UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
CERTIFIED IN HOMELAND SECURITY
LEVEL 5
(CHS-V) COURSE
American Board for Certification in Homeland Security
CHS-V POI (MOD II SE)
Chief Association Officer: Marianne Schmid
PH: (800) 592-0960
E-Mail: [email protected]
Website: www.abchs.com
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
•
Begin Course Title Page / Table of Contents / Copyright / Acknowledgements And Credit of
Sources / Instructor VITA / Dedication / Student Performance Objectives / Quote
… Slides 1 – 11
•
Introduction / Crisis And Disaster Incidents … Slides 12 – 19
•
Background / Quotes … Slides 20 – 23
•
The National Strategy For Homeland Security / Terrorism And Emergency Preparedness
Fact … Slides 24 – 25
•
CBRNE WMD Response / CBRNE As WMD / Categories Of WMD / Definition Of Terms In
Relation To WMD / Routes Of Entry … Slides 26– 31
•
Chemical Agents As CBRNE WMD … Slides 32 – 41
•
Biological Agents Used As CBRNE WMD … Slides 42 – 61
–
–
–
Bacteria … 47 – 49
Toxins … 50 – 53
Viruses … 54 – 58
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)
•
Radiological Materials And Nuclear Weapons Used As CBRNE WMD … Slides 62 – 87
•
Explosive Devices Used As CBRNE WMD … Slides 88 – 114
•
Incident Management / Recent Catastrophic Events … Slides 115 – 121
•
Crisis And Disaster Incidents / Crisis - Disaster Incident Management Rules / Pre 9-11
Requests For Federal Assistance / Response Phases … Slides 122 – 130
•
The National Response Framework (NRF) / History And Evolution Of The National
Response Framework … Slides 131 – 146
•
The NRF Response Doctrine … Slide 147
•
Response Doctrine Key Principles … Slides 148 – 153
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)
•
The National Response Framework Philosophy … Slide 154
•
The National Response Framework Strategy … Slides 155 – 158
•
What’s New In The NRF … Slides 159 – 178
•
The NRF As A Document And It’s Components … Slides 179 – 186
•
The NRF Bottom Line At The Local Level … Slides 187 – 188
•
The NRF Bottom Line At The Private-Sector And NGO Level … Slides 189 – 190
•
The NRF Bottom Line At The State, Territory, And Tribal Government Level … Slide 191
•
The NRF Bottom Line At The Federal Level … Slides 192 – 195
•
NRF Response Actions … Slides 196 – 203
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)
•
Requesting Federal Assistance Under The NRF … Slides 204 – 213
•
Proactive Responses To Catastrophic Incidents … Slide 214
•
Catastrophic Incidents Defined … Slide 215
•
Catastrophic Incident Recovery … Slides 216 – 223
•
The NRF – Summary … Slides 224 – 225
•
The NRF – Conclusion … Slide 226
•
Student Performance Objectives … Slide 227
•
Instructor VITA … Slide 228
•
Course Discussion End Slide … 229
•
End Course Title Slide … 230
5
COPYRIGHT
This CHS-V Presentation is “COPYRIGHTED” material, and as such, any
reproduction, distribution, and/or further use of this material is strictly
prohibited, without the express written approval and consent of:
“The American Board For Certification In Homeland Security.”
6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
AND CREDIT OF SOURCES
Material and information used as background, in the preparation and presentation of this course was taken directly, or in part, from the
following associations, groups, organizations, public/private/commercial/government publications, entities, and/or individuals:
The American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
United States Department of Defense (DOD)
U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security (DHS) “Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160
United States Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Emergency Management Institute (EMI)
Various United States of America Government Public Domain Documents and Publications
The Board For Certification In Homeland Security Previously Published CHS IV Study Material
The International Association for Counterterrorism And Security Professionals (IACSP)
“Newsweek” Magazine
The Associated Press (AP)
“A Law Enforcement Guide To Understanding Islamic Terrorism” published by First Capital Technologies, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Doctor James Blair, MD., Colonel United States Army (Retired), CHS-V
“Homeland Security A Documentary History” by Bruce Maxwell, CQ Press, Washington, D.C.
“Terrorism Prevention and Response” by Cliff Marinani, Loose-leaf Law Publications, Inc., Flushing, New York
“The Complete Terrorism Survival Guide” by Juval Aviv, Juris Publications, Inc., Huntington, New York
“Terrorism A Documentary History” by Bruce Maxwell, CQ Press, Washington, D.C.
7
8
DEDICATION
This presentation is dedicated to those who “… in a dark and terrifying hour,
saw what needed to be done – and did it …”
Lynne Jonell, Bravemale
9
STUDENT PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
As a result of this instruction Attendees will be able to, via a written examination
of 100 questions:
1. List Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and High-explosive
(CBRNE) threat characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of use,
2. demonstrate an in-depth knowledge of “The National Response Framework”
(NRF),
3. show an understand of the need of the NRF as an adjunct to preparedness,
4. compare and contrast “The National Response Plan” (NRP) to the NRF,
5. identify the methodology of Employment of the NRF to a catastrophic event, and
6. address the implications and usage of the NRF at Government and
Nongovernment entities during time of crisis and disaster.
10
THE TERRORIST
(Source: The American Board for Certification in Homeland Security)
“He who does not prize his own life threatens that of others.”
Seneca
Roman Philosopher
11
INTRODUCTION
12
CRISIS AND DISASTER INCIDENTS
CATASTROPHIC EVENTS
•
NATURAL (Weather … Mother Nature)
•
MANMADE (Accidents … HAZMAT Incidents)
•
TERRORISM (Planned Attacks … Acts of Terrorism)
13
MAJOR PREMISE
ALL DISASTERS ARE LOCAL !
14
MINOR PREMISE
ALL TERRORIST ATTACKS ARE LOCAL !
15
CONCLUSION
“BAD THINGS” …
ARE ALWAYS “LOCAL EVENTS”
16
ON THE LOCAL LEVEL THIS
COUNTRY HANDLES DISASTERS
VERY WELL.
17
QUESTION
BUT … HOW WELL AND WHAT DO WE
DO IF A DISASTER EXCEEDS THE
LOCAL CAPABILITY ?
18
?
THEREIN LIES THE RUB !
19
BACKGROUND
20
21
22
20 September 2001
(Source: “Terrorism Prevention and Response” by Cliff Mariani)
“ The advance of human freedom-the great achievement of our time,
and the great hope of every time-now depends on us.
Our Nation-this generation- will lift a dark threat of violence from our
people and our future. We will rally the world to this cause by our
efforts, by our courage.
We will not tire, we will not falter,
and we will not fail.”
PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH
to the American People
September 20, 2001
23
THE NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR HOMELAND
SECURITY
(Source: “Homeland Security a Documentary History” by Bruce Maxwell)
•
On July 16, 2002, the White House released the “National Strategy of Homeland
Security.”
•
It was the first such document in the Nation’s history.
•
The ninety-page report officially defined Homeland Security as “a concerted
National effort to prevent Terrorist Attacks within the United States, reduce
America’s vulnerability to Terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover
from attacks that do occur.”
•
The report divided Homeland Security Functions into six (6) areas:
1. Intelligence and Warning;
2. Border and Transportation Security;
3. Domestic Counterterrorism;
4. Protecting Critical Infrastructure;
5. Defending Against Catastrophic Terrorism, and
6. Emergency Preparedness and Response.
24
TERRORISM AND EMERGENCY
PREPAREDNESS FACT
(Source: The Associated Press - AP)
In a recent Government Report, only six (6) U.S. Cities received acceptable or
Satisfactory ratings for their Emergency Agencies’ (i.e. Fire, Law Enforcement,
Emergency Management, Emergency Medial Services, etc, etc) ability to
communicate (i.e. “Interoperable Communications”) effectively during a disaster.
