ANNUAL REPORT 2002
DEPARTMENT OF PROCESS AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Laboratory of Process Metallurgy
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
Editor: MARKO PETÄJÄJÄRVI
UNIVERSITY OF OULU
LABORATORY OF PROCESS METALLURGY
P.O. BOX 4300
FIN-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU
OULU UNIVERSITY PRESS
OULU 2003
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
LIST OF USED ABBREVIATIONS
AOD
Argon Oxygen Decarburization; Converter used for
stainless steelmaking by Avesta Polarit
BF
Blast Furnace
BOF
Basic Oxygen Furnace
CFD
Computational Fluid Dynamics
CMU
Carnagie Mellon University
CRC
Chrome Converter; Converter used for stainless
steelmaking by AvestaPolarit
D.Phil. (Geol. Min.)
Doctor of Philosophy (Geology and Mineralogy)
D.Sc. (Tech.)
Doctor of Technology, Dr. Tech.
EDS-SEM
Energy Dispersive Spectrometer - Scanning Electron
Microscope
GSCE
Graduate School in Chemical Engineering
(Academy of Finland)
HUT/TKK
Helsinki University of Technology
ISIJ
Iron and Steel Institute of Japan
KTH
Kungl Tekniska Högskolan
Lic. (Tech.)
Licentiate of Science (Technology)
LD-KG
Linz-Donau - Kawasaki Gas; Basic Oxygen Furnace
(converter) used for steelmaking by Rautaruukki Steel
M.Sc. (Chem.)
Master of Science (Chemistry)
M.Sc. (Geol. Min.)
Master of Science (Geology and Mineralogy)
M.Sc. (Math)
Master of Science (Mathematics),
M.Sc. (Tech.)
Master of Science (Technology), M.Sc.Eng, Dipl.Eng.
NTNU
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskepelige universitet
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SEM
Scanning Electron Microscope
TEKES
National Technology Agency of Finland
TGA-DTA
Thermogravimetry and Differential Thermal - Analyzer
XRD
X-ray Dissruction Spectrometer
VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland
PGM
Platinum-group minerals
PGE
Primary platinum-group elements (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt)
EOL
Institute of Electron Optics
EFTEM
Energy Filtered Transmission Electron Microscope
FESEM
Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope
STEM
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
EPMA
Electron Probe Microanalyzer
DCP-AES
Direct Current Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry
ICP-AES
Induction Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry
ICP-MS
Induction Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
OES
Optical Emission Spectroscopy
OMBKE
Hungarian Metallurgical and Mining Society
IOM
Institute of Materials
IISI
International Iron and Steel Society
ESIC
European Steel Institutes Federation
SINTEF
The Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at the
Norwegian Institute of Technology
SIMS
Scandinavian Simulation Society
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
PREFACE
The year 2002 was the eleventh full calendar year in
the history of the Process Metallurgy professorship.
During those years the professorship has exceeded
both the education and research goals established upon
foundation. Over 60 Diploma Engineers have qualified and 12 Licentiates of Science and Doctors have
graduated.The number of graduates exceeded 100 in
2002, if those that attended the special courses of
updating training, during 1989-1991, are included in
the count. These hundred graduates are placed, as a
rule, along the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia in the services of the metallurgical industry (AvestPolarit, Rautaruukki, Outokumpu).The professorship education has
thus alleviated the shortage of engineers within the
industry in accordance with foundation aims.
Research activities have over the last three years been
very lively.The most important reason for this has been
TEKES’s technology programme “Frontiers of Metallurgy”. Within this framework and with the support of
the industry, over half the laboratory’s external research
funding has come from this technological programme.
At its height the laboratory’s workforce totalled 46
during 2002.
The laboratory’s research commitments have continued unbroken over several years, so that the reces-
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
sion that has troubled industry has not for the time
being affected our operations in its extensiveness.
During the past year the increase in projects relating
to environmental questions was clearly discernible.
It is presumable that the university’s focal point: environmental technology and accordingly process metallurgy research will in future be, more than ever, strongly
directed towards minimizing the environmental effects
of the industry.
The laboratory has actively taken part in the development of both teaching and research activities of the
Department of Process and Environmental Engineering. At departmental level also we metallurgists experience as our goal the creation of a unified, open and
functional department. The possibility of our own
active development enables collaboration that has been
and will be good also in the future. We have in 2002
once again succeeded exceptionally in our actions.
Thanks to all our personnel – I am proud of you!
Jouko Härkki
Professor
Head of the Laboratory
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF USED ABBREVIATIONS
4
PREFACE
6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
8
1 LABORATORY STAFF AND STUDENTS
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2 EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES
16
2.1 University Courses Held by the Laboratory
16
2.1.1 Metallurgical Processes
16
2.1.2 Metallurgical Thermodynamics
17
2.1.3 Theory of Pyrometallurgical Processes
17
2.1.4 Laboratory Working
17
2.1.5 Casting and Solidification
18
2.1.6 Construction Materials of High Temperature Processes
18
2.1.7 Steel Industry’s Challenges
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Page
3 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
3.1 Reduction Metallurgy
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3.1.1 Development of the Steel Belt Sintering Technology
for Ferroalloys
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3.1.2 PANAMA
21
3.1.3 Reduction of Chromites
21
3.1.4 Control of BF Hearth and Tuyere Level Operation
and Extension of Hearth Duration
24
3.1.5 Coke
25
3.1.6 OPTIDUST II
26
3.2 Refining Metallurgy
27
3.2.1 CONVERTO
27
3.2.2 TASK
29
3.2.3 AHA
30
3.2.4 Inclusion Control
31
3.2.5 INGROS
3.2.6 TTJV
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33
3.2.7 MMX
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
4 RESEARCH DEVICES AND ANALYTIC INSTRUMENTS
4.1 High Temperature Devices
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35
4.1.1 TGA
35
4.1.2 High Temperature Viscosimeter
36
4.1.3 Finger Test Device
36
4.1.4 Optical Dilatometer
36
4.1.5 Gradient Furnace
37
4.1.6 Pressure Furnace
37
4.1.7 Alkali Test
37
4.2 Other Devices
38
4.2.1 Watermodels
38
4.2.2 Coulter Omnisorp 360 cx
38
4.2.3 Computational Fluid Dynamics Software
38
4.2.4 Thermodynamic Calculation Programmes
38
4.2.5 Gas Chromatograph
38
4.2.6 Microscopes
38
4.2.7 Materialographic Surface Preparation of Solid Materials 39
4.3 Other Available Facilities
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Page
5 PUBLICATIONS 2002
41
5.1
Papers
41
5.2
Conferences and Symposiums
42
5.3
Reports
43
5.4
Annuals and Final Reports
44
6 THESIS
45
6.1
Licenciate in Technology Theses
45
6.2
Diploma Engineer Theses
(Master of Science in Technology)
45
7 CONFERENCE VISITS
46
8 LABORATORY FREE-TIME ACTIVITIES
47
9 CONTACT INFORMATION
49
Map of the University of Oulu
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
LABORATORY STAFF AND STUDENTS
Academic Staff
Härkki, Jouko
D.Sc. (Tech.), Professor, Head of the Laboratory
Taskinen, Pekka
D.Sc.(Tech.), Docent in thermodynamics,
Outokumpu Research Centre, Pori
Seppänen, Matti
D.Sc.(Tech.), Docent in processmetallurgy,
Rautaruukki Steel, Raahe
Heinänen, Kyösti
D. Phil (Geol. Min.), Docent in mineralogy,
Rautaruukki Steel, Raahe
Jonsson, Lage
D.Sc.(Tech.), Docent in macro modelling, Luleå, Sweden
Heino, Jyrki
Lic. (Tech.), Senior Assistant
Heikkinen, Eetu-Pekka
Lic.(Tech.), Assistant
Kallio, Sauli
M.Sc.(Geol. Min.), Part-time teacher
Kokkonen, Tommi
M.Sc.(Chem.), Part-time teacher
Makkonen, Hannu
M.Sc.(Geol. Min.), Part-time teacher
Mattila, Riku
M.Sc.(Tech.), Part-time teacher
Paananen, Timo
M.Sc.(Tech.), Part-time teacher
Tanskanen, Pekka
M.Sc.(Geol. Min.), Part-time teacher
Angerman, Mikko
Student, Part-time teacher
Ikäheimonen, Topi
Student, Part-time teacher
Virtanen, Esa
Student, Part-time teacher
Teachers from the Industry
Hooli, Paavo
M.Sc. (Tech.), Part-time teacher,
AvestaPolarit, Tornio
Päätalo, Mika
M.Sc. (Tech.), Part-time teacher,
AvestaPolarit, Tornio
Co-lecturers:
Researchers from the laboratory,
Rautaruukki Steel and AvestaPolarit
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
Researchers
Angerman, Mikko
Student, Project Manager
Aspegren, Pasi
M.Sc. (Tech.)
