drug inducing or accelerating childbirth
a. nullipara
2. After childbirth or after delivery
b. intrapartum
3. A woman who has given birth two or more times
c. parturiometer
4. A woman who has given birth for the first time
d. parturiphobia
5. Of or occurring in the period before childbirth
e. multipara
6. A woman who has never given birth
f. parturifacient
7. During labor and delivery or childbirth
g. postpartum
8. Device for determining the force of the uterine contractions in
childbirth
h. bipara
9. The fear of childbirth
i. primipara
10. A woman who has had two or more pregnancies
j. antepartum
- 204 -
Unit 21
Terminology Presentation (Female)
ｓａｌｐｉｎｇ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the fallopian tube
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｓａｌｐｉｎｇｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-emphraxis
stoppage, obstruction
-itis
inflammation
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
-graphy
process of recording
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-scopy
visual examination
-stomy
surgical opening
-tomy
incision, cutting
hemat(o)-
blood
输卵管切除术
ｓａｌｐｉｎｇｅｍｐｈｒａｘｉｓ
输卵管阻塞
ｓａｌｐｉｎｇｉｔｉｓ
"
输卵管炎
ｓａｌｐｉｎｇｏｃｅｌｅ
"#
输卵管膨出
ｓｌｐｉｎｇｏｇｒａｐｈｙ
"
输卵管造影术
ｓａｌｐｉｎｇｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
"
输卵管缝合术
ｓａｌｐｉｎｇｏｓｃｏｐｙ
"
输卵管镜检
ｓａｌｐｉｎｇｏｓｔｏｍｙ
"
输卵管造口术
ｓａｌｐｉｎｇｏｔｏｍｙ
"
输卵管切开术
ｈｅｍａｔｏｓａｌｐｉｎｘ
!
"
输卵管积血
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Visual examination of the fallopian tube
a. salpingostomy
- 205 -
2. Inflammation of the fallopian tube
b. salpingoscopy
3. Hernial protrusion of the fallopian tube
c. salpingitis
4. Surgical incision into the fallopian tube
d. salpingectomy
5. A collection of blood in the fallopian tube
e. salpingotomy
6. Surgical removal of the fallopian tube
f. salpingocele
7. Roentgenogram or X-ray picture of the fallopian
g. hematosalpinx
8. Obstruction of a fallopian tube
h. slpingography
9. Suture or surgical repair of the fallopian tube
i. salpingemphraxis
10. Surgical opening into a blockage of the fallopian tube
j. salpingorrhaphy
Some Related Terms of Male Reproductive System
ＷＯＲＤ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｐｕｂｅｒｔｙ
The stage of adolescence in which an individual becomes
physiologically capable of sexual reproduction
*+
青春期
ｃｏｉｔｕｓ
Sexual union between a male and a female involving
insertion of the penis into the vagina
性交
ｏｒｇａｓｍ
$
The moment of greatest pleasure and excitement in sexual
activity
性高潮
ｃｏｎｄｏｍ
避孕套
ｓｅｍｅｎ
A close-fitting rubber covering worn by a man over the
penis during sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy and the
spread of sexually transmitted diseases
The thick white fluid containing sperm that a male
ejaculates
精子
ｅｊａｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎ
&
A sudden act of ejection, especially to discharge semen in
orgasm
射精
ｅｒｅｃｔｉｌｅ
Capable of being raised to an upright position
能勃起的
ｐｒｉａｐｉｓｍ
$
Persistent, usually painful erection of the penis, especially as
a consequence of disease and not related to sexual arousal
阴茎异常勃起
ｐｅｎｉｌｅ
Of or relating to the penis
- 206 -
阴茎的
ｆｏｒｅｓｋｉｎ
The loose fold of skin that covers the glans of the penis.
Also called prepuce.
包皮
ｐｒｅｐｕｃｅ
A covering fold of skin of the preputium penis
阴茎包皮
Ｌｅｙｄｉｇ ’
ｓｃｅｌｌｓ
A cell in the testes that secretes the hormone testosterone
#$
莱氏细胞
ｃｏｒｐｕｓｃａｖｅｒｎｏｓｕｍ
)
$
海绵体
ｃｏｒｐｕｓｓｐｏｎｇｉｏｓｕｍ
(
$
尿道海绵体
ｅｕｎｕｃｈｉｓｍ
’
$
Either of two parallel columns of erectile tissue forming the
body of the clitoris in women and the dorsal part of the body
of the penis in men
A column of erectile tissue in the center of the penis and
surrounding the urethra that, together with the corpora
cavernosa, produces an erection when filled with blood
The condition of being a eunuch or of having undeveloped
sexual organs in which testicular hormones are not produced
阉病，无睾症
ｃｉｒｃｕｍｃｉｓｉｏｎ
The surgical removal of end of the prepuce of the penis
包皮环切术
ｉｍｐｏｔｅｎｃｅ
The inability to achieve or maintain an erection of his penis
阳痿
ｅｒｅｃｔｉｌｅｄｙｓｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ
("&
The inability to achieve penile erection or to maintain an
erection until ejaculation. Also called impotence
性功能障碍
ｓｔｅｒｉｌｉｔｙ
The state of being unable to produce offspring; an inability
to impregnate
不育症
ｇｏｎｏｒｒｈｅａ
淋病
ｃｈａｎｃｒｅ
&"
A sexually transmitted disease caused by gonococcal
bacteria that results in inflammation of genital mucous
membrane, burning pain when urinating, and a discharge
A dull red, hard, insensitive lesion that is the first
manifestation of syphilis
下疳
ｓｙｐｈｉｌｉｓ
梅毒
ｃｈｌａｍｙｄｉａ
衣原体感染性病
A serious sexully tranmitted disease caused by the spirally
twisted bacterium Treponema pallidum that affects many
body organs and parts, including the genitals
Any of several common, often asymptomatic, sexually
transmitted diseases caused by the microorganism
Chlamydia trachomatis
- 207 -
ｃｏｎｄｙｌｏｍａ
A wartlike growth on the skin or mucous membrane, usually
in the area of the anus or the external genital organs
湿疣
ｇｅｎｉｔａｌｗａｒｔ
%
尖锐湿疣
ｇｅｎｉｔａｌｈｅｒｐｅｓ
!
$
生殖器疱疹
ＳＴＤ
（ｓｅｘｕａｌｌｙｔｒａｎｓｍｉｔｅｄｄｉｓｅａｓｅ）
$$$
A wart of the genital or anal area caused by a sexually
transmitted virus. Also called condyloma acuminatum,
venereal wart.
A highly contagious, sexually transmitted viral infection
caused by herpesvirus type two and characterized by painful
lesions in the genital and anal regions
Any of various diseases, including chancroid, chlamydia,
gonorrhea, and syphilis, that are usually contracted through
sexual intercourse or other intimate sexual contact
性传染病
Ｋｌｉｎｅｆｅｌｔｅｒ＇ｓｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ
$
克氏综合征
A genetic disorder that afflicts some males and is
characterized by tall stature, infertility, abnormal breast
tissue development and small reproductive organs. Also
called XXY syndrome.
Some Related Terms of Female Reproductive System
ＷＯＲＤ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
Ｇｒａａｆｉａｎｆｏｌｌｉｃｌｅ
Any of the fluid-filled vesicles in the mammalian ovary
containing a maturing ovum
格拉夫卵泡
ｃｏｒｐｕｓｌｕｔｅｕｍ
A yellow, progesterone-secreting mass of cells that forms
from an ovarian follicle after the release of a mature egg
黄体
ｏｖｕｌａｔｉｏｎ
)&
The expulsion of an ovum from the ovary (usually midway
in the menstrual cycle)
排卵
ｉｎｓｅｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ
The introduction of semen into the genital tract of a female
&
授精
ｉｎｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｔｙ
The persistent inability to conceive a child
不孕
ｉｎｔｒａｕｔｅｒｉｎｅｄｅｖｉｃｅ
（ＩＵＤ）
)
A birth control device, such as a plastic or metallic loop,
ring, or spiral, that is inserted into the uterus to prevent
implantation
宫内节育器
ｉｎｔｒｏｉｔｕｓ
Entrance or opening to a hollow organ or tube, especially
the vaginal opening
阴道口
- 208 -
ｌａｂｉａ
Any of four lip-shaped folds of tissue of the female external
genitalia
阴唇
ｃｌｉｍａｃｔｅｒｉｃ
更年期
ｍｉｔｔｅｌｓｃｈｍｅｒｚ
&,
A period of life characterized by physiological and psychic
change that marks the end of the reproductive capacity of
women and terminates with the completion of menopause
Pain in the area of the ovary that is felt at the time of
ovulation (usually midway through the menstrual cycle)
经间痛
ｅｓｔｒｏｇｅｎ
雌激素
ｄｏｕｃｈｅ
&
冲洗液
ｃｕｒｅｔｔａｇｅ
清宫术
ｃｏｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ
$&
A steroid hormone, produced chiefly in the ovaries, that
stimulates estrus and the development of female secondary
sex characteristics
A stream of water, often containing medicinal or cleansing
agents, that is applied to a body part or cavity for hygienic
or therapeutic purposes
The removal of tissue or growths from the interior of a body
cavity, such as the uterus, by scraping with a curette. Also
called curettement.
The excision of a cone of tissue, such as the mucosa of the
uterine cervix
宫颈锥形切除术
ｍａｒｓｕｐｉａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ
$&
袋形缝合术
ｖａｇｉｎａｌｓｐｅｃｕｌｕｍ
)
阴道扩张器
ａｎｔｅｆｌｅｘｅｄｕｔｅｒｕｓ
Surgical alteration of a cyst or similar enclosed cavity by
making an incision and suturing the flaps to the adjacent
tissue, creating a pouch
A medical instrument for dilating a bodily passage or cavity
such as vaginal in order to examine the interior, usually
disposable
A displacement forward of the uterus, in such manner that
its axis is bent upon itself
子宫前屈
ｒｅｔｒｏｆｌｅｘｅｄｕｔｅｒｕｓ
A turning or tilting backward of the uterus
子宫后屈
Some Basic Obstetric and Neonatology Terms
ＷＯＲＤ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｅｕｇｅｎｉｃｓ
The study of hereditary improvement of the human race by
controlled selective breeding
优生学
ｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ
The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote
$&
授精
- 209 -
ｚｙｇｏｔｅ
$
The cell formed by the union of two gametes, especially a
fertilized ovum before cleavage
受精卵
ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｉｏｎ
&
Formation of a viable zygote by the union of the male sperm
and female ovum
受孕
ｐｒｅｇｎａｎｃｙ
The state of being pregnant
怀孕
ｆｅｔｕｓ
The unborn young from the end of the eighth week after
conception to the moment of birth
胎儿
ｐｌａｃｅｎｔａ
胎盘
ａｆｔｅｒｂｉｒｔｈ
Organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy; links
the blood supplies of a pregnant woman to the fetus to
provide nutrients and remove waste products
The placenta and fetal membranes that are expelled from the
uterus after the baby is born
胎盘
ｌａｎｕｇｏ
The fine downy hair covering a human fetus; normally shed
during the ninth month of gestation
胎毛
ｖｅｒｎｉｘｃａｓｅｏｓａ
)
A white cheese-like protective material that covers the skin
of a fetus
胎脂
ｃｒｏｗｎｉｎｇ
"
The appearance of the top of the baby¡fl
s head at the vaginal
opening during labor
着冠
ｑｕｉｃｋｅｎｉｎｇ
%
"
The stage of pregnancy at which the mother first feels
movements of the fetus
胎动初感
ｔｒｉｍｅｓｔｅｒ
A period of three months; especially one of the three
three-month periods into which human pregnancy is divided
三月期
ｌｉｇｈｔｅｎｉｎｇ
"
Descent of the uterus into the pelvic cavity that occurs late
in pregnancy
胎儿下降感
ｆｏｒａｍｅｎｏｖａｌｅ
)
卵圆孔
ｂａｌｌｏｔｔｅｍｅｎｔ
An opening in the septum between the right and left atria of
the heart, present in the fetus but usually closed soon after
birth
The use of a finger to push sharply against the uterus and
detect the presence or position of a fetus by its return impact
触诊检查法
ｔｏｘｅｍｉａｏｆｐｒｅｇｎａｎｃｙ
)
An abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by
hypertension and edema and protein in the urine
- 210 -
妊娠毒血症
ｃｈｌｏａｓｍａ
$
A tan discoloration of a woman¡fl
s face that is associated with
pregnancy or with the use of oral contraceptives
妊娠性黄褐斑
ｅｃｌａｍｐｓｉａ
子痫症
ｐｒｅ－ｅｃｌａｍｐｓｉａ
-
先兆子痫症
ＢｒａｘｔｏｎＨｉｃｋｓｓｉｇｎ
Coma and convulsions during or immediately after
pregnancy, characterized by edema, hypertension, and
proteinuria
Abnormal state of pregnancy characterized by hypertension
and fluid retention and albuminuria; can lead to eclampsia if
untreated
Irregular uterine contractions occurring after the third month
of pregnancy
子宫收缩
ｍｉｓｃａｒｒｉａｇｅ
The premature expulsion of a nonviable fetus from the
uterus. Also called spontaneous abortion
流产
ｓｐｏｎｔａｎｅｏｕｓａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ
A natural loss of the products of conception
&
自然流产
ｉｎｄｕｃｅｄａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ
A deliberate termination of pregnancy
&
人工流产
ｆａｌｓｅｌａｂｏｒ
Painless contractions of the muscles of the uterus that
continue throughout pregnancy with increasing frequency
假临产
ｓｈｏｗ
&
The discharge of bloody mucus from the vagina indicating
the start of labor
见红
ａｎｔｅｐａｒｔｕｍｈｅｍｏｒｒｈａｇｅ
（ＡＰＨ）
Dripping or excessive discharge of blood occurring in the
period before childbirth
!
产前出血
ｐｌａｃｅｎｔａｐｒｅｖｉａ
)
Pregnancy in which the placenta is implanted in the lower
part of the uterus; can cause bleeding late in pregnancy
前置胎盘
ａｂｒｕｐｔｉｏｐｌａｃｅｎｔａｅ
(&
A disorder of pregnancy in which the placenta prematurely
separates from the wall of the uterus
胎盘早期剥离
ｐｒｅｍａｔｕｒｅｒｕｐｔｕｒｅｏｆ
ｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｓ（ＲＯＭｏｒＰＲＯＭ）
A rupture of membranes during pregnancy or a rupture of
membranes occurs prio to labor in childbirth
破水早期破水
ｌａｂｏｒ
The physical efforts of expulsion of the fetus and the
placenta from the uterus during parturition
分娩
- 211 -
ｌａｂｏｒｐａｉｎ
Pain and discomfort associated with contractions of the
uterus during labor
规则阵痛
ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ
$&
产位
ｃｅｓａｒｅａｎ
$
The position of the fetus in the uterus at the beginning of
labor, described in terms of the part that emerges or is felt
first
The delivery of a fetus by surgical incision through the
abdominal wall and uterus
剖宫产
ｐｒｅｍａｔｕｒｅ
A premature infant
早产儿
ｓｔｉｌｌｂｉｒｔｈ
The birth of a dead child or fetus
死产
Ａｐｇａｒｓｃｏｒｅ
艾普加评分
ｈｙａｌｉｎｅｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｄｉｓｅａｓｅ
!
$$
新生儿肺透明膜病
Ｔｕｒｎｅｒ＇ｓｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ
$
特纳综合征
An assessment of the physical condition of a newborn
infant; involves heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, skin
color, and response to stimuli
An acute lung disease of the newborn, characterized by
rapid shallow breathing and cyanosis and the formation of a
glassy hyaline membrane over the alveoli
A chromosomal disorder in females who have only one X
chromosome; marked by dwarfism and heart abnormalities
and underdeveloped sex organs. Also called XO syndrome.
- 212 -
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ１１ＳｐｅｃｉａｌＳｅｎｓｅＯｒｇａｎｓＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ
Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
The special senses (the sensory system) are receivers of information about the environment;
they allow us to feel, hear, taste, and smell. The sensory system includes the eyes, nose, ears, taste
buds of the tongue, and sense receptors carried in the dermal layer of the skin.
The eye is one of the few exposed organs of the body. A system of protection is, therefore, a
must for this organ. The eye is embedded in fat and is located in the bony eye orbit. It is in this
orbit that the optic nerve, ocular muscles, and other vessels and nerves are attached to the eyeball.
The conjunctiva, as soft membrane, covers the front part of the eyeball. The eyes are also
protected by the eyelids and eyelashes, which protect the eye from dust and dirt. Tarsal glands are
found in the inner part of the eyelid. These glands lubricate the edges of the eyelid. Lacrimal or
tear glands keep the eyeball supplied with moisture.
The eye itself is composed of three cell layers: the sclera, the choroids layer, and the retina.
The cornea, iris, pupil, and lens work together to project patterns of light upon the retina, which
signals these patterns to the brain via the optic nerve.
The external ear is made up of the auricle and the external auditory meatus (ear canal).
Sounds cause the eardrum to vibrate and transmit the vibrations by way of tiny bones in the inner
ear to sensitive hearing cells. The inner ear is known as the labyrinth, which contains the cochlea,
the semicircular canals, and the vestibule. These hearing cells signal the brain by means of the
acoustic nerve.
The nasal cavity is lined with olfactory cells that convey messages of smell to the brain via
the olfactory nerve. The nasal cavity is lined with a membrane that constantly secretes mucus and
fluids. Foreign substances are trapped in the nasal opening by coarse and fine hairs. The
glossopharyngeal nerve picks up messages from the taste buds on the tongue. The skin contains
structures that are specialized to pick up the sensations of temperature, pressure, and pain.
Unit 1
Terminology Presentation (Vision)
ｂｌｅｐｈａｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to an eyelid
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｂｌｅｐｈａｒｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-edema
swelling
-plegia
paralysis
眼睑切除术
ｂｌｅｐｈａｒｅｄｅｍａ
眼睑水肿
ｂｌｅｐｈａｒｏｐｌｅｇｉａ
- 213 -
睑（肌）麻痹
ｂｌｅｐｈａｒｉｔｉｓ
-itis
inflammation
pachy-
thick
-plasty
plastic surgery
-ptosis
drooping, falling, sagging
-rrhaphy
suture, surgical repair
-spasm
contraction
synechia
holding together
眼睑炎
ｂｌｅｐｈａｒｏｐａｃｈｙｎｓｉｓ
睑肥厚
ｂｌｅｐｈａｒｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
眼睑成形术
ｂｌｅｐｈａｒｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
上睑下垂
ｂｌｅｐｈａｒｏｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
睑缝合术
ｂｌｅｐｈａｒｏｓｐａｓｍ
睑痉挛
ｂｌｅｐｈａｒｏｓｙｎｅｃｈｉａ
睑粘连
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. The growing together or adhesions of the eyelid
a. blepharoptosis
2. Paralysis of an eyelid
b. blepharospasm
3. Excision of all or part of an eyelid
c. blepharopachynsis
4. Inflammation of the eyelid
d. blepharoplasty
5. Surgical repair or suture of the eyelid
e. blepharosynechia
6. Drooping of the upper eyelid
f. blepharedema
7. Contraction of the eyelid
g. blepharoplegia
8. Abnormal thickening of an eyelid
h. blepharectomy
9. Plastic surgery on the eyelid
i. blepharitis
10. Edema of the eyelids, causing swelling and baggy appearance
j. blepharorrhaphy
- 214 -
Unit 2
Terminology Presentation (Vision)
ｃｏｎｊｕｎｃｔｉｖ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the conjunctiva
ｐｈａｃｏ－／ｐｈａｋ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the lens of the eye
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃｏｎｊｕｎｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｓ
-itis
inflammation
-oma
tumor
-plasty
plastic surgery
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
-lysis
destruction, dissolution
-malacia
softening
-scope
viewing instrument
-itis
inflammation
-oma
tumor
a-ia
without, lack of
disease, pathological condition
结膜炎
ｃｏｎｊｕｎｃｔｉｖｏｍａ
结膜瘤
ｃｏｎｊｕｎｃｔｉｖｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
结膜成形术
ｐｈａｃｏｃｅｌｅ
晶状体肿胀
ｐｈａｃｏｌｙｓｉｓ
晶状体分离术
ｐｈａｃｏｍａｌａｃｉａ
晶状体软化
ｐｈａｃｏｓｃｏｐｅ
晶状体镜
ｐｈａｋｉｔｉｓ
晶状体炎
ｐｈａｋｏｍａ
晶状体瘤
ａｐｈａｋｉａ
无晶状体
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
- 215 -
1. Inflammation of the conjunctiva, often called ¡pinkeye¡–
a. aphakia
2. Tumor on the conjunctiva
b. phacolysis
3. Plastic surgery on the conjunctiva
c. phakitis
4. Absence of the crystalline lens of the eye
d. phakoma
5. The surgical breakdown and removal of the lens of the eye
e. phacocele
6. Inflammation of the lens of an eye
f. conjunctivitis
7. A hamartoma found on phacomatosis
g. phacomalacia
8. Hernia of the lens of the eye through the sclera
h. conjunctivoma
9. Softening of the lens, as may occur in hypermature cataract
i. phacoscope
10. An instrument for observing the changes in the lens
j. conjunctivoplasty
Unit 3
Terminology Presentation (Vision)
ｃｏｒｅ－ a combining form denoting relationship to the pupil of the eye
ｏｃｕｌ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the eye
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃｏｒｅｃｔａｓｉａ
-ectasia
dilatation, expansion
-ectopia
out of place
-meter
measuring instrument
-metry
measuring
-plasty
plastic surgery
-ist
specialist
-motor
producing movement
瞳孔散大
ｃｏｒｅｃｔｏｐｉａ
瞳孔异位
ｃｏｒｅｏｍｅｔｅｒ
测瞳计
ｃｏｒｅｏｍｅｔｒｙ
测瞳法
ｃｏｒｅｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
瞳孔成形术
ｏｃｕｌｉｓｔ
眼科医生
ｏｃｕｌｏｍｏｔｏｒ
- 216 -
眼球运动的
ｏｃｕｌｏｍｙｃｏｓｉｓ
myc(o)-osis
fungus
disease, abnormal condition
bi-ar
two
pertaining to, related to
intra-ar
inside, within
pertaining to, related to
眼真菌病
ｂｉｎｏｃｕｌａｒ
双目的
ｉｎｔｒａｏｃｕｌａｒ
眼内的
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Pathological dilation of the pupil of the eye
a. oculist
2. Measurement of the diameter or width of the pupil
b. coreometer
3. Procedures to correct a misshapen, miotic, or occluded pupil
c. corectasia
4. Abnormal situation of the pupil
d. coreometry
5. Pertaining to both eyes; employing both eyes at once
e. coreoplasty
6. Within the eye
f. corectopia
7. Of or pertaining to the movement of the eye
g. binocular
8. Fungus infection of the eye
h. intraocular
9. One skilled in treating diseases of the eye
i. oculomotor
10. A device for measuring the width or diameter of the pupil
j. oculomycosis
Unit 4
Terminology Presentation (Vision)
ｄａｃｒｙ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to tears, tear glands or tear ducts
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｄａｃｒｙｏａｄｅｎｉｔｉｓ
aden(o)-itis
glands
inflammation
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
泪管炎
ｄａｃｒｙｏｃｅｌｅ
- 217 -
泪囊肿大
ｄａｃｒｙｏｃｙｓｔ
cyst(o)-
sac, bladder
cyst(o)-itis
sac, bladder
inflammation
-oid
like, resembling
lith(o)-iasis
stone, concretion, calculus
disease, abnormal condition
-oma
tumor
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-stenosis
narrowing
-helcosis
ulceration
泪囊
ｄａｃｒｙｏｃｙｓｔｉｔｉｓ
泪囊炎
ｄａｃｒｙｏｉｄ
泪珠状的
ｄａｃｒｙｏｌｉｔｈｉａｓｉｓ
!