HIGHEST RATINGS WENT TO:
San Diego, CA.
Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN.
Washington, D.C.
Columbus, OH.
Sioux Falls, SD.
Laramie County, WY.
The lowest ratings went to Chicago, IL., Baton Rouge, LA., Cleveland, OH.,
Mandan, ND., and American Samoa.
25
CBRNE WMD RESPONSE
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
TERRORIST TACTICS:
Terrorists possess a wide range of “TACTICS” and an even greater “RANGE OF
TARGETS” …
The goal is to inflict mass casualties or disrupt critical infrastructure.
Secondary devices may be used, which are generally intended to injure or kill
Responders.
There may be multiple incidents.
There may be rapid escalation of the hazards.
“ We have to be right 100% of the time … a Terrorist only has to be right once. ”
PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH
26
27
CBRNE as WMD
WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION
CHEMICAL
BIOLOGICAL
RADIOLOGICAL
NUCLEAR
(and high-yield)
EXPLOSIVES
28
CATEGORIES OF WMD
(Source: The American Board for Certification in Homeland Security - ABCHS)
•
Another acronym used to Categorize WMD is known as “ BNICE ” (Also
commonly known as “CBRNE” Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and
Explosive … “High Yield Explosive”):
B … (Biological Hazards)
N … (Nuclear Hazards)
I
… (Incendiary Hazards)
C … (Chemical Agents, including Toxic Industrial Chemicals - HAZMAT)
E … (Explosives)
(NOTE: “CBR” as a term refers to … Chemical, Biological, and Radiological)
(NOTE: “NBC” as a term refers to … Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical)
29
DEFINITION OF TERMS IN RELATION TO
WMD
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
WMD AGENTS … GENERAL CATEGORIES OF INFORMATION:
1.
Types … Chemical / Biological / Radiological / Explosives:
Military Terms and/or two (2) letter designation, or Medical Terms, or
Civilian Industry Terms (Trade Names/Synonyms), or
Biological Terms (Genus and Species/Scientific Name)
2.
Dissemination … How Agent is disbursed
3.
Availability … Controlled, Commercially Available, or Naturally Occurring
4.
Volatility … The rate at which a substance evaporates (persistent/non)
5.
Vapor Density … Mass per unit under standard temperature and pressure
6.
Odor … Specific smell for each Agent or Substance
7.
Routes of Entry … Avenues into the human body:
Inhalation
Ingestion
Absorption
Injection
8.
General signs and/or Symptoms and Medical Treatment
30
WMD ROUTES OF ENTRY
(Source: The American Board for Certification in Homeland Security)
Eyes
Ingestion
Respiratory Tract
Skin
Injection
31
CHEMICAL
CBRNE
AGENTS
AS
WMD
32
CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS
(Source: The American Board for Certification in Homeland Security - ABCHS)
33
CHEMICAL AGENTS AS WMD
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
CHEMICAL INCIDENTS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY THE RAPID ONSET OF
MEDICAL SYMPTOMS (MINUTES TO HOURS) AND EASILY OBSERVED
SIGNATURES (COLORED RESIDUE, DEAD FOLIAGE, PUNGENT ODOR, AND
DEAD INSECTS AND ANIMAL LIFE).
34
CHEMICAL AGENTS USED AS WMD BY
“CATEGORY”
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
1. INCAPACITATING AGENTS:
–
–
–
Irritants
Lachrymators
Tear Gas
2. CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS:
–
–
–
–
Choking Agents
Nerve Agents
Blood Agents
Blister Agents
* NOTE - - ALL WERE SOLEY DESIGNED AS WMD ON THE BATTLEFIELD AND ARE LETHAL.
CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR
PHYSIOLOGICAL AFFECTS OR THEIR MILITARY USE.
35
CHEMICAL AGENTS AS WMD (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
CHEMICAL AGENTS … GENERAL CATEGORIES OF INFORMATION:
1.
Types … Refer to the “Emergency Reference Guide” (ERG):
Military uses two (2) alphabetical letters to identify Chemical Agents
Civilian Industry uses names (Chemical Names, Trade
Names/Synonyms)
2.
Dissemination … Solid, Liquid or Gas (Vapor)
3.
Availability … Controlled and Commercially available
4.
Volatility … Depends upon Chemical Agent encountered (see ERG)
5.
Vapor Density … Depends upon Chemical Agent encountered (see ERG)
6.
Odor … Most Chemical Agents have Specific smell
7.
Routes of Entry … Several into the body:
Inhalation
Ingestion
Absorption
Injection
8.
General signs and/or Symptoms … Depends upon Agent encountered
36
CHEMICAL WMD EXAMPLE –
BLISTER AGENT
(Source: The American Board for Certification in Homeland Security - ABCHS)
37
CHEMICALS AGENTS USED AS WMD
BY “TYPE” (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
BLISTER AGENTS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Type … “Mustards” (H) (Referred to as mustard agents), “Lewisite” (L),
“Phosgene Oxime” (CX); of this group “Mustard” (H) is most likely to be
used, as it is the easiest to produce
Dissemination … Liquid
Availability … Not commercially available; however some countries have
Military Stockpiles
Volatility … Most are relatively persistent, agent (either in vapor or liquid
form) poses a contact or inhalational threat by being slow to evaporate
Vapor Density … Heavier than air
Odor … Onions, Garlic, or Horseradish (“Mustard”); Geraniums (“Lewisite”);
intense and irritating (“Phosgene Oxime” (CX))
Routes of Entry … Inhalation, Ingestion, or Absorption
38
CHEMICAL AGENTS USED AS WMD
BY “TYPE” (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
BLISTER AGENTS (Continued):
8.
General Signs and/or Symptoms … “Mustard” Agent exposure (no effects
for hours, “Lewisite” and “Phosgene Oxime” produce pain (effect seen
immediately); severe itching and blisters, tearing/inflammatory reactions
begin to appear immediately or up to several hours after exposure, causing
pain, extreme light sensitivity, and spasmodic winking, bloody diarrhea,
nausea, vomiting, and extreme weakness, nasal secretions, hoarseness,
progressive coughing, loss of voice, and difficult breathing; gastrointestinal
effects result in the destruction of mucus membranes; shock is possible
Onset of symptoms may not appear for hours with “Mustard” Agents; but
other Blister Agents signs/symptoms onset will occur immediately
39
ADVANTAGES OF USING CHEMICAL
AGENTS AS WMD
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
1.
EASY TO MAKE OR ACQUIRE
2.
AVAILABLE
3.
CHEAP
4.
IMMEDIATE EFFECT
5.
HARD TO DETECT
6.
EASILY SPREAD
7.
TIE UP RESOURCES
8.
PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT
9.
NEXT LEVEL OF ESCALATION
40
DISADVANTAGES OF USING CHEMICAL
AGENTS AS WMD
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual WAR-160)
1.
REQUIRES LARGE QUANTITIES
2.
PRODUCTION AND DEPLOYMENT HAZARDOUS TO TERRORIST
3.
LESS DIFFICULT TO PREPARE FOR
41
BIOLOGICAL
USED
AS
AGENTS
CBRNE
WMD
42
BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS
(Source: The American Board for Certification in Homeland Security)
43
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS USED AS WMD
BY “GROUP”
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS TAKE THE FORM OF DISEASE-CAUSING ORGANISMS
OR
TOXINS PRODUCED BY LIVING ORGANISMS. THEY CAN BE CATEGORIZED INTO
THREE (3) GROUPS:
1.
BACTERIA
2.
VIRUSES
3.
TOXINS
44
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS USED AS WMD
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
•
BIOLOGICAL ATTACKS MAY MIMIC NATURALLY OCCURING DISEASES; THIS
MAY BE DIFFICULT IN DETERMINING IF THE OCCURRENCE IS A TERRORIST
INCIDENT.
