CHI NESE GEOGRA PHI CAL SCI EN CE
Volume 10, Number 1, pp. 89- 96, 2000
Science P ress, Beijing, China
PROGRESS OF CHINESE REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY
STUDIES IN RECENT TWENTY YEARS
ZHANG Jun tao, L IU Feng, L I Zhe
( I nstitute of Geogr ap hy , the Chinese A cademy of Sciences , Beij ing 100101, P . R . China)
ABSTRACT: Regional geography, embody ing the r eg ionality and integration, is the kernel of Geography . Since the
1980s, the Chinese geographers have ex tensiv ely taken part in the social practical activ ities and made prog ress in physico
g eog raphical reg ionalization, economic regionalization, territo rial ( reg ional) development planning , constructio n of special
economic zone, and integrated r esearch in the major areas of China. T hroug h these works, the theories of r eg ional geogra
phy have been richened and the capacity part icipating in the social practice pro moted as well. In China, many r eg ional re
searches had been conducted r espectively from the aspects of regional physico geog raphy and regional economic geography,
etc. According to the cases, this paper giv es a r ev iew on the studies of regional g eogr aphy during the latest t wo decades in
China . It ought to be indicated that the natural and human components should be combined and the disciplines intersected
and permeated, w ith the support of adv anced technolog y. In order to serve the r eg ional sustainable development, on the
background of g lobal change, this is an inevitable tendency for the dev elopment of the regional geography .
KEY WORDS: regional geo graphy; reg ional physico geography; regional econo mic g eogr aphy; integrated r esearch; geo
gr aphical research
CL C number: K90. 09
Document code: A
Article ID: 1002 0063( 2000) 01 0089 08
Regional geography embodies the charact eristics
of reg ionalit y and int egrat ion of geography. Since the
em phasized. Along w it h the research w orks, t here
has been a great development in t he regional physico
1980s there are manif old regional geography st udies
geog raphy. T he major aspects of the st udy are dis
in China, g eography has been further developed in
theories and practices. At the same t ime, t he impor
cussed as follow s.
In order to make a t horough recognizat ion of t he
t ance of regional geog raphy studies was reflected in
natural resources and the nat ural conditions of China,
social pract ice activities. In this paper, t he develop
serve t he nat ional economy and the agricult ural pro
ment of regional geography and t he main achieve
ment s during t he t wo decades in China are rev iew ed.
duction, the physico geographical regionalizat ion
w hich possess dist inguished features have been
launched.
1 REGIONAL PHYSICO GEOGRAPHY ST U DIES
ZHAO Song qiao ( 1983) discussed the physical
T o meet t he dem and of the development of the
geog raphic region, characterist ics, regional dif ferent i
at ion, and rat ional utilizat ion of t he land resources in
nat ional economic and social product ion activities, the
China. XI Cheng fan et al . ( 1984) div ided China in
research of reg ional physico geography have been
t o 3 areas, 14 physical zones, and 44 sect ors. T he
R eceived dat e: 1999 05 17
Foundation it em: U nder t he ansipices of t he key program of National Natural Science Foundat ion of China ( N o. 49731020) .
Biography: ZHA NG Jun tao( 1963- ) , mal e, Ph. D. , candidate of Inst itut e of Geography, t he Chinese Academy of S ciences, has been egaged in int e
grat ed approach of physical geography, biogeography, regional environment and comprehensive exploitat ion.
90
ZH A N G J un tao
LI U Feng
L I Zhe
nat ural features, agricultural status, product ive po
so conduct ed. T hese works emphatically investigat ed
t entialit y, and t he direct ion in each sect or w ere ex
plained. T hey evaluat ed the nat ural resources of agri
and analyzed t he nat ural condit ions and resources.