Erkkilä, Helena
M.Sc. (Tech.), MGS, Project Manager
Fabritius, Timo
Lic. (Tech.), Special Researcher, Research Manager
Fedory, Paul
Exchange Student
Gornostayev, Stanislav S.
Ph.D.
Harju, Markus
M.Sc. (Math.)
Heikkinen, Eetu-Pekka
Lic. (Tech.)
Hiltunen, Rita
M.Sc. (Geol. Min.)
Huttunen, Satu
M.Sc. (Chem.), GSCE, Leave of absence.
Höynälä, Arto
M.Sc. (Phys.)
Kallio, Kimmo
M.Sc. (Tech.), Project Manager, GSCE
Kallio, Sauli
M.Sc. (Geol. Min.), Researcher
Luomala, Matti
M.Sc. (Tech.), Project Manager, GSCE
Makkonen, Hannu
M.Sc. (Geol. Min.), Project Manager
Mattila, Olli
M.Sc. (Tech.), Project Manager, GSCE
Mattila, Riku
M.Sc. (Tech.)
Määttä, Hanski
M.Sc. (Tech.)
Paananen, Timo
M.Sc. (Tech.), Researcher
Rantapirkola, Kristian
Sippola, Jukka
Student
Talonen, Anna-Maija
M.Sc.(Chem.)
Tang, Yong
Dr. (Tech.)
Tanskanen, Pekka
M.Sc. (Geol. Min.), Project Manager
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
Research Assistants
Aho, Jani
Student
Hekkala, Lauri
Student
Ikäheimonen, Topi
Student
Kaijalainen, Antti
Student
Kokkonen, Tommi
M.Sc. (Chem.)
Kurkinen, Petri
Student
Kyllönen, Toni
Student
Leinonen, Virpi
Student
Mure, Petri
Student
Mäenpää, Jani1
Student
Olenius, Elina
Student
Petäjäjärvi, Marko
Student
Pöyhtäri, Samuli
Student
Siivola, Tero
Student
Virtanen, Esa
Student
Vähäoja, Pekka
Student
Diploma Thesis Workers
Franssila Laura
Karjalainen, Eveliina
Hekkala, Lauri
Leinonen, Mervi
Halmeenpää, Riina
Mure, Petri
Hurme, Rauno
Mäenpää, Jani
Isokääntä, Jani
Olenius, Elina
Kangas, Jyrki
Siivola, Tero
Karhulahti, Timo
Sola, Petri
Karekivi, Pasi
Virtanen, Esa
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Technical Staff
Kokkonen, Tommi
M.Sc. (Chem.), Research Assistant
Luukkonen, Jarno
Laboratory Technician
Mattila, Riku
M.Sc.(Tech.), Laboratory Manager
Penttinen, Jorma
Special Laboratory Technician, part-time
Virkkala, Jouko
Laboratory Technician
Administration
Zinovjev, Berith
Project Secretary, Financial Manager
Puolakka, Ritva
Secretary, part-time
Heikkinen, Kaisa
Secretary, Web-master, part-time
Postgraduate Students
Erkkilä, Helena (in MGS)
Luomala, Matti (in GSCE)
Fabritius, Timo
Makkonen, Hannu
Heikkinen Eetu-Pekka
Mattila, Olli (in GSCE)
Heino, Jyrki
Mattila, Riku
Hiltunen, Rita
Niemi, Tommi
Huttunen, Satu (in GSCE)
Paananen, Timo
Kallio, Kimmo (in GSCE)
Tanskanen, Pekka
New students from 1.9.2002
Ajanki, Teemu
Pieksä, Vesa
Kangas, Ossi
Pyykkönen, Juha
Kasala, Markku
Rainto, Ilkka
Liisanantti, Ville
Tauriainen, Jukka
Mansikka, Jukka
Tuominen, Petri
Pekki, Mikko
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES
Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen
As a part of the Department of Process and Environmental Engineering, the
Laboratory of Process Metallurgy organizes its education in a way that serves the
educational objectives of the whole department as well as possible while trying to
fulfil the goals of its own strategy at the same time.
The primary goal of the laboratory’s education is to educate people with masters’
and doctoral degrees (M.Sc.Eng. and D.Sc.Tech.) into the service of metallurgical
industry whereas the department’s aims are to equip students with the ability to
understand, model and control the phenomena inside the processes no matter
what the process in question is. In order to achieve the understanding and control of
the processes, many general skills in favour of special knowledge are emphasized in
the education.These general skills include fundamental knowledge of natural sciences, problem solving skills and ability to approach problems from different viewpoints
and to apply general knowledge to different matters.
Although the emphasis of the laboratory’s education is in the metallurgical processes of iron, steel and ferroalloys production, the aims of the laboratory and the department are not contradictory, because it is not the laboratory’s only goal to teach
people to understand the metallurgical processes as thoroughly as possible. It is
equally important to give students different viewpoints and perspectives to the phenomena and problems concerning metallurgical processes as well as other challenges which a freshly graduated M.Sc.Eng. may encounter in his or her future job. From
this point of view the aims of the laboratory are in good accord with the aims of the
whole department.
It is noteworthy that students graduating from the laboratory of process metallurgy
are primarily experts in process engineering. For them process metallurgy is a subject to which general knowledge of process engineering is applied; not the main
focus itself.
2.1
UNIVERSITY COURSES HELD BY THE LABORATORY
2.1.1 Metallurgical Processes
Metallurgical processes is the laboratory’s only course which is directed at all the
students of process; not just the metallurgists. The aim of the course is to teach
students the fundamentals of the metallurgical unit processes and metal production
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
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in Finland as well as the basics of thermodynamics and its applications in metallurgy.
Some environmental aspects are considered, too. Although the emphasis of the
laboratory’s education is on the production of iron, steel and ferroalloys, the production of other metals (e.g. copper, nickel, zinc and aluminium) is also considered during this course.
The course is carried out with lectures, exercises and industrial excursions which are
directed either at Rautaruukki’s steel works in Raahe or at AvestaPolarit’s steel works
in Tornio.The course was lectured in 2002 by Senior Assistant Jyrki Heino (Tech.Lic.),
Researcher Timo Paananen (M.Sc.Eng.) and Professor Jouko Härkki (D.Sc.Tech.).