•
THE FIRST CLUES TO A BIOLOGICAL ATTACK MAY BE:
–
LARGE NUMBERS OF PATIENTS WITH THE SAME ILLNESS WITHIN A FEW DAYS
–
PREVIOUSLY HEALTHY PERSONS SUDDENLY BECOMING ILL
–
OCCURRENCE OF AN UNUSUAL DISEASE FOR A REGION
–
THE APPEARANCE OF AN ILLNESS “OUT-OF-SEASON” OR THOUGHT TO BE
ERADICATED
–
LARGE NUMBER OF SICK OR DEAD ANIMALS
45
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS USED AS WMD
(Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS … GENERAL CATAGORIES OF INFORMATION:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Type … All Biological Classifications
Dissemination … Solid, Aerosol, Person-to-Person, or Object of a Person,
Liquid
Availability … Commercially, or Natural Setting
Mechanical Routes of Entry (Mechanism of Entry) ... Several into the body
Inhalation (Gases or Aerosols)
Ingestion (Residue Eaten)
Contact (With Agent, Infected Person, or Contaminated Object)
Injection (Punctures in the Skin)
5.
6.
7.
General Signs and/or Symptoms …
Sign = Presence of a disease
Symptom = Change from normal function, sensation or appearance
Mortality … Potential for death resulting from Biological Agent/Event
Basic Treatment … General Medical Treatment for identified Biological Agent
46
BIOLOGICAL WMD EXAMPLE - BACTERIA
(Source: The American Board for Certification in Homeland Security ABCHS)
47
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS USED AS WMD
BY “GROUP” (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
BACTERIA:
ANTHRAX … Primarily a disease of animals. It resides in soil and can create
spores under certain environmental conditions.
1. Type ... “Bacillus Anthraces”
2. Dissemination … Solid
3. Availability ... Naturally occurring; widespread usage in labs throughout
the United States
4. Routes of Entry … Inhalation, Ingestion, Contact or Injection. Humans
can be can become infected with “Anthrax” by handling products from
infected animals, or by breathing in “Anthrax” spores from infected animal
products (like wool for example).
The most deadly form of “Anthrax” is Inhalation. People can also become
infect with “Gastrointestinal Anthrax” by eating undercooked meat from
infected animals.
Not transmittable through human contact with the exception of “Cutaneous
Anthrax,” which is similar to a “Blood borne Pathogen.”
48
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS USED AS WMD
BY “GROUP” (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
BACTERIA:
ANTHRAX (Continued):
5. General Signs and/or Symptoms … The early Symptoms are flulike-chills,
fever, nausea, and swelling of lymph nodes.
6. Mortality … Early treatment of “Cutaneous Anthrax” is usually curative, and
early treatment of all forms is important for recovery (20% with antibiotic
treatment and less than 1% without antibiotic treatment). Fatality for
“Inhalation Anthrax” is 75% even with use of appropriate antibiotics. Fatality
rate for “Gastrointestinal Anthrax” is between 25% and 60%.
7. Basic Treatment … Appropriate Antibiotics for the Biological Agent
identified. Treatment for individuals exposed but do not present symptoms
should continue for 60 days after exposure.
49
BIOLOGICAL WMD EXAMPLE - TOXINS
(Source: The American Board for Certification in Homeland Security)
50
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS USED AS WMD
BY “GROUP” (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual WAR-160)
•
TOXINS ARE HARMFUL “BIOLOGICAL” PRODUCTS MADE BY LIVING
ORGANISMS (BACTERIA, PLANTS, AND ANIMALS).
•
TOXINS FUNCTION MUCH LIKE CHEMICAL AGENTS, BUT THEY ARE MORE
POTENT THAN MOST MAN-MADE CHEMICAL AGENTS.
•
TOXINS ARE NOT CONTAGIOUS.
TOXIN:
RICIN:
1. Type … “Ricinus Communis” (“RICIN”)
2. Dissemination … Solid, Liquid, or Aerosol
3. Availability … Commercially available; naturally occurring
51
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS USED AS WMD
BY “GROUP” (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
TOXIN:
RICINUS COMMUNIS (“RICIN’) (Continued):
4. Routes of Entry … Inhalation, Ingestion, or Injection
5. General Signs and/or Symptoms … Will vary, but may include the following:
generalized weakness
dizziness
dry mouth
dry throat
blurred vision
respiratory failure
Onset of symptoms is one (1) to twelve (12) hours.
Low blood pressure and respiratory failure may occur, leading to death.
52
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS USED AS WMD
BY “GROUP” (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
TOXIN:
“Ricinus Communis” (RICIN”) (Continued):
6. Mortality … Death could take place in seventy-two (72) hours of exposure,
depending on the route of exposure, and the dose received.
If death has not occurred in three (3) to five (5) days, the victim usually
recovers.
7. Basic Treatment … No antidote exists for “RICIN.” Treatment consists of
giving patient “Supportive Care,” and depends on “Route of Entry.”
Assist breathing
IV Fluids
Flush Stomach
Seizure and Low Blood Pressure Medication
Irrigate Eyes if Irritated
53
BIOLOGICAL WMD EXAMPLE - VIRUS
(Source: The American Board for Certification in Homeland Security - ABCHS)
54
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS USED AS WMD
BY “GROUP” (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
•
VIRAL AGENTS (VIRUSES) ARE SMALLER THAN BACTERIA, AND THEY NEED
A HOST PERSON TO REPLICATE AND SPREAD.
•
VIRAL AGENTS ARE NOT RESPONSIVE TO MOST , IF NOT ALL ANTIBIOTICS.
•
THE MOST EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR THE PREVENTION OF VIRAL AGENTS IS A
VACCINATION.
VIRUS:
SMALLPOX:
1. Type … Virus … Causative Virus = “Variola Virus”
2. Dissemination … Aerosol, person-to-person, or object to person (most
common transmission method is large droplet of nuclei, such as sneezing)
55
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS USED AS WMD
BY “GROUP” (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
VIRUS:
SMALLPOX (Continued):
3. Availability … No longer naturally occurring; only known authorized sources
are laboratories in Atlanta and Moscow
4. Routes of Entry …Inhalation. The “Virus” must pass from person to person
in a continuing chain-of-infection and is spread by Inhalation of droplets or
Aerosols.”
“Smallpox” spreads most readily during the cool, dry winter months, but can
be transmitted in any climate and in any part of the world.
56
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS USED AS WMD
BY “GROUP” (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
VIRUS:
SMALLPOX (Continued):
5. General Signs and/or Symptoms … During the first two (2) to three (3)
days of illness, “Smallpox” causes symptoms that affect the whole body,
including: high fever, often rising to more than 104 *F (40 *C), then dropping
over two (2) to three (3); extreme lethargy, severe headache, severe
backache, severe abdominal pain and vomiting.
The incubation period is seventeen (17) days, however, symptoms can
develop as soon as seven (7) days after exposure.
May sometimes be confused with “Chicken Pox,” but differs in signs and
symptoms
Any outbreak of “Smallpox” would be considered a major health threat and a
“Terrorist Incident.”
57
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS USED AS WMD
BY “GROUP” (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
VIRUS:
SMALLPOX (Continued):
6. Mortality … Majority of patients with “Smallpox” recover, but death may
occur in up to 30% of cases. Many “Smallpox” survivors have permanent
scars over large areas of their body, especially their face; some are left blind.
7. Basic Treatment … May be prevented through use of the “Smallpox
Vaccine.” There is no proven treatment for “Smallpox.”
Early test results show that drug “Cidofovir” may fight virus.
Patients can benefit from “Supportive Therapy” (i.e. Intravenous fluids,
medication to control fever or pain, and antibiotics for any secondary bacterial
infections that may occur).
