INVITED ARTICLE
SURFING THE WEB
Victor L. Yu, Section Editor
Vaccine and Immunization Resources
on the World Wide Web
Archana Chatterjee
Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
Abundant information regarding immunizations and vaccines is available on the World Wide Web. This report was prepared
as a guide to reliable Internet sources for health care providers, researchers, and patients or parents interested in gaining
Web-based information on these topics. I describe comprehensive Web sites about immunizations, meetings on immunizations,
and clinical trials on vaccines and for journals and publications on vaccines, organizations providing immunization information, and pharmaceutical companies and vaccine manufacturers.
Surveys have estimated that 60–100 million US residents consult the Internet in search of health information each year [1,
2]. Of these, 70% report that the information they find influences their treatment decisions [1, 2]. An older study estimated
that 21% of adults in the United States regularly accessed the
Internet, and 42% used it to obtain medical information for
themselves or their children [3]. Clearly, use of the Internet
for obtaining health-related information in increasing, with a
growing reliance on this information for making treatment
decisions.
Persons surfing the Web for information on immunizations
are likely to encounter Web sites of varying quality, with some
supporting and others opposing vaccination. In recent years,
with major reductions in vaccine-preventable diseases and a
decline in public knowledge about these illnesses, antivaccination groups have been gaining increasing support. The popularity of the Internet has been cited as a factor contributing
to the rising concerns regarding vaccination [4]. Governmental
and other agencies that advocate childhood vaccination have
also established a Web presence to provide accurate information
about vaccines on their Web sites.
The Internet certainly presents the opportunity for betterinformed decision making and greater participation in health
Received 3 October 2002; accepted 5 October 2002; electronically published 15 January
2003.
Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Archana Chatterjee, 2500 California Plaza, Rm. 409, Criss
II, Omaha, NE 68178 ([email protected]).
Clinical Infectious Diseases 2003; 36:355–62
2003 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.
1058-4838/2003/3603-0017$15.00
care [5]. For some patients or parents, the Internet may be
more accessible, convenient, or reliable than the medical literature or a health care professional. Physicians may be requested to provide Web-based sources of information on vaccinations. This report was prepared as a guide to reliable
Internet sources for health care providers, researchers, and patients or parents interested in gaining Web-based information
on immunizations. This review focuses on English-language
Web sites dealing with this topic, but, when available, information regarding resources in other languages is provided.
METHODS
Search engines and links included on the Web sites reviewed
provided hundreds of sites on vaccination and immunization.
Also, a literature search retrieved several articles that discussed
Web sites related to vaccination or immunization [4, 6, 7]. Each
site was reviewed carefully, keeping in mind the purpose of this
article and Web site quality criteria, as described by the Health
Information Technology Institute (http://hitiweb.mitretek.org/)
and other organizations that offer such guidelines. Published
criteria for evaluating health-related Web sites were also used
[6, 8, 9]. Of the sites reviewed, those described in this article
were chosen because they contained an updated, balanced representation of scientific content without misinformation, sponsor bias, or commercial promotions. Many Web sites that contained the latter were eliminated from this review. This course
of action is supported by the findings from a review of 40 Web
pages dealing with the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, among
SURFING THE WEB • CID 2003:36 (1 February) • 355
which 60% provided inaccurate and unbalanced information
[6].
Search strategies used for this review included various popular Internet search engines, such as Altavista, Askjeeves, Dogpile, Excite, Hotbot, Infoseek, Lycos, Netscape, and Yahoo. The
following terms were used: “immunization,” “vaccination,”
“immunize,” “vaccinate,” and “vaccine.”
RESULTS
Comprehensive Web sites about immunization. The Web
sites that provided comprehensive information on immunizations are listed in table 1. Many of these sites are linked
through the Allied Vaccine Group (stated mission: “to present
valid scientific information about vaccines”) and can be accessed via http://www.vaccine.org/. Although some material is
repeated on many of these sites (e.g., the current US immunization schedule), each site has unique features that merit
further description.
The Centers for Disease Control’s (CDC’s) National Immunization Program (NIP) site provides current Advisory
Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendations, gives details about and shows pictures of vaccinepreventable diseases, describes how vaccines work, and discusses issues of vaccine safety.
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation sponsors the Children’s Vaccine Program site, which is part of the Global Alliance
for Vaccines and Immunizations. The special features of this
site include resources for parents and teens, as well as a slide
set for use in advocacy.
