Art 102—History and Appreciation of Art, Web‐Based Course Page 1 of 7 Study Guides for Art, A Brief History, fourth edition: by Marilyn Stokstad and Michael W. Cothren Unit IV: Neoclassicism, Romanticism and Realism Textbook: Chapter 17 “Neoclassicism, Romanticism and Realism” Pages 460‐491 Look at the portrait of Mr. and Mrs. Mifflin by John Singleton Copley on page 460. There is a hierarchy of elements in this painting. The woman is in the forefront and she is more brightly lighted than her husband. We know that she is the focal point. If we look at the husband first, we will not stay there long. He gazes at his wife and we look where he looks. We see that the book he holds forms an arrowhead that points to her. The line of his hands leads us to her hands and the work she is doing. The third element in the hierarchy is the ribbon loom. It is detailed and interesting. The author explains the significance of the loom, so now we know that its visual importance is not an accident. Most important, Mrs. Mifflin looks directly at us. We cannot ignore this direct gaze. It tells us she is the dominant figure in the composition. What are the elements of the following styles in this painting? Neoclassicism ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Romanticism _________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Realism _____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ What opinion was the basis of the thinking of the Enlightenment? ____________________________________________________________________________________ What role did nature have in this enlightened world view? ____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ How is Neoclassical defined? (I recommend that you copy this paragraph. It will help you with the Critical Thinking assignment.) ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Art 102—History and Appreciation of Art, Web‐Based Course Page 2 of 7 Study Guides for Art, A Brief History, fourth edition: by Marilyn Stokstad and Michael W. Cothren Unit IV: Neoclassicism, Romanticism and Realism Textbook: Chapter 17 “Neoclassicism, Romanticism and Realism” Pages 460‐491 List the classical elements in the style of Canova’s sculpture, Cupid and Psyche: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ How did Romanticism differ with the goals of the Enlightenment? ______________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ What themes were the subjects of Fuseli's paintings?_________________________________________ Why was Freud interested in Fuseli’s The Nightmare? ________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Thomas Gainsborough was a portrait painter, and a competitor of Sir Joshua Reynolds. Gainsborough was a formalist. That is, he was particularly interested in the forms, or technical aspects of painting. Half of the canvas of the painting, Robert Andrews and Francis Carter is a landscape. What is Gainsborough telling us about the land and its connection to Mr. and Mrs. Andrews? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ William Hogarth was a social observer. His paintings satirized the aristocracy as well as the lower classes for their decadence, greed and immorality. What purpose did Hogarth see for art?____________________________________________________ What story‐telling device did he use?______________________________________________________ Hogarth had his paintings reproduced as prints. This made them available to the public at reasonable prices as opposed to a one‐of‐a‐kind expensive painting. How did Hogarth view social portraiture?__________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Art 102—History and Appreciation of Art, Web‐Based Course Page 3 of 7 Study Guides for Art, A Brief History, fourth edition: by Marilyn Stokstad and Michael W. Cothren Unit IV: Neoclassicism, Romanticism and Realism Textbook: Chapter 17 “Neoclassicism, Romanticism and Realism” Pages 460‐491 What was the purpose of Wedgwood‘s medallion entitled, “Am I Not a Man and a Brother?” ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ How was this idea adapted in the United States? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Look up jasperware in your dictionary_____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ How did Zoffany avoid the problem of female members in the English Royal Academy of Art in a groupportrait that included a nude male model? ____________________________________________________________________________________ The Enlightenment valued artwork that carried a moral message. What lesson in virtue is delivered in Angelica Kauffmann’s painting, Cornelia Pointing to her Children as her Treasures? ____________________________________________________________________________________ What was “moral” about Palladian architectural style?________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Robert Adam was a designer of interior architecture. What style did he prefer?____________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Why was he never elected to the Royal Academy?___________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ What architectural style inspired Thomas Jefferson? _________________________________________ Why did Jefferson redesign Monticello?____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ What manufacturing technique did goldsmith Hester Bateman introduce that made her successful? ____________________________________________________________________________________ Why did Vigée‐Lebrun find it necessary to flee France on the eve of the Revolution?________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Art 102—History and Appreciation of Art, Web‐Based Course Page 4 of 7 Study Guides for Art, A Brief History, fourth edition: by Marilyn Stokstad and Michael W. Cothren Unit IV: Neoclassicism, Romanticism and Realism Textbook: Chapter 17 “Neoclassicism, Romanticism and Realism” Pages 460‐491 What is conventional about the self‐portrait by Adélaïde Labille‐Guiard? _________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Jacques‐Louis David—David was a political activist who became the director of the National Academy of Art. He promoted the Neoclassical style for its grandeur and moralism, and because its visual clarity was best suited to illustrate the revolutionary message of his paintings. What is the moral message of his Oath of the Horatii? ________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ What was the connection between David and the Emperor Napoleon?