2.1.2 Metallurgical Thermodynamics
The aim of the course is to equip the students with tools that are needed while
examining the phenomena inside metallurgical processes in the forthcoming courses. It means that after this course students are required to have a sufficient knowledge of physical chemistry for thermodynamic calculations which involve gas and
liquid (slag and metal) phases. The most important topics are thermodynamics of
solutions, phase diagrams and the use of commercial software in thermodynamic
equilibria calculations.
The course was lectured in 2001-2002 by Assistant Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen (Tech.Lic.)
and Researcher Hannu Makkonen (M.Sc.Geol.Min.) and in 2002-2003 by Assistant
Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen (Tech.Lic.) and Part-time Teacher Topi Ikäheimonen.
2.1.3 Theory of Pyrometallurgical Processes
During this course the phenomena inside the pyrometallurgical processes are considered using thermodynamics, kinetics, heat transfer, mass transfer and fluid dynamics. The purpose of education is not only to teach metallurgy, but also develop students’ ability to present their ideas and opinions both literally and verbally.
The course is carried out with lectures, seminars and industrial excursions which are
directed at Rautaruukki’s and AvestaPolarit’s steel works in Raahe and Tornio. The
course was lectured in 2002 by Professor Jouko Härkki (D.Sc.Tech.) and researchers
from the laborator y; e.g. Timo Fabritius (Tech. Lic.) and Pekka Tanskanen
(M.Sc.Geol.Min.).
2.1.4 Laboratory Working
Until 2001, laboratory exercises were a part of the “Theory of pyrometallurgical
processes” -course.The purpose of the course is to teach students how experimental laboratory scale research is carried out by using the experimental equipment at
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the university and industry’s research centres. In addition to this, some safety aspects
are considered during the lectures.
The course was lectured in 2002 by Research Assistants Esa Virtanen and Tommi
Kokkonen (M.Sc.Chem.) as well as Laboratory Manger Riku Mattila (M.Sc.Eng.).The
exercises were supervised by Researchers Sauli Kallio (M.Sc.Geol.Min.) and Timo
Paananen (M.Sc.Eng.).
2.1.5 Casting and Solidification
The aim of the course is to equip students with the ability to study casting and
solidification using both phenomenon- and process-based viewpoints.The contents
of this course have been updated and kept close to practice due to skilled lecturers
from the industry. In 2002 the course was lectured by Paavo Hooli (M.Sc.Eng.) and
Mika Päätalo (M.Sc.Eng.) from AvestaPolarit Stainless.
2.1.6 Construction Materials of High Temperature Processes
This course is focused on ceramic refractory materials and their use as construction
materials in metallurgy and other high temperature processes.The aim of the course
is to present different kind of refractory materials, their physical and chemical properties as well as interaction mechanisms between refractories and metallurgical melts
(slag and metal).
The course was lectured in 2002 by Researcher Hannu Makkonen (M.Sc.Geol.Min.)
and Professor Jouko Härkki (D.Sc.Tech.).
2.1.7 Steel Industry’s Challenges
The aim of the last course of metallurgy is to represent metallurgical processes and
industry as a part of a larger economic-technical environment in which environmental aspects are also considered. The contents feature for example main ideas of
technology roadmaps, challenges of metallurgical research and development, review
of the development state of alternative metallurgical processes, steel industry’s effects on the environment and visions of future business environment of the steel
industry.
In 2002 the course was lectured by Researcher Mikko Angerman, Professor Jouko
Härkki (D.Sc.Tech.) and several lecturers from the industrial field. The use of visiting
lecturers ensures that the contents of the course are always updated and close to
practice.
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RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
Timo Fabritius
The research activities of the Laboratory of Process Metallurgy contain the whole
process chain of steelmaking focusing on the process units where steel is not yet
solidified (blast furnace, converter, ladle, continuous casting). The research actions in
the Laboratory of Process Metallurgy have divided into three divisions: reduction
metallurgy, refining metallurgy and refractory materials. Furthermore, the research
activities on the field of high temperature chemistry of recycling and waste treatments have increased during year 2002. Detailed information of research subjects is
presented in the following chapter.
Developing and building of research devices and analytical instruments for laboratory experiments was furthermore one of the most important investment targets.
Now we have good possibilities to carry out many kind of metallurgical experiments
as well as numerical simulations of fluid flows and thermodynamic equilibrium calculations.
The year 2002 was economically difficult for the metallurgical industry and this showed
in decreased financing of academic research. Several research projects finished at the
end of last year and the accumulation of scientific knowledge and competence of
research groups became complicated. Despite that, the production of scientific publications in referee journals increased remarkably amongst the whole research personnel. Some doctoral theses are awaiting graduation during the forthcoming year.
Despite of above-mentioned difficulties, the near future looks quite positive because
scientific knowledge and competence in the peak research areas have further strengthened.
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3.1
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
REDUCTION METALLURGY
3.1.1 Development of the Steel Belt Sintering Technology for
Ferroalloys
Project Manager: Timo Fabritius
Researcher: Lauri Hekkala
Research Assistant: Elina Olenius
The steel belt sintering technology is used for manufacturing chromite pellets that
are charged in the smelting furnace for ferrochromium production. Hot air is blown
through the moving bed of raw pellets. Direct temperature and flow measurements
are difficult to do in the bed of a real scale belt sintering process.Therefore, a tested
and reliable mathematical model would be a valuable help for optimising operational parameters of the process and designing new constructional improvements.
The aim of this project was to present a mathematical model that calculates the gas
flow and temperature distribution in the bed of pellets and the atmosphere. Computational fluid dynamics programme FLUENT is used to calculate the gas flow,
composition and temperature of the gas in the sintering bed during processing. Lots
of laboratory experiments (drying of pellets, specific heat and heat conductivity of
pellets, oxidation of carbon and chromite etc.) were done for verification of the
mathematical model. As a result of the project the simplified mathematical model,
which takes account of all main chemical and physical phenomena, was developed.
This 3-year co-operation project finished at the end of 2002.
Picture 1. Comparison between measured and modelled gas temperature in batch sintering experiment with
chemically inert and dry pellets.
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3.1.2 PANAMA
Panama: Novel Analysis and Optimisation of Blast Furnace Burden
Materials for Cost-Effective and High-Iron Capacity Production.
Project Manager: Pekka Tanskanen
Researchers: Sauli Kallio and Anna-Maija Talonen
PANAMA is a subcontract project (1.7.2001-30.6.2004) for Rautaruukki Raahe Steel.
Final target of this project is to develop a mineralogy-based optimization method for
iron burden materials to enable more stable and cost-effective blast furnace operation. The research includes determination of the mineralogical evolution of ferrous
burden in the blast furnace shaft. Further, formation and evolution of liquid slags
from the cohesive zone down to the final blast furnace slag will be traced. A special
issue of the project is to characterise the alkali capture of different solid mineral
systems and the alkali retention capacity of different primary liquids.The alkali retention during the liquid evolution path to the final slag will be determined as well. The
research is realised as laboratory-scale experiments. Different iron burden materials
are used in the mineralogical part of the research.The chemistry mineralogy interrelations between the iron oxides and slag phases and the initial liquid formation are
determined in equilibrium-state at certain reduction stages. The further evolution
and properties of the liquid slags will be determined with synthetic slag systems.The
research methods include chemical analysis, optical microscopy, TGA, SEM, XRD,
DTA, viscometer, optical dilatometer, and thermodynamic equilibrium calculation.
3.1.3 Reduction of Chromites
Project Manager: Rita Hiltunen
The project was started on 15th of May 2000 and ended on 31st of December 2002.
The project included two different sections, which were funded by TEKES.
