INTRODUCTION
Pcaticides
or
isecticid€s (inscct killeB)
e
Mong th€ nost
€xtensi!€ly used chemi@ls in thc world loday and lhey are also among lhe
most hazardous compounds to
pesticidcs
crn be b€neficid in
tle
human being as well. though some
decr€asing lhe populations
of htmtul
tr
destuclive in €cls" whil€ ofters can b€ damaging lo thc envircnmcnt and
can causc scrious distufbances. Hunans
the pesticides and
fris can cause
cin
also be adve$ely rff€cled by
many people to
chose lheir life
style
according to the situatioD. Synthctic p€sticides are b€hind mary p€ople's
d€cision to switch ro orgaric producG ard pmdices. especidly $h.r€ diel is
All pesticids my
be efiective aSainsr the p€sts. when lhey are uled
fof control. They nusl be biologically sctive or roxic. As pesticides are
roxic by nature, they are poteniially haadou to hum04 ar'mals, other
organism! as eell as lhe
envim ne . Therefore,
or r€euhrly come in contacr wilh thcm musl
p€ople who us. pdlicides
uddtard
the relative
bxicity
and pr€ventive m€asur€s to .educe €xposure to the p.oducts thcy use.
Exposue to these peticidcs or harrrdous chemicals ullimately leads to
scvcral hc"llth problems such a! althmatic attack, skin rnsh€s a! well
chronic disordeE like emph)rema ,nd
d
mligrl3ci6. IFrefore, whn steps
or needs 10 tre done imrnediatety is lo r€du€ rhc adveFe hatth effecb
oaused
by pesticid6 and
maximum
exposure
if
they are found to be dangcrcu beyond
lwel rcstridions shoutd be
b
imposed on
fiei.
use
a! we
as
huhan hedrfi. Sone o.sanochtorinc pEticides hav. b@
banned in this connedjon (e.g., DDT, dieldriq €ndrin etc.)
ln the aSriculhnd
sector
of Pakistrn
about ?0%
of rle popularion
livcs in villager and mo3l of them are mvolved in agriculture direcrty or
indiEctly.
Iley
use srnrh€ric pelicid€s rcgulady on larye scalc ro savc
thcir crops ftom pesr attaok iMediat€ly. Agricultual .un ofl o. the water
ftom the fields rhar dFim into riv€N is one of $e major pollura 0! ir
contains pcsticides
,nd fenil;els
pesricid€s whcn us€d prop€rty are
of
hcmendous benefils to humar beings but then indiscmnare use nowever
may caus€ considerabl€ hazards to h€alih ard enviromenr. Keeping
adveBe efl€cB in prioriry. the.€ is a srrcng public pressure ro rcduc€
ule
&s
fiis
ften
lljey are cosrly and causing variou probleDs tite peraicide pollutioq
res'scance iD p€srs and accumularion ofresidu€s ofpcsticides
in the body
of
animals and hurnan beings. On rhis baris, the developed counries
!.efer th€
usc of phyto p€sricides and honnonat Fslicid€s under IpM progmn
(InteS.aled Pest Msnagemenr) to avoid
ey
risk to human hellth.
I1 is
well
k oen
rhat the grcsdr of rhe population
ud
human's life depends on indusrry and asriculrure. In
convenience
of
$is conhq $e
pesticides have contibured gearly to rhe incr€ase yi€tds in agricutture by
conlrolling pesls and diseases. Thc pesricides
cmDlty in
use inctude a
variety of compoun& belongine lo difier€nt chemical cldses. More than
800 chemicals markered
Union
a
d
muttiplc formutations ar€ used in rhe Eu.opean
inscticides, herbicides and tunSicides. In addjtion pesticides can
also be g.ouped
or th€ basis of
organic chemical conpound tike
chlo.iDred hydrocarbons e.8., DDT, BHC (Lindane), heptachlor, atdrin,
dicldria cndrin;
orgamphosphates e.s., matarhim, pararhioq diazinon,
dune@n, methaDidophos, $rmittio4 csbanaes e.g., demerild, isote,
pmre,
prcpoxur> sevin
ad
syntheric pyrethroids e.g., p€rmetuin,
bioallelhin, rdmethrin. cDemetlrin, ilecametlfin, fcnvalemre. In
Pakistd, some o.gmochlorine
f€sticides have beeD banncd because of
causinS noxious er€crs on
humd h€atth (e.s., DDT, dieldrin, end.in etc).
Exposue ro pesticides r€mairu
poblen. All p€sticid€s
a major
environmoiat health
ere potentially toxic and ha"nrdous to hunan beings.
Severity of haards, pos€d by a pesticid€ depends on
its toxiciry. route
of
exposue, wheiher oml, de.mal o. inhalarion, and
the ex@Dr or exp6ufe.