ZHANG Rong zu et al . ( 1982) comprehensiv
culture, posed some problems in agricult ure, and put
ely expounded t he main f eatures and t he components,
forward some count ermeasures for the land use and a
w hich formed the nat ural geographical environment in
g ricult ural development . H UANG Bing w ei ( 1989)
revised t he physico g eographical regionalization of
t he Qinghai Xizang Plat eau. T hey also brought t o
lig ht t he role of reg ional diff erentiation in t he plateau
China in 1959, and simplified the hierarchic syst em
and illust rated them in an all round way. T w o books
of physico geog raphic regionalizat ion. He reaff irmed
that t he t emperat ure and thermal units w ere t wo dif
on the special economic zones have been w rit ten: T he
physical Geography of Arid Region in China by
f erent concepts. On the basis of temperature condi
ZHAO Song qiao et al . ( 1985) , T he P hysico geo
t ions, the relevant nat ural phenomena and agricult ure
graphical Regionalization of Xinjiang by XIG ( Xin
product ion, in t he low land area of t he eastern China,
9 t hermos belts may be ident if ied, w hich included
jiang Inst it ut e of Geography ) , t he Chinese Academ y
of Sciences ( 1987) . T hey gave a systemat ic descrip
cold temperat e, middle tem perate, warm temperate,
t ion of the physico geographical element s ( geomor
northern subt ropical, middle subtropical, sout hern
subt ropical, peripheral tropical, middle t ropical and
phology, climate, hydrograph f eatures, vegetat ion,
soils and animals, etc. ) , follow ed by a discussion of
the equat orial t ropical belts. T he new version is con
t he nat ural conditions, resources and int egrated re
venient f or com prehension, applicat ion and ex change.
search of the reg ional units. ZHENG Du ( 1987)
HUANG Bing w ei advocat ed t hat the type regional
ization and area regionalization should be int egrated in
probed int o t he features of regional dif ferent iation in
t he Hengduan Mountains, t he vertical nat ural zones,
the nat ional scale. It means to use t he t ype regional
and the natural regionalization, etc. T he role of natu
ization in t he high ranking unit s and to apply t he area
ral zones and t he feat ures of plat eau areas have been
regionalizat ion in t he low er unit s. L I Wan ( 1990) in
quired into t he basic theories of physico g eographical
ref lect ed.
T he applied research, which uses t he land t ype
regionalizat ion and introduced t he physical regional
as t he basis, has been developed in t he regional physi
izations in t he diff erent scales, f rom t he aspects of the
regionalizat ion and applicat ion. JIANG Zhong xin
co geography studies. L IU Yan hua ( 1992) discussed
t he feat ures of ent irety and integrat ion in plat eau and
( 1990) discussed t he physical geog raphy. REN Mei e
mountain areas. He analyzed the land ty pe, land
( 1992) dif ferent iat ed the w hole nation int o 8 nat ural
st ructure, land division, land evolut ion, land produc
areas, 30 natural sub areas, and 71 nat ural sectors,
according to t he basic charact eristics, format ion, evo
t ive potent ialities, land planning, and land populat ion
bearing capacit y. Meanw hile the relationship and t he
lut ion, and regional dif ferent iat ion of t he nat ural en
funct ion among these systems have been st udied. In
vironment in China. T he t raits of 8 nat ural areas
w ere elaborat ed respectively. T he issues of the re
physical regionalizat ion using t he met hods of bot tom
up, making use of t he land t ype structure theories
sources ecploit at ion and t he env ironment al renovation
w ill have sig nificance for developing t he physical re
had been discussed as well. ZHENG Du et al . have
gionalizat ion t heories, opening the research met hods,
presented a discussion of the principles, theories,
met hods, indexes, and hierarchies in t he physico g e
and est ablishing t he regional management.
Since t he Eighth Five Year P lan period and t he
ographical reg ionalization. T he ty pical case of physi
Nint h Five Year Plan period, from t he object ive real
cal reg ionalizat ion in multi scales has been analyzed.
A part from t he nat ional scale st udies, regional
ity as well as t he intersect ion of mult i discipline, t he
reg ional physical geographical studies have been
st udies in provinces of special economic zones w ere al
launched more ext ensively in China. A series re
Progress of Chinese Regional Geog raphy Studies in Recent T w enty Years
91
searches of natural condit ions and resources in the
of product ive forces; 2) regional economy and reg ion
Huang he ( Yellow ) River valley; t he regional st udies
in nort hw est China; the studies on the f ormat ion and
al economic development st rategies, w hich focus on
t he reg ions and t he cit ies; 3) agricultural regionaliza
evolution, environment al changes and the ecosyst em
t ion and t he rural development. In t he middle 1980s,
of t he Qinghai Xizang Plat eau; the integrat ed re
t he nat ional agricult ural regionalizat ion and t he re
search in the Changjiang ( Yang tze) River basin; the
environment al st udies about the Huang Huai Hai
gional ones have g iven impetus to t he integrat ed m an
agement and development of t he rural areas. T he pur
Plain; the land use/ land cover research in different
pose of t he comprehensive investigat ion, w hich was
scales and t ypes, etc. , have greatly propelled the de
velopment of rgional g eography in China. T he Chi
organized by CAS, in t he southwestern area, sout h
ern mountains and Xinjiang of China, was t o provide
nese geographers have also prog ress in t he marsh re
policy m aking schemes f or the regional development .