The Reduction Behaviour of Mg-poor Chromites of the Akanvaara
Layered Intrusion, Northern Finland
Project Manager: Rita Hiltunen
The Akanvaara intrusion (surface area of 50-55 km2) in Savukoski, Northern Finland,
hosts 23 distinct monocumulate layers of small euhedral chromite crystals enclosed
in silicate matrix. Chromitite layers in Akanvaara intrusion have been divided into
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
four groups; UC (upper chromitite), ULC (uppermost lower chromitite) LC (lower
chromitite) and LLC (lowermost lower chromitite). The driving force to investigate
the Akanvaara chromites and their reduction behaviour originates from the very
low content of MgO and relatively low content of Al2O3.Thus Akanvaara chromites
have a unique quality which based on thermodynamics should facilitate the reduction. Another interesting feature is the high amount of V2O3 especially in the upper
chromitite. The chromites included in this study are from the UC and ULC layers
(24,9 % and 22,7 % Cr2O3 respectively).To get a better understanding of the reduction behaviour of the Akanvaara samples in comparison to Mg-bearing chromitites,
Kemi chromite of the ferrochrome works in Tornio Finland, was included in the
study as a reference material.
Reduction experiments were isothermal in temperature range of 1000-1400˚C and
in various atmospheres. Experiments were also conducted with coke addition in
pellets and briquettes. According to the results of the reduction experiments complemented with microanalytical research, the Akanvaara chromites do reduce to a
higher degree than Kemi chromite. Although the aim of the study was to characterize the mechanisms of reduction focused on gas-solid-reactions, the nature and the
amount of the gangue minerals was such, that a considerable amount of slag phase
was formed and effected reduction mechanisms extensively. Gangue minerals and
structural features together with low MgO and high FeO content in both Akanvaara
chromites are important factors resulting in better reducibility compared to Kemi
chromite.
Mineralogical Research on Chromites of the Akanvaara Deposit and
Products of their Processing with Emphasis on PGM/PGE
Researcher: Stanislav Gornostayev
The objectives of this project were: to re-examine selected samples of chromite ore
from Akanvaara on platinum-group minerals (PGM), to determine their occurrence
and nature and to see how the PGM, if any, behave under the conditions originally
set for processing and reduction of the ores. The main research tools were: optical
microscope, SEM/EDS with Jeol JSM-6400 (University of Oulu) and Cameca SX-50
microprobe with TURBO-SCAN programme (Geological Survey of Finland).
It was found that the metallurgical-type chromite ores of Akanvaara contain a range
of PGM. The mineralogy, mineral chemistry and mineral assemblages of PGM indicate primary platinum-group elements (PGE: Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt) fractionation and
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
23
late-stage PGE redistribution within the deposit and, possibly, the extent of PGE
mineralization outside the intrusive body. The investigations of chromite concentrates have shown that the amount of PGM in the concentrates is less than in ore
samples. Detailed study of reduced chromite pellets have led to a conclusion that
the PGM may have been oxidized during sintering process.
Picture 2a. Crystal of RuS2. Scale bar 10 um.
Picture 2b. Two-phase grain of Pt3Fe (white) and Rh2S3 (grey). Scale bar 6 um.
Pictures 2a and 2b. The platinum-group minerals in chromite from the Akanvaara
deposit.
Selected results of the project together with data on reduction behaviour of the
ores obtained earlier have been presented at the international conference Applied
Mineralogy’03.
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
3.1.4 Control of BF Hearth and Tuyere Level Operation and
Extension of Hearth Duration
Project Manager: Olli Mattila (chemical reactions in the hearth)
Researcher: Hanski Määttä (wear of lining material)
Project started on 1st of January 1999 and ended on 30th of April 2002.The goal of
the project was to control the blast furnace hearth and to increase the life time of
the hearth. Additional goals were to develop new models to control the blast furnace tuyere level, to estimate the wear of blast furnace and to predict the hearthcoke voidage and to develop an expert system of blast furnace tapping strategy.
Three complementary laboratories were involved in the project, due to the complicity of the process and the challenging nature of measurements and control engineering involved. The competence areas of these three laboratories were automation and modelling (Control Engineering, University of Oulu), heat engineering and
modelling (Heat Engineering, Åbo Akademi) and chemical metallurgy (Process Metallurgy, University of Oulu).
In the project, phenomena in the lower region of a blast furnace were investigated
with thermodynamical calculation and pressure-furnace experiments. Melt flows on
a blast furnace hearth had been investigated with physical modeling and in the cases
of floating and sitting deadman the results were compared with the numerical model made at Åbo Akademi.Taking into account the flows on a blast furnace hearth, the
wear of lining material and shielding of the blast furnace were investigated by using
thermodynamic calculations and chemical stress experiments.
It was found that in the case of floating deadman the iron melt flows completely in
the coke bed only through the V-shaped area. In case of sitting deadman iron melt
flows completely through the coke bed. The wear tendency of hearth lining materials increase in the order of carbon-brick, semigraphite and graphite and the wear
rate of lining material is affected mostly by carbon content of metal phase -silicon
and manganese content have only a little influence. In the pressure furnace experiments it was found that through the interfacial turbulence high FeO-content of slag
promotes sulphur transfer from metal to slag but decreases the thermodynamic
equilibrium value of maximum sulphur transfer with carbon unsaturated and pressurised conditions. Metal carbon content has significant influence on sulphur transfer,
which was expected also from the thermodynamic point of view.
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
25
3.1.5 Coke
Coke:The Behaviour and Properties of Coke in a Blast Furnace and in a
Cupola Furnace
Project Manager: Olli Mattila
Researcher: Stanislav Gornostayev
Research Assistant: Tommi Kokkonen
The project started on 1st of May 2002 and will end on 30th of April 2005.The main
target of this project is to increase coke production and improvement of costeffectiveness of coke production and decrease the reducing agent (coke, oil)
consumption in BF. Additional targets are to increase knowledge in Finland and in
Northern countries in the field of coke structures and the behaviour of coke in BF
and to develop methods to analyse coke behaviour straight from the process data.
Laboratory of process metallurgy will study the structural changes of coke and the
main factors causing those changes as the coke moves downwards in the BF process. An additional task is to study the behaviour of coke in contact with slag and
metal e.g. how the mineral particles revealed to the surface of coke will be detached
as slag.The project is divided into two parts. In the first part the behaviour of coke is
studied in the conditions simulating BF conditions. The second part of this project
will focus on coke-slag and coke-metal interaction. Two laboratories and two industrial partners are involved in the project: Laboratory of Process Metallurgy, Laboratory of Heat Engineering and Rautaruukki Oyj, Paroc Group Oyj respectively. Coke
research in Sweden is monitored through Jernkontoret’s meetings.
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
3.1.6 OPTIDUST II
OPTIDUST II - environmentally friendly utilization of dusts, sludge, scraps
and skulls of Raahe and Koverhar steel plants in hot metal production
Project Manager: Hannu Makkonen
Researchers: Hannu Makkonen, Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen and Sirpa Kokko
Picture 3. Optidust II logo.
The project started on 1st of January 2002 and will be concluded on 31st of December 2004. OPTIDUST was a preliminary project, in which Rautaruukki Group’s and
SKJ companies recycling questions and aims were analyzed in order to establish a 3year industrial project. Sufficient results were obtained to continue with the second
phase of the project now named as OPTIDUST II.
The target is to evaluate and choose the most feasible and ecological recycling and
utilization technique for Fundia Koverhar’s and Rautaruukki Steel’s problematic and
unexploitable dusts, sludge, skulls, scrap fines and scales. The information obtained
will be used as a basis for an industrial designing and selection project to increase
Rautaruukki’s hot metal production.
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
27
The project will use reduction trials of laboratory scale for the waste materials to
assess the efficiency of certain recycling techniques in e.g. Zn removal. The products
of the reduction tests will be analyzed chemically, physically and mineralogically in
order to evaluate if the products can be utilized in iron production.