Shon term qposure ro
higl
doses can cause
jrriraron ofthe skin, eyes, nos€
ed
throat, diIficulry
delay€d
rspoN
in
breathing, impaired tunctioning
of the
lutgs,
ro a yisual stnnulus, impaired memory, gastric dismmfort
and possible chmges in the livcr
ed
kidnc)6. Both shon md long tcrm
exposure c.{n also afl€ct rhe ncrvous systsn.
In view of
these
elch yerr thoulands of publi@tioN app€ar
on
pesticide residues, pollution and resislatcc in the scientific lilerstur€ by
many r$earchers. Gomes ?r
ai, (199r)
r€ported the influa@
hygienic procedures and protectivc measures fof the
d*rt
of
safely,
fam6 livhg
coNtr/. Ihey also repod€d lhat the use ot glov6,
scarf
ed
in a
work
overall provide n€gative influence with thc depl4ion ofacerylcholinesterat€
where a! iequem us€
depletion
of
aralysis of
ofpslicide spilying hrs p6itive con€lation wilh lhe
acetylcholin€sterasc. Studies have b€€n
mteml milk sp€.imen
thc
for the detection of various p€sticides
such as OC compounds and iheir m€labolires
iom
Perth, Aushalia and also
around lh€ world durirg the last 50 years (Stacey and
eral,
oducted for
1999; Smilh, 1999). Pohl and Tylenda
Tlloms, 1972i Daira
(2000).eporM thal tte brcast-
fed infants werc the mosl sensitivc populalion and they ee at high nsks
rhc
pelicide
d€signed
to
N
fouds
above the
MRI.
if
In this connectim fte MRL war
dsess lhe hqlth-bared guidrnE values for
he huns
population. Sinilarly Lakind e, d/., (2000) also emphdizd that the infanir
who w€re al breasf€rn, were gctting more ben€liis thar the infants nol f€€d
by the mothers and because oflong-term, the body burden in newboms does
not significdtly increased by brcastfe€d. They also repoded lhst in view
these
fets, brcstfeeding should
of
b€ supponed and encouraged for the heallh
ofn€wboms by the res€archcrs ard clinicians.
Konick and Altshal (1998) inv€stigat€d lhe total PCB levels in
the
hunan milk sanples ftom Soulhcdteft Massachusett! and found that lhe
PcB levels werc signifi&nlly incre$€d
also reponed thal the PCB exposure
such
as a caus€
c$
of PCB exposure. They
at prenaturity, binh weight docwncnt!, g€$ation trme
b€havioml defecls and devclopn€ntsl d€fecB in childhood
prenalal PCB exposuc. Blanch e,
al, (199) llso
dd
Neiat€d with
hlmn milk uins mN
Electton Cspturc Daecdon (ECD) t€chnique as single ion
mode. Tley elso reponed
dd
decrements,
investigalcd the d.t@tion
of chimlPCB-149 and rcB-95 fiom lhe sampld of
specFometry
nwbom
crcrrc abnomalitiq in
tlal for
PCB.95 miDor effichneDl of
for PCB-149 detecred !s race mate. Keisuke €r
al,
fi6l
penl
(1999) r€poned the
analysis of congers of PCB in lhe s€rum and mother's milk of Japanes€
peBons
usiry low,hiSh
technique. Rogan
resolution sepffaiion 8as chrcmatogaphic
et al., ll9E0)
conlaminated due to rhe exposure
described
thc mateml milk
of ch€micals like dieldrin.
was
chlordane.
heptachlor, DDD and PCB.]rl€y also pointed out lhat lhes€ chemicah have
befl ch.cked reSuldly to rcduc. rhe nG of lumor in
msture p€rsons
Similaiy, Bassil er al, (2007) reponed a positive arsociarion in beNeen
p€sticidc exposure and lcukemia and non-Hodgkin. Consequotly, they
conclud.d that cosmetic use ofiruedicides musr be reduced. Sanbom e/ at,
(2007) reporied binh defects, neurologicat syndmme,
ed febl
dearh
lie
also asociat€d with pesricide exposures.