泪管结石
ｄｅｃｒｙｏｍａ
泪管瘤
ｄａｃｒｙｏｒｒｈｅａ
泪溢
ｄａｃｒｙｏｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓ
泪管狭窄
ｄａｃｒｙｏｈｅｌｃｏｓｉｓ
"
泪囊溃疡
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Narrowing of the lacrimal or tear duct
a. decryoma
2. Like or resembling tears
b. dacryocyst
3. Inflammation of the lacrimal or tear gland
c. dacryolithiasis
4. A tumor of the lacrimal or tear apparatus
d. dacryocystitis
5. A lacrimal or tear sac
e. dacryorrhea
6. A stone or concretion in a lacrimal gland or duct
f. dacryohelcosis
7. Inflammation of the tear or lacrimal sac
g. dacryocele
8. Excessive discharge of tears
h. dacryostenosis
- 218 -
9. Ulceration of the lacrimal or tear duct
i. dacryoid
10. Hernial protrusion of the lacrimal or tear gland
j. dacryoadenitis
Unit 5
Terminology Presentation (Vision)
ｉｒｉｄ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting the a relationship to the iris of the eye
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｉｒｉｄｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
eremia
absence
-cele
hernia, swelling, tumor
cycl(o)-itis
circle, cycle
inflammation
-malacia
softening
-plegia
paralysis
-ptosis
drooping, falling, sagging
-rrhexis
rupture
-tomy
incision, cutting
-itis
inflammation
虹膜切除术
ｉｒｉｄｅｒｅｍｉａ
先天性虹膜缺失
ｉｒｉｄｏｃｅｌｅ
虹膜膨出
ｉｒｉｄｏｃｙｃｌｉｔｉｓ
虹膜睫状体炎
ｉｒｉｄｏｍａｌａｃｉａ
虹膜软化
ｉｒｉｄｏｐｌｅｇｉａ
虹膜麻痹
ｉｒｉｄｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
虹膜脱垂
ｉｒｉｄｏｒｒｈｅｘｉｓ
虹膜撕裂
ｉｒｉｄｏｔｏｍｙ
虹膜切开术
ｉｒｉｔｉｓ
虹膜炎
- 219 -
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Surgical removal of the part of the iris
a. iridorhexis
2. Inflammation of the iris
b. iridocele
3. Incision into the iris
c. iridoplegia
4. An iris so rudimentary that it appears to be absent
d. iridocyclitis
5. Softening of the iris
e. iridectomy
6. Downward displacement of the iris
f. iritis
7. Inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body
g. iridotomy
8. Hernial protrusion of the iris
h. irideremia
9. Paralysis of the iris
i. iridomalacia
10. The tearing away of the iris from its peripheral attachment
j. iridoptosis
Unit 6
Terminology Presentation (Vision)
ｋｅｒａｔ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the cornea
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｋｅｒａｔｅｃｔａｓｉａ
-ectasia
dilatation, expansion
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
-centesis
surgical puncture
irid(o)-itis
iris
inflammation
-helcosis
ulceration
角膜扩张
ｋｅｒａｔｅｃｔｏｍｙ
角膜切除术
ｋｅｒａｔｉｔｉｓ
角膜炎
ｋｅｒａｔｏｃｅｎｔｅｓｉｓ
角膜穿刺术
ｋｅｒａｔｏｉｒｉｔｉｓ
角膜虹膜炎
ｋｅｒａｔｏｈｅｌｃｏｓｉｓ
- 220 -
"
角膜溃疡
ｋｅｒａｔｏｍａｌａｃｉａ
-malacia
softening
myc(o)-osis
fungus
disease, abnormal condition
-pathy
disease
-rrhexis
rupture
角膜软化
ｋｅｒａｔｏｍｙｃｏｓｉｓ
角膜真菌病
ｋｅｒａｔｏｐａｔｈｙ
!
角膜病
ｋｅｒａｔｏｒｒｈｅｘｉｓ
角膜破裂
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Rupture of the cornea
a. keratomalacia
2. Ulceration of the cornea
b. keratopathy
3. Inflammation of the cornea and iris
c. keratorrhexis
4. Surgical puncture of the cornea
d. keratectasia
5. Fungus infection of the cornea
e. keratohelcosis
6. Inflammation of the cornea
f. keratoiritis
7. Surgical removal of the cornea
g. keratocentesis
8. Abnormal softness of the cornea
h. keratomycosis
9. Disease of the cornea
i. keratitis
10. Abnormal bulging of the cornea of the eye
j. keratectomy
Unit 7
Terminology Presentation (Vision)
ｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the eye
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
- 221 -
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｏｃｏｐｉａ
-copia
weariness, fatigue
-donesis
trembling
-logist
specialist
-malacia
softening
my(o)-itis
muscle
inflammation
-plegia
paralysis
-rrhagia
excessive flow, bleeding
-steresis
privation, loss
ex-
outside, out of, away from
xero-ia
dry
disease, pathological condition
!
视疲劳
ｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｏｄｏｎｅｓｉｓ
!
眼球震颤
ｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｏｌｏｇｉｓｔ
!
眼科医生
ｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｏｍａｌａｃｉａ
!
眼球软化
ｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｏｍｙｉｔｉｓ
!
眼肌炎
ｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｏｐｌｅｇｉａ
!
眼肌麻痹
ｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
!
眼出血
ｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｏｓｔｅｒｅｓｉｓ
!
眼缺如
ｅｘｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｏｓ
!
突眼症
ｘｅｒｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｉａ
!
眼球干燥症
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Abnormal softness of the eye or eyeball
a. xerophthalmia
2. A trembling motion of the eye
b. ophthalmorrhagia
3. Inflammation of the muscles that move the eyeball
c. ophthalmologist
4. Paralysis of the eye muscles
d. exophthalmos
5. Eyestrain or fatigue of the eyes
e. ophthalmoplegia
- 222 -
6. Loss of an eye
f. ophthalmomalacia
7. Bleeding from the eye
g. ophthalmodonesis
8. Doctor who treats eye disorders
h. ophthalmomyitis
9. Extreme dryness of eyes
i. ophthalmosteresis
10. Abnormal protrusion of the eyeball
j. ophthalmocopia
Unit 8
Terminology Presentation (Vision)
－ｏｐｉａ： a word termination denoting relationship to the sight or vision
ｐｈｏｔ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the light
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｍｂｌｙｏｐｉａ
ambly-
dim, faint, dull
diplo-
double, twofold
esotropo-
within
turning
exotropo-
outside
turning
hyper-
above, over, abundant
my(o)-
muscle
nyct-
night
presby-
old age
-algia
pain
弱视
ｄｉｐｌｏｐｉａ
复视
ｅｓｏｔｒｏｐｉａ
内斜视
ｅｘｏｔｒｏｐｉａ
外斜视
ｈｙｐｅｒｏｐｉａ
"
远视
ｍｙｏｐｉａ
近视
ｎｙｃｔａｌｏｐｉａ
夜盲症
ｐｒｅｓｂｙｏｐｉａ
老视
ｐｈｏｔａｌｇｉａ
光痛
- 223 -
ｐｈｏｔｏｐｈｏｂｉａ
-phobia
fear
畏光
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. A defect of vision consequent upon advancing age
a. myopia
2. A disorder of vision in which a single object appears double
b. presbyopia
3. A visual defect in which vision is better for distant objects
than for near objects
4. A form of strabismus in which one or both of the eyes deviate
inward
5. Night blindness or difficulty in seeing at night, usually caused
by vitamin A deficiency
c. esotropia
6. An abnormal or irrational fear of light
f. amblyopia
7. Light-induced pain, especially of the eyes
g. nyctalopia
8. A form of strabismus in which one or both of the eyes deviate
outward
h. diplopia
9. Dullness or dimness of vision
i. hyperopia
10. A visual defect in which near objects are seen clearly but
distant objects appear blurred
j. photophobia
d. photalgia
e. exotropia
Unit 9
Terminology Presentation (Vision)
ｒｅｔｉｎ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the retina
ｓｃｌｅｒ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the sclera
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｒｅｔｉｎｉｔｉｓ
-itis
inflammation
blast-oma
immature cell
tumor
dia-lysis
through, across
dissolution, separation
视网膜炎
ｒｅｔｉｎｏｂｌａｓｔｏｍａ
视网膜母细胞瘤
ｒｅｔｉｎｏｄｉａｌｙｓｉｓ
- 224 -
视网膜锯齿缘离断
ｒｅｔｉｎｏｍａｌａｃｉａ
-malacia
softening
-scopy
visual examination
-ectasia
dilatation, expansion
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
-malacia
softening
-stomy
surgical opening
视网膜软化
ｒｅｔｉｎｏｓｃｏｐｙ
视网膜检影法
ｓｃｌｅｒｅｃｔａｓｉａ
巩膜膨胀
ｓｃｌｅｒｅｃｔｏｍｙ
巩膜切除术
ｓｃｌｅｒｉｔｉｓ
巩膜炎
ｓｃｌｅｒｏｍａｌａｃｉａ
巩膜软化
ｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｔｏｍｙ
巩膜造口术
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Detachment of the retina at its peripheral insertion
a. scleromalacia
2. A malignant ocular tumor of primitive retinal cells, occurring
chiefly in infants
b. scleritis
3. Softening of the sclera
c. retinitis
4. Inflammation of the sclera
d. retinomalacia
5. Inflammation of the retina
e. retinoscopy
6. Softening of the retina
f. sclerectomy
7. A method of detecting errors of refraction of the eye by
illuminating the retina
g. sclerectasia
8. Excision of a portion of the sclera
h. sclerostomy
9. Localized bulging of the sclera lined with uveal tissue
i. retinodialysis
10. Surgical formation of an external opening of the sclera, as in
j. retinoblastoma
- 225 -
the treatment of glaucoma
Unit 10
Terminology Presentation (Hearing)
ｍｉｒｉｎｇ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the tympanic membrane or the eardrum
ｔｙｍｐａｎ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the tympanic cavity or the eardrum
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｍｙｒｉｎｇｅｃｔｏｍｙ
-ectomy
excision, removal
-itis
inflammation
myc(o)-osis
fungus
disease, abnormal condition
-plasty
plastic surgery
-scope
viewing instrument
-tomy
incision, cutting
-itis
inflammation
-centesis
surgical punture
-plasty
plastic surgery
-sclerosis
hardening
鼓膜切除术
ｍｙｒｉｎｇｉｔｉｓ
鼓膜炎
ｍｙｒｉｎｇｏｍｙｃｏｓｉｓ
#
鼓膜霉菌病
ｍｙｒｉｎｇｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
#
鼓膜成形术
ｍｙｒｉｎｇｏｓｃｏｐｅ
#
鼓膜镜
ｍｙｒｉｎｇｏｔｏｍｙ
#
鼓膜切开术
ｔｙｍｐａｎｉｔｉｓ
中耳炎
ｔｙｍｐａｎｏｃｅｎｔｅｓｉｓ
鼓膜穿刺放液术
ｔｙｍｐａｎｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
中耳整复术
ｔｙｍｐａｎｏｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｉｓ
鼓膜硬化
- 226 -
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. An instrument used to examine the eardrum
a. myringoplasty
2. Inflammation of the eardrum
b. myringoscope
3. Surgical repair of a damaged tympanic membrane
c. tympanitis
4. Surgical excision of the tympanic membrane of the ear
d. tympanoplasty
5. Surgical incision into the tympanic membrane for drainage of
fluid or relief of pressure
e. myringomycosis
6. A fungus condition of the tympanic membrane
f. tympanosclerosis
7. The presence of masses of hard, dense connective tissue
around the auditory ossicles
g. myringitis
8. Inflammation of the lining membrane of the middle ear
h. tympanocentesis
9. Surgical repair or reconstruction of the middle ear
i. myringectomy
10. Surgical puncture of the tympanic membrane for removal of
fluid from the middle ear
j. myringotomy
Unit 11
Terminology Presentation (Hearing)
ｏｔ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the ear
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｏｔｉｔｉｓ
-itis
inflammation
blenn(o)-rrhea
mucus
flow, discharge
myc(o)-osis
fungus
disease, abnormal condition
neur(o)-algia
nerve
pain
-plasty
plastic surgery
耳炎
ｏｔｏｂｌｅｎｎｏｒｒｈｅａ
耳液溢
ｏｔｏｍｙｃｏｓｉｓ
耳真菌病
ｏｔｏｎｅｕｒａｌｇｉａ
耳神经痛
ｏｔｏｐｌａｓｔｙ
耳郭成形术
- 227 -
ｏｔｏｐｙｏｓｉｓ
py(o)-osis
pus, suppuration
disease, abnormal condition
rhin(o)laryng(o)-logy
-rrhagia
nose
throat
branch of learning
excessive flow, bleeding
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-sclerosis
hardening
耳化脓
ｏｔｏｒｈｉｎｏｌａｒｙｎｇｏｌｏｇｙ
#
耳鼻喉学
ｏｔｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ
耳出血
ｏｔｏｒｒｈｅａ
耳漏
ｏｔｏｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｉｓ
耳硬化症
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Plastic surgery done to correct deformity and defects of ears
a. otopyosis
2. Bleeding from the external auditory canal of the ear
b. otitis
3. A formation of spongy bone in the inner ear
c. otoplasty
4. Inflammation of the ear
d. otorrhagia
5. A discharge from the ear
e. otosclerosis
6. Fungus infection of the ear canal
f. otorhinolaryngology
7. Neuralgic pain in the ear
g. otorrhea
8. Mucous discharge from the ear
h. otomycosis
9. Formation of pus in the ear
i. otoneuralgia
10. The medical specialty that deals with diseases of the ear, nose
and throat
j. otoblennorrhea
Unit 12
Terminology Presentation (Smell)
ｎａｓ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the nose
- 228 -
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｎａｓｏａｎｔｒｉｔｉｓ
antr(o)-itis
antrum
inflammation
antr(o)-itis
-stomy
gastr(o)-ic
antrum
inflammation
surgical opening
stomach
pertaining to
lab(i)-al
lip
pertaining to
pharyng(o)-al
pharynx
pertaining to
pharyng(o)-itis
pharynx
inflammation
pharyng(o)-scope
pharynx
viewing instrument
-scope
viewing instrument
septal
-itis
of a septum
inflammation
sinus
-itis
a notch or cavity
inflammation
鼻上颌窦炎
ｎａｓｏａｎｔｒｏｓｔｏｍｙ
鼻窦开放术
ｎａｓｏｇａｓｔｒｉｃ
#
鼻饲的
ｎａｓｏｌａｂｉａｌ
鼻唇的
ｎａｓｏｐｈａｒｙｎｇｅａｌ
鼻咽的
ｎａｓｏｐｈａｒｙｎｇｉｔｉｓ
鼻咽炎
ｎａｓｏｐｈａｒｙｎｇｏｓｃｏｐｅ
$
鼻咽镜
ｎａｓｏｓｃｏｐｅ
鼻镜
ｎａｓｏｓｅｐｔｉｔｉｓ
鼻中隔炎
ｎａｓｏｓｉｎｕｓｉｔｉｓ
鼻窦炎
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Inflammation of nose and antrum of Highmore
a. nasolabial
2. Inflammation of the nasal cavities and the accessory sinuses
b. nasoantrostomy
3. Pertaining to the nose and lip
c. nasosinusitis
4. An instrument for examination of the nasal passages
d. nasoseptitis
- 229 -
5. Inflammation of the nasal septum
e. nasoscope
6. Inflammation of the nasopharynx
f. nasopharyngoscope
7. Relating to the process of inserting a rubber tube through a
nostril and into the stomach for instilling liquid foods
g. nasopharyngitis
8. Having to do with the nasopharynx
h. nasoantritis
9. An instrument for examination of the nasopharynx
i. nasopharyngeal
10. Surgical formation of a nasoantral window for drainage of an
obstructed maxillary sinus
j. nasogastric
Unit 13
Terminology Presentation (Smell)
ｏｌｆａｃｔ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the smell
ｏｓｍ（ｏ）－ a combining form denoting relationship to the odor or the smell
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｏｌｆａｃｔｏｌｏｇｙ
-logy
branch of learning
-meter
measuring instrument
-phobia
fear
dysphor-ia
an-ia
bad, difficult, painful
direction
disease, pathological condition
without, lack of
disease, pathological condition
dys-ia
bad, difficult, painful
disease, pathological condition
hyper-ia
above, over, abundant
disease, pathological condition
hypo-ia
below, deficient
disease, pathological condition
para-
incorrect, abnormal
嗅觉学
ｏｌｆａｃｔｏｍｅｔｅｒ
嗅觉计
ｏｌｆａｃｔｏｐｈｏｂｉａ
气味恐怖症
ｏｓｍｏｄｙｓｐｈｏｒｉａ
特殊臭气嫌恶
ａｎｏｓｍｉａ
嗅觉缺失症
ｄｙｓｏｓｍｉａ
嗅觉障碍
ｈｙｐｅｒｏｓｍｉａ
"
嗅觉过敏
ｈｙｏｐｏｓｍｉａ
"
嗅觉减退
ｐａｒｏｓｍｉａ
- 230 -
嗅觉倒错
ｐｓｅｕｄｏｓｍｉａ
pseudo-
false
%
嗅幻觉
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. Subjective sensation of an odor that is not present
a. pseudosmia
2. Morbid fear of odors
b. anosmia
3. A distortion of the sense of smell
c. hyperosmia
4. An abnormal dislike of certain odors
d. hyposmia
5. The study of odors, their production, and their effects
e. dysosmia
6. Loss of the sense of smell
f. olfactometer
7. An abnormally acute sense of smell
g. olfactophobia
8. Diminished sense of smell
h. parosmia
9. A device to measure the acuity of the sense of smell
i. olfactology
10. A dysfunction of the sense of smell
j. osmodysphoria
Unit 14
Terminology Presentation (Taste)
ｇｅｕｓ－ a combining form denoting relationship to the sense of taste
ｇｕｓｔ－ a combining form denoting relationship to the sense of taste
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａｇｅｕｓｉａ
a-ia
without, lack of
disease, pathological condition
dys-ia
bad, difficult, painful
disease, pathological condition
hyper-ia
above, over, abundant
disease, pathological condition
味觉丧失
ｄｙｓｇｅｕｓｉａ
味觉障碍
ｈｙｐｅｒｇｅｕｓｉａ
" - 231 -
味觉过敏
ｈｙｐｏｇｅｕｓｉａ
" hypo-ia
below, deficient
disease, pathological condition
para-
incorrect, abnormal
pseudo-ia
false
disease, pathological condition
-meter
measuring instrument
-metry
measurement
-ation
action, process
-ry
of, pertaining to
味觉迟钝
ｐａｒａｇｅｕｓｉａ
#
味觉倒错
ｐｓｅｕｄｏｇｅｕｓｉａ
味幻觉
ｇｕｓｔｏｍｅｔｅｒ
#
味觉计
ｇｕｓｔｏｍｅｔｒｙ
#
味觉检查
ｇｅｓｔａｔｉｏｎ
#
尝味，味觉
ｇｕｓｔａｔｏｒｙ
#
尝味的，味觉的
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. The clinical determination of thresholds of the sense of taste
a. parageusia
2. Abnormal acuteness of the sense of taste
b. ageusia
3. Blunting of the sense of taste
c. gustometer
4. The act of tasting or the sense of taste
d. hypogeusia
5. Of or relating to the sense of taste
e. gustometry
6. A subjective taste sensation not produced by an external
stimulus
f. dysgeusia
7. Loss of the sense of taste
g. gustation
8. An apparatus used in the quantitative determination of taste
thresholds
h. gustatory
9. An impairment or dysfunction of the sense of taste
i. hypergeusia
10. A disordered or abnormal sense of taste
j. pseudogeusia
- 232 -
Unit 15
Terminology Presentation
ｄｉｐｓ（ｏ）－ｏｒｄｉｐｓ（ｉａ）－ a combining form denoting thirst or desire for water or other drink
ＷＯＲＤ
ＣＯＭＰＯＮＥＮＴ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｄｉｐｓｏｇｅｎ
-gen
producer
-mania
compulsion, madness
-pathy
disease
-phobia
fear
-osis
disease, abnormal condition
a-
without, lack of
hyper-
above, over, abundant
hypo-
below, deficient
oligo-
few, little, scanty
poly-
many, much
致渴剂
ｄｉｐｓｏｍａｎｉａ
饮酒狂
ｄｉｐｓｏｐａｔｈｙ
!
酗酒病
ｄｉｐｓｏｐｈｏｂｉａ
恐饮症
ｄｉｐｓｏｓｉｓ
病理性烦渴
ａｄｉｐｓｉａ
渴感缺乏
ｈｙｐｅｒｄｉｐｓｉａ
"
（较短时间）剧渴
ｈｙｐｏｄｉｐｓｉａ
"
渴感减退
ｏｌｉｇｏｄｉｐｓｉａ
$
渴感过少
ｐｏｌｙｄｉｐｓｉａ
烦渴
Self-Assessment Test
Choose the definition from Column A that best matches each term in Column B.
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＡ
ＣｏｌｕｍｎＢ
1. An insatiable craving for alcoholic beverages
- 233 -
a. adipsia
2. A thirst-provoking agent
b. oligodipsia
3. A disease caused by excessive alcoholic drinking
c. hyperdipsia
4. Fear of drinking
d. hypodipsia
5. Excessive thirst produced by disease
e. dipsomania
6. Intense thirst of relatively brief duration
f. dipsosis
7. A disease characterized by absence of thirst
g. dipsogen
8. Excessive or abnormal thirst
h. polydipsia
9. Abnormal diminished thirst
i. dispathy
10. A condition of an abnormally low fluid consumption
j. dipsophobia
Some Related Terms of Special Sense Organs
ＷＯＲＤ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ｃｉｌｉａ
An eyelash
睫毛
ｃｈａｌａｚｉｏｎ
A small sebaceous cyst of the eyelid resulting when a
Meibomian gland is blocked
睑板腺囊肿
ｃａｎｔｈｕｓ
!