Thermodynamic calculations complement the evaluation of different recycling methods. The harmful components (Zn, Pb, Na, K, Sn, Cd, As) are emphasized in the
calculations.
Furthermore, the project will collect data about cupola furnaces and rotary hearth
furnaces, which are used for waste recycling.
Partners in the project are National Technology Agency of Finland, Rautaruukki Group,
SKJ Companies and Technical Research Centre of Finland.
3.2
REFINING METALLURGY
3.2.1 CONVERTO
CONVERTO: Computational and Physical Modelling and Development of
Control Systems for Converter Process
Project Manager: Matti Luomala
Research Assistants: Marko Petäjäjärvi, Antti Kaijalainen and Jani Mäenpää
CONVERTO was a 3-year project funded by the National Technology Agency and
the Finnish Steel Industry. It started on 1st of August 1999 and ended on 31st of July
2002. Participating organisations were the Laboratory of Metallurgy from Helsinki
University of Technology and the Laboratory of Process Metallurgy and Control
Engineering Laboratory from the University of Oulu.
The first goal of this study was to clarify the interaction of the lance jet cavity with
the bottom blowing plume and the sidewall blowing jet. Furthermore, the influence
of the shape of lance cavity on the direction of splashes was determined. The research was carried out by using a so called simplified physical water model. According to the model tests, there existed three basic axioms in the interaction of the
cavity with the bottom plume and sidewall jet. Firstly, when the bottom tuyere was
located exactly underneath the lance jet, the shape of the cavity became lower than
without bottom blowing. This turned the direction of splashes to lower trajectories.
The analogous behaviour was found with sidewall blowing. Secondly, the total amount
of splashing was constant and the ‘splashing nose’ was generated on the wall above
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
the bottom plume. Thirdly, both the plume and sidewall jet formed the protected
zone beyond it. The larger the overlap of cavity and sidewall jet the larger the protected zone until the plume is exactly underneath the cavity.The model experiments
showed clearly that the combination of bottom tuyeres and interaction of cavities
and plumes have a very important role in splash generation in real converters. It is
possible to decrease the wear of refractory lining at the trunnion area by optimizing
the bottom and sidewall tuyere combination.
Secondly, the effect of lance height, lance nozzle angle, lance position, top gas flow
rate, bottom blowing and foamy slag on splashing and spitting behaviour in LD-KGconverter was investigated. A new cold model method for investigating the effects
of the above-mentioned parameters on the location and quantity of liquid splashed
on the walls of the model was utilised. According to the model tests, reduction of
the nozzle angle increased the total amount of splashing and spitting considerably.
Consequently, reduced productivity due to an increase in metal losses, skulling of the
cone and converter mouth and further increased time for skull removal is expected.
Introduction of bottom blowing increased splashing significantly on lower parts of
the vessel. Lance position has an effect on total amount of splashing when bottom
blowing is used. The presence of even minor foam layer on water surface reduced
the amount of total splashing significantly.
Thirdly, the effect of bottom nozzle arrangement and lance height on splashing and
spitting in a combined blown converter were determined. According to the model
tests, total splashing on the converter walls increased with the function of a number
of bottom nozzles, both during the initial and final period of blowing. The nozzles
arranged at the centre of the vessel increased metal losses and skulling of the converter cone especially at low lance heights. Using high lance gap and several bottom
nozzles accelerated wear of the refractory, especially at the knuckle and charge pad
areas.
Finally, splashing and spitting behaviour, mixing efficiency and bath oscillation was
studied with three different bottom nozzle configurations. Due to the different nature of the required measurements, two separate water models were utilised. Both
models had the same geometry and dimensions (scaled down to 1:7).
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
29
3.2.2 TASK
TASK: Effective Blowing Practice for AOD-Converter
Project Manager: Timo Fabritius
Researchers: Petri Mure, Esa Virtanen and Petri Kurkinen (from the beginning
of November)
The aim for the project TASK is to develop techniques to achieve as efficient blowing
practice as possible for the large scale 150-ton AOD-converter.The project began in
the middle of the year 2001 and continued through to the year 2002.
The implementation of an efficient blowing practice in the AOD needs that a large
amount of gases can be blown into the steel melt in an intense but also controlled
way.To achieve this, the facts having an effect on gas blowing and on its behaviour on
steel melt has to be carefully scrutinized. Without this knowledge, there may become serious technical or economical problems for the user of an AOD-converter.
Of course some basic principles can be applied also to the BOF-process.
One important phenomenon for the usability of the vessel is an oscillation of the
melt bath. Oscillation does not have a direct effect on the efficiency of process but
enough strong oscillations may have a destructive effect on constructions of the
AOD.
From the economical point of view, the effective mass transfer between gas- and
liquid phases is required to achieve both quick and efficient performance of the
process. By using adequate gas blowing an efficient mix can be achieved in the meltphase when it is needed. Also the mass transfer from gas to melt can be controlled
by proper blowing practice.
Picture 4. Modelling of flows in the melt bath by using physical model tests.
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
During the year 2002 principles for the mass transfer between phases, theory of the
oscillation of the melt bath and mixing properties of the melt were announced.The
knowledge of these phenomena was to be deepened by process tests in the beginning of the year 2003. So far, the results have been promising and shown to be in
good accordance with hypothesis made in the year 2002.
The research was made by using knowledge based on literature, tests made with the
watermodel of the AOD and combining all this information with previous results
and experiences.
3.2.3 AHA
AHA: Controlling of Atmosphere in the AOD-converter
Project Manager: Timo Fabritius
Researchers: Yong Tang and Esa Virtanen
Research Assistants: Virpi Leinonen, Toni Kyllönen, Jani Aho and Topi
Ikäheimonen
The purposes of the project are to minimise the dissolution of nitrogen into the
steel melt in the AOD-converter and to optimise the present “nitrogen model” of
AOD to be less argon consumptive. This is possible to achieve by better control of
atmosphere during decarburisation and slag reduction periods.
The effects of circumstances on dissolution of nitrogen into steel melt and desorption from the melt will be established by thermodynamic equilibrium calculations.
Temperature and the composition of steel melt (content of C, Fe, Cr, Mn and Si) and
the gas phase change during processing.The effects of vessel geometry (vessel height,
vessel diameter, cone diameter and cone angle) and gas flow rate in the upper part
of the converter on dissolution of nitrogen from the atmosphere will be studied by
CFD-model (Fluent).
The financiers of the project are TEKES (National Technology Agency of Finland) and
AvestaPolarit Stainless Oy. The duration time of the project is two years and the
research started at the beginning of February 2002.
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
31
Picture 5. Nitrogen distribution in the upper part of AOD and the hood with low argon flow rate from
sidewall tuyeres.
3.2.4 Inclusion Control
Inclusion Control: Inclusion Engineering for Better Quality
Project Manager: Helena Erkkilä
Researcher: Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen
Partners: Rautaruukki, Fundia Wire, HUT, VTT, AvestaPolarit Stainless, Imatra
Steel.
Funding: TEKES, industry
Inclusion control started on 1st of January 2002 and it will last until 31st of December
2003. The project is a follow-up to Oxide metallurgy (1998-2001) and TEVITE
(1999-2001) projects. The main objective of the project is to develop and to apply
thermodynamic equilibrium calculations to predicting and controlling the inclusion
composition of steel, during ladle treatment and continuous casting. Multi-component equilibrium thermodynamics are linked with reaction kinetics.