v.$er et al., (2000)
rcporrcd the id€nriftcarion
of nry .esidul
orseochlorhe component Ql in hurnu milk non Anrarcric and Southwest
Nanibian coast of A$ica. Hmis
er
al,
(2001) reviewed and monitorod rhe
residual elled of OC conpoMds in the natemat mitk in ord€r !o idetuiry
the l€vel
oftradport ofthc polut{rt! in rhe milk. They
atso indicrled
$!t if
sanpling proc€dues are nor applied $en il is very difficutr ro idenriE the
Emdr ofcontaminants id brcasr
lhe mateml milk was the
nik. tl'ltdriEut
et at., (?!.!42) reponcd lhal
cxellmr sou@ ofnouhhment for
newboms. In
lhis conne.tion lhe mosr inportanr issue $at com€s in p€diat.ic pmclice
erpecially for
fie
cnvnoDmcntat and pubtic heafth is tne ass€ssmot ol rhe
presence of loxic chemicats iD hurnrn milk. Eskoazi
er
at,
lhat rhc children r€siding in the vicinity of faIm ulua
dermal conaact
wifi n@!s and ofier
surfac€s
(
1999) reported
y g€l
exposed by
ofrlE sunoudings. They ate
7
report€d ihat clildrcn of fam.t3 $crc cxpos€d to highcr lev.ls of p€sticidB
th6r o|her childr.n becrus. p€sticidls usually routld in dtc body dudng
pcsticid€s now, playing in the fi€ld or clod€ conhct eith
lh. fom
at€ , by
th€ family mlmbcrs or by ihc ndemal milk from th€ molhcr. HooFr et al.,
(1999) r€port€d trh.t moth6's
calculaling
fie
My
mik is thc
mc l5 of
mo6t ,ppropri.lc
burd€n of polychlorinat d pcBi$cnt organic pollubnts
(POP\) in chil4 inl-ds, fctus and moth.r on long term b&sis
Hoop.r and McdoMld (2000) also rcport€d thc pr6.ncc or
polybrominat d diphcnyl cthds (PBDE'9) lcvcl in hunan tissu€s and brc5st
milk. nlcy also $ar brerst milk moniloring program is imporla in
id.fiirying thc cmcrging polluranb for the ocrl|rttncc of loxicity
s{crsivr cxposuE of PBDE'S in
fi.
sumuding. Chlo
.t
due 0o
ih.
al., (2W6\
dc&rmin.d the residul level of OSP\ in lhc mdctnal milk of h€xlhy
wom€n fiom crntralTaiwan. Hsrrh e,
dl, (1999) dclemined fic qusntity of
organochlorinc residuca HCB, FHCH,
hunln
1998.
nill
samplcs fiom
tlim.,
rHCH, DDD, DDT
8nd
dicl.lrh in
Urit d Kingdom during th€ Friod of 197 to
ar, @00{) r.portd rhc rdlrcdon ofpcsticide reidu€s such as
polychlorimtd biphcnyl lcvcls in dE foodsn
countrics. Przyr€mbel
et al., (2002) also
t
iom diffcrc Euopcrn
rcport€d
thc r.duction of
organochlorin. pesdcides, polychlo.inat€d biph€"yls and PcDD's
in th.
nilk
scrum ard matcmal
litophilic
due to haviry
and
nininal
deSmdarion
properties. Sinilarly, Lakind (2007) also invstig.r€d the rcducrion
pcsticidd polychlo.inared dibenzoturais
and
of
polychlorinat€d
diberedioxins (rcDFs / Dt wer€ reduced in the envircmcnr.
sanghi .r
rl,
(2003),
Miih et al., Q004\
Fri4
er
al,
(2004), Kunisue €/
reporred the presence
of pcsticide
at,
(2004)
ed
in
rhe
residDes
natemal milk using HPLC techniques fom differ€nt locrliti€s of India,
Sp6in, China and vieham. Similarly v.rious r6earche6 atso rcponcd d|e
detection
.$id6
of
in
pesticide residu€s such
fie
blood, maternat
.s
nitk, watcr,
orgeochtorine ard pyerlroid
sediments and olh€r biologicsl
spccimens ftom difTeEnt rc8ions of cbana and Souft Anica
Ntow 2001 I Sereda er
In
al,
(ANar
1997;
2009).
Pakstan, Naqvi
ed Jaho (1999) reporled the presence o,
pe$icide rcsidues in the far sampts and blood s€lM of pe6o.s
non
diftMt
localitie, of Kalachi.
of pesticide 6idu€
Kua.hi.
i'
Ajn:,at et al.,
r.he
Az
er
al, (2005) also reportcd rhe prcse@
blood slnples of rurat population
(20t,
fton cada!,
derermined th€ presenc€ ofofganophosphat€
al(l py.elhrcid residB h the nitk of woden ard
bl6r
canc€r pauenrs
hom Kdachi. They 6tso reponed that pesticid$ such &s malathion,
p€rmethrjn, delramefrin and pollrrin-C we.e derecred
in
diflerenl
@ncenlration and the leveh w€re sigificandy found hiBI€. tnan fte
maximum residual fimn. Simildty Khawja e,
p€slicide
al,
(201 2) also derennined 1he
Biducs hq.chlo@yctohcxane, cyctodiene, diphenylaliphate ard
their metabolilcs in fie bre$t
nilk of
women K@chi, pakistan.