The angle formed by the meeting of the upper and lower
eyelids at either side of the eye
眦
ａｎｔｅｒｉｏｒｃｈａｍｂｅｒ
前房
ｐｏｓｔｅｒｉｏｒｃｈａｍｂｅｒ
The space between the cornea anteriorly and the iris/pupil
posteriorly, filled with aqueous humor and communicating
through the pupil with the posterior chamber
The ring-like space, filled with aqueous humor, between the
iris/pupil anteriorly and the lens and ciliary body posteriorly
后房
ａｑｕｅｏｕｓｈｕｍｏｒ
&"
The clear, watery fluid circulating in the chamber of the eye
between the cornea and the lens
房水
ｓｕｓｐｅｎｓｏｒｙｌｉｇａｍｅｎｔｓ
#
A ligament that supports an organ or body part, especially a
fibrous membrane that holds the lens of the eye in place
睫状体带
ａｒｃｕｓｓｅｎｉｌｉｓ
An arc-shaped whitish deposit sometimes seen in the cornea
’
老年环
ｒｅｆｒａｃｔｉｏｎ
The ability of the eye to bend light so that an image is
- 234 -
focused on the retina
屈光
ａｎｉｓｏｍｅｔｒｏｐｉａ
A difference in the refractive power of the two eyes
屈光参差
ｃｏｎｖｅｒｇｅｎｃｅ
The coordinated turning of the eyes inward to focus on an
object at close range
集合点
ｆｏｖｅａ
Area consisting of a small depression in the retina containing
cones and where vision is most acute
小凹
ｒｅｔｉｎｅｎｅ
Either of two yellow to red retinal pigments, formed by
oxidation of vitamin A alcohols
视黄醛
ｒｈｏｄｏｐｓｉｎ
视紫红质
ｉｏｄｏｐｓｉｎ
The pigment sensitive to red light in the retinal rods of the
eyes, consisting of opsin and retinene. Also called visual
purple
A violet, light-sensitive pigment found in the retinal cones of
the eye
视紫蓝质
ｇｌａｕｃｏｍａ
#
青光眼
ｃａｔａｒａｃｔ
A condition where abnormally high pressure of the fluid in
the eye causes damage to the optic nerve, resulting in
impaired vision and blindness
Clouding of the natural lens of the eye
白内障
ａｓｔｉｇｍａｔｉｓｍ
#
A visual defect caused by irregular conformation of the
cornea and resulting in blurred vision
散光
ｓｑｕｉｎｔ
&
斜视
ｓｔｒａｂｉｓｍｕｓ
To see or look obliquely, asquint, or awry, or with a furtive
glance, specifically, not having the optic axes coincident of
the eyes
A visual defect in which one eye cannot focus with the other
on an object because of imbalance of the eye muscles
斜视
Ｓｎｅｌｌｅｎｃｈａｒｔ
’
Display consisting of a printed card with letters and numbers
in lines of decreasing size; used to testing visual acuity
视力表
ｅｍｍｅｔｒｏｐｉａ
The condition of the normal eye when parallel rays are
focused exactly on the retina and vision is perfect
正 (常) 视，屈光正常
ｖｉｓｕａｌａｃｕｉｔｙ
Sharpness of vision; the visual ability to resolve fine detail
which is usually measured by a Snellen chart
视敏度
- 235 -
ｔｒａｃｈｏｍａ
A chronic infectious disease of the conjunctiva and cornea,
producing photophobia, pain, lacrimation and blindness
沙眼
ｈｏｒｄｅｏｌｕｍ
"
A swelling in the eyelid which results from the plugging of a
eyelid gland. Also called stye.
麦粒肿
ｃｈａｌａｚｉｏｎ
A cyst within the eyelid due to a plugging of the Meibomian
gland in the eyelid
霰粒肿 (睑板腺囊肿(
ａｕｄｉｔｏｒｙｃａｎａｌ
Either of the passages in the outer ear from the auricle to the
tympanic membrane
听道
ｍａｌｌｅｕｓ
锤骨
ｉｎｃｕｓ
The hammer-shaped bone that is the outermost of the three
small bones in the mammalian middle ear. Also called
hammer
An anvil-shaped bone between the malleus and the stapes in
the mammalian middle ear. Also called anvil.
砧骨
ｓｔａｐｅｓ
The innermost of the three small bones of the middle ear,
shaped somewhat like a stirrup. Also called stirrup.
镫骨
ｏｖａｌｗｉｎｄｏｗ
&
卵圆窗
ｒｏｕｎｄｗｉｎｄｏｗ
The oval opening in the middle ear to which the base of the
stapes is connected and through which the ossicles of the ear
transmit sound vibrations to the cochlea.
Fenestra leading into the cochlea
&
圆窗
ｅｕｓｔａｃｈｉａｎｔｕｂｅ
咽鼓管
ｖｅｓｔｉｂｕｌｅ
A slender tube that connects the tympanic cavity with the
nasal part of the pharynx and serves to equalize air pressure
on either side of the eardrum
Chamber, or channel that leads to or is an entrance to another
cavity
前庭
ｕｔｒｉｃｌｅ
A membranous sac contained within the labyrinth of the inner
ear and connected with the semicircular canals
椭圆囊
ｓａｃｃｕｌｅ
The smaller of two membranous sacs in the vestibule of the
inner ear
球囊
ｃｏｃｈｌｅａ
A spiral-shaped cavity of the inner ear that resembles a snail
shell and contains nerve endings essential for hearing
耳蜗
ｐｅｒｉｌｙｍｐｈ
The fluid in the space between the membranous and bony
labyrinths of the inner ear
- 236 -
外淋巴
ｅｎｄｏｌｙｍｐｈ
The fluid in the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear
内淋巴
ｕｍｂｏ
A small projection at the center of the outer surface of the
eardrum
鼓膜凸
ｓｃａｌａｔｙｍｐａｎｉ
The division of the spiral canal of the cochlea below the
spiral lamina
鼓阶
Ｒｅｉｓｓｎｅｒ＇ｓｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅ
The thin membrane which separates the canal of the cochlea
from the vestibular scala in the internal ear
瑞氏膜
ｏｒｇａｎｏｆＣｏｒｔｉ
#
柯蒂器
ｂａｓｉｌａｒｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅ
A specialized structure located on the inner surface of the
basilar membrane of the cochlea containing hair cells that
transmit sound vibrations to the nerve fibers
A membranous portion of the cochlea in the mammalian
inner ear that supports the organ of Corti
基底膜
ｌａｂｙｒｉｎｔｈｉｔｉｓ
!
Inflammation of the inner ear; often causes vertigo and
vomiting
迷路炎，内耳炎
ｐｒｅｓｂｙａｃｕｓｉｓ
Hearing loss occurring as part of the aging process. Also
called presbycusis
老年性耳聋
ｈｙｐｏａｃｕｓｉｓ
"
A hearing impairment associated with a deficiency in the
peripheral neurosensory or conductive organs of hearing
听觉减退
ｔｉｎｎｉｔｕｓ
A ringing or booming sensation in one or both ears; a
symptom of an ear infection or Meniere¡fl
s disease
耳鸣
ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｈｅａｒｉｎｇｌｏｓｓ
"
A form of deafness that results from a blockage of the ear
canal or dysfunction of the ossicles or eardrum
传导性听觉丧失
ｖｅｒｔｉｇｏ
#
A sensation of irregular or whirling motion, either of oneself
or of external objects, often caused by inner ear disease
眩晕，头晕
Ｍｅｎｉｅｒｅ＇ｓＤｉｓｅａｓｅ
梅尼埃病
ｃｅｒｕｍｅｎ
A pathological condition of the inner ear characterized by
dizziness, ringing in the ears, and progressive loss of hearing.
Also called M¤ƒ
ni¤¤
re¡fl
s syndrome.
The yellowish, waxlike secretion of certain glands lining the
canal of the external ear. Also called earwax.
耳垢
ａｕｒａｌｐｏｌｙｐ
A benign polyp in the external ear canal that can be attached
- 237 -
to the tympanic membrane
耳息肉
ｎａｓａｌｐｏｌｙｐ
A projection of the mucosa lining the nasal and paranasal
sinuses that is rounded and elongated within the nasal cavity
鼻息肉
ｈａｙｆｅｖｅｒ
"
枯草热)过敏性鼻炎(
ｅｐｉｓｔａｘｉｓ
A seasonal rhinitis resulting from an allergic reaction to
pollen, characterized by runny nose, sinusitis, sneezing, itchy,
and eye irritation. Also called pollinosis.
A nosebleed
鼻出血
ｐｅｒｉｔｏｎｓｉｌｌａｒａｂｓｃｅｓｓ
&
咽门炎
ｃａｔａｒｒｈ
’
An abscess formed usually above and behind the tonsil, due
to extension of infection beyond the tonsillar capsule. Also
called quinsy.
Inflammation of mucous membranes, especially of the nose
and throat
黏膜炎
ａｌａｌｉａ
Paralysis of the vocal cords resulting in an inability to speak
失语症
ｆａｌｓｅｔｔｏ
A false or artificial male voice with unnaturally high tones in
an upper register
假声
ｇｌｏｔｔｉｓ
#
The opening between the vocal cords at the upper part of the
larynx
声门
ａｐｈｏｎｉａ
A disorder of the vocal organs that results in the loss of voice
失声，无声
ｄｙｓｐｈｏｎｉａ
Speech disorder attributable to a disorder of phonation
发声困难
- 238 -
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ１２ＤｅｎｔａｌＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ
Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
Teeth are used primarily to chew food. They are the body¡fl
s hardest, most durable
organ¡“ long after bones and flesh have dissolved. Humans use teeth to tear, grind, and chew food
in the first step of digestion, enabling enzymes and lubricants released in the mouth to further
break down food. Teeth also play a role in human speech¡“ the teeth, lips, and tongue are used to
form words by controlling airflow through the mouth. Additionally, teeth provide structural
support to muscles in the face and form the human smile.
Dentistry is a health profession concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of
disorders of the teeth and adjacent tissues of the head, neck, and mouth. A dentist is a person
possessing the education, experience, and legal qualifications required to practice dentistry or any
of its phases. The practice of dentistry includes cleaning, filling, and extracting teeth, treating
diseased gum tissues, correcting irregularities in tooth alignment, performing surgical operations
on the mouth or jaw, and constructing and fitting artificial teeth or dentures.
Disorders in the mouth may cause diseases of other parts of the body; conversely, the teeth
and their supporting structures are affected by disease, abnormal conditions in distant parts of the
body. Because dental structures generally cannot repair themselves, care of the mouth represents a
unique health problem for which dentistry uses its own procedures and techniques, as well as
those of medicine, in order to prevent local complications as well as ill effects throughout the
body.
Unit 1
Terminology Presentation
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ａｂｒａｓｉｏｎ
The wearing away or wearing down of teeth
牙磨损
ａｂｕｔｍｅｎｔ
Tooth that provides the point of anchorage for a bridge
基牙，桥基
ａｃｒｙｌｉｃｒｅｓｉｎ
Plastic materials used in the fabrication of dentures and
crowns
丙烯酸树脂
ａｌｌｏｙ
The product formed as a result of combining two or more
metals
合金
ａｍａｌｇａｍ
#
汞合金
A mixture of silver, mercury, copper, and tin, which is used
to fill teeth, and it is long lasting, but expands and oxidizes
over time
- 239 -
ａｎｏｄｏｎｔｉａ
Partial or complete failure of natural teeth to form
先天性无牙
ａｐｈｔｈｏｕｓｕｌｃｅｒ
!
口腔溃疡，口疮
ａｐｐｌｉａｎｃｅ
A painful mouth ulcer caused by viral infection or vitamin
deficiency, usually on the looser gum tissue in the softer areas
of the mouth. Also called canker sore
A device worn by a dental patient during the course of
treatment
矫正器
ａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｔｏｒ
’
咬
An instrument for holding the casts of jaws or teeth in the
proper relationship to one another
架
ａｔｔｒｉｔｉｏｎ
Wearing down the surfaces of teeth by chewing
牙磨耗
Self-Assessment Test
Write the term that is described by each definition
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ＴＥＲＭ
1.
The wearing away of the teeth through some unusual or abnormal
mechanical process
2.
The teeth on either side of a missing tooth
3.
A resin derived from acrylic acid or other related acids and used in
the fabrication of dentures and crowns
A substance made from a mixture of a metal and one or more other
metals or non-metallic elements
An alloy of mercury with another metal (usually silver) used by
dentists to fill cavities in teeth
4.
5.
6.
Congenital absence of the teeth
7.
A type of benign mouth ulcer often caused by viral infection or
vitamin deficiency
Anything the orthodontist attaches to your teeth to move your teeth
or to change the shape of your jaw
8.
9.
A special holder for models of your teeth
10. Wearing down on the biting surfaces of the teeth
- 240 -
Unit 2
Terminology Presentation
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｂａｓｅｐｌａｔｅ
A sheet of wax or metal that is used for trial denture setups
基板
ｂｉｃｕｓｐｉｄｓ
A tooth having two cusps or points; located between the
incisors and the molars
双尖牙，两尖齿
ｂｉｔｅｗｉｎｇｒａｄｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ
&%#
咬翼片
ｂｒｕｘｉｓｍ
A dental X-ray film with a central projection on which the
teeth can hold it in position for examination of the decay
between teeth and under fillings
The clenching or grinding of the teeth
磨牙症
ｂｕｒｎｉｓｈｉｎｇ
Polishing a denture by friction
磨光，抛光
ｃａｌｃｕｌｕｓ
The accumulation of calcified substance that adheres to the
teeth. Also called tartar)
牙结石，牙垢
ｃａｒｉｅｓ
*
Decay of the tooth structure. Also called dental caries, cavity,
or tooth decay
龋齿
ｃｅｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ
The placement of a fixed crown or bridge with a dental
cement to assure retention
粘固
ｃｅｍｅｎｔｕｍ
Hard connective tissue covering the tooth root
牙骨质
ｃｌｅｆｔｌｉｐ
Birth defect in which one or more fissures form in the upper
lip, which takes place while the fetus is growing
唇裂，兔唇
Self-Assessment Test
Write the term that is described by each definition
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ＴＥＲＭ
1. A hard pink wax used in dentistry for making occlusion rims
2. One of the two double-pointed teeth which intervene between the
canines and the molars on each side of each jaw
- 241 -
3. A dental X-ray film that shows the upper and lower teeth¡fl
s biting
surfaces and can be held in place by the teeth during radiography
4. Compulsive grinding or clenching of the teeth especially at night
5. The rubbing or polishing of a denture until it is smooth and shiny
6. A calcium salt concretion which forms on the teeth
7. Decay of tooth, progressive decay can lead to the death of a tooth
8. The process of attaching parts of a tooth or restorative material to a
natural tooth
9. A bony substance covering the root of a tooth
10. A genetic disorder resulting in the failure of fusion in the upper lip
Unit 3
Terminology Presentation
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｃｌｅｆｔｐａｌａｔｅ
Congenital deformity resulting in lack of fusion of the soft
and/or hard palate, either partial or complete
颚裂，裂腭
ｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｆｉｌｌｉｎｇ
Tooth colored filling. Also called resin fillings
复合材料充填物
ｃｏｎｔａｃｔｐｏｉｎｔ
The area of a tooth¡fl
s surface that touches a neighboring tooth
触点
ｃｒｏｗｎ
The portion of a tooth that is covered by enamel and projects
from the gum
牙冠
ｃｒｏｗｎｌｅｎｇｔｈｅｎｉｎｇ
!
冠延长术
ｃｕｒｅｔｔａｇｅ
’
A surgical procedure exposing more tooth for restorative
purposes by apically positioning the gingival margin or
removing supporting bone
Removal of grossly infected gum tissue that causes severe
periodontal disease
牙周洁刮术
ｃｕｓｐｉｄ
尖牙，犬齿
ｄｅｂｒｉｄｅｍｅｎｔ
The third tooth from the center of the mouth to the back of
the mouth, having rounded or pointed edge for biting. Also
called canine
Removal of foreign materials and or devitalized tissue from
the vicinity of a wound
清创术，扩创术
ｄｅｃｉｄｕｏｕｓｔｅｅｔｈ
The first set of teeth that develop in childhood. Also called
- 242 -
!
primary teeth
乳牙
ｄｅｎｔａｌａｒｃｈ
The curved structure of natural dentition
’
牙弓
Self-Assessment Test
Write the term that is described by each definition
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ＴＥＲＭ
1. A congenital fissure in the roof of the mouth forming a
communication between the nasal passages and the oral cavity
2. A synthetic resin filling, used in dental restorative procedures
3. That part of the proximal surface of a tooth which touches the
adjacent tooth mesially or distally
4. A covering placed on a tooth to replace missing structure and
reinforce or strengthen it
5. Surgical procedure designed to increase the amount of tooth
structure projecting into the mouth
6. Surgical scraping of infected tissue from a wound in periodontal
procedure in dentistry
7. The third tooth to the left and to the right of the midline of either
jaw, situated between the second incisor and the premolar teeth
8. Cleansing of an infected area to remove gross accumulations of
tartar so that subsequent cleanings or root planing will be more
effective
9. The primary or baby teeth
10. The curved composite structure of the natural dentition and the
residual ridge, or the remains after the loss of some or all of the
natural teeth
Unit 4
Terminology Presentation
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｄｅｎｔａｌｐｌａｑｕｅ
A film of mucus and bacteria deposited on the teeth that
can harden into calculus and causes dental caries
’
牙菌斑
ｄｅｎｔｉｎ
The calcified tissue surrounding the pulp cavity of a tooth
and constituting the chief substance of a tooth
- 243 -
牙本质
ｄｅｎｔｕｒｅ
A removable appliance (prosthesis) that replaces all of the
teeth in either the upper or lower jaw
义齿，托牙
ｄｒｉｆｔｉｎｇ
Change in the position of a tooth or teeth (tipping),
usually due to missing teeth or gum disease
牙移位
ｅｄｅｎｔｕｌｏｕｓ
Without teeth, partially or totally in either the upper or
lower arch
无牙的
ｅｎａｍｅｌ
The hard crystalline material that covers the dentin of the
crown portion of a tooth
牙釉质
ｅｎｄｏｄｏｎｔｉｃｓ
The branch of dentistry dealing with diseases of the
dental pulp
牙髓学
ｅｘｏｄｏｎｔｉｃｓ
The branch of dentistry concerned with the extraction or
removal of teeth
拔牙学
ｅｘｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎ
The surgical removal of a tooth
拔牙
ｆｌｕｏｒｉｄａｔｉｏｎ
The addition of fluoride to a community water supply to
control dental caries
饮水加氟
Self-Assessment Test
Write the term that is described by each definition
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ＴＥＲＭ
1. A film of food debris, mucus and dead epithelial cells deposited on
the teeth, providing the medium for the growth of various bacteria
2. The calcified tissue below the enamel, enclosing the cavity of a tooth
containing the pulp chamber and root canals
3. A dental appliance that artificially replaces missing teeth
4. Random movement of a tooth to a position of greater stability
5. Having no teeth, partially or totally in either the upper or lower arch
6. A hard ceramic which covers the exposed part of the teeth
7. A dental specialty concerned with the maintenance of the dental pulp
in a state of health and the treatment of the pulp cavity
- 244 -
8. The branch of dentistry dealing with extraction of teeth
9. The process or act of pulling or drawing out a tooth
10. The addition of a fluoride to the water supply to prevent dental
decay
Unit 5
Terminology Presentation
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｆｕｒｃａｔｉｏｎ
Area of the trunk of the root of molar teeth that divides
either into two (lower molars), or three roots (upper
molars)
Condition in which the furcation of a multirooted tooth is
denuded of its periodontal ligament and bone by
periodontal disease
Relating to the tissue enveloping the tooth sockets (the
gums)
磨牙根分叉
ｆｕｒｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｍｅｎｔ
磨牙根分叉病变
ｇｉｎｇｉｖａｌ
牙龈的，齿龈的
ｇｉｎｇｉｖｉｔｉｓ
Infection and inflammation of the gum tissues
牙龈炎
ｇｕｉｄｅｄｂｏｎｅｒｅｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ
#
引导骨再生术
ｉｍｐａｃｔｅｄｔｏｏｔｈ
!
A procedure in which a membrane is placed over the
bone defect site to encourage new bone to grow and
prevent the in-growth of fibrous scar tissue into the
grafted site
A disorder in which a tooth is obstructed by another
tooth, bone, or soft tissue and cannot erupt normally
阻生牙
ｉｍｐｌａｎｔ
’
A post that is implanted in the bone so that a crown,
bridge or denture is then placed over it
种植体
ｉｎｃｉｓｏｒ
A tooth with a cutting edge
切牙，门牙
ｉｎｌａｙ
嵌体
ｍａｌａｒ
A filling consisting of a solid substance, such as metal,
plastic or porcelain, fitted to a cavity in a tooth and
cemented into place
Of or pertaining to the region of the cheek bone
面颊的，颧骨的
- 245 -
Self-Assessment Test
Write the term that is described by each definition
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ＴＥＲＭ
1. The region of a molar tooth at which the roots divide
2. Conditions in which a bifurcation or trifurcation of the molar tooth
root becomes denuded as a result of periodontal disease
3. Of or relating to the gums
4. Inflammation of the gums surrounding teeth
5. A procedure that attempts to regenerate bone prior to the placement
of bridges or implants in the treatment of periodontal bone defects
6. A tooth which is within the alveolus and is prevented from erupting
into its normal position
7. A replacement that is permanently attached to the jaw to hold a
crown, bridge or denture just like a root
8. The front teeth with the flat edges for biting
9. Restorations of metal, porcelain, or plastic made to fit a cavity
preparation, then cemented into the tooth
10. Of or pertaining to the region of the cheek bone or the malar bone
Unit 6
Terminology Presentation
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｍａｌｏｃｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ
Poor positioning or inappropriate contact between the teeth
on closure
咬
不正
ｍａｎｄｉｂｌｅ
The lower jawbone
下颌骨
ｍａｓｔｉｃａｔｉｏｎ
The biting and grinding food in the
soft enough to swallow
mouth so it becomes
咀嚼
ｍａｘｉｌｌａ
The upper jawbone
上颌骨
ｍｏｌａｒ
A grinding tooth with a broad crown and located behind the
premolars
磨牙，臼齿
ｍｕｃｏｇｉｎｇｉｖａｌｄｅｆｅｃｔ
Lack of attached gingiva as a result of bone loss to gum
- 246 -
黏膜牙龈缺损
ｏｃｃｌｕｓａｌｓｕｒｆａｃｅ
咬
面
ｏｃｃｌｕｓａｌｇｕａｒｄ
#’
牙
disease, or absence of gingiva as in gingival recession, with
resultant bone loss
The surface of a tooth that makes contact with the
corresponding surface of an opposing tooth
A removable acrylic appliance to minimize the effects of
grinding the teeth or joint problems, usually worn at night
垫
ｏｃｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ
The natural closure and fitting together of the upper and
lower teeth
咬
ｏｎｌａｙ
高嵌体
A tooth restoration of metal or porcelain that covers the entire
biting surface to protect tooth breakage if the cavity or old
filling is too large
Self-Assessment Test
Write the term that is described by each definition
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ＴＥＲＭ
1. A condition in which the opposing teeth do not mesh normally
2. The lower jaw bone
3. The process of chewing food in preparation for swallowing and
digestion
4. The upper jaw bone
5. Any one of the teeth located at the back of the incisors and canines
6. Lack of attached gingiva as a result of bone loss to gum disease, or
inadequate amount of attached gingiva
7. The surface of a tooth that occludes with or contacts an opposing
surface of a tooth in the opposing jaw
8. A device used to stabilize the teeth and reduce the traumatic effects
of bruxism
9. The normal spatial relation of the teeth when the jaws are closed
10. An indirect restoration made outside the oral cavity that overlays a
cusp or cusps of the tooth, which is then cemented to the tooth
Unit 7
Terminology Presentation
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
- 247 -
ｏｒｔｈｏｄｏｎｔｉｃｓ
!