58
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS REGARDING
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
•
Biological Agents are available from Nature, easy to hide and spread, and hard
to detect.
•
“Bacteria, Viruses, and Toxins,” are the three (3) categories or groups of
biological weapons that take the form of “Disease Causing Organisms.”
•
Due to the extensive Medial Infrastructure in the United States, Medical and
Public Health Officials will generally be the first group to detect a “Biological
Attack.”
•
Biological attacks will generally go unnoticed for a period of time.
•
“Toxins” are a non-living substance produced by living plants and animals that
may be used as “Biological Agents.”
59
ADVANTAGES OF USING BIOLOGICAL
AGENTS AS WMD
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
1.
AVAILABILITY … From nature, hospital labs, University Research Facilities
2.
HARD TO DETECT ... Small quantities have tremendous effect
3.
USED COVERTLY … Can be spread throughout large areas by nature
4.
EASILY SPREAD … Ventilation Systems, Person-to-Person
5.
TIE UP RESOURCES …Long lasting latency (Years) Time consuming DECON
6.
PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT … Causes “Terror Reaction” in people
7.
DIFFICULT TO PREPARE FOR … Reactive
V. Proactive Response only
60
DISADVANTAGES OF USING BIOLOGICAL
AGENTS AS WMD
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
1.
DELAYED EFFECTS … Can detract from the intended impact, many times
Terrorists want immediate effect and satisfaction
2.
PRODUCTION OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS AND DEVICES IS HAZARDOUS TO
THE TERRORIST … Need HAZMAT PPE to reduce exposure to Terrorist
3.
DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS REQUIRES
NUMEROUS DIFFICULT STEPS … Minimum sixteen (16) steps
4.
OUTDOOR RELEASES MAY BE HAMPERED BY WIND, RAIN, OR OTHER
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS … May even degrade effectiveness of release
5.
LESS PREDICTABLE RESULT WITH RESPECT TO THE TARGET
POPULATION THAN WITH OTHER TERRORIST DEVICES … Explosions
61
RADIOLOGICAL
AND
NUCLEAR
USED
AS
MATERIALS
WEAPONS
CBRNE
WMD
62
NUCLEAR / RADIOLOGICAL MATERIALS
(Source: The American Board for Certification in Homeland Security - ABCHS)
63
RADIATION BY TYPE
(Source: The American Board for Certification in Homeland Security)
• Alpha
particles
++
• Beta particles
• Gamma rays
• Neutrons
64
RADIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND NUCLEAR
WEAPONS USED AS WMD
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
RECOGNIZING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS … GENERAL INFORMATION:
•
Radiation is the invisible energy emitted by certain types of unstable (or
“Radioactive”) atoms.
•
Energy travels through the air but cannot be seen.
•
Some types can penetrate packaging materials, vehicles, and building walls.
•
When “Radiation” reaches a person, that person is “EXPOSED.”
•
The amount of “Radiation” energy absorbed by a person is called a “DOSE.”
•
Small amounts of “Radiation” (X-ray) has a very low risk of health effects.
•
Large amounts of “Radiation” (High Dose) have a high risk of health effects.
65
RADIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND NUCLEAR
WEAPONS USED AS WMD (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
RECOGNIZING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS … GENERAL INFORMATION
(Continued):
•
High risk health effects include … nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, burns, and
possible death.
•
Terrorists may use “Radiological Material” as WMD to injure or kill people, or to
create fear and panic among the target public.
•
The four (4) types of “Radiation” emitted by “Radioactive Material” are …
ALPHA, BETA, GAMMA, and NEUTRON Radiation.
•
“Radiation” travels from the “Radioactive Material” in all directions (including
upwind).
•
The distance it can travel ranges from ¼ of an inch to hundreds of feet,
depending on the specific type of radioactive material.
66
RADIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND NUCLEAR
WEAPONS USED AS WMD (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
RECOGNIZING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS … GENERAL INFORMTION
(Continued):
•
The farther the “Radiation” travels the weaker (and less hazardous) it becomes.
•
The ERG “Guide 163” recommends isolating a spill, leak, or damaged container
of “Radiological Material” for at least twenty-five (25) Meters (75 feet) in all
directions.
•
“Radioactive Material” may be a solid, liquid, or gas.
•
Many of the types of “Radioactive Material” released into the pubic by
Terrorists may be in the form of dust or powder.
•
“Radioactive Material is not considered to be “contamination” until it is
released from its container.
67
RADIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND NUCLEAR
WEAPONS USED AS WMD (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
RECOGNIZING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS … GENERAL INFORMATION
(Continued):
•
“Radioactive Contamination” is “Radioactive Material” in an unwanted place,
particularly where its presence may be harmful.
•
Some types of “Contamination” may be readily spread from one surface to
another. Some “Contamination” may be suspended in the air.
•
In a “Deliberate Release” of “Radioactive Material” by Terrorists, this
contamination may be in the form of “Radioactive Dust” (Ceramic or powder).
•
NOTE: Even if used as a “Terrorist Weapon,” most of the “Radioactive
Sources” (devices or items with “Radioactive Material”) in the U.S. do not meet
the definition of a WMD, as defined in Title 18, U.S.C. 2332a, because they do
not “release radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life.”
68
RADIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND NUCLEAR
WEAPONS USED AS WMD (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
RECOGNIZING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS … GENERAL INFORMATION
(Continued):
RADIOACTIVE SOURCES THAT CAN BE LIFE-ENDANGERING ARE FOUND AT
•
Hospitals and cancer treatment facilities
•
Industrial and construction sites
•
Nuclear power plants
•
In transit
69
HEALTH HAZARDS IN AN INCIDENT
(Source: The American Board for Certification in Homeland Security)
Exposure
External
Contamination
Internal
Contamination
Source
• Exposure to radiation source (external)
• Contamination (possible internal and/or external)
70
RADIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND NUCLEAR
WEAPONS USED AS WMD (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
EXPOSURE VERSUS CONTAMINATION:
•
External Exposure …The “Radiation,” but not the “Radioactive Material”
reaches the person.
The source of “Radiation” (“Radioactive Material”) is not on the person and not
inside the person, therefore, the person is not contaminated. The person is
“NOT Radioactive.”
This person does not emit “Radiation” and cannot be a hazard to him/herself or
anybody else around, including Medical Personnel.
71
RADIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND NUCLEAR
WEAPONS USED AS WMD (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
EXPOSURE VERSUS CONTAMINATION (Continued):
•
External Contamination … An externally contaminated person has “Radiological
Material physically attached to his or her skin and/or hair.
Everyone and everything near the “release” of “Radioactive Material” must be
treated as potentially “Externally Contaminated.”
This includes victims, Responders, equipment, papers, and evidence.
An “Externally Contaminated” person is receiving an “External Exposure” of
“Radiation” as long as the “Radioactive Material” remains on the individual.
72
RADIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND NUCLEAR
WEAPONS USED AS WMD (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
EXPOSURE VERSUS CONTAMINATION (Continued):
•
Internal Contamination and Internal Exposure … Occurs when unprotected
people ingest, inhale, or are wounded by “Radioactive Material.”
Open wounds can be a pathway for “Internal Contamination.”
The “Internally Contaminated” victim may also be “Externally Contaminate.”
The skin, mouth, and nose are the most obvious routes of “Internal
Contamination.”
In general “Internal Contamination is more dangerous to the victim than
“External Contamination.”
73
RADIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND NUCLEAR
WEAPONS USED AS WMD (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
EXPOSURE VERSUS CONTAMINATION (Continued):
•
“Radioactive Material” can enter the body by four (4) methods:
-- Inhalation … Gaseous or airborne particles, dust particulates, and matter
with “Radioactive Material” may enter the body through the lungs.