The National Network for Immunization Information has
an excellent page about evaluating vaccine information on the
Web. This is one of the few sites that provides vaccine requirements for school entry in different states. The current US
Childhood Immunization Schedule is provided. There are
separate sections for parents, partners, policy makers, and professionals. There is also an excellent image gallery of vaccinepreventable diseases that may be of value to physicians, providers, and the public who have never encountered these
diseases in their clinical and life experience. The site also addresses current issues, such as the shortage in vaccine supplies,
vaccine safety, and bioterrorism. The Web page has a listserv
that provides updated information (from a global perspective)
3 times per week. Finally, there is a whole section devoted to
vaccines for adults.
The official Web site of the American Academy of Pediatrics
(AAP) is an excellent source for photographs of vaccinepreventable diseases, videotapes on immunizations, discussions
of safety issues, and updates on current vaccine shortages as
well as access to reminder and recall materials, Vaccine Information Statements, and an electronic copy of The Red Book.
356 • CID 2003:36 (1 February) • SURFING THE WEB
Finally, it provides information on immunization registries,
which are a growing trend for the accurate tracking of childhood immunizations, so that duplicate or missed immunizations may be avoided.
The Web site of the American Academy of Family Physicians
is good for parents, because it provides details about each disease and vaccine on the current schedule and discusses safety
issues. However, it has not been updated for several months.
In the arena of immunizations, in which recommendations may
change frequently, this is a serious flaw.
The Carter/Bumpers “Every Child by Two” campaign to promote early childhood immunization sponsors a site with several
unique features. It provides links to government reports and a
“State of the States” section that is easily accessible. It also
provides information on appropriate physician reimbursement
for vaccines, which is quite difficult to find. The site also offers
photographs of vaccine-preventable diseases and a copy of the
current schedule and discusses barriers to immunization as well
as solutions to overcome these barriers. Finally, it offers information on immunization registries and supplies comprehensive
links to the Web sites of vaccine developers. It should be noted
that this site does solicit donations but does not offer anything
for sale.
The Immunization Action Coalition is a nonprofit organization that works to boost immunization rates. It has an eyecatching home page with cartoon figures as advocates for vaccination (figure 1). It has excellent photographs of patients with
vaccine-preventable diseases that can be downloaded (copyright-free) for educational purposes. Current issues of vaccine
shortages and safety are discussed. Information about immunizations from the CDC and state governments is provided.
The Vaccine Page (part of the Allied Vaccine Group) was
perhaps the best-organized site of those reviewed, with separate
sections for adults, parents, practitioners, and researchers. It
includes links to related journals and organizations as well as
many national and international sites, including official sites
from different countries. It also contained information on travel
vaccines and vaccines for agents of bioterrorism, such as smallpox and anthrax.
The Web site of the Parents of Kids with Infectious Diseases
(an organization of parents who have children infected with
vaccine-preventable diseases) may be appealing to the public
as well as providers. It provides information on many infectious
diseases, including those that are preventable through vaccination. The sections on kids’ rights and recommendations regarding organ donation and school notification are unique to
this site, as is the option to have experts answer questions via
e-mail. The site also addresses current issues of vaccine safety.
Finally, this site provides information on vaccine storage that
is not easily accessible at other sites.
The Vaccine Education Center site is very well structured
Table 1.
World Wide Web sites that provide comprehensive information on immunizations.
Resources available
Title
CDC, NIP
a
URL
http://www.cdc.gov/nip/
Sponsor(s)
b
Children’s Vaccine Program http://www.childrensvaccine.org/
National Network for
http://www.immunizationinfo.org/
Immunization Information
d
c
Discussion
Clinical
Educational
group,
Meeting
Research
information
material
FAQ News
listserv
information information Links
Other
language
CDC
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
Spanish
Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundation
⫹
⫺
⫺
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
French, Spanish
IDSA, PIDS, AAP, AAFP,
ANA, NAPNP, ACOG
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫺
⫹
⫹
⫺
AAP
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫺
AAFP
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫺
⫺
⫺
⫺
⫹
Rosalyn Carter and Betty
Bumpers
⫹
⫹
⫺
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
Immunization Action
Coalition
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
AAP (Childhood Immunization Support Program)
http://www.cispimmunize.org/
AAFP
http://www.familydoctor.org/
e
healthy.html#prevention
Carter/Bumpers Campaign
for Early Immunization
http://www.ecbt.org/
Immunization Action
Coalition
http://www.immunize.org/
The Vaccine Page
http://www.vaccines.org/
The Vaccine Page
⫹
⫺
⫺
⫹
⫺
⫺
⫹
⫹
⫺
Parents of Kids with
Infectious Diseases
http://www.pkids.org/
Parents of Kids with
Infectious Diseases
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫺
⫹
⫹
Spanish, Russian,
Chinese
Vaccine Education Center
http://www.vaccine.chop.edu/
Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫺
⫺
⫹
⫹
⫺
Institute for Vaccine Safety
http://www.vaccinesafety.edu/
Johns Hopkins University
⫺
⫺
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫺
⫹
⫹
⫺
National Partnership for
Immunization
http://www.partnersforimmunization.org/ National Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies
Coalition, and NFID
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫹
⫺
⫺
⫹
⫺
f
g
h
Spanish
⫺
27 Languages
alphabetically
listed from
Amharic to
Vietnamese
NOTE. AAFP, American Academy of Family Physicians; AAP, American Academy of Pediatrics; ACOG, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; ANA, American Nurses Association; CDC,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; FAQ, frequently asked questions; IDSA, Infectious Diseases Society of America; NAPNP, National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners; NFID, National
Foundation for Infectious Diseases; NIP, National Immunization Program; PIDS, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society; ⫹, resource available; ⫺, resource not available.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Dates of most recent updates were not provided, unless otherwise indicated.