The branch of dentistry that deals with the prevention and
correction of irregularities of the teeth and malocclusion
正畸学
ｏｒｔｈｏｄｏｎｔｉｃｒｅｔａｉｎｅｒ
!
正畸保持器
ｏｓｓｅｏｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎ
Orthodontic appliances, fixed or removable, used to maintain
teeth in corrected positions during the period of functional
adaptation following corrective treatment
The process by which bone heals around an implant
#
骨整合
ｏｖｅｒｂｉｔｅ
A malocclusion in which the upper teeth extend abnormally
far over the lower teeth
覆咬
ｐａｌａｔｅ
The roof of the mouth
腭
ｐａｎｏｒｅｘ
A dental radiograph taken to give a panoramic view of the
entire upper and lower dental arch and teeth
全景牙片
ｐａｒｔｉａｌｄｅｎｔｕｒｅ
’
A dental prosthesis, removable or fixed, which restores one or
more, but less than all, of the natural teeth
部分义齿
ｐｅｄｏｄｏｎｔｉｃｓ
The branch of dentistry that deals with the care and treatment
of children¡fl
s teeth
儿童牙科
ｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｎｔｉｃｓ
The branch of dentistry in the treatment of diseases of the
gum or bone (supporting structure)
牙周病学
ｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｎｔｉｔｉｓ
A disease which destroys the structures that hold the teeth in
the jaw and causes loosening of the teeth
牙周炎
Self-Assessment Test
Write the term that is described by each definition
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ＴＥＲＭ
1. The branch of dentistry that focuses on the development, prevention,
and correction of irregularities of the teeth, bite, and jaw
2. Appliance to stabilize teeth following orthodontic treatment
3. The growth action of bone tissue, as it assimilates prostheses as end
osseous dental implants
4. A malocclusion of the teeth in which the front upper incisor and
canine teeth project over the lower
- 248 -
5. The roof of the mouth
6. A dental X-ray taken outside of the mouth that shows all the teeth on
one film
7. A removable or fixed appliance (prosthesis) that replaces some of
the teeth in either the upper or lower jaw
8. The branch of dentistry that treats dental conditions in children
9. The branch of dentistry dealing with diseases of the gums and other
structures around the teeth
10. A disease that attacks the gum and bone and around the teeth
Unit 8
Terminology Presentation
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｐｅｒｍａｎｅｎｔｔｅｅｔｈ
The teeth of adults . Also called permanent dentition)
!
恒牙
ｐｅｒｉａｐｉｃａｌＸ－ｒａｙ
根尖周牙片
ｐｏｎｔｉｃ
An X-ray that shows several entire teeth (crowns and
roots) and includes a small amount of the periapical bone
surrounding the root tips
Artificial tooth or teeth designed to replace missing tooth
or teeth
桥体
ｐｏｃｋｅｔｅｌｉｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ
牙周袋清除
ｐｒｏｂｉｎｇ
Elimination of the inflamed, infected, flabby gum tissue
and correction of underlying bone damage or reducing
the depth of the periodontal pocket
Measuring of the depth of the gingival sulcus or free
space around a tooth
探查术
ｐｒｏｓｔｈｅｓｉｓ
!
The replacement of a part of the body by an artificial part
such as a denture
义齿修复
ｐｒｏｓｔｈｏｄｏｎｔｉｃｓ
!
义齿修复学
ｐｕｌｐ
The branch of dentistry dealing with the replacement of
teeth and related mouth or jaw structures by artificial
devices or prosthetics
The soft inner structure of a tooth, consisting of nerve and
blood vessels
牙髓
ｐｕｌｐｃａｐ
Covering an exposed or nearly exposed nerve with a
palliative material prior to filling the tooth
牙髓盖髓治疗
- 249 -
ｐｕｌｐｅｃｔｏｍｙ
Removal of the entire pulp structure of a tooth including
the pulp tissue in the roots
牙髓摘除术
Self-Assessment Test
Write the term that is described by each definition
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ＴＥＲＭ
1. The teeth of adults
2. An X-ray that shows the whole tooth, above and below the gumline
3. Opening up the pocket area to ensure the removal of inflamed,
infected flabby gum tissue or reducing the depth of the periodontal
pocket
4. An artificial tooth on a fixed partial denture replacing the lost natural
tooth, usually occupying the space of the previous natural crown
5. The detecting of the deep gum sockets or the free space around a
tooth
6. An artificial substitute for a missing tooth
7. The branch of dentistry that deals with the replacement of missing
teeth and structures by artificial devices or prostheses
8. The soft tissue that fills the inside of teeth
9. A procedure to cover an exposure of the pulp by placing a cement
base under a deep filling to provide thermal insulation and also to
stimulate healing
10. Excision or removal of the entire pulp from inside of a tooth,
including the pulp tissue in the roots
Unit 9
Terminology Presentation
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｐｕｌｐｉｔｉｓ
Inflammation of the dental pulp, usually due to bacterial
infection in dental caries or tooth fracture causing
exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion
Discharge of pus due to chronic periodontitis or purulent
inflammation of the teeth sockets, usually leading to the
loss of the bony support of the teeth
To resurface the tissue side of a denture with new base
material to make it fit more accurately
牙髓炎
ｐｙｏｒｒｈｅａ
牙脓漏，牙脓溢
ｒｅｌｉｎｅ
- 250 -
重衬
ｒｏｏｔｃａｎａｌ
牙根管
ｒｏｏｔｃａｎａｌｔｈｅｒａｐｙ
!
The passage in the root of a tooth through which its nerve
and blood vessels enter the pulp cavity. Aalso called
canal
The removing the pulp tissue inside the root canal of a
tooth before replacing with a filling material
根管治疗
ｒｏｏｔｐｌａｎｉｎｇ
根面平整术
ｓｃａｌｉｎｇ
洁牙，刮牙垢，刮治术
ｓｅａｌａｎｔ
窝沟封闭
ｔｅｍｐｏｒｏｍａｎｄｉｂｕｌａｒ
ｊｏｉｎｔｄｙｓｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ（ＴＪＤ）
A procedure designed to remove bacterial toxins,
calculus, and diseased cementum or dentin on the root
surfaces and in the pocket to produce a smooth, hard, and
clean surface
A procedure by which plaque, calculus and stain are
removed from both supragingival and subgingival tooth
surfaces
Application of plastic resin placed on the biting surfaces
of molars to prevent bacteria from attacking the enamel
and causing caries
A disorder of the temporomandibular joint due to
structural or functional aspects
颞下颌关节紊乱
ｘｅｒｏｓｔｏｍｉａ
口腔干燥
Decreased salivary secretion that produces a dry and
sometimes burning sensation of the oral mucosa or
cervical caries
Self-Assessment Test
Write the term that is described by each definition
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ＴＥＲＭ
1. Inflammation of the pulp, usually due to bacterial infection in dental
caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions
2. Flowing of pus caused by infection of the soft and hard tissues
surrounding the teeth and progressing with tissue destruction
3. To put new lines on the tissue side of a denture with new base
material so that it will it fit more accurately.
4. The space within the root of a tooth containing the pulp
5. The removal of the nerve of the tooth from the canal inside the root
and replaced with a filling material
6. A procedure of smoothing of the roughened root surface or
cementum of a tooth after subgingival curettage or scaling
7. A periodontal procedure to remove deposits of bacterial plaque,
- 251 -
calculus, food debris, and pus that have accumulated in the infected
pocket
8. Application of a thin plastic film painted on the chewing surfaces of
molars and premolars for the prevention of cavities
9. Abnormal functioning of temporomandibular joint; also refers to
symptoms arising in other areas secondary to the dysfunction
10. A dryness of the mouth from salivary gland dysfunction
- 252 -
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ１３ＰｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃａｌＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ
Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
Pharmacology deals with the interaction between chemical substances and living tissues. If
the chemical is primarily beneficial, its study falls under the title therapeutics; if primarily harmful,
its study is called toxicology. In either case, pharmacodynamics defines how the material is
absorbed by the body, where it acts, what its effect is, and how it is metabolized and excreted.
Physicians who specialize in pharmacology are called clinical pharmacologists. Pharmacists
who practice in hospitals also specialize in pharmacology, and they can advise physicians on the
optimal use of medicinal drugs.
Medicinal drugs are used for the prevention and control of disease. The study of drugs,
however, did not emerge as the distinct profession of pharmacy until the 17th century. In the 20th
century, the thousands of new drugs placed in the hands of physicians through research and
development have wrought a virtual revolution in medical practice.
Drugs are divided into two categories: the ethical or prescription drugs are normally available
only through prescription; and the proprietary or patent drugs are sold over the counter for relief of
minor and temporary ailments.
Unit 1
Hospital Pharmacy Terms
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｂｒａｎｄｎａｍｅ
A trade name for a pharmaceutical product or service produced
by a particular drug company
商品名
ｇｅｎｅｒｉｃｎａｍｅ
A pharmaceutical product that is not marked with the name of
the company that produces it
通用名
ｌｅｇｅｎｄｄｒｕｇ
#
A drug which is required by federal law (in U.S.) that prohibits
its dispensing without prescription
处方药
ｏｖｅｒ－ｔｈｅ－ｃｏｕｎｔｅｒｄｒｕｇ
A drug legally sold without a prescription
+
#
非处方药
ｐｒｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎ
处方，药方
ｍｅｄｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｒｄｅｒ
A special written instruction from a pharmacist or a doctor about
the preparation and use of a medication to be dispensed to a
particular patient
An order for the administration of one or more medications to a
patient in a hospital
用药医嘱
ｓｕｐｅｒｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎ
A direction from a doctor that is written above a prescription,
- 253 -
处方标记，处方头
ｉｎｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎ
usually represented by the symbol ¡Rx¡–which means ¡take¡–or
¡take out¡–
That part of the prescription that lists the names and quantities of
the ingredients of a medication to be used
处方正文
ｓｕｂｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎ
下标处方
Ｓｉｇｎａ
The part of the prescription that follows the inscription and gives
directions about the quantity of a drug to the pharmacist or
compounder
The part of the prescription that gives the directions for the
patient, usually preceded by the abbreviation ¡Sig.¡–
标记，用法
Self-Assessment Test
Write the term that is described by each definition
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ＴＥＲＭ
1. The proprietary name under which a manufacturer markets a
drug or a particular dosage form of a drug
2. A pharmaceutical product that does not have a brand name or
trademark
3. Medication that requires a prescription prior to dispensing
4. A drug or medication that is available without a prescription
5. A written direction for the preparation and administration of a
drug or a remedy
6. An order to administer any prescribed drug or medication to a
patient by a pharmacist or a doctor
7. That upper part of a prescription which contains the Latin word
recipe (take) or the symbol ¡Rx¡–
8. That part of the prescription that lists the names and strength of a
medication to be used
9. The part of a prescription which contains the direction of the
quantity of a medication s to the apothecary or pharmacist
10. Directions for the patient which appears on the medication
container label with the abbreviation of ¡Sig.¡–
Unit 2
Hospital Pharmacy Terms
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ａｅｒｏｓｏｌ
A suspension or dispersion of fine particles of a solid or liquid in
- 254 -
*
气雾剂
ｃａｐｓｕｌｅ
a gas which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation
therapy
Hard or soft, soluble containers of a suitable substance, for
enclosing a dose of medicine, usually for oral administration
胶囊
ｉｎｈａｌａｔｉｏｎ
A medication to be taken by inhaling it
"
吸入剂
ｉｎｊｅｃｔｉｏｎ
A drug, especially a dose of liquid medicine that is injected into
the body by using a needle and a syringe
注射剂
ｌｏｔｉｏｎ
Liquid preparation having a soothing or antiseptic or medicinal
action when applied to the skin
洗剂，药水
ｏｉｎｔｍｅｎｔ
药膏，油膏
ｐｏｗｄｅｒ
A thick oily substance, usually containing medicine, which is
put on the skin where it is sore or where there is an injury, in
order to cure it
Any of various medical preparations dispensed in the form of a
powder
散剂，粉剂
ｓｕｐｐｏｓｉｔｏｒｙ
栓剂
ｓｕｓｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ
A small plug of medication designed to melt at body
temperature within a body cavity other than the mouth,
especially the rectum or vagina
A mixture of preparation in which fine particles are suspended
in a fluid before it is administered to a patient
悬浮液，混悬液
ｔａｂｌｅｔ
A small flat pellet of medication to be taken orally
片剂
Self-Assessment Test
Write the term that is described by each definition
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
1.
2.
ＴＥＲＭ
A dispenser that forces a liquid out as a fine spray when a button
is pressed
A pill in the form of a small rounded container with medicine
inside
3.
A medication used to breathe in by patient
4.
A liquid medicine which is put into a person¡fl
s body by using a
needle and a syringe
A liquid preparation applied to the skin, or an injured or
5.
- 255 -
6.
7.
8.
9.
diseased part for a medicinal purpose
Semisolid oily preparation, usually containing a medicine,
applied externally as a remedy or for soothing an irritation
Any of various preparations in the form of powder, as certain
medicines.
A small solid pill which contains a drug and which is put inside
the anus where it dissolves easily
A liquid in which small pieces of solid medicine are contained,
but not dissolved, before used
10. A small solid piece of medicine to be taken orally
Unit 3
Prescription Drugs
ＣＡＴＥＧＯＲＹ
ＣＬＩＮＩＣＡＬＵＳＥ
ＳＡＭＰＬＥ
ａｎｅｓｔｈｅｔｉｃ
Relieving pain, usually by interfering
with nerve transmission
Benzocaine
!
麻醉剂，麻药
Dibucaine
Ethyl Aminobenzoate
Nupercainal
ａｎｔｉ－ａｎｇｉｎａ
Relieving the pain and pressure of
heart
抗心绞痛药
ａｎｔｉａｎｘｉｅｔｙ
抗焦虑药
Bepridil
Isosorbide Dinitrate
Nitroglycerin
Reducing anxiety symptoms such as
irritability, nausea, breathing
problems and pounding heartbeat
Alprazolam (Xanax)
Buspirone
Chlordiazepoxide
Diazepam (Valium)
ａｎｔｉａｒｒｈｙｔｈｍｉｃ
+
Correcting irregular heartbeats and
restoring the normal rhythm
抗心律不齐药
Amiodarone
Disopyramide
Procainamide
Quinidine
ａｎｔｉ－ａｓｔｈｍａｔｉｃ
平喘药
ａｎｔｉｂｉｏｔｉｃ
Blocking the parasympathetic nerves
and treating and preventing asthma
attacks
Destroying or Inhibiting the growth
of bacteria that causes infection
抗生素
Bronchodilators
Corticosteroids
Cromolyn
Aminoglycosides
Fluoroquinolones
Penicillins
Sulfonamides
ａｎｔｉｃｈｏｌｉｎｅｒｇｉｃ
抗胆碱能药
ａｎｔｉｃｏａｇｕｌａｎｔ
Treating problems of stiffness or
weakness in muscle, and problems
with talking or swallowing too much
saliva
Preventing blood clots
- 256 -
Artane
Gastrosed
Hyoscyamine
Methantheline
Coumadin (Warfarin)
#
Dicumarol
抗凝剂
Dipyridamole
Enoxaparin
ａｎｔｉｃｏｎｖｕｌｓａｎｔ
Preventing or relieving convulsive
seizures
抗惊厥药
Dilantin (Phenytoin)
Phenobarbital
Neurontin (Gabapentin)
Carbamazepine
ａｎｔｉｄｅｐｒｅｓｓａｎｔ
Decreasing depressive mood
Elavil (Amitriptyline)
Prozac (Fluoxetine)
抗抑郁药
Tofranil (Imipramine)
Self-Assessment Test
Write the term that is described by each definition
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ＴＥＲＭ
1.
Medicines that cause unconsciousness or a loss of general
sensation to pain or awareness
2.
Medicines that relieve the symptoms of Angina Pectoris
3.
Medicines that calm and relax people with excessive anxiety,
nervousness or tension
Medicines that prevent or alleviat irregularities in the force or
rhythm of the heart
4.
5.
Medicines that treat or prevent asthma attacks
6.
Medicines that kill the bacteria which cause infections
7.
Medicines that block the parasympathetic nerves
8.
Medicines that prevent or retards the clotting of blood
9.
Medicines that prevent or treat convulsions or seizures
10. Medicines that relieve symptoms of mental depression
Unit 4
Prescription Drugs
ＣＡＴＥＧＯＲＹ
ＣＬＩＮＩＣＡＬＵＳＥ
ＳＡＭＰＬＥ
ａｎｔｉｄｉａｒｒｈｅａｌ
Treating symptoms of diarrhea and
decreasing gastrointestinal infections
Bismuth
止泻药
Diphenoxylate-Atropine
Loperamide (Imodium)
Pedialyte
ａｎｔｉ－ｅｍｅｔｉｃ
Preventing nausea and vomiting
- 257 -
Dolasetron
Chlorpromazine
止吐药
Granisetron
Ondansetron
ａｎｔｉｈｙｐｅｒｌｉｐｉｄｅｍｉｃ
"’
Reducing or lowering the cholesterol
levels
降胆固醇药
Lipitor (Atorvastatin)
Niaspan (Niacin)
Pravachol (Pravastatin)
Zocor (Simvastatin)
ａｎｔｉｈｙｐｅｒｔｅｎｓｉｖｅ
Reducing high blood pressure
Captopen (Captopril)
"’
Hydralazine
降血压药
Tenormin (Atenolol)
Zestril (Lisinopril)
ａｎｔｉ－ｉｎｆｌａｍｍａｔｏｒｙ
Counteracting or suppressing
inflammation
消炎药
Allopurinol
Ibuprofen
Colchicine
Hydrocortisone Acetate
ａｎｔｉ－ｉｎｓｏｍｎｉａ
催眠药
Treating chronic sleeping problems
in which people fail to fall asleep or
stay asleep or wake up too early and
can¡fl
t go back to sleep
Estazolam
Flurazepam
Quazepam
Temazepam
Zolpidem
ａｎｔｉｍａｌａｒｉａｌ
*
Preventing or curing malaria or
destroying malarial parasites
抗疟疾药
Chloroquine
Primaquine
Pyrimethamine
Quinine
ａｎｔｉｎｅｏｐｌａｓｔｉｃ
抗肿瘤药
Preventing the development,
maturation, or spread of malignant of
neoplastic or malignant cells
Asparaginase
Azathioprine
Bleomycin Sulfate
Chlorambucil
ａｎｔｉｐｒｏｔｏｚｏａｌ
抗原虫药
Checking the growth or reproduction
of protozoan that causes infections in
man and animal
Metronidazole
Furazolidone
Hydroxychloroquine
Pentamidine
ａｎｔｉｐｒｕｒｉｔｉｃ
Relieving or preventing itching
Betamethasone Valerate
Calamine
止痒药，止痒剂
Hydrocortisone Acetate
Self-Assessment Test
Write the term that is described by each definition
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ＴＥＲＭ
1. Medicines that help control diarrhea
2. Drugs used to prevent nausea or vomiting
- 258 -
3. Medicines that reduce or lower the cholesterol levels
4. Medicines that reduce high blood pressure
5. Medicines that relieve pain, swelling, stiffness or inflammation
6. Medicines that help people fall asleep or stay asleep
7. Medicines that inhibit the development of neoplasms and destroy
cancer cells
8. Medicines that prevent or treat malaria
9. Medicines that treat infections caused by Protozoa
10. Medicines that relieve or prevent itching
Unit 5
Prescription Drugs
ＣＡＴＥＧＯＲＹ
ＣＬＩＮＩＣＡＬＵＳＥ
ＳＡＭＰＬＥ
ａｎｔｉｐｓｙｃｈｏｔｉｃ
Treating a severe mental illness in
which people lose touch with reality
Haloperidol
抗精神病药
Lithium
Chlorpromazine
Thioridazine
ａｎｔｉｐｙｒｅｔｉｃ
Relieving or reducing fever
Codeine Phosphate
Colchicines
退热剂，退热药
Cyclophosphamide
Morphine Sulfate
ａｎｔｉｒｅｔｒｏｖｉｒａｌ
Stopping or suppressing the activity
of a retrovirus such as HIV
Didanosine
Lamivudine
抗反转录病毒药
Stavudine
)抗艾滋病病毒药(
Zalcitabine
Zidovudine
ａｎｔｉ－ｒｈｅｕｍａｔｉｃ
)(
抗风湿药
Treating common forms of Arthritis,
Osteoarthritis or Rheumatoid
Arthritis
Azathioprine
Hydroxychloroquine
Methotrexate
Penicillamine
ａｎｔｉｓｐａｓｍｏｄｉｃ
解痉剂
ａｎｔｉｔｕｂｅｒｃｕｌａｒ
)(
抗结核药
Relieving the incidence of , and
preventing cramps or seizures of
muscle spasms
Treating Tuberculosis, an infectious
disease that can affect the lungs and
other organs
Atropine Sulfate
Dicyclomine
Hyoscine Butylbromide
Cycloserine, Ethambutol,
Ethionamide, Isoniazid,
Pyrazinamide, Rifabutin and
Rifampin
ａｎｔｉｖｉｒａｌ
Destroying or inhibiting the growth
- 259 -
Amantadine
抗病毒药
ａｎｔｈｅｌｍｉｎｔｉｃ
!