-- Ingestion … “Internal Radioactive Contamination” may enter the body
through the gastrointestinal track by way of contaminated food, drink, and
swallowing contaminated mucous from the nasal area.
-- Absorption … “Radioactive Material” may be “Absorbed” through the
skin or mucous membranes.
-- Puncture or Injection … “Radioactive Material can penetrate the body
through cuts, wounds, and punctures to the skin.
74
RADIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND NUCLEAR
WEAPONS USED AS WMD (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
RECOGNIZING RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION:
•
Acute Radiation Syndrome … Victims who receive a large dose of “Radiation”
may suffer from “Acute Radiation Syndrome” (ARS) or “Radiation Sickness.”
Key symptoms are nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Symptoms may not develop for hours after the exposure
If the victims are nauseous and vomiting immediately after release of WMD, the
cause is probably not radiation exposure, many other factors can cause
nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
The larger the dose of “Radiation” a victim receives, the quicker the symptoms
appear and the more severe the reaction.
75
RADIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND NUCLEAR
WEAPONS USED AS WMD (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
RECOGNIZING “RADIATION EXPOSURE DEVICES:”
•
“Radiation Exposure Devices” … May take many different forms, but the
energy “radiated” or “transmitted” in the form of “RAYS, WAVES or
PARTICLES, serves the particular purpose of the Terrorist.
Terrorists may place a stolen “Industrial Radiation source” in a building or
public location, “irradiating” (but not “contaminating”) individuals in the
immediate area every day until the device is discovered, or the victims begin to
show recognizable symptoms.
A “Radiation Exposure Device” is a radiation source placed to expose victims
to high levels of “Radiation.”
There are about two million (2,000,000) “Radioactive Sources” across the
United States in hospitals, medical facilities, construction sites, industrial
manufacturing facilities, university and research labs, in transportation (air,
land, and sea) nuclear power plants, and government facilities.
76
RADIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND NUCLEAR
WEAPONS USED AS WMD (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
RECOGNIZING “RADIATION EXPOSURE DEVICES” (Continued):
“Radiation Exposure Devices” is simply a term used to describe a container
used to transport “Radioactive Materials.”
They all show the International Symbol for “Radioactive Material” in Yellow and
Black colors = Old Color Code … Yellow and “Puce” (“Pinkish Purple”) = New
Color Code … “International Color.”
They are very thick due to the material used as shielding (Lead), and weigh
much more than their appearance indicates.
Their size is dependent upon the amount of “Radioactive Material” being
transported, ranging from small containers six (6) inches in diameter by ten (10)
inches in length and weighing forty (40) to eighty (80) pounds; to containers as
large as vehicles that weigh several tons.
77
RADIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND NUCLEAR
WEAPONS USED AS WMD (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
RECOGNIZING “RADIATION EXPOSURE DEVICES” (Continued):
HOWEVER … “Radiation Sources” often do not have the “Radiation Symbol” on
them.
THEREFORE ... REMEMBER … Any package, container, backpack, etc. that
seems to weigh much more than it normally should may contain lead or
depleted uranium being used to shield (or block) “Radiation” from a dangerous
source.
78
RADIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND NUCLEAR
WEAPONS USED AS WMD (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
RECOGNIZING A RADIOLOGICAL DISPERSAL DEVICE (RDD):
•
“Radiological Dispersal Device” (RDD)” … A “DIRTY BOMB” is a conventional
explosive or bomb containing “Radioactive Material.
The conventional bomb is used as a means to spread radioactive
contamination. It is not a “Nuclear Bomb” and does not involve a “Nuclear
Explosion.”
Any type of “Radio Active” Material could be used in a “Dirty Bomb,” but in
general, these devices would be unlikely to cause serious health effects
beyond those caused by the detonation of conventional Explosives …
ACCORDING TO THE U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION.
“Radioactive Material” may also be dispersed by methods other than
explosives.
79
RADIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND NUCLEAR
WEAPONS USED AS WMD (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
RECOGNIZING A “RADIOLOGICAL DISPERSAL DEVICE” (RDD) (Continued):
An RDD may be as simple as a “Pipe Bomb” or “Explosives” attached to a
shipping container of “Radiological Material”
Because of the wide availability or “Radiological Material” throughout the
world and the ease of building simple explosives, the probability of the use of
an RDD is much higher than that of a “Nuclear Weapon.”
80
RADIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND NUCLEAR
WEAPONS USED AS WMD (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
RECOGNIZING A “RADIOLOGICAL DISPERSAL DEVICE (RDD) (Continued):
The Probable effects of a “Dirty Bomb” detonation would be:
Potential for panic in the general public
Contamination areas near the RDD “Blast Site”
Probably not lethal “Radiation Dose Levels”
Huge numbers of people think that they are “Contaminated”
Small number of “Seriously Contaminated”
Limited “Radiation Detectors and “Trained Personnel” would add to the
problem
81
RADIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND NUCLEAR
WEAPONS USED AS WMD (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
RECOGNIZING NUCLEAR WEAPONS:
•
The use of a “Nuclear Device” by a Terrorist would produce devastating
effects, including “Thermal” (heat) Impulse, Blast Wave, Penetrating Neutron
and Gamma Radiation, and Radioactive Fallout with Radiological
Contamination, and would have a tremendous … “ PSYCHOSOCIAL ” …
impact on the community and the entire country.
There is a lower probability Terrorists will detonate a “Nuclear Weapon” than
an RDD.
Terrorists may attempt to build a “Nuclear Weapon” or attempt to steal or buy
one from a nation in possession of them.
However, there is no direct evidence that this has or is taking place.
82
PROTECTION
(Source: The American Board for Certification in Homeland Security)
• Time
• Distance
Alpha
• Shielding
Beta
Gamma
83
paper
lead
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS REGARDING
RADIATION
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
•
“Radiation Sickness” is also known as “Acute Radiation Syndrome.”
•
“Time, Distance, and Shielding” are the three (3) primary techniques for
minimizing exposure to “Radiation” and “Radioactive Materials.”
•
Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Neutron are the types of “Ionizing Radiation.”
•
A “Dirty Bomb” is the most likely “Radiological Device” that a Terrorist might
use in a WMD Incident.
•
By limiting the “Time” near a source of Radiation and leaving the area as
quickly as possible, a Responder can protect himself/herself from Radiation.
84
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS REGARDING
RADIATION (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” Student Manual AWR-160)
•
When Radiological Material “Physically Attaches” to an “External Surface” (i.e.
person), the phenomena is known as “External Radiological Material
Contamination.”
•
“Time” is defined as a “Protective Action” in as much as personnel should
“Limit” the “Time” near a “Source of Radiation” and Leave the area as quickly
as possible.
85
ADVANTAGES OF USING RADIOLOGICAL
MATERIALS AS WMD
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
1. Available
2. Tie up Resources
3. Psychological Impact
4. Difficult to Prepare for
5. Next Level of Escalation
86
DISADVANTAGES OF USING RADIOLOGICAL
MATERIALS AS WMD
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
1.
Heavy Containers
2.
Delayed Health Effects to Victims, if any
3.
Theft Manufacturing, and Deployment Hazardous to Terrorist
4.
Requires Numerous Difficult Steps to Make Devices Likely to Cause
Mass Casualties
87
EXPLOSIVE
USED
AS
DEVICES
CBRNE
WMD
(Source: Unless specifically credited otherwise, the source of the material presented in this section is The American Board for Certification in Homeland Security)
88
89
90
91
92
93
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USED AS WMD
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
ACCORDING TO THE FBI BOMB DATA CENTER, APPROXIMATELY 70% OF ALL
TERRORIST INCIDENTS INVOLVE THE USE OF EXPLOSIVES AND INCENDIARY
AGENTS. BECAUSE OF THE PREVALENCE OF USE, INDIVIDUALS NEED TO
UNDERSTAND EXPLOSIVES IN ORDER TO SAFELY RESPOND TO AN
“EXPLOSIVE INCIDENT.”