___________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ The painting, Napoleon Crossing the Saint‐Bernard, is an idealized depiction of Napoleon. What is idealized about the horse? ____________________________________________________________________________________ What are the formal characteristics of Ingres’ style?__________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Odalisque ___________________________________________________________________________ How are these characteristics used in Large Odalisque?_______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Géricault’s painting, The Raft of the Medusa, was Romantic, in that it was a contemporary subject that aroused strong emotional reactions. What was emotional about the painting? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ The most famous painter of the Romantic style was Eugène Delacroix. Delacroix’s popularity and political connections broke the Neoclassical tradition in French art. What event inspired the painting, Liberty Leading the People by Delacroix? ____________________________________________________________________________________ What is fictional in the painting? _________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Art 102—History and Appreciation of Art, Web‐Based Course Page 5 of 7 Study Guides for Art, A Brief History, fourth edition: by Marilyn Stokstad and Michael W. Cothren Unit IV: Neoclassicism, Romanticism and Realism Textbook: Chapter 17 “Neoclassicism, Romanticism and Realism” Pages 460‐491 What does Los Caprichos mean? _________________________________________________________ Define caprices _______________________________________________________________________ The painting, Family of Charles IV is thought to be unflattering. What was the contemporary opinion of the painting? ____________________________________________________________________________________ What event is pictured in Third of May, 1808?______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ What well‐known image of sacrifice is shown in this painting? ____________________________________________________________________________________ Why did Goya do this painting? __________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ What qualities were communicated in tranquil landscapes?____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ How might you react to a dramatic landscape?______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ How does Constable’s approach to landscape painting differ from that of Turner?__________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Constable thought that art should be based on observation of nature. Where did he actually paint? ____________________________________________________________________________________ Sublime _____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ What visual elements are emphasized in Turner’s paintings?___________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Art 102—History and Appreciation of Art, Web‐Based Course Page 6 of 7 Study Guides for Art, A Brief History, fourth edition: by Marilyn Stokstad and Michael W. Cothren Unit IV: Neoclassicism, Romanticism and Realism Textbook: Chapter 17 “Neoclassicism, Romanticism and Realism” Pages 460‐491 Thomas Cole regarded the American landscape to be the ancient treasure of this country. What destiny does his painting foretell? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ What did the American Art Union do for artists?_____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ What is the romantic message of George Caleb Bingham’s Fur Traders Descending the Missouri? ____________________________________________________________________________________ The black animal that is chained in the boat has been identified by some observers as a bear cub. One critic thought it unlikely that anyone would keep a bear cub as a pet. However, my great‐great grandmother, who was born in 1811, had a pet bear cub. Define the following: Camera Obscura ______________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Daguerreotype________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Calotype_____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ What is the important difference between the daguerreotype and the calotype? ____________________________________________________________________________________ What was Archer’s contribution to the technology of early photography?_________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Why was photography scorned as a source of fine art?________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ How did Cameron use photography to create works of art_____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Art 102—History and Appreciation of Art, Web‐Based Course Page 7 of 7 Study Guides for Art, A Brief History, fourth edition: by Marilyn Stokstad and Michael W. Cothren Unit IV: Neoclassicism, Romanticism and Realism Textbook: Chapter 17 “Neoclassicism, Romanticism and Realism” Pages 460‐491 Some art of this period is called social realism because it calls attention to the plight of the working class. How does Courbet qualify as a social realist?________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Courbet’s use of impasto, (thickly applied paint) gave a sculptural, rugged look to his canvasses. It also reinforced French critical opinion that Courbet was a barbarian. Why did conservative critics dislike Courbet’s A Burial at Ornans?_______________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ The French artists of the Barbizon School were influenced by the paintings of John Constable. They retreated to the rural village of Barbizon near the Fontainebleau Forest south of Paris. These artists followed Constable’s example of painting from nature and making the landscape the subject, rather than the background, of their paintings. Because they emphasized direct observation, they are listed among the French realists. Jean François Millet painted peasants going about their daily tasks. He showed them with dignity, but without any particular political message. How has Millet made the three women in The Gleaners seem like heroic figures? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ What classical characteristics did Rosa Bonheur use to give a monumental quality to her painting, Plowing in the Nivernais: The Dressing of the Vines? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ How does Ilya Repin distinguish the youthful figure from the others in his painting, Bargehaulers on the Volga? ____________________________________________________________________________________