驱虫剂，打虫药
ａｓｔｒｉｎｇｅｎｔ
and reproduction of viruses and
stimulating the immune system so
that the body can fight the viruses
itself
Destroying worms and removing
internal parasitic worms in animals
and humans
Stopping secretions or controlling
bleeding
Foscarnet
Blocking action of beta-adrenergic
receptor of the autonomic nerve
system and relieving stress to the
heart muscle
Atenolol (Tenormin)
Nevirapine
Rimantadine
Zidovudine
Mebendazole, Niclosamide,
Praziquantel, Pyrantel and
Thiabendazole
Aluminium Diacetate
止血药，收敛剂
Ｂｅｔａｂｌｏｃｋｅｒ
β-受体阻滞剂
Metoprolol (Lopressor)
Nadolol (Corgard)
Propranolol (Inderal)
Timolol (Blocadren)
Self-Assessment Test
Write the term that is described by each definition
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ＴＥＲＭ
1. A drug that is effective in the treatment of psychotic disorders
2. Medicines that relieve or reduce fever
3. Medicines
that
treat
infection
Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV)
with
the
Human
4. Medicines that treat some common forms of arthritis
5. Medicines that lower the incidence of or prevent seizures or
muscle spasms
6. Medicines that in the treatment of tuberculosis
7. Medicines that cure or control virus infections
8. Medicines that rid the body of parasitic worms
9. Medicines that cause contraction, usually locally after topical
application
10. Medicines that affect the body¡fl
s response to certain nerve
impulses and decrease the rate of the heart¡fl
s contractions
- 260 -
Unit 6
Prescription Drugs
ＣＡＴＥＧＯＲＹ
ＣＬＩＮＩＣＡＬＵＳＥ
ＳＡＭＰＬＥ
ｂｒｏｎｃｈｏｄｉｌａｔｏｒ
Widening the air passages of the
lungs and easing breathing by
relaxing bronchial smooth muscle
Albuterol (Proventil)
支气管扩张药
Epinephrine (Primatene)
Ipratropium (Atrovent)
Metaproterenol (Alupent)
Terbutaline (Brethine).
ｄｉｕｒｅｔｉｃ
Tending to increase the discharge of
urine
利尿剂
Chlorothiazide
Hydrodiuril
Hydrochlorothiazide
Lasix (Furosemide)
ｆｕｎｇｉｃｉｄｅ
Treating infections in various parts of
the body that are caused by fungi
杀真菌剂
Fluconazole
Itraconazole
Ketoconazole
Miconazole
ｈｙｐｏｇｌｙｃｅｍｉｃ
Lowering high blood sugar
Diabeta (Glyburide)
Glucophage (Metformin)
降血糖药
Glucotrol (Glipizide)
Insulin
ｉｎｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｔｙｄｒｕｇ
Enabling a man or woman to achieve
pregnancy
治不孕症药
Clomiphene
Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin
Clomid,
Serophene
ｉｍｍｕｎｏｓｕｐｐｒｅｓｓａｎｔ
Reducing the body¡fl
s natural defenses
against foreign invaders or materials
免疫抑制剂
ｌａｘａｔｉｖｅ
蛋白酶抑制剂
Cyclosporine
Tacrolimus
Stimulating evacuation of the bowels
and promoting bowel movements
泻药
ｐｒｏｔｅａｓｅｉｎｈｉｂｉｔｏｒ
Azathioprine
Fibercon, Fiberall,
Metamucil
Senna
Blocking the action of HIV protease,
thus preventing the production of
new infectious viral articles
Indinavir (Crixivan)
Ritonavir (Norvir)
Nelfinavir (Viracept)
Saquinavir (Invirase)
Fortovase
ｓｅｄａｔｉｖｅ
Relieving anxiety and tension
Barbiturate
Chloral Hydrate
镇静剂
Droperidol
Nonbarbiturate
ｖａｓｏｄｉｌａｔｏｒ
Causing dilation or relaxation of the
blood vessels
血管扩张剂
Apresoline
Hydralazine
Minoxidil
- 261 -
Loniten
Self-Assessment Test
Write the term that is described by each definition
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ＴＥＲＭ
1. Medicines that help open the Bronchial Tubes (airways) of the
lungs and allow more air to flow through them
2. Medicines that help reduce the amount of water in the body
3. Medicines taken by mouth or by injection to treat infections
caused by a fungus
4. Medicines that help lowering high blood sugar
5. Medicines that help bring about pregnancy
6. Medicines that prevent their bodies from rejecting transplanted
organs
7. Medicines that act to promote evacuation of the bowels
8. Medicines that treat selected patients with HIV infection
9. Medicnes with a calming and soothing effect that relieve anxiety
and tension
10. Medicines that act directly on muscles in blood vessel walls to
make blood vessels widen
Unit 7
Non-Prescription Drugs
ＣＡＴＥＧＯＲＹ
ＣＬＩＮＩＣＡＬＵＳＥ
ＳＡＭＰＬＥ
ａｎａｌｇｅｓｉｃ
Reducing or eliminating chronic or
acute pain, such as headaches and
muscle aches
Aspirin
止痛剂，镇痛药
Aleve (Naproxen)
Choline Salicylate
Codeine
Motrin (Ibuprofen)
ａｎｔａｃｉｄ
Neutralizing stomach acid
Maalox
Mylanta
抗酸药
Rolaids
Prevacid (Lansoprazole)
ａｎｔｉ－ａｃｎｅ
抗痤疮药，抗粉刺药
Clearing up pimples, black heads,
white heads, or severe disfiguring
acne
Isotretinoin
Lotions, soaps, gels, and
creams containing benzoyl
peroxide or tretinoin
- 262 -
ａｎｔｉｆｌａｔｕｌｅｎｔ
消胀药
Relieving the uncomfortable
symptoms of too much gas in the
stomach and intestines
Gas-X
Flatulex
Mylanta Gas Relief
Phazyme
ａｎｔｉｈｅｍｏｒｒｈｏｉｄ
Reducing swellings and pain in the
area around the anus
治疗痔疮药物
Benzocaine
Lidocaine
Epinephrine Base
Witch Hazel
Cocoa Butter
ａｎｔｉｈｉｓｔａｍｉｎｅｓ
抗组胺剂
Blocking the effects of Histamine,
reducing allergy symptoms and
treating motion sickness, nausea,
dizziness, and vomiting
Allegra (fexofenadine)
Astemizole (Hismanal)
Brompheniramine
Chlorpheniramine
Diphenhydramine
ａｎｔｉｓｅｐｔｉｃ
杀菌剂，消毒剂
Keeping bacteria from getting into
wounds and from causing infection
on the skin
Hydrogen Peroxide
Iodine
Isopropyl Alcohol
Phenol
Methyl Salicylate
Thymol
ｃｏｕｇｈｓｕｐｐｒｅｓｓａｎｔ
Relieving or inhibiting coughs, often
associated with colds and flu
止咳药
ｄｅｃｏｎｇｅｓｔａｎｔ
解鼻腔充血药
Dextromethorphan
Guaifenesin
Hydrobromide
Relieving the swelling by narrowing
the blood vessels that supply blood to
the nose
In many forms, including
tablets, capsules, caplets, gel
caps, liqui-caps, liquids,
nasal sprays, and nose drops
ｅｘｐｅｃｔｏｒａｎｔ
Helping remove mucus and other
secretions from the respiratory tract
祛痰药
Bromophen T.D.
Dimetane
Guaifenesin
Robitussin
Self-Assessment Test
Write the term that is described by each definition
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ＴＥＲＭ
1. Medicines that relieve pain of all sorts and pain resulting from
surgery, injury or illness
2. Medicines that relieve acid indigestion, upset stomach, sour
stomach, and heartburn
3. Medicines that help clear up pimples, black heads, white heads,
and more severe forms of acne
4. Medicines that prevent the formation of gas pockets and break up
- 263 -
5.
6.
7.
8.
gas that is trapped in the stomach and intestines
Medicines that reduce the swelling in the area around the anus
and relieve the discomfort of hemorrhoids
Medicines that relieve or prevent the symptoms of Hay Fever
and other kinds of allergy
Medicines that slow or stop the growth of germs and help
prevent infections in minor cuts, scrapes, and burns
Medicines that prevent or stop coughing associated with colds
and flu
9. Medicines that relieve nasal congestion (stuffy nose)
10. Medicines that loosen and clear mucus and phlegm from the
respiratory tract associated with colds
- 264 -
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ１４ＳｏｍｅＢａｓｉｃＴｅｒｍｓｆｏｒＯｎｃｏｌｏｇｙ
Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
When the body¡fl
s cells become abnormal and duplicate out of control a tumor is formed.
These may be cancerous (spreading) or benign (non-cancerous). Normal body cells divide in a
controlled and relatively slow rate, but in malignant cells the duplication is uncontrolled and often
at a very rapid rate. If the tumor is malignant the disease may develop in other parts of the body
where secondary tumors may form.
Cancer is not a single disease but a wide range of different diseases of which there are over a
hundred types. Cancers can be classified into two broad types: haematological (malignancies of
the blood) or solid tumors. The name of the cancer depends on the type of tissue or the site it
develops in. For example a sarcoma is a cancer arising from bone, muscle or connective tissue.
Carcinoma is cancer arising from cells of the glands and the outer layer of skin that lines blood
vessels, hollow organs and the body¡fl
s orifices.
The cause of most cancers remains unknown. A minority of cancers are known to be
hereditary, such as some breast cancers, retinoblastomas, and Wilms¡fltumors. In rare cases the
family may have a history of cancers. However, most cancers have no obvious hereditary cause.
Carcinogens are chemicals or environmental factors that may cause normal cells to become
abnormal and cancerous by damage or mutate a cells genetic material (DNA and RNA). For
example smoking is known to increase a person¡fl
s risk of lung cancer, likewise over-exposure to
ultraviolet sun light increases the risk of melanoma, and inhalation of asbestos dust can cause
mesophelioma. Some viruses are known to be carcinogens, for example the HTLV-1 virus is
associated with leukaemia. Excessive radiation exposure has also been linked with cancer
incidence. Other factors such as diet and lifestyle may influence cancer incidence.
Unit 1
Carcinogen and Diagnosis
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｃａｒｃｉｎｏｇｅｎ
An agent, including excessive radiation exposure,
chemicals, drugs and viruses, capable of initiating
development of malignant tumours
An agent, such as a chemical, ultraviolet light, or a
radioactive element, that can induce or increase the
frequency of mutation in an organism
A gene that causes the transformation of normal cells
into cancerous tumor cells, especially a viral gene that
transforms a host cell into a tumor cell
A gene that encodes a product that negatively
regulates the cell cycle and must be mutated or
otherwise inactivated before a cell proceeds to rapid
!
致癌物质
ｍｕｔａｇｅｎ
诱变因子
ｏｎｃｏｇｅｎｅ
癌基因
ｃａｎｃｅｒｓｕｐｐｒｅｓｓｏｒｇｅｎｅ
抑癌基因
- 265 -
ｏｎｃｏｇｅｎｅｓｉｓ
division
The formation and development of tumors
肿瘤发生
ｔｕｍｏｒｍａｒｋｅｒ
!
A substance in the body that may indicate the
presence of cancer
肿瘤标志物
ａｆｌａｔｏｘｉｎ
黄曲霉素
ａｌｐｈａ－ｆｅｔｏｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ（ＡＦＰ）
甲胎蛋白
ｃａｒｃｉｎｏｅｍｂｒｙｏｎｉｃａｎｔｉｇｅｎ（ＣＡＥ）
!
癌胚抗原
ｐａｒａｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ
异常蛋白
ｈａｅｍａｔｏｌｏｇｙ
A fungal toxin which is a powerful liver carcinogen,
found particularly in undeveloped and developing
countries
An antigen produced in the liver of a fetus that can
appear in certain diseases of adults, such as liver
cancer
Antigen found in blood of patients suffering from
cancer of colon and some other diseases, that is
otherwise normally found in fetal gut tissue
An abnormal plasma protein, produced by malignant
cells, such as a macroglobulin, cryoglobulin, or
myeloma protein, and its presence in the blood acts as
an important tumor marker
The study of the morphology of the blood and blood
forming tissues
血液学
ｈｉｓｔｏｐａｔｈｏｌｏｇｙ
"
The science concerned with the study of microscopic
changes in diseased tissues
组织病理学说
ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｔｉｏｎ
##
分化
ｗｅｌｌｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｔｅｄ
$
#
The distinguishing of one cell or disease from another
in order to form the different specialized tissues of the
body
Cancer cells that are close to the original source tissue
and usually less aggressive
高分化型
ｐｏｏｒｌｙｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｔｅｄ
#
Cancer cells that have chanced more and are more
aggressive
低分化型
ｂｉｏｐｓｙ
活组织检查
ｐｏｓｉｔｒｏｎｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｔｏｍｏｇｒａｐｈｙ
（ＰＥＴ）
%#
正电子放射扫描
Ｘ－ｒａｙ
The removal and examination of a sample of tissues
or liquids from the living body to determine the
existence or cause of a disease
Tomography in which a computer-generated image of
a biological activity within the body is produced
through the detection of gamma rays that are emitted
when introduced radionuclides decay and release
positrons
Examination of X-ray films that indicates the site and
- 266 -
X 线照片
ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒａｘｉａｌｔｏｍｏｇｒａｐｈｙ（ＣＴ／ＣＡＴ）
计算机断层 X 线照片
ｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｒｅｓｏｎａｎｃｅｉｍａｇｉｎｇ
（ＭＲＩ）
%
磁共振
ｕｌｔｒａｓｏｕｎｄ
超声波
Ｐａｐｓｍｅａｒ
帕氏抹片宫颈涂片）
extent of the tumor and aids in the detection of
metastatic spread
A method of examining body organs by scanning
them with X rays and using a computer to construct a
series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis
The use of a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer
to produce electronic images of specific atoms and
molecular structures in solids, especially human cells,
tissues, and organs
The use of ultrasonic waves for diagnostic or
therapeutic purposes, specifically to image an internal
body structure
A test for cancer, especially of the female genital
tract, in which a smear of exfoliated cells is specially
stained and examined under a microscope for
pathological changes. Also called Pap test.
Unit 2
Staging and Prognosis
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｂｅｎｉｇｎ
Something that does not metastasize and treatment or
removal is curative
良性的
ｍａｌｉｇｎａｎｔ
Cancerous, where the tumor grows uncontrollably and
may spread
恶性的
ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｎｏｄｅｓ
%
Tumors that have not invaded tissues and have not
involved lymph nodes
阴性淋巴结
ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅｎｏｄｅｓ
%
%
Tumors that has invaded tissues and lymphatics, and has
metastasized
阳性淋巴结
ｌｏｗｇｒａｄｅ
Tumors that are clinically less aggressive but may recur if
incompletely removed surgically
低度恶性
ｈｉｇｈｇｒａｄｅ
Tumors that are very aggressive in spreading and highly
resistant to treatment
高度恶性
ｌｏｃａｌｉｚｅｄ
%
A disease found only in the original site, with no spread
to other organs
局部的
ｍｅｔａｓｔａｓｉｚｅ
Cancer that started from cancer cells from another part of
- 267 -
%
转移
ｓｔａｇｉｎｇ
the body, usually through the blood vessels, lymph
channels or spinal fluid
The extent to which cancer has spread from its original
site to other parts of the body
临床分期
ｒｅｓｔａｇｉｎｇ
The patient is staged again after a period of treatment to
access the response to therapy
再分期
ｐｒｏｇｎｏｓｉｓ
A forecast as to the probable outcome of a disease and its
treatment
预后
ｒｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ
#
缓解
ｒｅｌａｐｓｅ
A complete or partial disappearance of the signs and
symptoms of disease in response to treatment although
cancer cells may remain in the body
The return of symptoms and signs of a disease after a
period of improvement
复发
ｒｅｆｒａｃｔｏｒｙ
Not readily yielding to treatment and the patient may
never go into remission
难治愈的
ｆｏｌｌｏｗ－ｕｐ
随访
The periodic visits to the physician are needed to monitor
the patient and ensure there has been no recurrence of the
disease
Unit 3
Treatment
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｃｕｒａｔｉｖｅｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ
Treatment to destroy the cancer by medication
药物治疗
ｐａｌｌｉａｔｉｖｅｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ
Treatment which relieves the symptoms and pain
姑息性治疗
ｓｕｒｇｅｒｙ
Operations to cut out the cancerous tumor
手术治疗
ｓｕｒｇｉｃａｌｌｙｒｅｓｅｃｔａｂｌｅ
Capable of being removed by surgery
可手术的
ｉｎｏｐｅｒａｂｌｅ
Not suitable for surgery
不宜手术的
- 268 -
ｅｘｃｉｓｉｏｎａｌｂｉｏｐｓｙ
活组织切除
ｅｎｂｌｏｃｒｅｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ
!&#
The removal of tumor and a safe margin of normal tissue,
which can be curative for many cancers if done before
metastases
The total removal of tumor and large amount of
surrounding tissue including positive lymph nodes
肿瘤完全切除术
ｃｒｙｏｓｕｒｇｅｒｙ
Destroying malignant tissues by freezing it with a cold
probe, often used for soft tissues like the liver
冷冻手术治疗
ｆｕｌｇｕｒａｔｉｏｎ
#
电灼疗法
ｃｈｅｍｏｔｈｅｒａｐｙ
"
The destruction of tissue, usually malignant tumors, by
means of a high-frequency electric current applied with a
needlelike electrode
The treatment of cancer by means of chemicals that
selectively destroy cancerous tissue
化疗
ｐｒｅ－ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅｃｈｅｍｏｔｈｅｒａｐｙ
Drugs given to shrink the tumor before surgery
"
术前化疗
ｍｙｅｌｏｓｓｕｐｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎ
#
骨髓抑制
ｒａｄｉｏｔｈｅｒａｐｙ
"
放疗
ｅｘｔｅｒｎａｌｒａｄｉｏｔｈｅｒａｐｙ
A common side effect of chemotherapy in which there is
a reduction in the ability of the bone marrow to produce
blood cells
Treatment of disease with radiation, especially by
selective irradiation with X-rays or other ionizing
radiation and by ingestion of radioisotopes
Radioactivity from a source outside the body
"
外照射
ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｒａｄｉｏｔｈｅｒａｐｙ
"
Radioactive by placing a source within the body or the
tumor to kill the cancer cells
内照射
ｆｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓ
#%
The radiotherapy dose which is divided into a number of
smaller doses to reduce the risk of side effects
分次放射（剂量）
ｈｙｐｅｒｆｒａｃｔｉｏｎａｔｅｄｒａｄｉｏｔｈｅｒａｐｙ
#
The radiotherapy in which more than one fraction is
given per day
"
超分割放射治疗
ｒａｄｉｏｔｈｅｒａｐｙｆｉｅｌｄ
The area towards which the radiotherapy was directed
"
放射野
ｔｏｔａｌｂｏｄｙｉｒｒａｄｉａｔｉｏｎ（ＴＢＩ）
#
Radiation to the whole body to destroy all malignant cells
prior to bone marrow transplant
全身照射
ｐｒｏｔｏｎｒａｄｉｏｔｈｅｒａｐｙ
A method to treat patients with certain kinds of cancers
- 269 -
"
质子放射治疗
ｒａｄｉｏｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｅ
using proton therapy, which offers greater precision and
significantly less damage to surrounding tissue
Responsive to radiation therapy and cancer degenerates in
response to radiation
放射敏感的
ｒａｄｉｏｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｔ
%
放射不敏感的
ｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｄｍｏｄａｌｉｔｙｔｈｅｒａｐｙ
"
放化联合治疗
ｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｔｈｅｒａｐｙ
"
生物疗法
ｉｍｍｕｎｏｔｈｅｒａｐｙ
"
免疫疗法
ｇｅｎｅｔｈｅｒａｐｙ
’"
Not susceptible to destruction by exposure to radiation in
the usual dosage range in radiation therapy for cancerous
cells or tissues
Two or more types of treatments used to supplement each
other for maximum effectiveness in the treatment of
cancer
The treatment of cancer with substances that can
stimulate the immune system to fight disease more
effectively
Treatment of disease by stimulating the bodys own
immune system. This is a type of therapy currently being
researched as a treatment for cancer
The treatment of cancer by introducing specific
engineered genes into a patient¡fl
s cells
基因疗法
ｃｙｔｏｔｏｘｉｃｔｈｅｒａｐｙ
"
The use of cytotoxic drugs to kill or damage cancerous
cells
细胞毒疗法
ｂｏｎｅｍａｒｒｏｗｔｒａｎｓｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎ
!#
骨髓移植
ａｌｌｏｇｅｎｅｉｃＢＭＴ
异体骨髓移植
ａｕｔｏｌｏｇｏｕｓＢＭＴ
Treatment in which healthy matching bone marrow
replaces bone marrow that has been affected by a disease
or by treatment for a disease
A transplant of bone marrow that is donated either by a
genetically matched relative of the patient or by an
unrelated but genetically similar donor
A transplant of bone marrow that is taken from the same
individual
自体骨髓移植
- 270 -
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ１５ＳｏｍｅＣｏｍｍｏｎＴｙｐｅｓｏｆＢａｃｔｅｒｉａａｎｄＶｉｒｕｓ
Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
Bacteria inhabited Earth long before human beings or other living things appeared. Bacteria
are one-celled organisms without a distinct nucleus and they usually reproduce by cell division.
They are so tiny, most ranging from 1 to 10 micrometers, and are extremely variable in the ways
they obtain energy and nourishment. There are three common shapes of bacteria ¤Crods, spheres,
and spirals.
Bacteria can be found in nearly all environments ¤Cfrom air, soil, water, and ice to hot springs,
and even places without air. Some live in the extreme environments of active volcanoes and
hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor. Bacteria also live in the human body. In fact, the average
healthy person is home to a stunning 100 trillion bacteria.
Most bacteria are free living, while others live in or on other organisms. Unfortunately, many
bacteria that have human hosts produce toxins that damage the body. Not all bacteria are harmful,
though. Some are neutral and many are even desirable as they fulfill important functions in the
body.
Virus are infectious agent found in virtually all life forms, including humans, animals, plants,
fungi, and bacteria. Viruses consist of genetic material¡“ either deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or
ribonucleic acid (RNA)¡“ surrounded by a protective coating of protein, called a capsid, with or
without an outer lipid envelope. Viruses are between 20 and 100 times smaller than bacteria and
hence are too small to be seen by light microscopy. Viruses are not considered free-living, since
they cannot reproduce outside of a living cell; they have evolved to transmit their genetic
information from one cell to another for the purpose of replication.
Viruses often damage or kill the cells that they infect, causing disease in infected organisms.
A few viruses stimulate cells to grow uncontrollably and produce cancers. Although many
infectious diseases, such as the common cold, are caused by viruses, there are no cures for these
illnesses. The difficulty in developing antiviral therapies stems from the large number of variant
viruses that can cause the same disease, as well as the inability of drugs to disable a virus without
disabling healthy cells. However, the development of antiviral agents is a major focus of current
research, and the study of viruses has led to many discoveries important to human health.