94
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USED AS WMD
(Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
EXPLOSIVE CHARACTERISTICS:
“Energetic” (Explosive) Materials can be divided into three (3) categories …
1. “Pyrotechnics” … are produced to create smoke, light, heat, and sound.
They are not typically used in “Terrorist Bombings.” They are used in “other”
type bombings and arson (i.e. Fireworks, Road Flares, Smoke Grenades, and
Thermites).
2. “Propellants” … also referred to as low explosives, and designed to provide
a controlled release of gas to perform useful work (i.e. push a bullet from a
firearm, or the space shuttle into space). Not typically used in “Homicide
Bombing Attacks.” May be used in IED’s (Improvised Explosive Devices)
(Black or Smokeless Power, Solid and Liquid Rocket Fuels).
95
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USED AS WMD
(Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
EXPLOSIVE CHARACTERISTICS (Continued):
3. “Explosives” … also referred to as “High Explosives, are designed to yield
a near-instantaneous release of energy.
A bomb using “Explosives/High Explosives” is designed to cause
maximum dispersion of “Shrapnel” that is intended to kill and cause
property destruction.
Examples … TNT, C4, and Dynamite
96
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USED AS WMD
(Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
EXPLOSIVE CHARACTERISTICS (Continued):
Stimuli (Insults) … can occur in six (6) forms:
1.) HEAT – Can be in the form of a fire or an atmospheric temperature change.
2.) FRICTION, 3.) IMPACT, 4.) ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE (EDS),
and 5.) SHOCK – These “Insults” often cause accidental detonations if an
individual inadvertently imparts them into the environment.
6.) RADIO FREQUENCY ENERGY (RFE) – “Radio Transmissions” should be
kept at a minimum to lessen the possibility of initiating the “Explosive Device”
97
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USED AS WMD
(Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
CATEGORIES OF “HIGH EXPLOSIVES” (HE):
There are three (3) “Explosive” categories. Each category designates a
different level of sensitivity to “Stimuli” … “Primary” being the most sensitive …
to “Tertiary” being the least sensitive.
1. PRIMARY EXPLOSIVES – “Extremely Sensitive” and as a consequence,
extremely dangerous.
Very small quantities (single granule size) can undergo “Deflagration to
Detonation Transfer” (DDT) = CAN CAUSE DETONATION.
Almost all “Detonators” contain “Primary Explosives.”
98
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USED AS WMD
(Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
CATEGORIES OF HIGH EXPLOSIVES (HE) (Continued):
2. SECONDARY EXPLOSIVES – Generally far less sensitive than
“Primaries.”
They are the “Explosive Materials” more commonly used in bulk (i.e. TNT,
C4, and Dynamite).
Made to withstand rough handling.
Detonating a “Secondary Explosive” requires the tremendous energy levels
created by another explosion, usually created by a “Primary Explosion”
found in a blasting cap.
99
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USED AS WMD
(Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
CATEGORIES OF HIGH EXPLOSIVES (HE) (Continued):
3. TERTIARY EXPLOSIVES – Based on “Ammonium Nitrate” (AN), which is a
very insensitive substance.
Typically require the initiation from a “Secondary Explosive” to cause
“Detonation” … a “Blasting Cap” will not generally initiate them.
Usually a LARGE MASS (one-half range) of “Secondary Explosive”
(REFERED TO AS A “BOOSTER”) is needed for this purpose (For example a
stick of “Dynamite can be used to “Initiate a “Tertiary Explosive.”).
NOTE: These explosives require “confinement,” especially in small
quantities (pounds). However, in larger amounts (hundreds of pounds) they
provide their own “confinement.”
100
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USED AS WMD
(Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
RECOGNIZING “IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE” (IED) COMPONENTS:
NOTE: All “Explosive Devices” (ED’s) … generally consist of four (4) components,
acronym used to recall the components is PIES(F) = POWER SOURCE, INITIATOR,
EXPLOSIVE, and SWITCH, (F) … (i.e. Fragments/Shrapnel):
1. “P” POWER SOURCE – The majority of IED’s contain an “Electric Initiator,”
and as such, require an “Electric Power Source.”
Batteries are the most common source. They are very reliable in causing an
“Initiator” to function. They can be cut and shaped to make detection more
difficult.
Mechanical Action (i.e. spring under pressure) can store sufficient energy to
cause the function of a “Non-electrical Initiator.”
101
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USED AS WMD
(Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
RECOGNIZING “IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE” (IED) COMPONENTS
(Continued):
2. “I” INITIATORS – “Blasting Caps” or “Flame-producing Components” like
“Fuse Igniters” for a “Length-of-Time Fuse.”
Can cause “Low Explosives” or “Highly Sensitive Explosives” to “Detonate.”
Can be very easily made (EXAMPLES = Modified Flash Bulb, Percussion
Primer, or Improvised Hobby Fuses that impart “Flame.”)
102
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USED AS WMD
(Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
RECOGNIZING “IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE” (IED) COMPONENTS
(Continued):
3. “E” EXPLOSIVES – Have previously been discussed, but as an IED
“Component” have a few additional characteristics …
When an “Explosive” is “incorporated” into a “Device,” it is not necessarily in
contact with all other IED components.
Often, these components will survive in some form after a device “detonates.”
RECOGNIZE: THERE IS ALWAYS EVIDENTIARY DEBRIS AT A “POSTBLAST
INCIDENT.”
103
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USED AS WMD
(Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
RECOGNIZING “IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE (IED) COMPONENTS
(Continued):
4. “S” SWITCHES – Incorporated into a “Device” as either an “Arming Switch”
or a “Fuse.” Can be simple or complex.
More than one (1) switch can be used to create “Redundancy” in the system.
Many IED’s incorporate both an “Arming Switch” and a “Fusing Switch.”
The “Arming Switch” is the “SAFETY” for the IED and works by “disarming”
(electrically disengaging) the “Fuse Switch”.
When the “Arming Switch” is “ARMED” the “Fusing Switch” becomes
“FUNCTIONAL.” However, the “circuit” is still closed.
104
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USED AS WMD
(Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
RECOGNIZING “IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE” (IED) COMPONENTS
(Continued):
4. “S” SWITCHES (Continued) …
When the “”Fusing Switch” is activated, the “circuit becomes open” and will
connect battery power to the “Initiator” (Blasting Cap) – Detonation will occur.
Switches are almost unlimited in design and construction so any approach or
action by its intended target or a First Responder will result in “Detonation.”
Switches specifically intended for IED application can take on any form (i.e.
physical appearance and form) and can appear quite innocent looking –
completely fitting into the environment.
105
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USED AS WMD
(Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
RECOGNIZING “IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE” (IED) COMPONENTS
(Continued):
“(F)” FRAGMENTATION AND SHRAPNEL – Although may or may-not
“Technically” be categorized as part of an ED. That part of the IED, wherein
materials are added to the “Device” for inflicting “maximum casualties
EXAMPLES: Include ball bearings, nuts, bolts, nails, BB’s, Pieces of Rock,
Pieces of Glass, etc, etc, and even “Infectious Materials.”
106
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USED AS WMD
(Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
EXPLOSIVE INCIDENT RESPONSE:
RESPONSE … There are three (3) types of “Explosive Incidents” individuals may
have to deal with and each has its unique “Response Requirements.” However,
safety is of utmost importance in responding to each type.
An individual who becomes injured or killed is no longer a part of the solution, but
has become part of the problem.
1. PREBLAST INCIDENTS: will most likely be reported to dispatch and the
First Responder will be sent to the scene.
Perimeters should be established based on the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,
Firearms, and Explosives (BATFE) distance table.
After establishing safe perimeter, search and evacuate decisions must be
made.