Most recent update, 20 December 2002.
Most recent update, 27 December 2002.
Most recent update, 23 December 2002.
Most recent update, 1 August 2001.
Most recent update, 16 October 2002.
Most recent update, 18 December 2002.
Most recent update, 14 December 2002.
Figure 1.
The home page of the Immunization Action Coalition’s Web site (http://www.immunize.org/)
(figure 2), and it contains current information, including details
about each vaccine, the 2002 vaccination schedule, and an excellent discussion of safety issues. It has separate sections for
parents and professionals and discusses vaccination for travelers
as well as recent “hot topics,” such as bioterrorism. The Institute
for Vaccine Safety at Johns Hopkins University sponsors a site
with very good research information. It provides the current
schedule and safety information. It is also one of the few sites
that provides copies of vaccine package inserts and links to US
vaccine manufacturers.
The National Partnership for Immunization’s Web site has
good general vaccine information and supplies a safety reference guide. Highlights include state health profiles, a media
line, and the ability to search by diseases or vaccines. Of special
value are links to infectious disease organizations, pharmaceutical companies and vaccine manufacturers, and immunizationrelated organizations. Information on vaccine funding and immunization registries is also provided.
Web sites for meetings on immunizations. Several regional, national, and international meetings on immunizations
are held each year. Web sites with information about meetings
are listed in table 2. Some are open to the public, whereas
others are more suitable for professionals. Perusal of the in-
358 • CID 2003:36 (1 February) • SURFING THE WEB
dividual Web sites will reveal the differences between the types
of meetings.
The CDC’s NIP site gives a monthly meeting calendar as
well as information on dates, conference duration, topics to be
discussed, audience, faculty, availability of continuing education
credits, and registration. The AAP’s Web site has a comprehensive list of organizations and initiatives dealing with immunizations, some of which provide information on meetings.
The Every Child By Two site gives dates, location, contacts,
and descriptions of upcoming conferences. The Immunization
Action Coalition Web site provides dates, times, and information about the event, the sponsor, and the location and
contact information for meetings. The National Foundation
for Infectious Diseases (NFID) site offers program and registration information as well as the abstracts from meetings. The
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS) site gives dates,
locations, and sponsors of meetings.
Web sites for clinical trials. Table 3 lists 4 Web sites that
provide information on clinical trials of vaccines. The National
Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health (NIH)
site lists 267 current vaccine trials, including those that are
recruiting subjects as well as those that are not. Links to pages
about each study are provided, which then provides access to
Figure 2.
A page from the Vaccine Education Center’s Web site (http://www.vaccine.chop.edu)
a description of the study, information about the sponsor,
phase, eligibility criteria, and location, and contact information.
This site also explains what a clinical trial is in lay terms. An
international site sponsored by the Current Science Group
(London) currently lists 108 vaccine trials. To search this database, an e-mail address, name, institution, street address, and
phone and fax numbers need to be provided. The site provides
updates through e-mail. The Center Watch site currently lists
16 studies on vaccines in different states. It gives a summary
of each trial as well as contact information. The World Health
Organization site lists the institution, country, site, phase, year,
and references for each vaccine trial.
Web sites of journals and other publications about vaccines.
Many scientific journals and other publications print articles
related to vaccines and immunization, some of which are available in full text online to subscribers. For this article, Web sites
of journals and publications solely devoted to vaccines and
immunizations have been selected and are listed in table 4.
The journal Vaccine is published in the United Kingdom 34
times per year. Its Web site offers journal and author or editor
information. A table of contents and e-mail alerting service is
available. Full text articles are available online to subscribers.
Links to related sites are provided.