Unit 1
Some Common Types of Bacteria
ＴＹＰＥＳ
ＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲＩＳＴＩＣＳ
ａｃｅｔｉｃａｃｉｄｂａｃｔｅｒｉａ
Rod-shaped, gram-negative, aerobic; highly tolerant of acidic
conditions; generate organic acids
醋酸杆菌
ａｃｔｉｎｏｍｙｃｅｔｅ
放射菌类
Rod-shaped or filamentous, gram-positive, aerobic; common in
soils; essential to growth of many plants; source of much of
original antibiotic production in pharmaceutical industry
- 271 -
ａｎａｂａｅｎａ
A genus of Cyanobacteria that forms filamentous colonies with
specialised cells, capable of nitrogen fixation
项圈藻
ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ
杆菌
ｃａｍｐｙｌｏｂａｃｔｅｒ
Any of various rod-shaped, spore-forming, aerobic bacteria of the
genus Bacillus that often occur in chains and include B. Anthracis,
the causative agent of anthrax
A genus of bacteria that represents a number of different species
that are pathogenic in man
弯曲杆菌
ｃｌｏｓｔｒｉｄｉｕｍ
梭菌
ｃｏｃｃｏｉｄ
球菌
ｃｏｌｉｆｏｒｍ
Any of various rod-shaped, spore-forming, chiefly anaerobic
bacteria of the genus Clostridium, such as the nitrogen-fixing
bacteria found in soil and those causing botulism and tetanus
Spherical, sometimes in clusters or strings, gram-positive, aerobic
and anaerobic; resistant to drying and high-salt conditions;
Staphylococcus species common on human skin, certain strains
associated with toxic shock syndrome
Of or relating to the bacilli that commonly inhabit the intestines of
humans and other vertebrates, especially the colon bacillus
大肠菌
ｃｏｒｙｎｅｆｏｒｍ
棒状杆菌
ｅｎｄｏｓｐｏｒｅ－ｆｏｒｍｉｎｇ
孢子内壁
ｅｎｔｅｒｉｃ
肠的
ｅｎｔｅｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ
肠菌
Ｅｓｃｈｅｒｉｃｈｉａｃｏｌｉ
大肠埃希菌
ｇｌｉｄｉｎｇｂａｃｔｅｒｉａ
滑动菌
ｇｏｎｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ
Rod-shaped, form club or V shapes, gram-positive, aerobic; found
in wide variety of habitats, particularly soils; highly resistant to
drying; include Arthrobacter, among most common forms of life
on earth
Usually rod-shaped, can be gram-positive or gram-negative; have
highly adaptable, heat-resistant spores that can go dormant for
long periods, possibly thousands of years; include Clostridium
(anaerobic) and Bacillus (aerobic)
Rod-shaped, gram-negative, aerobic but can live in certain
anaerobic conditions; produce nitrite from nitrate, acids from
glucose; include Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Shigella
Any of various gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria of the family
Enterobacteriaceae that includes some pathogens of plants and
animals, such as the colon bacillus and salmonella
A species of bacterium normally present in intestinal tract of
humans and other animals; sometimes pathogenic; can be a threat
to food safety
Rod-shaped bacteria, gram-negative, mostly aerobic, that form
colonies in self-produced slime; inhabit moist soils or decaying
plant matter or animal waste
The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of
gonorrhea
淋球菌
ｈａｅｍｏｐｈｉｌｕｓ
A genus of aerobic to facultatively anaerobic parasitic bacteria of
the family Brucellaceae that contain minute, gram-negative,
- 272 -
嗜血杆菌
ｌａｃｔｏｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ
乳酸菌
ｍｏｂｉｌｕｎｃｕｓ
rod-shaped cells
Gram-positive, anaerobic; produce lactic acid through
fermentation; include Lactobacillus, essential in dairy product
formation, and Streptococcus, common in humans
A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found
in the human vagina
动弯杆菌
ｍｙｃｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ
分支杆菌
ｍｙｃｏｐｌａｓｍａ
支原体
ｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎ－ｆｉｘｉｎｇ
固氮菌
ｐｒｏｐｉｏｎｉｃａｃｉｄ
丙酸菌
ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｄ
!
假单胞菌
ｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｍ
Pleomorphic, spherical or rod-shaped, frequently branching, no
gram stain, aerobic; commonly form yellow pigments; include
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, cause of tuberculosis
Any of numerous parasitic, pathogenic microorganisms of the
genus Mycoplasma that lack a true cell wall, are gram-negative,
and need sterols such as cholesterol for growth. In humans, one
species is a primary cause of nonbacterial pneumonia
Rod-shaped, gram-negative, aerobic; convert atmospheric
nitrogen gas to ammonium in soil; include Azotobacter, a
common genus
Rod-shaped, pleomorphic, gram-positive, anaerobic; ferment
lactic acid; fermentation produces holes in Swiss cheese from the
production of carbon dioxide
Rod-shaped (straight or curved) with polar flagella,
gram-negative, aerobic; can use up to 100 different compounds
for carbon and energy
Gram-negative bacterium that fixes nitrogen in association with
roots of some higher plants, notably legumes
根瘤菌
ｒｉｃｋｅｔｔｓｉａ
伤寒衣原体
ｓｐｉｒｉｌｌｕｍ
Spherical or rod-shaped, gram-negative, aerobic; cause Rocky
Mountain spotted fever and typhus; closely related to
Agrobacterium, a common gall-causing plant bacterium
Spiral-shaped, gram-negative, aerobic; include Bdellovibrio,
predatory on other bacteria
螺旋菌
ｓｔａｐｈｙｌｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ
葡萄球菌
ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ
链球菌
ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｍｙｃｅｓ
A spherical gram-positive parasitic bacterium of the genus
Staphylococcus, usually occurring in clusters and causing boils,
septicemia, and other infections
A round to ovoid, gram-positive, often pathogenic bacterium of
the genus Streptococcus that occurs in pairs or chains, many
species of which destroy red blood cells and cause various
diseases as scarlet fever and tonsillitis in humans
A genus of actinomycetes that are chiefly saprophytic soil forms,
including several strains that produce antibiotics
链霉菌
ｖｉｂｒｉｏ
／"
Rod- or comma-shaped, gram-negative, aerobic; commonly with a
single flagellum; include Vibrio cholerae, cause of cholera, and
- 273 -
弧菌
luminescent forms symbiotic with deep-water fishes and squids
Unit 2
Some Common Types of Virus
ＴＹＰＥＳ
ＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲＩＳＴＩＣＳ
ａｄｅｎｏｖｉｒｕｓ
Any of the viruses of the family Adenoviridae, usually causing
common cold. Also called adenoidal-pharyngeal-conjunctival
virus.
A strain of a virus whose pathogenicity has been reduced so that it
will initiate the immune response without producing the specific
disease
A virus capable of infecting and lysing bacterial cells. Also called
phage
"
腺病毒
ａｔｔｅｎｕａｔｅｄｖｉｒｕｓ
"
减能病毒
ｂａｃｔｅｒｉｏｐｈａｇｅ
噬菌体
ｃｙｔｏｍｅｇａｌｏｖｉｒｕｓ（ＣＭＶ）
"
巨细胞病毒
ｃｙｔｏｐａｔｈｉｃｖｉｒｕｓ
#"
细胞病变病毒
ＤＮＡｖｉｒｕｓ
DNA 病毒
Ｅｂｏｌａｖｉｒｕｓ
"
埃博拉病毒
ｅｃｈｏｖｉｒｕｓ
Any of a group of herpes viruses that attack and enlarge epithelial
cells and also cause a disease of infants characterized by
circulatory dysfunction and microcephaly. Also called visceral
disease virus.
Virus that causes disease symptoms in cells, including swelling or
shrinkage of cells, the formation of multinucleated giant cells, and
the production of ¡inclusions¡–in the nucleus or cytoplasm of the
infected cell
A virus whose nucleic acid core is composed of DNA, such as any
of the adenoviruses, papovaviruses, herpesviruses, or poxviruses
An RNA virus, seen in southern Sudan and Zaire and spread
through contact with bodily fluids or secretions of infected
persons, characterised by fever, muscle aches, respiratory
symptoms, diarrhoea, vomiting, epistaxis, haemoptysis, rash,
tremors and subconjunctival haemorrhages
A group of viruses found in the gastrointestinal tract
"
艾柯病毒
ｅｃｔｒｏｍｅｌｉａｖｉｒｕｓ
"
鼠痘病毒
Ｅｐｓｔｅｉｎ－Ｂａｒｒｖｉｒｕｓ
$"
爱泼斯坦－巴尔病毒
A member of the poxvirus family which is a highly virulent
natural pathogen of mice that causes mousepox, a severe disease
with high mortality rate in mice but does not infect humans
A herpesvirus that is the causative agent of infectious
mononucleosis. It is also associated with various types of human
cancers. Also called EB virus
(EB 病毒）
ｈａｎｔａｖｉｒｕｓ
／
"
Any of a group of viruses carried by rodents that cause epidemic
hemorrhagic fever and severe respiratory infections in humans
- 274 -
汉它病毒
ｈｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓｖｉｒｕｓ
"
肝炎病毒
ｈｅｒｐｅｓｖｉｒｕｓ
"
Any of the viruses that include both DNA and RNA viruses as
well viruses from humans and animals and cause inflammation of
the liver
Any of the animal viruses that cause painful blisters on
the skin
疱疹病毒
ＨＩＶ
（ｈｕｍａｎｉｍｍｕｎｏｄｅｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ
ｖｉｒｕｓ）
艾滋病病毒
ｈｕｍａｎｐａｐｉｌｌｏｍａｖｉｒｕｓ
A retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting helper T cells of the
immune system. The most common serotype, HIV-1, is
distributed worldwide, while HIV-2 is primarily confined to West
Africa
Any of a group of papovaviruses associated with genital
or oral carcinomas or a group associated with benign genital
"
tumors
人乳头瘤病毒
ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｚａｖｉｒｕｓ
流感病毒
Any of three viruses of the genus Influenzavirus designated type
A, type B, and type C, that cause influenza and influenzalike
infections
Ｎｏｒｏｖｉｒｕｓｅｓ
A group of related single stranded RNA viruses, including the
"
"
诺沃克样病毒
ｏｎｃｏｇｅｎｉｃｖｉｒｕｓ
"
Norwalk virus and causeing acute infectious gastroenteritis
(inflammation of the stomach and intestines)
A virus capable of inducing the formation of tumors. Also called
tumor virus.
致癌病毒
ｏｒｔｈｏｐｏｘｖｉｒｕｓ
#"
A genus of poxviruses that includes the viruses that cause
smallpox and cowpox
正痘科病毒
ｐａｐｏｖａｖｉｒｕｓ
!""
Any of a group of animal viruses associated with or
causing papillomas or polyomas
乳多空病毒
ｐａｒｖｏｖｉｒｕｓ
$""
细小病毒
ｐｏｌｉｏｖｉｒｕｓ
"
Any of a group of small viruses that contain DNA in an
icosahedral protein shell and cause disease in many vertebrates,
especially mammals such as dogs and cattle
A member of the enterovirus group of Picornaviridae that causes
poliomyelitis
脊髓灰质炎病毒
ｐｏｘｖｉｒｕｓ
"
Any of a group of DNA-containing viruses, including those that
cause smallpox, cowpox, and other poxlike diseases in vertebrates
痘病毒
ｒｅｔｒｏｖｉｒｕｓ
"
反转录酶病毒
ＲＮＡｖｉｒｕｓ
Any of a group of viruses, many of which produce tumors, that
contain RNA and reverse transcriptase, including the virus that
causes AIDS
Viruses whose genetic material is RNA
RNA 病毒
- 275 -
ＳｉｎＮｏｍｂｒｅｖｉｒｕｓ（ＳＮＶ）
"
The Sin Nombre virus is the prototypical etiologic agent of
hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS)
辛诺柏病毒
ＳＶ４０
猿病毒 40
ｖａｒｉｃｅｌｌａ－ｚｏｓｔｅｒｖｉｒｕｓ
"
"
An abbreviation for Simian vacuolating virus 40 or Simian virus
40, a polyomavirus that is found in both monkeys and humans. It
is an DNA virus that has the potential to cause tumors, but most
often as a latent infection
The member of the herpes virus family that is responsible for
chickenpox
水痘－带状疱疹病毒
ＷｅｓｔＮｉｌｅｖｉｒｕｓ
/%"
西尼罗河病毒
ｚｏｏｎｏｔｉｃｖｉｒｕｓ
／ "
An infectious organism that can cause fatal neurological disease
in birds, horses, and humans and it is transmitted by the bite of an
infected mosquito, and named for a district in Uganda where the
virus was first identified in humans in 1937
Viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever and carry out life cycles
within multiple animal reservoir hosts
动物源病毒
- 276 -
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ１６ＣｅｌｌｕｌａｒａｎｄＭｏｌｅｃｕｌａｒＢｉｏｌｏｇｙＴｅｒｍｉｎｏｌｏｇｙ
Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
Cellular biology is closely linked with molecular biology. To understand the functions of the
cell or the basic structural unit of living matter, cell biologists study its components on the
molecular level. Organismal biology, in turn, is related to cellular biology, because the life
functions of multi-cellular organisms are governed by the activities and interactions of their
cellular components. The study of organisms includes their growth and development
(developmental biology) and how they function (physiology).
Molecular biology, which spans biophysics and biochemistry, has made the most
fundamental contributions to modern biology. Much is now known about the structure and action
of nucleic acids and protein, the key molecules of all living matter. The discovery of the
mechanism of heredity was a major breakthrough in modern science. Another important advance
was in understanding how molecules conduct metabolism, that is, how they process the energy
needed to sustain life.
Unit 1
General Terms
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｃｅｌｌｂｉｏｌｏｇｙ
The study of the internal workings of cells at the
microscopic and molecular level - it is closely linked to
molecular biology
The study of the structure of chromosomes in order to
detect any chromosomal abnormalities associated with
the disease
The branch of histochemistry associated with the
localisation of cellular components by specific staining
methods
The study of the biochemistry of cells, it is closely linked
to cell biology, in particular the biochemistry of DNA and
congeners
The substance inside the membrane of a living cell and it
is divisible into cytoplasm and the nucleus at the simplest
level
A bacterial cell deprived of its cell wall by growth in an
isotonic medium in the presence of antibiotics that block
synthesis of the wall peptidoglycan
Prokaryotic microorganisms lacking cell walls and
therefore resistant to many antibiotics
细胞生物学
ｃｙｔｏｇｅｎｅｔｉｃｓ
细胞遗传学
ｃｙｔｏｃｈｅｍｉｓｔｒｙ
细胞化学
ｍｏｌｅｃｕｌａｒｂｉｏｌｏｇｙ
分子生物学
ｐｒｏｔｏｐｌａｓｍ
原生质
ｐｒｏｔｏｐｌａｓｔ
$
原生质体
ｍｙｃｏｐｌａｓｍａ
支原体
- 277 -
ｄｏｍａｉｎ
结构域
ｐｒｉｍｏｓｏｍｅ
&
A part of a molecule or structure that shares common
physico chemical features or properties like DNA binding
domain, ATP binding domain
Complex of proteins involved in the synthesis of the RNA
primer sequences used in DNA replication
引发体
ｓｐｌｉｃｅｏｓｏｍｅ
&
剪接体
ｐｒｏｋａｒｙｏｔｅ
原核生物
ｐｒｏｋａｒｙｏｔｉｃｃｅｌｌ
A complex of small nuclear organelles in which the
splicing and excision reactions that remove introns from
precursor messenger RNA molecules occur
Cell or organism comprising bacteria and cyanobacteria,
characterized by the absence of membrane-bound nuclei
or membrane-bound organelles
A cell that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus such as
bacteria
原核细胞
ａｒｃｈａｅｂａｃｔｅｒｉａ
$
原始细菌
ｅｕｂａｃｔｅｒｉａ
!
真细菌类
ｍｅｓｏｓｏｍｅ
中膜体
ｅｕｋａｒｙｏｔｅ
One of two major subdivisions of the prokaryotes,
considered ancient life forms that evolved separately from
bacteria and blue-green algae
A major subdivision of the prokaryotes including
gram-positive bacteria, cyanobacteria, mycoplasmas,
enterobacteria, pseudomonads and chloroplasts
Invagination of the plasma membrane in some bacterial
cells, sometimes with additional membranous lamellae
inside
Organisms with complex cells, in which the genetic
material is organized into membrane-bound nuclei
真核细胞
Unit 2
Membranes and Trafficking
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｅｎｄｏｃｙｔｏｓｉｓ
Uptake of material into a cell by the formation of a
membrane bound vesicle
胞吞作用
ｅｘｏｃｙｔｏｓｉｓ
Release of material from the cell by fusion of a
membrane bounded vesicle with the plasma membrane
胞吐作用
ｐｉｎｏｃｙｔｏｓｉｓ
胞饮作用
ｃｌａｔｈｒｉｎ
#
Introduction of fluids into a cell by invagination of the
cell membrane, followed by formation of vesicles within
the cells
A large, fibrous protein that forms a basketlike network
around vesicles in order to transport food particles into or
- 278 -
笼形蛋白（内涵蛋白，刷状蛋白）
ｓｙｎａｐｓｅ
waste particles out of an eukaryotic cell
A connection between excitable cells, by which an
excitation is conveyed from one to the other
化学突触
ｓｙｎａｐｔｏｂｒｅｖｉｎ
"
Small integral membrane protein of synaptic vesicles.