107
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USED AS WMD
(Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
EXPLOSIVE INCIDENT RESPONSE (Continued):
2. POSTBLAST RESPONSE: Decisions based on the “destruction”
caused by the blast.
Most Important Decision … where to establish the “First (INNER)
Perimeter” or “HOT ZONE.”
Next requirement is to begin “Victim Triage” and “Treatment.”
Hazards include … Collapsed Building Rescues; Fire; Live Electrical
Lines Down; Punctured Natural Gas Lines.
NOTE: IT IS IMPORTANT NOT TO RUSH IN, BUT TO ASSESS THE
INCIDENT BEFORE ENTERING THE AREA OF THE “SEAT OF THE
EXPLOSION.”
108
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USED AS WMD
(Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
EXPLOSIVE INCIDENT RESPONSE (Continued):
3. CONTINUING EXPLOSIVE INCIDENT: One of the most difficult types
of “Explosive Incidents.”
It is an incident like that seen in “Columbine,” Colorado, where “Active
Shooters” were present at a scene with explosive devices present, and
there were either on-going “Explosions” taking place, or “Explosive
Devices” set up as “Booby Traps” for Responders and Law Enforcement.
“Incident Mitigation” is on-going at the same time that “Rescue
Operations” are being conducted (Differs from “Postblast Response” in
simultaneous (concurrent) nature of Mitigation and Rescue Operations.)
109
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USED AS WMD
(Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
EXPLOSIVE INCIDENT RESONSE (Continued):
•
SECONDARY DEVICES … Responders should always anticipate a “Secondary
Device” when responding to any of the three (3) types of “Explosive Incidents.”
Such “Secondary Devices” are placed specifically to target individuals because
Terrorists seek to generate chaos and fear in the Civilian Population.
Most of the victims of “Secondary Devices” are “First Responders.”
110
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USED AS WMD “RULES OF ENGAGEMENT”
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
AVOID:
•
Individuals should use the principles of TIME, DISTANCE, and SHIELDING to
avoid “Explosive Devices.”
TIME … Minimize the time spent in the affected area. Less time spent in close
Proximity to a “Device” means less exposure to the “Device.”
Once the potential for a “Device is recognized, quickly evacuate the area.
GET OUT AND STAY OUT UNTIL THE ALL CLEAR SIGNAL IS GIVEN!!
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
111
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USED AS WMD
“RULES OF ENGAGEMENT” (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
AVOID (Continued):
DISTANCE … Maximize the distance from the contaminated (“Explosive”)
materials.
Exposure is inversely proportional to distance – the greater the distance
means less exposure.
However, do not increase the “Distance” to the point where the
“Perimeter” could not be controlled.
If Emergency Service Personnel are dealing with an “Explosive
Shipment” … “Distances” are delineated in the ERG; in all other cases,
use the “BATFE Distances.”
112
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USED AS WMD
“RULES OF ENGAGEMENT” (Continued)
(Source: U.S. Department of Homeland Security “WMD Awareness Level Training” … Student Manual AWR-160)
AVOID (Continued):
SHIELDING … Use “Shielding” whenever it is necessary to reduce or
eliminate “Exposure.”
By placing an appropriate “Shield” between the potential “Explosive
Device” and an individual, “Exposure” (i.e. to a potential “Explosion) may
be reduced to an “acceptable” level (i.e. may produce less serious
“Injuries” and or “Death.”
113
ADVANTAGES / DISADVANTAGES OF
EXPLOSIVES AS WMD
(Source: The American Board for Certification in Homeland Security – CHS)
•
Advantages:
Plentiful
Numerous Types (Mission Capable)
Relatively Inexpensive
Readily Available
Relatively Easy To Work With
Most Are “Stable”
•
Disadvantages:
Traceable To Source (Supplier)
Signature (Builder Characteristics)
Certain Types May Be Controlled
114
INCIDENT MANAGEMENT
“There cannot be a crisis next week. My schedule is already full.”
Henry A. Kissinger
Former Secretary of State
115
RECENT CATASTROPHIC
“EVENTS”
116
11 SEPTEMBER 2001
117
118
Hurricane Katrina 2005
119
LONDON TRAIN BOMBINGS – 2005
(Source: The British Broadcasting Corporation - BBC)
120
LONDON FAILED CAR BOMBS AND
GLASGOW AIRPORT CAR BOMBING – 2007
(Source: The British Broadcasting Corporation - BBC)
121
CRISIS AND DISASTER INCIDENTS
THE THREE CATEGORES CATASTROPHIC EVENTS
•
NATURAL (Weather … Mother Nature)
•
MANMADE (Accidents … HAZMAT Incidents)
•
TERRORISM (Planned Attacks … Acts of Terrorism)
122
CRISIS / DISASTER INCIDENT MANAGEMENT
RULES
•
All incidents are manageable … the key is advance planning and preparation.
•
Plan for the worst, hope for the best.
•
Quick action is essential
•
Don’t confuse “Crisis Management” with “Public Relations.”
•
Don't play the blame game-fix the problem.
•
Every crisis is an opportunity.
•
Do not lie to the public !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
123
DO WE HAVE A PLAN ?
124
PRE 9/11 REQUESTS FOR FEDERAL
ASSISTANCE
•
Notifications of local or Regional Federal Offices followed locally established
procedures
•
Formal requests for Federal Assistance were in accordance with State and
local procedures.
•
But this caused numerous problems in organizing a “Unified National
Response which is layered, with mutually supporting capabilities.”
125
126
127
128
RESPONSE PHASES
(Source: The American Board for Certification in Homeland Security – ABCHS)
Notification Phase
Incident recognized
Response Phase
Scene control
begins
Recovery Phase
Last ambulatory victim
removed
Restoration Phase
Awareness
Level Actions
Contamination
survey completed
129
BUT AGAIN …
DO WE HAVE A PLAN ?
A NATIONAL PLAN ?
130
YES
WE HAVE A NEW PLAN
IT IS CALLED A
“FRAMEWORK”
131
“THE NATIONAL RESPONSE FRAMEWORK”
(NRF) (Short Name “The Framework”)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security - DHS)
•
On 10 September 2007, DHS released the DRAFT “National Response
Framework” (NRF), successor to the “The National Response Plan.”
•
The National Response Framework became “Officially Adopted” by The
Department of Homeland Security as of 1 January, 2008”
•
The “Framework:”
focuses on response and short-term recovery, articulates the doctrine,
principles, and architecture by which our nation prepares for and
responds to all-hazard disasters across all levels of government and all
sectors of communities.
132
“THE NATIONAL RESPONSE FRAMEWORK”
(Source: Colonel A. Jurchenko, Sr. CHS-V, The American Board for Certification in Homeland Security)
The purpose of this portion of the presentation is to give you a brief
understanding and overview of The National Response Framework. The
purpose is not to provide you with an in-depth working knowledge of the
document. However, that having been said, as Homeland Security
Professionals dedicated to the Protection and Security of The Homeland, it is
incumbent upon each and everyone of us to become knowledgeable of, and
maintain an in-depth understanding of the “NRF” in order for us to perform
our mission of Securing The Homeland.
133
“THE NATIONAL RESPONSE FRAMEWORK”
(NRF) (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
The Framework is responsive to repeated Federal, State and Local requests for
a streamlined document that is:
–
shorter
–
less bureaucratic
–
and more user-friendly
134
“THE NATIONAL RESPONSE FRAMEWORK”
(NRF) (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
SIMPLY STATED
• The National Response Framework presents the guiding
principles that enable all Response Partners to prepare and/or
provide a United National Response to Disasters and
Emergencies – from the smallest Incident to the largest
catastrophe.
• The Framework establishes a Comprehensive, National, Allhazards approach to Domestic Incident Response.