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
3.2.5 INGROS
INGROS: Inclusion Engineering and Grain Size Control of Steels
Project Manager: Helena Erkkilä
Partners: Elkem, ASA, Norway; SINTEF Materialteknologi, Norway; NTNU,
Norway; Ovako Steel AB, Sweden; AB Sandvik Steel, Sweden; KTH, Sweden;
Rautaruukki Oyj, Finland; Fundia Wire Oy Ab, Finland; HUT, Finland.
Funding: Nordisk Industrifond
The project started on 1st of January 2001 an will end on 31st of December 2003.
The main idea behind this project is to establish the required basis for a formal
collaboration between the Norwegian Ferroalloy industry and the steel industry in
Sweden and Finland.This will be accomplished by initiating an innovation project on
inclusion engineering and grain size control of steel along with a network project to
promote the education and training of students and researchers with a multidisciplinary background within the field. Both projects build on the existing national programmes on ferroalloy and steel oriented research.Together the three Nordic countries Norway, Sweden and Finland provide a unique cluster of ferroalloy and steel
manufacturing industry, end-users, research facilities and educational programmers,
and this is also reflected in the project plans.
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
3.2.6 TTJV
TTJV: Mould Powders for High Casting Speeds
Project Manager: Kimmo Kallio
Researchers: Marko Petäjäjärvi and Pasi Aspegren
TTJV is a 3-year project which started on 1st of March 2001 an will end on 30th of
April 2004 and is funded by Rautaruukki Oyj, AvestaPolarit Stainless Oy and TEKES
(National Technology Agency of Finland). The aim of the project is to obtain better
knowledge about mould powders and to achieve higher casting speeds and flawless
surface quality in the steel industry.
With higher casting speeds, cleaner and better surface quality steels need to be
produced. The steel output can be increased with higher casting speeds, but at the
same time the surface quality is reduced. Higher casting speed and better surface
quality can be achieved by optimization of the mould powder composition.
The most important properties of mould powders are considered with different
laboratory scale devices: high temperature viscosimeter, DTA-TGA, optical dilatometer, hot stage microscope, XRD, XRF etc. In addition, plenty of industrial scale mould
powder experiments, data collecting and analyses, are included. On the basis of the
obtained results a better mould powder composition will be developed, at first for
peritectic steel grade.
Picture 6. From the top of the
mould the mould powder
forms a powder layer, then a
sintered layer, a mushy layer, a
carbon rich layer and eventually
a pool of liquid slag. Between
the steel shell and the mould
the mould powder forms a
liquid lubrication film layer and
a solid layer, which consists of
glassy and crystalline layers.
(Sridhar 2000)
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
3.2.7 MMX
Project Manager: Mikko Angerman
Researchers: Markus Harju, Paul Fedory, Jukka Sippola, Samuli Pöyhtäri and
Kristian Rantapirkola
Project “Iron & Steel MMX” was financed by Finnish steelmaker Rautaruukki Group
and National Technology Agency of Finland,TEKES.The project is part of the national
technology programme “Frontiers in Metallurgy” conducted during the years 19992003. The MMX-project began in 03/1999 and finished in 02/2003.
MMX – project’s objectives were to create a systematic method to compare process route alternatives for integrated iron and steelmaking. The method was to take
into account metallurgical, technical, economical and sustainable development factors.
For utilizing the method a novel simulation tool, Factory as a working title, was
prepared. Software production process proved successful and it resulted in a tool
with some distinguishingly flexible features.
Even though the MMX-project has ended, the development around Factory software is likely to be continued. For more update information please refer to Factory
website at: http://pyomet.oulu.fi/Factory.
Picture 7. General
view of the Factory
simulation tool with
production plant on
(a) worksheet,
(b) status window
for viewing results,
(c) Process editor
window for viewing
and editing
equations and
software’s validation
notes in
(d) error messages
window.
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
4
35
RESEARCH DEVICES AND ANALYTIC
INSTRUMENTS
4.1
HIGH TEMPERATURE DEVICES
The simultaneous DTA - TGA
The model of the DTA-TGA device is TA- Instruments SDT 2960. It measures both
differential temperature and weight changes in a material as a function of temperature and time in a controlled atmosphere. The furnaces maximum temperature is
1500 ˚C, a maximum sample weight is 200 mg.The sensitivity of TGA is 0,1 mg and
DTA sensitivity is 0,001 ˚C. The device was purchased in 1996.
4.1.1 TGA
The device measures weight changes in a material as a function of temperature and
time in a controlled atmosphere.
Flow Control
- Brooks mass flow meter 5858S CO2 0 - 2 l /min accuracy ± 0.01 l /min
- Brooks mass flow meter 5858S CO 0 - 10 l /min accuracy ± 0.05 l /min
Picture 8. TGA
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
Balances
- Mettler-toledo AG204, sensitivity 0,0001 g, max weight is 210 g. Purchased 1998.
- Denver TL 4102D, sensitivity is 0,01 g, max weight is 4100 g. Purchased 1999.
Furnaces
- The SiC furnace’s maximum working temperature is 1500 ˚C. The inside diameter
of the working tube is 30 mm. The other furnace is an Entech ETF 75-125 / 18-V,
working tube inside diameter is 105 mm and it’s maximum working temperature is
1800 °C. It was purchased in 2002.
4.1.2 High Temperature Viscosimeter
The device measures viscosities of slag and melts as a function of temperature and
time in a controlled atmosphere. The model of viscotester is Haake VT 550 and it
was purchased in 1996. The furnace is Carbolite PVT 18/75/350 and its maximum
temperature is 1750 ˚C. The furnace was purchased in 1999.
4.1.3 Finger Test Device
The measurement method is to rotate the refractory material piece “finger” with a
constant speed in a slag or metal and then measure the corrosion rate and analyze
the infiltration. The IKA eurostar power control visc is the adjustable rotator device
which speed can be altered between 15-2000 r/min.The furnace is Lenton CSC 17/
90/250 and its maximum temperature is 1700 ˚C. The furnace was purchased in
1997.
4.1.4 Optical Dilatometer
The device indicates a materials dimension changes as a function of temperature
and time in a controlled atmosphere. With the device a sessile drop contact angle
and all the parameters for surface tension calculations can be determined.The tailormade programme Dakota calculates automatically the sample area and all the other
parameters.
Cameras
B&W Camera is an AD C660 1/3" ccd 768*494 pixels, the lens is Dyotar DY135.
The true maximum resolution is 0.025 mm horizontal and 0.029 mm vertical.
The colour Camera is a Canon DM-MV1 digital video camera 1/3" ccd with 420 000
pixels. The cameras resolution is much less than the AD camera because of the
digital zoom.
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
37
Furnaces
The SiC furnace’s maximum working temperature is 1550 ˚C. The inside diameter
of the working tube is 30 mm. A sample is made from powder, then pressed into
the cylinder, 4mm in diameter and the sample plate is usually sawn into 4 mm thick
10 mm * 10 mm squares.
Another optical dilatometer for bigger samples (10 mm in diameter) has a Naber
Supertherm HT08/18 furnace with a maximum working temperature of 1750 ˚C.
4.1.5
Gradient Furnace
The device is Entech ETF 75/17V. It is a double chamber tube furnace, which tubes
are 200 mm in height. The maximum temperature of the furnace is 1750 ˚C. The
tubes inside diameter is 200 mm or 75 mm.The purpose of the furnace is to measure material properties in a constantly controlled temperature gradient. It was purchased in 2000.
4.1.6
Pressure Furnace
The maximum pressure of the furnace is 10 bar and the temperature 1500 ˚C. The
inner pipe diameter is 90 mm. The furnace was purchased in 2000.
4.1.7 Alkali Test
The tester measures alkali effects on minerals. The inner diameter of the steel tube
is 90 mm and the maximum temperature is 1150 ˚C. It was purchased in 2000.