search. It w as summerised in T he Progress of Marsh
T he economic geography of China posit ively has
Research in China ( LU , 1998) . On the backg round
of global chang e, the eart h system science, especially
engag ed in economic regionalization, t erritorial reno
vat ion and t he studies of regional development strate
the t erritorial syst em science, has a close relat ionship
gies and sust ainable development. It is important for
w it h the regional sustainable development . T herefore
it is essent ial to study and analyze synthet ically the
t he economic development of mult i scaling reg ions.
For example, LU Da dao ( 1987) analyzed t he strate
region, in w hich a f urther study on t he physical geo
gic transform and the const ruct ion of part of sout h
g raphical state w as conduct ed. A study on t he eco g e
western area of China f rom the 1960s to t he early
ographic regional syst em of China and its application
in g lobal change, a focal it em of National Natural Sci
1970s in China, the econom ic uneven development
f rom the 1970s t o the early 1980s, and t he validity of
ence Foundation of China, is undert aken by the Insti
divert ing t he t erritorial exploitation focal point f rom
t ut e of Geography, t he Chinese Academy of Sciences
t he w est to the east of China. In accordance w ith t he
( CAS) ( IG, 1998) . It aims t o use t he new materials
and methods, develop a new recognit ion about the
propaganda, w hich stood for t he strategic t ransf orm
t o t he w est of China, L u Dadao posed that the na
nat ural g eographical situat ion of China, a new region
t ional dist ribution of productive forces can not be
alization, an up to dat e hierarchy, and t hen t o serve
the st udy on t he global chang e and the reg ional sus
great ly changed during t he sevent h F ive Year Plan
period and t he Eight h F ive Year Plan period. On t he
t ainable development .
basis of point ax is system , he put forw ard the top
grade development ax is are t he east coastal zones and
2 REGIONAL ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY STUDIES
t he banks of the Chang jiang River, w hich shaped as
T . T he economic reg ionalizat ion of China has been
In 1978 China began to carry out the reform and
also conducted ( YANG Shu zhen 1990; YANG Wu
opening policies, regional economic geog raphy st udies
came into a new period. Chinese geographers have
yang 1992; HU Xu w ei 1993; GU O Zhen huai et
al . , 1997) .
g iven a deep inquiry about t he t heories, met hods,
Som e books or art icles on the object of st udy,
and t he pract ice realms et c. T here has been an enor
t heoretical basis and the brief research cont ents have
mous development of t he profundity, the scope, and
the achievement s.
been published, such as A Study on the Discipl ine of
Regional Economic Geograp hy ( CHEN, 1985) , A
During t his period, t he major social pract ice ac
St udy on the Basic T heor ies of Regional Econom ic
t ivit ies, in which t he economic geographical research
part icipat ed were 1 ) an integrat ed ex ploit at ion and
Geograp hy ( CHEN, 1987) , T he Pri ncip les of Re
gional Economic Geogr aphy ( CH EN, 1991) , and A
adm inist rat ion of t erritory and the macro dist ribution
Ret rospect and Prosp ect on t he Develop ment of Re
92
ZH A N G J un tao
LI U Feng
L I Zhe
gional Economic Geogr aphy by CHEN Cai, et al . In
at t he numeral relation of t he econom ic grow th and
the domains of pract ice and applicat ion, the ex ploit a
t ion of the t erritorial resources, t he indust rial distri
t he eco environment , w hich w ill be revealed by t he
syst ematic analysis and t he courses simulation of t he
bution and t he st udies on t he open and cooperat ed re
dist inct regional economic growt h and the eco envi
g ional economy have been enhanced. T he represent a
ronmental evolut ion.