Many researche.! also tried to corrctate various en4m$
and
biochemi@l paramers wirh lhe hrnnful effccts of
Fsricides. Watenlin e,
dr, (1988)
analyzed th€ €nzyme lcvels of alk'line and acid phosphabe€,
cholin€sMe. aleine einotraIsfedq dpartare
aninorrasfemse,
gammaglutalnyl oaispepddrse and lacrale deydrcgerase in
$e
samples
of
milk and coloslrums. Tley atso r€porred rhat the acrivity of chotineslerase
wd
found
signilic$tly in higher tevel in
the mar€flal milk than cotosrrums.
Arner ?r aa, (t989) reponcd Ine dcprcssion ofchotinesrew activiry among
califomia agriculruml pe$icide appticarors. Ames e,
desc.ibcd
that cltrodc neuologic
cholinester$€ depr€ssion is du€
to
s€quelse
ar
at,
(I
(1995) also
arc asculed wll
orsanophos?ha@ poisoning among
agnculrwal p€sricide applicaroB. Ames e,
Anwe ( 1997) and comes
al,
dt,
(1995), Keifet et at., (t996),
999) reporred the siSnificant inhibnion
&etylcholinesterase activily caued
by the
of
protoDged exposue of
o4rnopbosphorus pelicid€s. Eskenui et at., (1999\
at$
rcDort€d lhe
t0
inhibinon
of bnin
acetylcholinGlcrcsc acriviiy
In lakistan, Naqvi er
al,
(
by
organophophoru
1970), R?dhan et a1., (1979),
A^i
et al.,
(1990), Neqvi and Khar (1S93), Klan and Naqvi (1994). Naqvi er
(1998). Khan er
nd
al,
(2000), Akhrar and Naqvi (2001),
Kho
al,
e/ ar, (2003)
Amti et al., (2006) havc also rcporrcd the effecr of p€sticides on the
aclivityof cholineslenscand lachted€hydrogenare.
Regarding biochem'cal analysis of human milk sampl6.
al,
KMhik ?'
(2002) reponed the invdtigation of hypenension, pot ssiun levels and
total proleins levels in lhc colostrumr of women ftom India- 'ney also
reponed thal total I'pids snd lactose levels wer€ signincantly rcduc€d m
glucose inlolerance mothers
Gudumak
.t dl,
!s
compa.cd
lo normsl
subjecrs. Similarly,
(19%), Berhwari e, al, (1999) and Kabir et
al,
(2003)
b.ve also reported tle comladon b€Meen pesticides md bi@hemical
paramele$ such as arnino aci4 totalproteins and total lipid levels in
nilk
hunu
that vdies due !o dieiary habits ofthe mothers.
Adverse eflects were also nodc€d by sorne researchers due to lhe
extensive us€ and €xposur€ of differcnt p€sticides. Eskenui el al., (1999)
rcported the health risk due such as reduced bmin mass, decrcas€d s),nthesis
ofbnin DNA od respiralory
syndromc in offspring
duins postpartum
due
ll
ro the exposre of organopho€phate p€sricides. Da Silvs
r€poned thai the orgmpfto3phorus psticides such
neuroroxic
in nature.
.r at,
6 mlathior
(2006)
wa!
hid
A2ln.i et a1., Q006) atso r€poned the €xposure
multiple pesticides such as cyperm€thri4 delramethin,
monocrorophos, DDT and DDE
of
diazinon,
fo. prolonged p€riod have affected the
nornal finclionhg of differEnt o.gd systems and posribly
produc€d
characterjstics clinical €fTeds on human hcalth such as hepatiris d'spnea
and
bming sasarion in urine. Similarly, ssnbom e, at, (2007)
and
Bouwman and Kylin (2009) havc also r€ported the conetarion of some
adv€ne healrh efr€ca such
d
bir$ d€feds, fetal d6rh,
endocrine and
neuologrc syndoncs wirlt ditrercd p€slicid$ e.g., DDT and p)ftrltroid
residu€s
h
the matemal milk.
In vi€w of6es€ hazrrdous eff€cts, pres€nt work was under uken fo.
the harmtul effects of p€sricids particutarly in rhe femate
subjecb ftom
differ€nr areas
pllulcd
arcar
of Ksmchi. Itesc
ed
f€mate subjecrs are living
in highty
arc lhcy very c{ctessly handtinS Fsticides wilhout
knowing their hazardous eff€cb and poisonous mture of rhe pesricidd.
The
hyporh€sis was that it should be proved by rhe curcnt
dara $at rheir belief
ed
pactice is very h$mtul fo. rhcm, their famitie and lhe
?€ople dound
lhem.
lt is th€rcfor.
sugees!€d thar rhe common p€ople shourd bc educaed
t2
io u& phyto p€ricidca
iruacad
of lFdrdic p.stioidd by rhc rcguhor'
6!thorili6. Tfii! w!3 thc Dlio l|tnpodc oflhn !Ody,