The National Network for Immunization Information pub-
SURFING THE WEB • CID 2003:36 (1 February) • 359
Table 2.
World Wide Web sites with information on meetings about immunizations.
Title
URL
Sponsor
CDC, NIP
http://www.cdc.gov/nip/
CDC
AAP, Childhood Immunization
Support Program
http://www.cispimmunize.org/resour/
comp2002/comp_main.html
AAP
Carter/Bumpers Campaign
for Early Immunization
http://www.ecbt.org/events.htm
Rosalyn Carter and
Betty Bumpers
Immunization Action
Coalition
http://www.immunize.org/calendar/index.htm
Immunization Action
Coalition
Annual Conference on
Vaccine Research
http://www.nfid.org/conferences/
NFID
PIDS
http://www.pids.org/
Meetings%20and%20Events.htm
PIDS
NOTE. AAP, American Academy of Pediatrics; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; NFID, National
Foundation for Infectious Diseases; NIP, National Immunization Program; PIDS, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society.
lishes a newsletter in the United States but provides news about
vaccines and vaccine-preventable diseases from media outlets
around the world. The Web site for the newsletter offers free
e-mail online subscriptions.
Vaccine Weekly is a newsletter published 42 times per year
in the United States. Its Web site provides the publisher’s name
and contact information. Articles may be ordered through an
online document delivery service.
Web sites for organizations that provide immunization
information. Several national and international professional societies and governmental organizations have Web sites
that provide immunization information. These are shown in
table 5.
The American Society for Microbiology site gives information on meetings, journals, books, membership, the American
Academy of Microbiology, international outreach, and public
policy regarding immunizations.
The Association for Professionals in Infection Control and
Epidemiology maintains a site that lists courses on immunization with dates, places, fees, and registration information.
Opportunities for online learning are available through the Web
site. It also lists annual conference information.
The Infectious Diseases Society of America has a Web site
that provides access to educational and research resources, practice guidelines, journals and other publications, policy and adTable 3.
vocacy, upcoming meetings and events, and opportunities for
professional development in the field of immunizations.
The NFID supports research and education programs in prevention of infectious diseases. Highlights of its Web site include
publications, information on conferences and courses, and fact
sheets regarding immunizations.
The Vaccine Research Center of the NIH maintains a Web
site that provides access to relevant publications (available online), news, archived and upcoming seminars and meetings,
research laboratories, clinical studies, funding, and employment
information relating to vaccines and immunization.
The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America’s Web
site offers information on its annual meeting, courses, journals
and other publications, and position papers related to immunizations. The PIDS Web site provides patient resources plus
information on meetings and events, journals, and membership.
The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research of the US
Food and Drug Administration maintains a Web site that provides information on product approvals by year since 1996. It
also lists licensed establishments for manufacturing vaccines
and has a section on assistance to manufacturers. In addition,
it provides information on meetings related to immunizations,
with dates and transcripts.
The Web site of the American Public Health Association
provides access to annual meeting information, journals, and
World Wide Web sites with information regarding clinical trials of vaccines.
Title
URL
Sponsor
Clinical Trials
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/
NLM, NIH
Current Controlled Trials
http://www.controlled-trials.com/
Current Science Group (London)
CenterWatch Clinical Trials
Listing Service
http://www.centerwatch.com/
Medical Economics Company
WHO Vaccine and Biologicals
Vaccine Trial Registry
http://www.who.int/vaccines/
gavi/catalogue.doc
WHO Vaccines, Immunization,
and Biologicals Division
NOTE.
NIH, National Institutes of Health; NLM, National Library of Medicine; WHO, World Health Organization.
360 • CID 2003:36 (1 February) • SURFING THE WEB
Table 4. World Wide Web sites of journals and other publications solely devoted to
vaccines and immunization.
Title
URL
Publisher
Archives
online
Vaccine
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/issn/
0264410X
Elsevier Science
No
Vaccine Weekly
http://www.publist.com/search/
show.asp?ISSNp10742921
C. W. Henderson
No
Immunization
Newsbriefs
http://www.immunizationinfo.org/
newsbriefs/index.cfm
National Network for
Immunization
Information
Yes
publications. Its epidemiology section determines optimal immunization policies.
The highlight of the American College of Physicians’ Web
site is the discussion of the adult immunization initiative of
the ACIP. The Web site of the American Medical Association
has minimal information on immunizations. Subscriptions are
required for most journals to which it provides links.
Web sites of pharmaceutical companies and vaccine manufacturers. Table 6 lists the Web sites of major and minor
pharmaceutical companies and vaccine manufacturers.