t ive books are as follow s: T he General Discussion of
A gr icult ur al Geograp hy i n Chi na ( Inst it ut e of Geog
T he st udies of t he regional economic grow t h lay
particular emphasis on t he relationship among t he
raphy, CAS, 1980) ; A n I nt roducti on t o Economic
population, resources, and environment al develop
Geogr ap hy of China ( SUN Jing zhi, et al . 1983) ;
A Seri es of Economi c Geogr aphy of China , in t hirt y
ment ( PRED) . It will ex plore reg ional basic strate
gies for t he econom ic growt h, st ructure change, re
one volumes, each volume is devot ed to a region
sources exploit at ion, prot ect ion, and eco environmen
( SUN Jing zhi, et al . 1986 - 1992) ; A St udy on
t al administration. T he channels to set up a social e
the Regional Develop ment of Chi na ( YANG Kai
zhong, 1989) ; T err itory Exp loit ation, Renovation
conomic system, w hich saves on resources, have been
studies as w ell.
and Planni ng ( 1990) and Econom ic Geogr aphy of
China ( 1998) by WU Chuan jun et al ; I ndustri al
Geogr ap hy of Chi na ( L I Wen yan, 1990) ; T heor ies
3 THE OTHER REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY ST UDIES
and Practices on the Distr ibution of I ndustry i n Chi
3. 1
na ( L U Da dao, 1990) ; A St udy on the Economic
gionalizat ion
Regional iz at ion of Chi na ( YANG Shu zhen et al . ,
1990) ; Industr ial Dist ri buti on of Chi na ( ZHOU
Nat ional Resources Survey and Agricult ural Re
Under the leadership of Comm ission f or Inte
Shu lian, 1991) ; A Study on the I ndustr ial Distr i
grat ed Survey of Nat ural Resources, CAS, t here has
bution of China i n 2000 ( FANG Lei, 1993) ; Re
been an overall invest igation of t he natural resources
gional Develop ment and the Sp ace S tr uct ur e ( L U
Da dao, 1995 ) ; T he Ur ban Geograp hy of Chi na
in China. It is convenient for the regional study, be
cause of t he dat a accumulat ion. On t he basis of inves
( GU Chao lin et al . , 1998) . In higher educat ion,
t igat ions, a series of books about t he regional geogra
Economic Geog raphy of China and Econom ic Geog ra
phy of t he World etc have been published. Along
phy have been published. F or example, t he Eighth
F ive Year Plan period the key it em
Bringing
w it h the development of economic geog raphical theo
Huanghe River under Control and Exploiting the Wa
ries, there are more and more books published.
ter Resource has provided lots of t he scientif ic basis
During the course of change from t he planned e
conomy to t he market economy, a new mechanism for
and policy making support f or the renovation and ex
ploit at ion of t he Huanghe River basin. In 1990 -
the regional economic growt h emerged. Such being
1991, a series of books on t he physico environmental
the case, t he main realms of t he regional economic
g eography t urned into regional sustainable develop
conditions of t he Loess Plat eau published by the L oess
Plat eau Int eg rated Survey T eams, CAS. In 1994-
ment. T he overall decision studies have replaced the
1996,
individual ones of t he ag riculture, industries and the
published, w hich as given a com prehensive research
cities. For t he sake of the economy, eco environmen
t al construct ion and the subject , t he reg ional analysis
of the nat ural resources in China and posed strateg ies
for rat ional exploit at ion.
and t he reg ional modes have been strengt hening.
A Ser ies of N at ur al Resources of Chi na was
T he geographers have t aken part in the reg ional
When making researches into t he regional sus
t ainable development , t he economic geog raphy em
economic development and environmental m anage
ment. T he desert ification control, river utilizat ion,
phasizes t he reg ional economic development. It aims
t ropical crops plant ing, and coast al zone develop
Progress of Chinese Regional Geog raphy Studies in Recent T w enty Years
93
ment , et c. are the major realms. M oreover, the
aspect s. T he Regional Geogr ap hy of Ji ng Jin T ang
Huang H uai Hai Plain, t he Chang jiang River basin,
the Sanjiang plain, H ainan Island, and Jing( Beijing)
( IG, 1988) , T he I ndust rial Develop ment and Dis
tr ibution A round Bohai A rea of Chi na ( ZHAO L ing
Jin( T ianjin) T ang( T angshan) area have been studied
xun et al . , 1992) , and T he Str ategic Study on t he
as t he priority areas.