Binds snaps and also interacts with target snare (syntaxin)
小突触’小(泡蛋白
ｓｙｎａｐｔｏｔａｇｍｉｎ
)
突触结合蛋白
ｓｙｎａｐｔｏｐｈｙｓｉｎ
突触囊泡蛋白
ｃｙｓｔｅｉｎｅｓｔｒｉｎｇｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ
Calcium binding synaptic vesicle protein that binds acidic
phospholipids and recognizes the cytoplasmic domain of
the neurexins
Abundant synaptic vesicle membrane component
glycoprotein composed of a 38 ku subunit that spans the
membrane 4 times and has both its N and C termini
located cytoplasmically
Peripheral membrane proteins that contain more than 10
palmitoylated cysteines and a DNA homology domain
半胱氨酸串联蛋白
ｎｕｃｌｅａｒｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅ
核膜
ｃｙｔｏｐｌａｓｍｉｃｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅ
An intracellular structure, consisting of two concentric
membranes, enclosing the nucleoplasm and separating it
from the cytoplasm
The membrane that surrounds a cells cytoplasm,
separating it from the environment
胞质膜
ｐｌａｓｍａｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅ
The thin and structured bilayer of phospholipid and
protein molecules that encapsulate the cell
细胞质膜
ｂｉｏｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅ
A structure bounding a cell or cell organelle and
containing lipids, proteins, glycolipids, steroids, etc
生物膜
ｂａｓｅｍｅｎｔｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅ
Extracellular matrix
epithelial cells
characteristically
found
under
基膜, 基底膜
ｓｅｍｉｐｅｒｍｅａｂｌｅｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅ
A membrane that is selectively permeable to only one or
a few solutes
半透膜
ｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅａｔｔａｃｋｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ
The heat labile factor in serum that causes immune
cytolysis
膜攻击复合体
ｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｃａｐａｃｉｔａｎｃｅ
膜电容
ｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｆｌｕｉｄｉｔｙ
’(
The electrical capacitance of a membrane which moves
across unit area of the membrane to produce unit change
in membrane potential and is measured in Farads
Biological membranes are viscous 2 dimensional fluids
within their physiological temperature range
膜流动性
- 279 -
ｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ
膜蛋白
ｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇ
膜再循环
ｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｖｅｓｉｃｌｅｓ
"
膜泡囊
ｐｅｒｉｐｈｅｒａｌｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ
A protein with regions permanently attached to a
peripheral membrane protein or inserted into an integral
membrane protein
The process whereby membrane is internalized and fuses
with an internal membranous compartment and is then
reincorporated into the plasma membrane
Closed unilamellar shells formed from membranes either
in physiological transport processes or else when
membranes are mechanically disrupted
Membrane proteins that are bound to the surface of the
membrane and not integrated into the hydrophobic region
外周膜蛋白
ｇｌｙｃｏｐｈｏｒｉｎ
The major sialoglycoprotein of the human erythrocyte
membrane
血型糖蛋白
Ｂａｎｄ Ⅲ ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ
#
带 3 蛋白
ａｎｋｙｒｉｎ
锚定蛋白
ａｄｄｕｃｉｎｎ
&
内收蛋白
ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｌｉｐｉｄ
磷脂
ｃｈｏｌｅｓｔｅｒｏｌ
胆固醇
ｌｉｐｏｓｏｍｅ
A ubiquitous membrane transport protein found in the
plasma membrane of diverse cell types and tissues, and in
nuclear, mitochondrial, and Golgi membranes
Globular protein (200 ku) that links spectrin and an
integral membrane protein (Band Ⅲ protein) in the
erythrocyte plasma membrane
A protein that binds to spectrin and actin and appears to
play a role in the assembly and maintenance of the
spectrin-actin network
Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups,
particularly those derived from either glycerol or
sphingosine
A type of steroid lipid, found in the cell membranes of all
body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all
animals
A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a
lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment
脂质体
ｉｎｔｅｇｒａｌｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｓ
Proteins that cannot be easily separated from a
biomembrane
整合蛋白
ｐｅｒｉｐｈｅｒａｌｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｓ
A water-soluble protein that is loosely bound by
hydrogen bonds or electrostatic forces to a membrane
外周蛋白
ｐｏｒｉｎ
Transmembrane matrix proteins (37 ku) found in the
outer membranes of gram-positive bacteria
孔蛋白
ｃｅｌｌｆｕｓｉｏｎ
Fusion of two previously separate cells occurs naturally
in fertilization and in the formation of vertebrate skeletal
- 280 -
细胞融合
ｐａｔｃｈｉｎｇ
成斑反应
ｃａｐｐｉｎｇ
成帽反应
muscle
Passive process in which integral membrane components
become clustered following cross linking by an external
or internal polyvalent ligand
Movement of cross linked cell surface material to the
posterior region of a moving cell or to the perinuclear
region
Unit 3
Transport
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ＡＴＰａｓｅ
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP,
releasing energy that is used in the cell; adenosine
triphosphatase
The linked, simultaneous transport of two substances
across a cell membrane or another intracellular membrane
ATP 酶（质子泵）
ｃｏｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔ
协同转运
ｕｎｉｐｏｒｔ
’(
A class of transmembrane transport proteins that conveys
a single species across the plasma membrane
单向转运
ｓｙｍｐｏｒｔ
A mechanism of transport across a membrane in which
two different molecules move in the same direction
同向转运
ａｎｔｉｐｏｒｔ
A membrane protein that transports two different ions or
molecules, in opposite directions, across a lipid bilayer
反向转运
ＡＢＣｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｅｒ
ABC 转运器
ｍｕｌｔｉｄｒｕｇｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ
&&
人类多药抗性蛋白
ｉｏｎｃｈａｎｎｅｌｓ
A superfamily of oligopeptide permease proteins
responsible for transporting a wide range of substrates
across membranes
The protein which is insensitive to a variety of chemically
related anticancer drugs and inactivates or removes them
from the target tumor cells
Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse
membranes
离子通道
ｃｈａｎｎｅｌｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ
A protein that facilitates the diffusion of molecules/ions
across lipid membranes by forming a hydrophilic pore
通道蛋白
ｃａｒｒｉｅｒｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ
载体蛋白
ａｑｕａｐｏｒｉｎ
A protein which transports specific substances through
the cell membrane in which it is embedded and into the
cell
Plant cell wall polysaccharides containing predominantly
- 281 -
%
arabinose and galactose
水通道蛋白
ｆａｃｉｌｉｔａｔｅｄｄｉｆｆｕｓｉｏｎ
易化转运
ａｃｔｉｖｅｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔ
"
A process by which substances are conveyed across cell
membranes faster than would be possible by diffusion
alone
Transport of ions, nutrients or other molecules into a cell
against a concentration gradient
主动转运
ｐａｓｓｉｖｅｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔ
"
被动转运
ｏｒｔｈｏｇｒａｄｅｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔ
#
The movement of a substance, usually across a plasma
membrane, by a mechanism that does not require
metabolic energy
Axonal transport from the cell body of the neuron
towards the synaptic terminal
直行转运
ｒｅｔｒｏｇｒａｄｅａｘｏｎａｌｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔ
逆行轴突转运
ｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔ
膜转运
ｖｅｃｔｏｒｉａｌｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔ
"
The transport of vesicles from the synaptic region of an
axon towards the cell body: involves the interaction of
MAP1C with microtubules
The transfer of a substance from one side of a plasma
membrane to the other, in a specific direction, and at a
rate faster than diffusion alone
Transport of an ion or molecule across an epithelium in a
certain direction
质粒转运
ｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｄｉｓｅａｓｅｓ
Single gene defect diseases in which there is an inability
to transport particular small molecules across membranes
小分子物质转运疾病
ａｍｐｈｉｐａｔｈｉｃ
#
Of a molecule, having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
regions
两性分子的
Unit 4
Cell Signaling
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｃｅｌｌｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ
Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism
communicate with one another either by direct contact
between cells or chemical signals
Release by one cell of substances that transmit
information to other cells
细胞通讯
ｃｅｌｌｓｉｇｎａｌｉｎｇ
信号传导
ｓｉｇｎａｌｔｒａｎｓｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ
&
信号转导
Process by which a cell converts one kind of signal into
another causing a change in the level of a second
messenger and effecting changes in the cells functioning
- 282 -
ｎｅｕｒｏｔｒａｎｓｍｉｔｔｅｒ
神经传递素
ｓｔｅｒｏｉｄｈｏｒｍｏｎｅ
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay,
amplify and modulate electrical signals between a
presynaptic and a postsynaptic neuron
A group of structurally related hormones, based on the
cholesterol molecule
甾类激素
ｇｒｏｗｔｈｆａｃｔｏｒ
#
生长因子
ｒｅｃｅｐｔｏｒｔｙｒｏｓｉｎｅｋｉｎａｓｅ
受体酪氨酸激酶
ａｄｅｎｙｌａｔｅｃｙｃｌａｓｅ
A family of polypeptide hormones or biological factors
produced by the body to control growth, division and
maturation of blood cells
Class of membrane receptors that phosphorylate tyrosine
residues and many of which play significant roles in cell
division and development
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cylic AMP
from ATP
腺苷酸环化酶
ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｌｉｐａｓｅ
Any of several enzymes that hydrolyze specific ester
bonds in phospholipids
磷脂酶
Ｇ－ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ
*
Intracellular membrane-associated proteins activated by
several receptors
G*蛋白质
Ｇ－ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｃｏｕｐｌｅｄｒｅｃｅｐｔｏｒ
Cell surface receptors that are coupled to G-proteins
*&
G-蛋白质偶合受体
ａｆｆｉｎｉｔｙｌａｂｅｌｉｎｇ
A method for tagging molecules, such as enzymes, so that
they can be more easily detected and studied
亲合标记
ｓｅｃｏｎｄｍｅｓｓｅｎｇｅｒ
Low-weight diffusible molecules that are used in signal
transduction to relay a signal within a cell
第二信使
ｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｒ
效应物
ｃａｌｃｉｕｍｐｕｍｐ
&
A molecule, chemical, or structure that regulates a
pathway by increasing or decreasing the pathway¡fl
s
reaction rate
A transport protein responsible for moving calcium out of
the cytoplasm
钙泵
ｃｙｃｌｉｃＡＭＰ
循环一磷酸腺苷（胞内信使）
ｃｙｃｌｉｃＧＭＰ
循环核苷酸
ｎｉｔｒｉｃｏｘｉｄｅ
A cyclic nucleotide of adenosine that acts at the cellular
level to regulate various metabolic processes and mediate
the effects of many hormones
A cyclic nucleotide of guanosine that acts at the cellular
level to regulate various metabolic processes and mediate
the action of certain hormones
This compound is produced from L arginine by the
enzyme nitric oxide synthase
- 283 -
氧化亚氮（笑气）
ｄｉａｃｙｌｇｌｙｃｅｒｏｌ
Glycerol substituted on the 1 and 2 hydroxyl groups with
long chain fatty acyl residues
二酯酰甘油
ｉｎｏｓｉｔｏｌｔｒｉｓｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅ
Inositol 1, 4, 5 trisphosphate which is important as a
second messenger
三磷酸肌醇
ｎｉｔｒｉｃｏｘｉｄｅｓｙｎｔｈａｓｅ
#
一氧化氮合酶
ｇｕａｎｙｌａｔｅｃｙｃｌａｓｅ
)%$
鸟苷酸环化酶
ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｄｉｅｓｔｅｒａｓｅ
An enzyme that catalyses the conversion of l-arginine,
NADPH, and oxygen to citrulline, nitric oxide, and
NADP+
An enzyme that is responsible for catalysing the synthesis
of guanosine 3＇, 5＇ cyclic monophosphate and is used as
a second messenger in heart muscle and photoreceptor
cells
An enzyme that cleaves phosphodiesters to give a
phosphomonoester and a free hydroxyl group
磷酸二酯酶
ｃａｌｍｏｄｕｌｉｎ
$
A calcium-binding protein found in the cells of most
living organisms that controls many enzyme processes
调钙蛋白
ｉｎｓｕｌｉｎｒｅｃｅｐｔｏｒ
Areas on the outer part of a cell that allow the cell to join
or bind with insulin that is in the blood
胰岛素受体
ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｋｉｎａｓｅ
蛋白质激酶
ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ
Enzyme catalyzing transfer of phosphate from ATP to
hydroxyl side chains on proteins, causing changes in
function
A class of enzymes that catalyze the dephosphorylation of
specific phosphorylated proteins
蛋白质磷酸酶
ｇａｐｊｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ
&
细胞间隙连接
ｃｅｌｌｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎ
An intercellular network of protein channels that
facilitates the cell-to-cell passage of ions, hormones, and
neurotransmitters
Interaction between cells that is possibly dependent upon
specific adhesion
细胞识别
Unit 5
Mitochondria, Chloroplasts and Organelles
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｍｉｔｏｃｈｏｎｄｒｉｏｎ
A spherical or elongated organelle in the cytoplasm of
nearly all eukaryotic cells, containing genetic material
and many enzymes important for cell metabolism
线粒体
- 284 -
ｏｕｔｅｒｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅ
The larger of the two membranes of a double membrane
外膜
ｉｎｎｅｒｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅ
The smaller of the two membranes of a double membrane
内膜
ｃｒｉｓｔａｅ
One of the inward projections or folds of the inner
membrane of a mitochondrion
嵴
ｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｓｐａｃｅ
Region between the two membranes of mitochondria and
chloroplasts
线粒体膜间隙
ｍａｔｒｉｘ
Ground substance in which things are embedded or that
fills a space within the mitochondrion)
线粒体基质
ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｔａｒｇｅｔｉｎｇ
$
The process through which newly-made proteins are
sorted and carried to different parts of a cell
蛋白质寻靶
ｏｘｉｄａｔｉｏｎ
氧化
ｃｈｌｏｒｏｐｌａｓｔ
$
叶绿体
ｃｙｔｏｐｌａｓｍ
The process whereby fatty acids are degraded in steps,
losing 2 carbons as coa and it involves coa ester
formation, desaturation, hydroxylation and oxidation
Photosynthetic organelle of higher plants which is
lens-shaped and rather variable in size but approximately
5ƒm long
The viscid, semi-fluid matter contained within the plasma
membrane of a cell that helps to hold the cell together
细胞质
ｏｒｇａｎｅｌｌｅ
One of several structures with specialized functions,
suspended in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell
细胞器官
ｃｙｔｏｓｏｌ
The fluid portion of a cells cytoplasm
肌质溶胶
ｅｎｄｏｓｙｍｂｉｏｎｔｈｙｐｏｔｈｅｓｉｓ
#
内共生学说
ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｃｈａｉｎ
The hypothesis that semi autonomous organelles such as
mitochondria and chloroplasts were originally
endosymbiotic bacteria or cyanobacteria
A series of compounds that transfer electrons to an
eventual donor with concomitant energy conversion
电子传递链
ｏｘｉｄａｔｉｖｅｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｙｌａｔｉｏｎ
"
The phosphorylation of ATP coupled to the respiratory
chain
氧化磷酸化
ｃｈｅｍｉｏｓｍｏｓｉｓ
A theoretical mechanism proposed by Mitchell to explain
energy transduction in the mitochondrion
- 285 -
化学渗透
ｇｌｙｃｏｌｙｓｉｓ
The conversion of a monosaccharide (generally glucose)
to pyruvate via the glycolytic pathway in the cytosol
糖酵解
ｃｉｔｒａｔｅａｃｉｄｃｙｃｌｅ
’(
三羧酸循环
ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｃａｒｒｉｅｒ
A chemical reactions in cells that utilize oxygen as partial
respiration and form a metabolic pathway that breaks
down carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide
and water to generate energy
A protein which can either accept or donate electrons in
oxidation-reduction reactions
电子载体
ｆｌａｖｏｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ
"
黄素蛋白
ｃｙｔｏｃｈｒｏｍｅ
Any of a group of enzymes containing flavin bound to
protein and acting as dehydrogenation catalysts in
biological reactions
Heme
oxidation-reduction
reactions
such
as
photosynthesis and respiration
细胞色素
ＡＴＰｓｙｎｔｈａｓｅ
#
ATP 合酶
ｇｒａｎｕｍ
基粒
ｐｈｏｔｏｓｙｎｔｈｅｓｉｓ
#
光合作用
ｐｅｒｏｘｉｓｏｍｅ
过氧化物酶体
ｃａｔａｌａｓｅ
过氧化氢酶
ｅｎｄｏｓｏｍｅ
核内体
ｍｉｃｒｏｓｏｍｅ
微粒体
An enzyme that can synthesize adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic
phosphate by utilizing some form of energy
A stacked membranous structure within a chloroplast that
contains the chlorophyll and is the site of the light
reactions of photosynthesis
The process by which green plants, algae, and some
bacteria absorb light energy and use it to synthesize
organic compounds (initially carbohydrates)
A cell organelle containing enzymes, such as catalase and
oxidase, that catalyze the production and breakdown of
hydrogen peroxide
An enzyme found in the blood and in most living cells
that catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
into water and oxygen
A large membrane-bound structure that is the result after
several coated vesicles fuse together following
endocytosis
A small particle in the cytoplasm of a cell, typically
consisting of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum to which
ribosomes are attached
Unit 6
Golgi, Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein Synthesis
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
- 286 -
Ｇｏｌｇｉｂｏｄｙ
Intracellular stack of membrane bounded vesicles in
which glycosylation and packaging of secreted proteins
高尔基体
takes place
ｐｏｓｔ－ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎａｌｍｏｄｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ
The enzymatic processing of a polypeptide chain after
translation from messenger RNA and after peptide bond
转录后修饰
formation has occurred
ｇｌｙｃｏｓｙｌａｔｉｏｎ
The process of adding sugar units such as in the addition
of glycan chains to proteins
糖基化
ｔｒａｎｓＧｏｌｇｉｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ
A network of stacked membranous vesicles present in
most living cells that functions in the formation of
反面高尔基网
secretions within the cell
ｅｎｄｏｐｌａｓｍｉｃｒｅｔｉｃｕｌｕｍ（ＥＲ）
A membrane network within the cytoplasm of cells
involved in the synthesis, modification, and transport of
内质网
cellular materials
ｓｍｏｏｔｈｅｎｄｏｐｌａｓｍｉｃｒｅｔｉｃｕｌｕｍ
A membrane network within the cytoplasm of cells
+
involved in the synthesis, modification, and transport of
光面内质网
cellular materials
ｒｏｕｇｈｅｎｄｏｐｌａｓｍｉｃｒｅｔｉｃｕｌｕｍ
Membrane organelle of eukaryotes that forms sheets and
&
tubules
%
糙面内质网
ｆｌｉｐｐａｓｅ
翻转酶
ｌｙｓｏｓｏｍｅ
溶酶体
ｖａｃｕｏｌｅ
"
Yeast system for DNA rearrangement. In the presence of
flippase, a stretch of DNA flanked by matching frp sites
is excised and the ends rejoined
Membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle containing a
variety of hydrolytic enzymes that can be released into a
phagosome or to the exterior
Any spaces or cavities within a cell, which may function
in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion
液泡
ｐｈａｇｏｃｙｔｏｓｉｓ
吞噬作用
ｔｒａｎｓｃｙｔｏｓｉｓ
转胞吞作用
ａｕｔｏｐｈａｇｙ
The process in which phagocytes engulf and digest
microorganisms and cellular debris, characterized as an
important defense against infection
Process of transport of material across an epithelium by
uptake on one face into a coated vesicle, which may be
sorted through the trans Golgi network
The process of self-digestion by a cell through the action
of enzymes originating within the same cell
自吞作用
ａｕｔｏｌｙｓｉｓ
Spontaneous lysis (rupture) of cells or organelles
produced by the release of internal hydrolytic enzymes
自溶作用
ｃｌａｔｈｒｉｎ
#
A large, fibrous protein which forms a basketlike network
around vesicles in order to transport food particles into or
- 287 -
网格蛋白
ｄｙｎａｍｉｎ
发动蛋白
ｒｉｂｏｓｏｍｅ
核糖体
ｒｉｂｏｓｏｍａｌｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ
waste particles out of an eukaryotic cell
A protein isolated from microtubule preparations and
shown to cause ATP mediated microtubule sliding toward
the plus ends
A small particulate organelle found in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes and within mitochondria and chloroplasts, but
differing in size and composition
Proteins present within the ribosomal subunits
核糖体蛋白
ｒｉｂｏｓｏｍａｌＲＮＡ（ｒＲＮＡ）
核糖体ＲＮＡｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒＲＮＡ（ｔＲＮＡ）
/
转移 RNA
ａｎｔｉｃｏｄｏｎ
A nucleic acid found in all living cells, which plays a role
in transferring information from DNA to the
protein-forming system of the cell
One of a class of RNA molecules that transport amino
acids to ribosomes for incorporation into a polypeptide
undergoing synthesis
Nucleotide triplet on transfer RNA that is complementary
to the codon of the messenger RNA
反密码子
ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ
翻译
ｓｉｇｎａｌｐｅｐｔｉｄｅ
The process that occurs at the ribosome whereby the
information in mRNA is used to specify the sequence of
amino acids in a polypeptide chain
A peptide present on proteins that are destined either to
be secreted or to be membrane components
信号肽
ｓｉｇｎａｌｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅ
$
信号识别颗粒
ｔｒａｎｓｌｏｃａｔｏｒ
A complex which binds to the nascent polypeptide chain
of eukaryotic proteins with a signal sequence and halts
further translation
Proteins that transport in (and out) of the endoplasmic
reticulum.
转位因子
ｓｉｇｎａｌｐｅｐｔｉｄａｓｅ
A peptide present on proteins that are destined either to
be secreted or to be membrane components
信号肽酶
ｃｈａｐｅｒｏｎｅ
伴侣
ｃｈａｐｅｒｏｎｉｎ
Cytoplasmic proteins of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
that bind to nascent or unfolded polypeptides and ensure
correct folding or transport
Subset of chaperone proteins found in prokaryotes,
mitochondria and plastids
伴侣蛋白
ｈｅａｔｓｈｏｃｋｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ
热激蛋白
Any of a group of cellular proteins that are produced