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4.2
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
OTHER DEVICES
4.2.1 Watermodels
The models visualize phenomenon taking place inside a converter / ladle, like steel /
slag flow during a blowing session and wear and tear of refractory materials. The
models are scaled down to 1:7. The watermodels were purchased between 19972001.
4.2.2 Coulter Omnisorp 360 cx
The gas sorption analyzer measures a surface area of a sample and determinates the
pore size distribution. The Omnisorp is a continuous volumetric method, used to
determine the adsorption and desorption isotherms.The pore size distribution peaks
can be separated in a scale as little as 2 Ångström.The pore size distribution range is
from 3 to 2000 Ångströms. The surface area value down to 3m2/gm resolution is
better than 2 %. The device was purchased in 1997 in co-operation with the other
laboratories.
4.2.3 Computational Fluid Dynamics Software
The Phoenics software is for gas and liquid flow modelling.The Femlab software on
Matlab is for simple modelling tasks and the Fluent software is for more complicated
modelling within a project.
4.2.4 Thermodynamic Calculation Programmes
HSC, Chemsage, Fact Sage programmes are for thermodynamic equilibrium calculations.
4.2.5 Gas Chromatograph
The device is Agilent 6890 plus a thermal conductivity detector. The carrier gas is
helium. The device was purchased in 2001.
4.2.6 Microscopes
Olympus polarizing microscope BX51P and Olympus research stereomicroscope
SZX9 with DP-12 camera and DP-software. The microscopes were purchased in
2001.
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
39
4.2.7 Materialographic Surface Preparation of Solid
Materials
The device is for preparing materialographic samples for microscopic examination.
We use diamond cutting and cold mounting.The Struers Epovac vacuum impregnation equipment is used for mounting and impregnation of porous specimens and for
gluing specimens for thin sections to glass slides. Grinding and polishing is done with
Struers LaboForce-1 at speed of 8 rpm and LabPol-1 - single speed machine, 250
rpm with MD or SiC consumables.The ready samples go through ultrasonic cleaning
before inspection and use. The device was purchased in 2002.
Picture 9. Struers LaboForce-1 and LabPol-1 grinding and polishing machine.
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4.3
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
OTHER AVAILABLE FACILITIES
Within the University of Oulu:
Institution of Electron Optics (EOL):
The EOL facilities are based on the use of seven instruments: Energy Filtered Transmission Electron Microscope EFTEM, Scanning Electron Microscope SEM, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope FESEM, Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope STEM, Electron Probe Microanalyzer EPMA, X-Ray Diffractometer XRD and
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer XRF. They provide three basic kinds of information: images, chemical analyses and crystal structures.
Trace Element Laboratory:
Plasma atomic emission spectrometry (DCP-AES, ICP-AES) and plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). This equipment provides chemical analyses of difficult samples.
At Rautaruukki Steel in Raahe:
There is for example XRF, XRD, OES and SEM.
At AvestaPolarit in Tornio Works:
There is for example XRF, OES and SEM.
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
5
41
PUBLICATIONS 2002
5.1
PAPERS
Fabritius,T., Mure, P.,Virtanen, E., Hannula, P., Luomala, M. & Härkki, J.:
Splashing mechanism in combined blowing. Ironmaking and Steelmaking 29(2002)1,
s. 29-35.
Luomala, M.,Virtanen, E., Mure, P., Siivola,T., Fabritius,T., Härkki, J.:
A Novel Approach in the Estimation of Splashing in the BOF. Steel Research 73(2002)1,
s. 9-14.
Luomala, M.J., Fabritius,TM.J.,Virtanen, E.O., Siivola,T.P. & Härkki, J.J.:
Splashing and Spitting Behaviour in the Combined Blown Steelmaking Converter. ISIJ
International 42(2002)9, s. 944-949.
Luomala, M.J., Fabritius,TM.J.,Virtanen, E.O., Siivola,T.P., Fabritius,T.L.J.,
Tenkku, H. & Härkki, J.J.:
Physical Model Study of Selective Slag Splashing in the BOF. ISIJ International
42(2002)11, s. 1219-1224.
Makkonen, H., Heino, J., Laitila, L., Hiltunen, A., Pöyliö, E. & Härkki, J.:
Optimisation of Steel Plant Recycling in Finland: dusts, scales and sludge. Resources,
Conservation and Recycling 35(2002), s. 77-84.
Mattila, R.,Vatanen, J. & Härkki, J.:
Chemical Wearing Mechanism of Refractory Materials in a Steel Ladle Slag Line.
Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy 31(2002), s, 1-5.
Mäki, A., Österman, P. & Luomala, M.:
Numerical Study of the Pusher-Type Slab Reheating Furnace. Scandinavian Journal of
Metallurgy 31(2002)2, s. 81-87.
Tang,Y., Laine, J., Fabritius,T. & Härkki, J.:
Simulation of Pusher-Type Steel Slab Reheating Furnace by PHOENICS, Computational Fluid Dynamics and its Applications, 14 (2002) 2.
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
Tanskanen, P. A., Huttunen, S. M., Mannila, P. H. & Härkki, J. J.:
Experimental Simulations of Primary Slag Formation in Blast Furnace. Ironmaking
and Steelmaking 29(2002)4, s. 281-286.
Fabritius,T. M. J., Luomala, M. J.,Virtanen, E. O.,Tenkku, H., Fabritius,T. L. J.,
Siivola,T. P. & Härkki, J.:
Effect of Bottom Nozzle Arrangement on Splashing and Spitting in Combined Blowing Converter. ISIJ international 42(2002)8, s. 861-867
5.2
CONFERENCES AND SYMPOSIUMS
Heikkinen, E-P., Kokkonen,T., Mattila, R. & Härkki, J.:
An experimental study on steel’s reoxidation rate caused by SiO2-, MgO-Cr2O3and MgO-C –refractories. Clean Steel 6, Sixth International Conference on Clean
Steel, Balatonfüred, Hungary, 10-12 June 2002, OMBKE, IOM, IISI, ESIC. S. 87-96.
Heikkinen, E-P. Mattila, R., Kokkonen,T. & Härkki, J.:
The chemical wear of the sen-slagline in the continuous casting of stainless steel. 85th
Steelmaking Conference. Nashville,Tennessee, USA, 10-13.3.2002. Iron & Steel Society. S. 419-428.
Pöyliö, E., Makkonen, H., Laitila, L., Heino, J., Hiltunen, A. & Härkki, J.:
Optimal Recycling of the Iron Ore Based Steelmaking Dusts, Scales and Sludge. In:
Björkman, B., Samuelsson, C., Wikström, J.-O. (ed.) Recycling and Waste Treatment in
Mineral and Metal Processing: Technical and Economic Aspects. TMS Fall 2002 Extraction and Processing Division Meeting, Luleå, Sweden, 16-20 June 2002. Luleå,
Sweden, Luleå University of Technology. Vol. 2, 129-137.
Tang,Y.,Wang, J., Cang, D. & Härkki, J.:
A New Method of Improving Continuous Casting Structure - The Electric Pulse
Treatment. 4th European Continuous Casting Conference, Birmingham, UK, 14-16
October 2002.
Angerman, M., Harju, M. & Fedory, P.:
A User-friendly Tool for Large-scale Entity Simulation in the Process Industry. SIMS
2002, the 43rd Conference on Simulation and Modelling, Oulu, 26-27 September
2002. 6 s.
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
43
5.3
REPORTS
Heikkinen, E-P & Fabritius T.:
CRK- ja LD-KG –konvertterien loppukuonien jähmettymiskäyttäytyminen – laskennallinen tarkastelu. Oulun yliopisto, prosessi- ja ympäristötekniikan osasto. Report
275. Oulu 2002. 20 s.
Hurme, R., Kokkonen,T & Heikkinen, E-P.:
MgO-C –tiilen aiheuttama C-pickup Al-tiivistettyyn teräkseen – kokeellinen tarkastelu.