Sust ai nable Develop ment A round Bohai A rea of Chi
Since t he 1980s, the multi scaling agricult ural
regionalizat ion and the land use planning have provid
na ( L U Da dao et al . , 1995) are t he represent at ive
books.
ed the scient if ic basis for recog nizing the nat ural re
In order t o bring along the nat ional economic de
sources in different regions, planning t he agricult ural
development and using t he land resources rat ionally.
velopment and to join the w orld economy, there is a
further study on the coast al opening areas, especially
T he T heori es and Pr actices of A gr icult ur al Region
in t he Changjiang River Delt a , around Bohai area,
aliz at ion of China ( ZHOU L i san et al . , 1993) and
and cent ral sout hern areas of L iaoning province. T he
T he L and Use of China ( WU Chuan jun et al . ,
1994) are represent at ive books, w hich have deeply
specific problems in t hese areas have been studied as
w ell. Such as t he industrial dist ribution, I nf rast ruc
probed into t he nat ional scale land use and agricult ural
t ures and Ur ban Develop ment in Changj iang River
regionalizat ion, g iven a scient if ic guidance for the re
g ional economic development and agricult ural produc
Del ta; T he Water and Soil Resources and the Re
gional Devel op ment in Changj iang River Del ta by
t ion dist ribut ion.
SHE Z hi x iang et al . ( 1995, 1997) have been pub
lished. H U Xu w ei et al . ( 1998) has presented t he
3. 2
T he Studies on t he Coastal Open Zones
research on the space gat hering and spreading of
coast al concent rat ed urban areas.
T he construction of the coast al open area has
st art ed a new field for t he regional geography . Special
3. 3 T he Studies of World Geography
economic zones were established f irst ly in Guang dong
and F ujian prov inces. T he geog raphers have made a
T he fundamental st udies of world geography in
g reat er cont ribution to the development of t he special
clude t he continent al geography, the national geogra
economic zones. For instance, they part icipat ed in
the draw ing up of the overall plan of t he Shenzhen
phy, and the branch geog raphy of the w orld. Apart
f rom the research of geog raphical phenomenon w it hin
City , and t hey made a com prehensive investigation on
a reg ion, t he studies on the relat ion of t he dif ferent
the f our special economic zones and discussed some is
reg ions have been reinforced. It consists of t he com
sue about the concept, place and t he developed scale
of the special cit ies etc. Many books have been pub
parison of China w ith t he foreign count ries, of differ
ent ty pe regions and special topics; the st udies on t he
lished, such as Studies on the Sp ecial Economic
int ernat ional cooperation and ex ploit at ion in broader
Zones of Chi na ( ZHONG et al . , 1983) ; T he N atu
r al Resources and the Econom ic Exp l oit ati on of
areas, t he internat ional invest ment environment, t he
unif icat ion of t he w orld economy, w orld t rade, and
Shenz hen Ci ty ( GIG, 1986 ) ; Sp ecial Economic
t he geographical research of mult i national compa
Zones i n Chi na ( XU et al . , 1990) ; Recently, t he in
nies, etc. All t hese not only enrich t he content s of
st it ut e of geography, CAS, t he depart ments of g eog
raphy in universit ies and ot her institutions have done
t he world geographical research but also provide a
condition f or deepening the t heories. In general, ow
a lot of work in dif ferent reg ions. T he areas of Jing
ing to the limitation of t he prerequisit e, t he world ge
Jin T ang , Southern F ujian Province, Pudong opening
dist rict and the economic opened reg ion of Shandong
ographical st udy is a frail section of regional geogra
phy.
Peninsula, etc. have been researched from different
ZH A N G J un tao
94
3. 4
T he Regional St udies of Human Geog raphy
Since t he 1980s the geographers of China have
LI U Feng
L I Zhe
cit y, the land use/ land cover change, vegetat ion cov
er, urban t raf fic, heat island effect , and urban plan
ning, etc. are st udied w it h t he RS. T he areas of t he
made a deeper analysis of the reg ional human phe
land types and t he soil erosion in diff erent intensity of
nom enon f rom diff erent aspects. For example, in
t he Loess Plat eau have been provided in quant ity us
st udy of the historical human geography, t he geog ra
phy of historical propert y, hist orical populat ion, his
ing t he RS. Now , many f ields of t he regional geo
graphical studies need t he RS. In 1998, by using t he
t orical t ransport at ion and historical civilizat ion et c.
RS, t he effect of t he flood disast er in Changjiang
have been comprised.
T he study on reg ional human geography deliber
basin w as observed successfully.