The Aventis Pasteur site is comprehensive and easy to navigate, gives product information, and also provides the current
immunization schedule plus a section on myths versus realities.
The Chiron site lists current vaccine products. Its research
and development section details vaccines under development
and their clinical trial phases. Unique features of this site include a patient-assistance program and professional service in
which physicians, nurses, and pharmacists answer questions
online or by phone.
Table 5.
The GlaxoSmithKline site lists current products, discusses
those under development, and provides an online library and
links to immunization resources. It highlights global community partnerships (e.g., for prevention of African malaria).
Unique features include a description of vaccine development
from “molecule to marketplace” and discussion of the use of
animals in research.
The Medeva Pharmaceuticals site lists current products (very
few vaccines). There are no vaccines under development at
Medeva.
The Merck Vaccine Division Web site requires registration
with name, address, e-mail address, and fax and phone numbers
before allowing access. It lists current products and provides
vaccine and disease information plus educational resources.
There is a special section for nurses and medical assistants, and
online orders for vaccines may be placed.
The VaxGen site details their AIDS vaccine under development. It describes the vaccine, clinical trials, animal studies,
World Wide Web sites for organizations that provide immunization information.
Title
URL
Sponsor
Links
American Society for Microbiology
http://www.asmusa.org/
ASM
Yes
Association for Professionals in Infection
Control and Epidemiology
http://www.apic.org/
APIC
Yes
Infectious Diseases Society of America
http://www.idsociety.org/
IDSA
Yes
National Foundation for Infectious Diseases
http://www.nfid.org/
NFID
Yes
Vaccine Research Center
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/vrc/
NIH
Yes
Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of
America
http://www.shea-online.org/
SHEA
Yes
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society
http://www.pids.org/
PIDS
Yes
Yes
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research
http://www.fda.gov/cber/vaccines.htm
FDA
American Public Health Association
http://www.apha.org/
APHA
Yes
American College of Physicians
http://www.acponline.org/
ACP
Yes
American Medical Association
http://www.ama-assn.org/
AMA
Yes
NOTE. ACP, American College of Physicians; AMA, American Medical Association; APHA, American Public Health
Association; APIC, Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology; ASM, American Society for Microbiology; FDA, US Food and Drug Administration; IDSA, Infectious Diseases Society of America; NFID, National Foundation
for Infectious Diseases; NIH, National Institutes of Health; PIDS, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society; SHEA, Society for
Healthcare Epidemiology of America.
SURFING THE WEB • CID 2003:36 (1 February) • 361
Table 6.
World Wide Web sites of pharmaceutical companies and vaccine manufacturers.
Title
URL
Separate sites for
health care professionals
and lay public
Sponsor
Aventis Pasteur
http://www.us.aventispasteur.com/
vaccines/main.htm
Aventis Pasteur Inc.
Yes; separate sections for professionals, children, adults,
college-bound persons, and
travelers
Chiron Therapeutics and Vaccines
http://www.chiron.com/
Chiron Corporation
Yes; separate sections for
professionals, patients, and
media personnel
GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals
http://www.gsk.com/index.htm
GlaxoSmithKline
Pharmaceuticals
No; section for media personnel is provided
Medeva Pharmaceuticals
http://www.medeva.co.uk/
Medeva Pharmaceuticals
No
Merck Vaccine Division
http://www.merckvaccines.com
Merck & Co.
No; site is intended for use by
health care professionals in
the United States only
VaxGen
http://www.vaxgen.com/
Vaxgen
No; press releases are provided
Wyeth-Lederle Vaccines
http://www.vaccineworld.com/
Wyeth Pharmaceuticals
Yes; separate sections for
health care professionals
and consumers
efficacy, and scientific progress. The section with frequently
asked questions is particularly helpful.
Wyeth Pharmaceutical’s Web site lists their current vaccine
products. Access to the health care professionals’ section asks
for a significant amount of information, including US Drug
Enforcement Agency and license numbers. The consumer section gives good general vaccine information, a product list, and
online resources.
DISCUSSION
The AAP Committee on Infectious Diseases has noted that the
success of the US immunization program during the past 50
years has produced the ironic situation in which some parents
are becoming more fearful of vaccine adverse events than of
the diseases they prevent. The popularity of the Internet has
been cited as a factor responsible for the rising concern regarding vaccines among some parents. This review of reliable
Web sites on vaccines and immunizations should be useful to
primary care practitioners as well as infectious disease physicians to provide resources for their own education and information, as well as for their patients. Many other sites were
362 • CID 2003:36 (1 February) • SURFING THE WEB
evaluated that were not included in this review, and it is possible
that some valuable sites were overlooked because of the nature
of Web-based searching.
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