Oulun yliopisto, prosessi- ja ympäristötekniikan osasto. Report 276. Oulu 2002. 35 s.
Heikkinen, E-P, Kokkonen,T. & Mattila R.:
Terässenkan kuonarajan kemiallinen kuluminen – kokeellinen tarkastelu. Oulun yliopisto, prosessi- ja ympäristötekniikan osasto. Report 277. Oulu 2002. 51 s.
Erkkilä, H.:
Sulkeumat titaanitiivistetyssä teräksessä – laskennallinen tarkastelu. Oulun yliopisto,
prosessi- ja ympäristötekniikan osasto. Report 278. Oulu 2002. 49 s.
Määttä, H. & Mattila, O.:
Masuunin pesän kemiallinen kuluminen: kokeellinen reaktiotarkastelu. Oulun yliopisto, prosessi- ja ympäristötekniikan osasto. Report 279. Oulu 2002. 73 s.
Fabritius,T., Heikkinen, E-P., Roininen, J. & Härkki, J.:
CRK-konvertterin tulenkestävän suojaus loppukuonaa modifioimalla – kokeellinen
tarkastelu. Oulun yliopisto, prosessi- ja ympäristötekniikan osasto. Report 280. Oulu
2002. 47 s.
Vähäoja, P.:
N-pickup ruostumattomiin teräksiin ja typen liukeneminen terässulaan. Oulun yliopisto, prosessi- ja ympäristötekniikan osasto. Report 282. Oulu 2002. 56 s.
Petäjäjärvi, M., Kallio, K., Aspergren, P. & Härkki, J.:
Valupulverien viskositeetin mittaus. Oulun yliopisto, prosessi- ja ympäristötekniikan
osasto. Report 283. Oulu 2002. 51 s.
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
Erkkilä, H.:
Sulkeumat kalsiumkäsitellyssä ruostumattomassa teräksessä – kokeellinen tarkastelu.
Oulun yliopisto, prosessi- ja ympäristötekniikan osasto. Report 284. Oulu 2002. 57 s.
Heikkinen, E-P.:
Valuputken tukkeutuminen terästen jatkuvavalussa: syitä ja seurauksia. Kirjallisuusselvitys. Oulun yliopisto, prosessi- ja ympäristötekniikan osasto. Report 285. Oulu 2002.
82 s.
5.4
ANNUALS AND FINAL REPORTS
Heikkinen, Kaisa (ed.):
University of Oulu. Laboratory of Process Metallurgy, Department of Process and
Environmental Engineering. Annual report 2001. Oulu 2002, University of Oulu. 58 s.
Hämäläinen, M., Erkkilä, H., Liukkonen, M., Lind, M., Härkki, J. &
Holappa, J.:
Oksidimetallurgia-projekti. Espoo 2002, Teknillisen korkeakoulun materiaalitekniikan
ja metallurgian julkaisuja, TKK-MK-131.
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
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THESIS
6.1
LICENCIATE IN TECHNOLOGY THESES
Heikkinen, Eetu-Pekka Phenomena at refractory-steel-interfaces in the
steel-ladles
Luomala, Matti
Development and application of physical models
for investigating three different ironmaking and
steelmaking unit operations
6.2
DIPLOMA ENGINEER THESES
(MASTER OF SCIENCE IN TECHNOLOGY)
Franssila, Laura
The reduction behaviour of Lapland chromite
Siivola,Tero
The formation of scale in the slab reheating
furnaces
Karekivi, Pasi
Chromium losses in slag in ferrochrome process
Karhulahti,Timo
Chemical, mineralogical and metallurgical
properties of Rautaruukki sinter for different size
fractions
Hurme, Rauno
Start-up of converters slag splashing equipment
Olenius, Elina
The production and characterization of oxide
layers as catalyst for the oxygen evolution
reaction
Halmeenpää, Riina
H2 –reduction of CuCl-solutions and Cu2O
– suspensions in the autoclave
Sola, Petri
Slag handling in electric arc furnace
Mure, Petri
The effect of sidewall blowing on melt flows,
mixing and oscillation of melt bath in a 150 ton
AOD-converter
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
CONFERENCE VISITS
Jouko Härkki:
- Sixth International Conference Clean Steel, Balatonfüred, Unkari. 1012.6.2002
- Recycling and Waste Treatment in Mineral Processing: Technical and
Economic Aspects, Luleå, Ruotsi. 16-20.6.2002
- Mills Symposium, Metals, Slags, Glasses: High Temperature Properties &
Phenomena, London UK. 22-23.8.2002
- Nordic-Chinese Ironmaking Symposium, Luleå, Ruotsi. 3-4.9.2002
Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen:
- 85th Steelmaking and 61st Ironmaking Conference. Nashville, Tennessee,
USA. 10-13.3.2002
- 6th International Conference on Clean Steel. Balatonfüred, Hungary. 1012.6.2002.
Matti Luomala:
- 85th Steelmaking and 61st Ironmaking Conferences, Nashville, USA. 8.315.3.2002
Yong Tang:
- Ninth International Phoenics User Conference, Moscow, Russia. 2329.9.2002
- 4th European Continuous Casting Conference, Birmingham, UK. 1416.10.2002
Pekka Tanskanen:
- Nordic-Chinese Ironmaking Symposium, Luleå, Ruotsi. 3-4.9.2002
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
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LABORATORY FREE-TIME ACTIVITIES
It has become a tradition for the laboratory to participate in the annual Oulu Tar
Skiing Race. The year 2002 was the third time that the laboratory had their own
team.The team included seven men and one brave woman. Skiing distances were 40
and 70 kilometers with traditional and freestyle skiing styles.
Team members:
Hanski Määttä
Sauli Kallio
Kimmo Kallio
Esa Virtanen
Petri Mure
Pasi Aspegren
Pasi Karekivi
Rita Hiltunen
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
Another major event during the year was the annual Terästurnaus that was arranged
for the first time. Terästurnaus is a floorball tournament between Rautatuukki Steel
Oy, AvestaPolarit Oyj and our laboratory. The winner of the first tournament was
Rautaruukki and the laboratory came second after tight battle with both teams.
Rautaruukki won the challenge trophy for a year but the laboratory plans to win it
back next year. The players of our team were: Sauli Kallio, Marko Petäjäjärvi, Kimmo
Kallio,Tero Siivola, Pasi Aspegren, Pasi Suikkanen, Jani Mäenpää,Timo Paananen, Antti
Kaijalainen and Jani Isokääntä. Esa Virtanen was the referee and Rita Hiltunen acted
as the tournament manager.
Picture 11. The Terästurnaus challenge trophy.
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
9
CONTACT INFORMATION
Address:
UNIVERSITY OF OULU
Department of Process and Environmental Engineering
Laboratory of Process Metallurgy
P.O. Box 4300
FIN-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU
FINLAND
Fax: +358 8 553 2339
Email:
[email protected]
e.g. [email protected]
Internet:
http://pyomet.oulu.fi
Contact Persons:
Professor Mr. Jouko Härkki
[email protected]
tel +358 8 553 2424
Research Manager Mr. Timo Farbritius
[email protected]
tel +358 8 553 2421
Laboratory Manager Mr. Riku Mattila
[email protected]
tel +358 8 553 2425
Project Secretary Ms. Berith Zinovjev
[email protected]
tel +358 8 553 2553
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ANNUAL REPORT 2002
Map of the University of Oulu
ANNUAL REPORT 2002
NOTES
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