T he geographical inf orm at ion syst em ( GIS) , as
ated how to use and remold t he natural conditions ac
a new technolog y, has been developed greatly since
cording to t he law s of t he nat ure and the social econo
t he 1960s. It is significant in t he studies of t he re
my. Meanwhile, it studies t he issues of t he different
racial and cult ural regions.
gional geography. With t he GIS, dat a can be collect
ed, renew ed and int eg rated w ell. T hrough t he mod
It pays close att ention t o the relationship of man
els, st at ist ical analysis and temporal spat ial complex
land in mult i scaling reg ions, inquires int o t he theo
ries about t he forming process, struct ure, and t he de
analysis in a region can be done. T hese met hods have
improved the profundit y, accuracy and t he eff iciency
veloping t rend of the relat ion of manland. T he int er
in the studies of regional geography.
act ion of man land, the mechanism of transformation
T he technical progress of Global Posit ional Sys
and ex change of t he matt er, and t he w ays and coun
t ermeasures w hich are use to adjust t he st ruct ure and
tem( GPS) , Mult i media system ( ICON ) and the In
formation Highway has given im pet us t o t he develop
the funct ion of t he man land relationship. St udy on
ment of t he regional geographical studies.
the Evaluat ing System of M arsh society and Economy
In the recent years, the int egrated research of
( CU I et al . , 1997) has discussed how to evaluat e
the social economic state in a special area. T he models
t he reg ion has been strengt hened. When w e w ant t o
know well a reg ional t rait, the nat ural and human
on the sustainable development , cont rol, and the
components of a region should be integ rat ed. L i
populat ion bearing capacity of mult i scaling regions
have been researched. From the above, the theories,
Chunfen st ressed t hat the study of t he relat ion of ar
eas should be st rengthened. T he Relation of Areas,
met hods, and t he pract ice capacit ies of t he regional
t he F orw ard Posit ion in the Near F uture of Reg ional
hum an geog raphy have been perf ect ed and strengt h
Geography has been published in A cta Geograp hi ca
ened.
Si nica ( L I Chun fen, 1995) . Huang Bingw ei em
phasizes t he im portance of the eart h syst em science
3. 5
T he Applicat ion of Remot e Sensing and GIS to
Regional Geog raphical Studies
Along w it h t he development of the science and
study in China, especially t he st udy of the t erritorial
syst em science. By t he t heoret ical and practical re
search, t here w ill be a scient ific foundat ion t o serve
t he regional planning and the reg ional sust ainable de
the technology, new t echnologies and methods are
velopment. L at ely, a st udy on t he territ orial system
applied in the regional g eographical st udies ex tensive
ly, which have been promot ing t he development of
science and the reg ional sustainable development , a
major item of CAS, has been launched in the Institute
the regional g eographical studies.
of Geography , CAS. T he int egrated research, as t he
Remote sensing ( RS ) are being ut ilized in the
st udies of reg ional geography. For instance, in a
above, w ill furt her promot e the development of t he
reg ional geographical st udies.
Progress of Chinese Regional Geog raphy Studies in Recent T w enty Years
Fig. 1
95
T he frame o f moder n regional geographical studies ( by courtesy of Y AN G Qin ye et al . , 1996)
R EF EREN CES
Guangdong People! s Press. ( in Chinese)
G IG ( G uangzhou Inst it ut e of G eography) , 1989. A St udy on the N at u
CHEN Cai, 1991. T he Pri ncip les of Regional Economic Geog rap hy
[ M ] . Beijing: China Scien ce and T echnology Press.
CHEN Cai, 1998. A ret rospect and prospect on t he development of re
gional economic geography[ J] . Progress in Geography , 17( 3) : 110. ( in Chinese)
CHEN Chuang kang et al . , 1994. Progress of Ch inese physical geogra
phy in recent t en years[ J] . Act a G eographica Si nica , 49 ( Supple
ment ) : 684- 690. ( in Ch inese)
CU I Li juan et al . , 1997. Study on t he evaluat ing syst em of marsh so
ciet y and econom y[ J] . S cienct ia G eog rap hica S ini ca ( supplement ) :
445- 450. ( in Chinese)
FA N Jie, 1998. T errit orial planning in t he N ew E ra: role and t heoret i
cal f oundat ion[ J ] . Pr ogress i n Geogr aphy , 17( 4) : 1- 7. ( in Chi
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