under conditions of heat stress and help to stabilize other
cellular proteins exposed to high temperatures
- 288 -
Unit 7
Cytoskeleton
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｍｉｃｒｏｔｕｂｕｌｅ
Cytoplasmic tubule, 25nm outside diameter with a 5nm
thick wall
微管
ｔｕｂｕｌｉｎ
!
Abundant cytoplasmic protein (55 ku), found mainly in
two forms
微管蛋白
ｃｅｎｔｒｉｏｌｅ
细胞中心粒
ｃｅｎｔｒｏｓｏｍｅ
细胞中心体
ｍｉｃｒｏｖｉｌｌｉ
"
One of two cylindrical cellular structures that are
composed of nine triplet microtubules and form the asters
during mitosis
A small region of cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus that
contains the centrioles and serves to organize
microtubules
Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly
increase the surface area of the cell
微绒毛
ｃｉｌｉｕｍ
A fine projection from a eukaryotic cell that constantly
beats in one direction
纤毛
ｆｌａｇｅｌｌａ
A whip-like organelle that many unicellular organisms,
and some multicellular ones, use to move about
鞭毛
ａｘｏｎｅｍｅ
The central core of a cilium or flagellum, consisting of a
central pair of filaments surrounded by nine other pairs
基因丝
ｍｉｃｒｏｆｉｌａｍｅｎｔ
Cytoplasmic filament of F actin (5~7nm) which function
in structure and movement in eukaryotic cells
微丝
ａｃｔｉｎ
A protein found in muscle that together with myosin
functions in muscle contraction
肌动蛋白
ｍｉｃｒｏｓｐｉｋｅ
Projections from the leading edge of some cells,
particularly, but not exclusively, nerve growth cones
微端丝
ｌａｍｅｌｌｉｐｏｄｉｕｍ
Flattened projection from the surface of a cell, often
associated with locomotion of fibroblasts
片足
ｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉａｔｅｆｉｌａｍｅｎｔ
A type of structural protein found within the cytoplasm of
eukaryotic cells which forms one type of cell cytoskele
中间丝
- 289 -
ｋｅｒａｔｉｎ
A tough, insoluble protein substance that is the chief
structural constituent of hair, nails, horns, and hooves
角蛋白
ｃｙｔｏｋｅｒａｔｉｎ
Generic name for the intermediate filament proteins of
epithelial cells
细胞角蛋白
ｄｅｓｍｉｎ
A protein (53 ku) of intermediate filaments, somewhat
similar to vimentin, but characteristic of muscle cells
肌间线蛋白
ｎｅｕｒｏｆｉｌａｍｅｎｔ
Member of the class of intermediate filaments found in
axons of nerve cells
神经丝
ｎｅｓｔｉｎ
神经巢蛋白
ｖｉｍｅｎｔｉｎ
"
Large intermediate filament protein found in developing
rat brain, and functionally similar to other intermediate
filament proteins but the sequence is different
A structural protein found in filaments in many
eukaryotic cells, particularly muscle cells
波形蛋白
ｌａｍｉｎ
核纤层蛋白
ｆｉｍｂｒｉｎ
Proteins that form the nuclear lamina, a polymeric
structure intercalated between chromatin and the inner
nuclear envelope
Actin binding protein (68 ku) from the core of epithelial
brush border microvilli
丝束蛋白
ａｃｔｉｎｉｎ
A protein factor that regulates the length of r-actin
辅肌动蛋白
ｆｉｌａｍｉｎ
A protein that binds to F actin, cross linking it to form an
isotropic network, the binding does not require Ca
细丝蛋白
ｍｙｏｓｉｎ
A family of motor ATPases that interact with F actin
filaments
球肌蛋白
ｓｔｒｅｓｓｆｉｂｒｅ
Long bundles of microfilaments made up of actin
subunits
应力纤维
ｔｒｏｐｏｍｙｏｓｉｎ
原肌球蛋白
ｓｐｅｃｔｒｉｎ
Any of a group of muscle proteins that bind to molecules
of actin and troponin to regulate the interaction of actin
and myosin
A protein of high molecular weight that is a major
component of the membrane of red blood cells
血影蛋白
ｄｙｎｅｉｎ
An ATPase associated with motile structures, especially
the microtubules
- 290 -
动力蛋白
ｔａｌｉｎ
Protein (215 ku) that binds to vinculin, but not to actin
and is associated with the sub plasmalemmal cytoskeleton
踝蛋白
ｔｅｎｓｉｎ
Actin binding component of focal adhesions and
submembranous cytoskeleton
张力蛋白
ｇｅｌｓｏｌｉｎ
胶溶蛋白
ｋｉｎｅｓｉｎ
驱动蛋白
ｃｅｌｌｊｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ
An actin-binding protein that nucleates actin
polymerization at low calcium concentrations but causes
severing of actin filaments at high concentrations
Cytoplasmic protein (110 ku) that is responsible for
moving vesicles and particles towards the distal end of
microtubules
Specialized junctions between cells
&
细胞连接
ｇａｐｊｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ
&
A junction between two cells consisting of many pores
that allow the passage of molecules up to about 900u
裂隙连接
ｔｉｇｈｔｊｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ
&
Specialized intercellular junction in which the two plasma
membranes are separated by only 1~2nm
紧密连接
ｓｅｐｔａｔｅｊｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ
&
隔膜连接
ｄｅｓｍｏｓｏｍｅ
An intercellular junction found in invertebrate epithelia
that is characterized by a ladder like appearance in
electron micrographs
Specialized cell junction characteristic of epithelia into
which intermediate filaments are inserted
细胞桥粒
ｂｅｌｔｄｅｓｍｏｓｏｍｅ
黏合带
ｈｅｍｉｄｅｓｍｏｓｏｍｅ
Specialized intercellular junction in which the membranes
are separated by 15~25nm and into which are inserted
microfilaments
Specialized junction between an epithelial cell and its
basal lamina
半桥粒
Unit 8
Nucleus, Genes and DNA
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｎｕｃｌｅｕｓ
The major organelle of eukaryotic cells, in which the
chromosomes are separated from the cytoplasm by the
nuclear envelope
Membrane system that surrounds the nucleus of
细胞核
ｎｕｃｌｅａｒｅｎｖｅｌｏｐｅ
- 291 -
"
eukaryotic cells
核被膜
ｎｕｃｌｅｏｌｕｓ
核仁
ｎｕｃｌｅａｒｌａｍｉｎａ
A small dense body within the nucleus of eukaryotic
cells, visible by phase contrast and interference
microscopy in live cells throughout interphase
A fibrous protein network lining the inner surface of the
nuclear envelope
核纤层
ｇｅｎｅ
基因
ｄｅｏｘｙｒｉｂｏｎｕｃｌｅｉｃａｃｉｄ（ＤＮＡ）
脱氧核糖核酸
ｎｕｃｌｅａｒｐｏｒｅ
核孔
ｎｕｃｌｅｏｓｏｍｅ
The unit of inheritance that occupies a specific locus on a
chromosome, the existence of which can be confirmed by
the occurrence of different allelic forms
The molecule that encodes genetic information in the
nucleus of cells. It determines the structure, function and
behavior of the cell
Large protein complexes that cross the nuclear envelope,
which is the double membrane surrounding the eukaryotic
cell nucleus
Repeating units of organization of chromatin fibres in
chromosomes
核小体
ｎｕｃｌｅｏｐｌａｓｍｉｎ
First protein to be described as a molecular chaperone,
major function seems to be in assembly of nucleosomes
核质蛋白
ｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅ
染色体
ｃｈｒｏｍａｔｉｎ
染色质
ｅｕｃｈｒｏｍａｔｉｎ
The self-replicating genetic structures of cells containing
the cellular DNA that bears in its nucleotide sequence the
linear array of genes
Stainable material of interphase nucleus consisting of
nucleic acid and associated histone protein packed into
nucleosomes
The chromosomal regions that are diffuse during
interphase and condensed at the time of nuclear division
常染色质
ｈｅｔｅｒｏｃｈｒｏｍａｔｉｎ
The chromosomal regions that are condensed during
interphase and at the time of nuclear division
异染色质
ｈｉｓｔｏｎｅ
组蛋白
ｔｒａｎｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎ
Any of several small, basic proteins most commonly
found in association with the DNA in the chromatin of
eukaryotes
Synthesis of RNA by RNA polymerases using a DNA
template
转录
ｔｒａｎｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎｆａｃｔｏｒ
Protein required for recognition by RNA polymerases of
specific stimulatory sequences in eukaryotic genes
转录因子
- 292 -
ｔｒａｎｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎａｌｓｉｌｅｎｃｅ
转录基因沉默
ｐｒｏｍｏｔｅｒ
Mechanism of transcriptional control where DNA is
bundled into heterochromatin in order to make it
permanently inaccessible for future transcription
A region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds before
initiating the transcription of DNA into RNA
启动子
ｅｎｈａｎｃｅｒ
$
强化因子
ｓｕｐｐｒｅｓｓｏｒ
A DNA sequence, present in the genomes of higher
eukaryotes and of various animal viruses, which can
increase the transcription of genes into messenger RNA
A compound that suppresses the effects of mutation or
suppresses what would be a normal course of events
抑制基因
Unit 9
Cell Adhesion, Motility and Behavior
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｃｅｌｌａｄｈｅｓｉｏｎ
Cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that
facilitate adhesion to other cells or to inanimate surfaces
细胞黏附
ｆｏｃａｌａｄｈｅｓｉｏｎ
斑状黏附，黏附斑
ｉｎｔｅｇｒｉｎ
Areas of close apposition and thus presumably anchorage
points, of the plasma membrane of a fibroblast to the
substratum over which it is moving
Superfamily of cell surface proteins that are involved in
binding to extracellular matrix components in some cases
整联蛋白
ｄｉｓｉｎｔｅｇｒｉｎｓ
A family of polypeptides purified from snake venoms,
which contain the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid sequence
抗整联蛋白
ｃｅｌｌａｄｈｅｓｉｏｎｍｏｌｅｃｕｌｅ
细胞黏附分子
ｃｅｌｌｌｏｃｏｍｏｔｉｏｎ
A molecule on the surface of animal tissue cells,
antibodies against that specifically inhibit some form of
intercellular adhesion
Movement of a cell from one place to another
细胞移动
ｃｏｎｔａｃｔｇｕｉｄａｎｃｅ
Directed locomotory response of cells to an anisotropy of
the environment
接触导向
ｃｏｎｔａｃｔｉｎｈｉｂｉｔｉｏｎ
接触抑制
ｈａｐｔｏｔａｘｉｓ
The inhibition of continued growth and division of a cell
or colony due to physical contact with other cells or
colonies
The directed movement of cell motility or outgrowth in
the case of axonal outgrowth, either up or down a
- 293 -
趋触性
ｇａｌｖａｎｏｔａｘｉｓ
"
gradient of cellular adhesion sites
The directed movement of cells induced by an applied
voltage
趋电性
ｃｈｅｍｏｔａｘｉｓ
趋化性
ｃｈｅｍｏｔｒｏｐｉｓｍ
A response of motile cells or organisms in which the
direction of movement is affected by the gradient of a
diffusible substance
Growth or possibly bending of an organism in response to
an external chemical gradient
向化性
ｃｈｅｍｏｋｉｎｅｓｉｓ
化学运动性
ｇｒｏｗｔｈｃｏｎｅ
#
生长锥
ｌｅａｄｉｎｇｌａｍｅｌｌａ
A response by a motile cell to a chemical that involves a
change in speed or in the frequency of movement or a
change in the magnitude of turning behavior
A specialized region at the tip of a growing neurite that is
responsible for sensing the local environment and moving
toward the neuron¡fl
s target cell
Anterior region of a crawling cell, such as a fibroblast,
from which most cytoplasmic granules are excluded
前导层
ｐｓｅｕｄｏｐｏｄ
’(
Blunt ended projection from a cell usually applied to cells
that have an amoeboid pattern of movement
伪足
Unit 10
Cell Cycle and Cell Differentiation
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｃｅｌｌｃｙｃｌｅ
The series of events involving the growth, replication,
and division of a eukaryotic cell
细胞周期
ｃｙｃｌｉｎ
细胞周期蛋白
ｃｅｌｌｄｉｖｉｓｉｏｎ
" A class of proteins that fluctuate in concentration at
specific points during the cell cycle and that regulate the
cycle by binding to a kinase
The process by which a cell divides to form two daughter
cells
细胞分裂
ａｍｉｔｏｓｉｓ
无丝分裂
ｍｉｔｏｓｉｓ
An unusual form of nuclear division, in which the nucleus
simply constricts, rather like a cell, without chromosome
condensation or spindle formation
Cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei
containing the same number of chromosomes
有丝分裂
ｍｅｉｏｓｉｓ
The process of cell division in sexual reproduction that
- 294 -
减数分裂
ｅｎｄｏｍｉｔｏｓｉｓ
reduces the number of chromosomes in reproductive
cells, together with syngamy
Chromosome replication without mitosis, leading to
polyploidy
核内的有丝分裂
ｃｙｔｏｋｉｎｅｓｉｓ
Process in which the cytoplasm of a cell is divided after
nuclear division (mitosis) is complete
胞质分裂
ｓｙｎａｐｔｏｎｅｍａｌｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ
联会复合体
ｃｅｌｌｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｔｉｏｎ
细胞分化
ｐｌｕｒｉｐｏｔｅｎｔ
A ribbonlike structure consisting of three protein
components and extending across the region of synapsed
chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and
increasing specialization of function which takes place
during the development of the embryo
Able to differentiate into various specialized types of
tissue elements or mesenchymal cells
(细胞)多能的
ｔｏｔｉｐｏｔｅｎｔ
Capable of giving rise to all types of differentiated cell
found in the organism
(细胞)全能的
ｏｎｔｏｇｅｎｙ
The origin and the development of an organism from the
fertilized egg to its mature form
个体发育
ｅｍｂｒｙｏｇｅｎｅｓｉｓ
The processes leading to the development of an embryo
from egg to completion of the embryonic stage
胚胎发生
ｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ
The process of a sperm fusing with an ovum, which
eventually leads to the development of an embryo
授精
ｃｌｅａｖａｇｅ
" The early divisions of the fertilized egg to form
blastomeres
卵裂
ｇａｓｔｒｕｌａｔｉｏｎ
原肠胚形成
ｎｅｕｒｕｌａｔｉｏｎ
A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements
occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic
development
The embryonic formation of the neural tube by closure of
the neural plate, directed by the underlying notochord
神经胚形成
ｏｒｇａｎｏｇｅｎｅｓｉｓ
The process of formation of specific organs in a plant or
animal involving morphogenesis and differentiation
器官形成
ｍｅｔａｍｏｒｐｈｏｓｉｓ
变态
Change of body form, for example in the development of
the adult frog from the tadpole or the butterfly from the
caterpillar
- 295 -
Unit 11
Cell Death
ＷＯＲＤ
ＤＥＦＩＮＩＴＩＯＮ
ｃｅｌｌｄｅａｔｈ
Cells suicide either when they have completed a fixed
number of division cycles or at some earlier stage when
programmed to do so
The sum of the morphological changes indicative of cell
death and caused by the progressive degradative action of
enzymes
Disintegration of cells into membrane-bound particles
that are then eliminated by phagocytosis or by shedding
#
细胞死亡
ｎｅｃｒｏｓｉｓ
细胞坏死
ａｐｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ
细胞凋亡
ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｍｅｄｃｅｌｌｄｅａｔｈ
#
细胞程序性死亡
Deliberate suicide of an unwanted cell in a multicellular
organism at specific stages and specific sites during
development
- 296 -
Ａｐｐｅｎｄｉｘ Ⅰ ＰｒｅｆｉｘＭａｓｔｅｒＬｉｓｔ
ＰＲＥＦＩＸ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ａ－, ａｎ－
without, lacking, deficient, not
ａｂ－
away from, off
ａｄ－, ａｆ－
toward, to, near
ａｍｂｉ－, ａｍｐｈｏ－, ａｍｐｈｉ－
both, double
ａｎａ－
up, toward, apart
ａｎｄｒｏ－
man
ａｎｔｅ－
before, in front of, forward
ａｎｔｉ－, ａｎｔ－
against, opposing, preventing
ａｐ－, ａｐｏ－
separation from, derived from
ａｕｔ－, ａｕｔｏ－
self
ｂｒａｃｈｙ－
short
ｂｒａｄｙ－
slow
ｃａｔａ－
down, under, lower, against
ｃｉｒｃｕｍ－
around
ｃｏ－, ｃｏｍ－, ｃｏｎ－
with, together
ｃｏｎｔｒａ－
against, opposed
ｄｅ－
down, from
ｄｅｘｔｒｏ－
to the right
ｄｉａ－
through,between,apart, across
ｄｉｓ－
apart, free from
ｄｉｓｔｏ－
far, farthest
ｄｏｒｓｏ－
to the back
ｄｙｓ－
difficult, bad, painful, abnormal
ｅ－, ｅｃ－, ｅｆ－, ｅｘ－
outside, out of, away from
ｅｃｔ－, ｅｃｔｏ－, ｅｘｏ－
outside of
ｅｍ－, ｅｎ－, ｅｓｏ－
in, into, within
ｅｎｄ－, ｅｎｄｏ－, ｅｎｔ－, ｅｎｔｏ－
within, inside
- 297 -
ｅｐ－, ｅｐｉ－
upon, on, over
ｅｕ－
normal, good, healthy
ｅｘｔｒａ－, ｅｘｔｒｏ－
outside of, beyond, outward
ｇｙｎ－, ｇｙｎｏ－
woman, female
ｈｅｍｉ－
half, partial
ｈｅｔｅｒｏ－
different, other
ｈｙｐｅｒ－
excessive, above, beyond
ｈｙｐ－, ｈｙｐｏ－
under, beneath, deficient
ｉｍ－, ｉｎ－
in, into, within, not
ｉｎｆｒａ－
below, beneath
ｉｎｔｅｒ－
between
ｉｎｔｒａ－, ｉｎｔｒｏ－
within, into
ｌｉｔｈ－, ｌｉｔｈｏ－
stone
ｍａｌ－
bad, abnormal
ｍｅｇａ－, ｍｅｇａｌｏ－
large, big
ｍｅｓ－, ｍｅｓｏ－
middle
ｍｅｔａ－
change
ｍｉｃｒ－, ｍｉｃｒｏ－
small
ｍｕｌｔ－, ｍｕｌｔｉ－
many
ｎｅｏ－
new, recent
ｎｏｓｏ－
disease
ｏｌｉｇｏ－
little, few, scanty
ｐａｎ－
all, entire
ｐａｒａ－
beside, beyond, incorrect
ｐｅｒ－
through, excessive
ｐｅｒｉ－
around, surrounding
ｐｏｌｙ－
many, much, excessive
ｐｏｓｔ－
after, behind
ｐｒｅ－, ｐｒｏ－
before, in front of
- 298 -
ｐｓｅｕｄ－, ｐｓｅｕｄｏ－
false
ｐｙｏ－
pus
ｐｙｒｏ－
fire
ｒｅ－, ｒｅｔｒｏ－
backward, behind, again
ｓｅｍｉ－
half
ｓｔｅｎｏ－
narrow
ｓｕｂ－
under, below, beneath
ｓｕｐｅｒ－, ｓｕｐｒａ－
above, excess, superior
ｓｙｍ－, ｓｙｎ－
together, with
ｔａｃｈｙ－
fast
ｔｅｌｏ－
end
ｔｈｅｒｍ－
heat
ｔｒａｎｓ－
across, through, beyond
ｕｌｔｒａ－
beyond, excess
ｘｅｒｏ－
dry
Prefixes Denoting Number
ＰＲＥＦＩＸ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ＥＸＡＭＰＬＥ
ｎｕｌｌｉ－
zero, none
nullipara, nulliparity, nulligravida
ｕｎｉ－
one
uniaural, unicellular, uniocular
ａｍｂ－, ａｍｂｉ－, ａｍｂｏ－
two
ambiopia, ambiocularity, ambosexual
ｂｉ－
two
bisexual, bicuspid, biennial, biceps
ｄｉ－
two
diacetate, diacid, dihybrid, disome
ｄｉｐｌｏ－
two, double
diplopia, diplocardia, diplobacillus
ｔｒｉ－
three
trioxide, triage, triamine
ｑｕａｄｒｉ－
four
quadripara, quadriplegia, quadriceps
ｔｅｔｒａ－
four
tetreacycline, tetrabasic, tertrachloride
ｐｅｎｔａ－
five
pentavalent, pentadactyl, pentazole
ｈｅｘ－, ｓｅｘ－
six
hexachromic, hexahydric, hexagonal,
- 299 -
sextuplet
heptatomic, heptoglobin, heptose,
septavalent
ｈｅｐｔ－, ｈｅｐｔａ－, ｓｅｐｔ－
seven
ｏｃｔ－
eight
octavalent, octipara, octoroon
ｎｏｎａ－
nine
nonagon, nonipara, nonapeptide
ｄｅｃａ－
ten
decagram, deciliter, decameter
ｈｅｃｔ－
a hundred
hectogram, hectoliter, hectometer
ｄｅｃｉ－
a tenth
deciliter, decimeter
ｃｅｎｔｉ－
a hundredth
centigram, centiliter, centimeter
ｋｉｌｏ－
a thousandth
kiloampere， kilogram, kiloliter
ｍｉｌｌｉ－
a millionth
milliampere， milligram, milliliter
Prefixes Denoting Color
ＰＲＥＦＩＸ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ＥＸＡＭＰＬＥ
ｃｈｒｏｍｏ－
color
chromocyte, chromophobia, chromoblast
ａｌｂｕ－
white
albuminolysis, albuminuria, albugo
ｃｈｌｏｒｏ－
green
chloracne, chloraemia, chlorosis
ｃｉｒｒｈｏ－
orange yellow
cirrhosis, cirrhotic, cirrhonosus
ｃｙａｎｏ－
blue
cyanotic, cyanosis, cyanomycosis
ｅｒｙｔｈｒｏ－
red
erythroblast, erythrocythemia
ｇｌａｕｃ－
gray
glaucoma, glaucosis, glaucosuria
ｌｅｕｋｏ－
white
leukaemia, leukovirus, leukocyte
ｌｕｔｅ－
yellow
lutein, luteotropic, luteal
ｍｅｌａｎｏ－
black
melanoma, melatonin, melanosis
ｐｏｌｉｏ－
grey
polioencephalitis, poliodystrophia
ｘａｎｔｈｏ－
yellow
xanthinuria, xanthoma, xanthosis
- 300 -
Prefixes Denoting Amount and Size
ＰＲＥＦＩＸ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
ＥＸＡＭＰＬＥ
ｄｅｍｉ－
half
demifacet, demulune, demigauntlet
ｈａｐｌｏ－
single, simple
haploid, haplopia, haplomycosis
ｈｅｍｉ－
half
hemianopia, hemianopsia, hemiplegia
ｈｏｌｏ－
whole, entire
holoantigen, holopathy, holocephalic
ｈｙｐｅｒ－
over, above
hypertension, hypermania, hypercholia
ｍｅｒｏ－
part
meropia, merodialysis, merorachischisis
ｍｏｎｏ－
single, one
monocyte, monoxide, monoarticular
ｍｕｌｔｉ－
many
multicellular, multicapsular, multiparous
ｐａｎ－
all, entire
pancytopenia, pancarditis, pancytosis
ｐｌｅｏ－
many, more
pleomorphic, pleolysis, pleocytosis
ｐｌｕｒ－
several, more
plurimenorrhea, pluripara, pluricytopenia
ｐｏｌｙ－
many
polyphagia, polydipsia, polymenorrhea
ｔｏｐｏ－
part
toponarcosis, topoalgia, toponeurosis
ｓｅｍｉ－
half
semiantigen, semiplegia, semicoma
ｕｌｔｒａ－
beyond
ultrasonic, ultraviolet, ultravirus
ｈｙｐｏ－
below, deficient
hypoacidity, hypoglycemia, hypohidrosis
ｏｌｉｇ－, ｏｌｉｇｏ－
scanty, small, few
oligocardia, oligomenorrhea, oliguria
ｇｉｇａ－, ｇｉｇａｎｔｏ－
giant, great
gigatism, gigantoblast, gigantocyte
ｍａｃｒｏ－
great, large
macrocephalia, macrocytosis, macrocyte
ｍｅｇａ－, ｍｅｇａｌ－
large, big
megacardia, megalocyte, megalomania
ｍｉｃｒｏ－
small, little
microtia, microsoma, microsection
- 301 -
Ａｐｐｅｎｄｉｘ Ⅱ ＳｕｆｆｉｘＭａｓｔｅｒＬｉｓｔ
ＳＵＦＦＩＸ
ＭＥＡＮＩＮＧ
－ａｃ, －ａｌ, －ｉｃ
－ａｒ, －ｉａｌ, －ａｒｙ
pertaining to, related to, located in
－ｏｕｓ, －ｔｉｃ, －ｅａｌ
－ａｇｒａ
acute, excessive pain
－ａｌｇｉａ
pain
－ａｐｈｅｒｅｓｉｓ
removal
－ａｓｔｈｅｎｉａ
lack of strength, weakness
－ａｓｅ
enzyme
－ａｔｅ
use, subject to
－ａｔｒｅｓｉａ
absence of normal body opening
－ｃａｐｎｉａ
carbon dioxide
－ｃｅｌｅ
protrusion, hernia
－ｃｅｎｔｅｓｉｓ
surgical puncture to remove fluid
－ｃｉｄａｌ
killing
－ｃｌａｓｉａ, -ｃｌａｓｔ
break
－ｃｌｅ, －ｃｕｌｅ, －ｏｌｅ, －ｏｌａ
－ｕｌｅ, －ｕｌｕｍ , －ｕｌｕｓ
small, littel
－ｃｌｙｓｉｓ
irrigation, washing, infusion
－ｃｏｃｃｕｓ，－ｃｏｃｃｉｓ
berry-shaped
－ｃｒｉｔ
to separate
－ｃｒｉｎｅ
separate, secrete
－ｃｙｔｅ
cell
－ｄｅｓｉｓ
surgical fixation
－ｄｒｏｍｅ
run, running
－ｄｙｎｉａ
pain
－ｅｃｔａｓｉｓ
dilation, expansion
－ｅｃｔｏｍｙ
excision, removal
－ｅｃｔｏｐｉｃ
displacement
－ｅｍｅｓｉｓ
vomit
- 302 -
－ｅｍｉａ
blood condition
－ｅｎｔ, －ｅｒ, －ｉｓｔ, －ｏｒ
person or agent
－ｅｓｉｓ, －ｉａ, －ａ
－ｉｓｍ , －ｉｔｙ, －ｙ
state or condition, disease
－ｏｓｉｓ, －ｔｉｏｎ , －ｓｉｓ, －ｉａｓｉｓ, －ｓｉａ
－ｆｏｒｍ , －ｏｉｄ
resembling, shaped like
－ｇｅｎ , －ｇｅｎｉｃ
producer, producing, generating
－ｇｅｎｅｓｉｓ
beginning, origin, production
－ｇｒａｍ
record
－ｇｒａｐｈ
instrument that records
－ｇｒａｐｈｙ
process of recording
－ｉａｃ
person afflicted with
－ｉｂｌｅ, －ｉｌｅ
capable, able
－ｉｃｉａｎ
one who
－ｉｃｔａｌ
seizure, attack
－ｉｓｔ, －ｏｌｏｇｉｓｔ
a specialist
－ｉｔｅｓ, －ｉｔｉｓ
inflammation
－ｉｕｍ
membrane
－ｉｚｅ
use, subject to
－ｌｏｇｙ
science, study of
－ｌｙｓｉｓ, －ｌｙｔｉｃ
destroy, dissolution, separation
－ｍａ, －ｍａｔ
disease, condition
－ｍａｌａｃｉａ
softening
－ｍａｎｉａ
compulsion, madness
－ｍｅｇａｌｙ
enlargement
－ｍｅｔｏｒ
instrument used to measure
－ｍｅｔｒｙ
measurement
－ｍｏｒｐｈ
form, shape
－ｏｍａ
tumor
－ｏｐｓｙ
to view
- 303 -
－ｏｓｉｓ
disease, abnormal conditon
－ｏｘｉａ
oxygen
－ｐａｒｅｓｉｓ
slight paralysis
－ｐａｔｈｙ
disease
－ｐｅｎｉａ
lack, deficiency
－ｐｅｐｓｉａ
digestion
－ｐｅｘｙ, －ｐｅｘｉｓ
fixation, storing
－ｐｈａｇｉａ , －ｐｈａｇｙ
eating, swallowing
－ｐｈｉｌｉａ, －ｐｈｉｌｙ
love
－ｐｈｏｂｉａ
abnormal fear, intolerance
－ｐｈｏｎｉａ
pertaining to sound
－ｐｈｏｒｉａ
feeling
－ｐｈｙｓｉｓ
growth
－ｐｌａｓｉａ , －ｐｌａｓｍ
growth, development
－ｐｌａｓｔｙ
plastic surgery
－ｐｌｅｇｉａ
paralysis
－ｐｎｅａ
breathing
－ｐｏｉｅｓｉｓ
production, formation, creation
－ｐｏｉｅｔｉｃ
productive, formative
－ｐｏｒｏｓｉｓ
passage
－ｐｒａｎｄｉａｌ
meal
－ｐｒａｘｉａ
in front of, before
－ｐｔｏｓｉｓ
drooping, displacement, downward
－ｒｒｈａｇｅ, －ｒｒｈａｇｉａ
excessive flow, discharge
－ｒｒｈａｐｈｙ
suture, surgical repair
－ｒｒｈｅａ
flow or discharge
－ｒｒｈｅｘｉｓ
rupture
－ｓａｒｃｏｍａ
malignant tumor
－ｓｃｈｉｓｉｓ
split, fissure
- 304 -
－ｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｉｓ
hardening
ｓｃｏｐｅ
instrument for examining
－ｓｃｏｐｙ
visual examination
－ｓｅｐｓｉｓ
infection, poison
－ｓｐａｓｍ
sudden involuntary muscle contraction
－ｓｔａｓｉｓ
control, stop
－ｓｔｅｎｏｓｉｓ
narrowing
－ｓｔｏｍｙ
surgical opening
－ｔｏｍｅ
instrument for cutting
－ｔｏｍｙ
cutting, incision
－ｔｒｉｐｓｙ
surgical crushing
－ｔｒｏｐｈｙ
nourishment, development
- 305 -

Download Report

Ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓ

Paperzz.com

Your Paperzz