135
THE HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF
“THE NATIONAL RESPONSE FRAMEWORK”
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
A brief discussion of its history underscores important elements of “The
Framework” and highlights improvement to the previous “National Response
Plan” (NRP) …
1. “The Framework” is an outgrowth of previous interactions of several other
Federal planning documents (i.e. several other Response Plans):
A. “The Framework” was preceded 15 years earlier by a The Federal Response
Plan” (1992 FRP) that focused largely on Federal roles and responsibilities.
B. Following the 9/11 attacks, more urgent efforts were made to understand
and implement Common Incident Management and Response Principles and
to develop Common Planning Frameworks … Thus the 2004 NRP was
created.
C. The 2004 NRP was an early outgrowth of those discussions, replacing the
earlier “Federal Response Plan” (FRP).
136
THE HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF THE
“NATIONAL RESPONSE FRAMEWORK”
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
D. It was published one year after creation of The Department of Homeland
Security (DHS).
E. The NRP broke new ground in integrating all levels of government in a
common Incident Management Framework.
F. It incorporated Incident Coordination Roles for Federal Agencies as defined
by several new laws and Presidential Directives.
G. Nine (9) months after Katrina’s landfall, a notice of change to the NRP was
released, incorporating Preliminary Lessons Learned from the 2005
hurricane season.
137
THE HISTORY AND EVLOUTION OF THE
“NATIONAL RESPONSE FRAMEWORK”
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
2. Stakeholders suggested changes to the NRP–both structural and substantive …
A. Stakeholders advised that both the Initial NRP and its 2006 iteration were
bureaucratic and internally repetitive.
B. Users also suggested the NRP was still insufficiently national in its focus,
which is to say that it should speak more clearly to the roles and
responsibilities of all parties involved in response.
C. Moreover, it was evident that the NRP and its supporting documents did not
constitute a true Operational Plan in the sense understood by Emergency
Managers.
D. Its contents were inconsistent with the promise of its title.
138
THE HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF
“THE NATIONAL RESPONSE FRAMEWORK”
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
3. By adopting the term “Framework” within the title, this document is now more
accurately aligned with its intended purposes.
A. Effective response to an incident is a shared responsibility of Governments
at all levels, the Private Sector and NGO’s, and Individual Citizens.
B. This Framework commits the Federal Government, in partnership with Local,
Tribal, and State Governments and the Private Sector, to complete both
Strategic and Operational Plans for the incident scenarios specified in the
National Preparedness Guidelines (i.e. a set of scenarios representing a
broad range of Terrorist Attacks and Natural Disasters that would stretch the
Nation’s Prevention and Response Capabilities).
139
THE FRAMEWORK … “NRF”
(THE NATIONAL RESPONSE FRAMEWORK)
(Source: The United Stated Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
WHAT IS THE NATIONAL RESPONSE FRAMEWORK?
1. The National Response Framework is a guide that details how the Nation
conducts all-hazards response – from the smallest incident to the largest
catastrophe.
2. The document establishes a comprehensive, national, all-hazards approach
to Domestic Incident Response.
3. The Framework identifies the key response principles, as well as the roles
and structures that organize national response.
140
THE FRAMEWORK … “NRF”
(THE NATIONAL RESPONSE FRAMEWORK)
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
WHAT IS THE NATIONAL RESPONSE FRAMEWORK (Continued)?
4. It describes how communities, State, The Federal Government and Privatesector and Nongovernmental Partners apply these principles of a
coordinated, effective National Response.
5. In addition, it describes “Special Circumstances” where The Federal
Government exercises a larger role, including incidents where “Federal
Interests” are involved and catastrophic incidents where a State would
require significant support.
6. It lays the groundwork for First Responders, Decision-makers and
“Supporting Entities” to provide a unified National Response.
141
THE FRAMEWORK … “NRF”
(THE NATIONAL RESPONSE FRAMEWORK)
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
WHO WAS THE NRF WRITTEN FOR (I.E. AUDIENCES)?
1. The NRF was written especially for Government Executives, Private-sector
Business, and Nongovernmental Leaders and Emergency Management
Practitioners.
2. The NRF’s clear, simple style makes the serious work of Incident
Management understandable for newly elected or appointed Government
Officials, Business Executives, as well as Seasoned Practitioners.
142
THE FRAMEWORK … “NRF”
(THE NATIONAL RESPONSE FRAMEWORK)
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
WHO WAS THE NRF WRITTEN FOR (I.E. AUDIENCES) (Continued)?
3. The NRF is addressed to Senior Elected and Appointed Leaders, such as
Federal Department or Agency Heads., State Governors, Mayors, Tribal
Leaders or city Managers – those who have a responsibility to provide for
effective Emergency Management.
4. The NRF also informs Emergency Management Practitioners, explaining the
operating structures and tools used routinely by First Responders and
Emergency Managers at all levels of Government.
5. The NRF Resource Center (www.fema.gov/NRF) is an important online
reference center that provides Stakeholders at all levels of Government, The
Private Sector and Non-governmental Organizations access to the NRF and
supporting documents.
143
THE FRAMEWORK … “NRF”
(THE NATIONAL RESPONSE FRAMEWORK)
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
WHAT DOES THE NRF DO?
1. The NRF identifies “Response Doctrine.”
2. The NRF retains the same core principles of The National Incident
Management System (NIMS) in which First Responders from different
jurisdictions and disciplines can work together more closely to effectively
respond to Natural Disasters and Emergencies, including acts of Terrorism.
144
THE FRAMEWORK … “NRF”
(THE NATIONAL RESPONSE FRAMEWORK)
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
THE NRF DRAWS ITS FOCUS ON PREPAREDNESS!
1. Effective Preparedness is a critical precondition for successful Response.
2. The NRF encourages a higher level of readiness by drawing a sharper focus
on the value of the following preparedness activities:
* Planning
* Organizing
* Training
* Equipping
* Exercising
* Applying Lessons Learned
3. Mastery of these key functions supports unity of effort, and thus our ability
to save lives, protect property, and meet basic human needs.
145
THE FRAMEWORK … “NRF”
(THE NATIONAL RESPONSE FRAMEWORK)
(Continued)
(Source: The United Sates Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
THE NRF GUIDES THE CONDUCT OF ALL-HAZARDS RESPONSE.
Through engaged partnerships with elected and Appointed Officials, dedicated
Emergency Management Practitioners, Nongovernmental Organizations, and
Private-sector, and by applying common NIMS Principles and Response
Doctrine, Government at all levels can respond more effectively to incidents
and better serve our communities and the Nation.
146
“NRF” RESPONSE DOCTRINE
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
Response Doctrine defines basic Roles, Responsibilities, and Operational
Concepts for response across all levels of Government and with Non
Government Organizations (NGO’s) and the Private-sector.
•
The overarching objective of Response Activities centers upon saving lives
and protecting property and the environment.
•
The Five (5) “Key Principles” of Operations define Response Actions in
support of the Nation’s Response Mission.
•
Taken together, these five principles of Operation constitute National
Response Doctrine.
•
Response Doctrine is rooted in America’s Federal System and The
Constitution’s division of responsibilities between Federal and State
Governments.
147
RESPONSE DOCTRINE KEY PRINCIPLES
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
THE NRF IS A GUIDE TO HOW THE NATION CONDUCTS ALL-HAZARDS
RESPONSE AND IS BUILT ON THE FOLLOWING FIVE KEY RESPONSE
PRINCIPLES (i.e. RESPONSE DOCTRINE):
1. Engaged Partnerships
2. Tiered Response
3. Scalable, Flexible and Adaptable Operational Capabilities
4. Unity of effort through Unified Command
5. Readiness to Act
148
RESPONSE DOCTRINE KEY PRINCIPLES
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
1. Engaged Partnerships –
Leaders at all levels must communicate and actively support engaged
partnerships by developing shared goals and aligning capabilities so that
no one is overwhelmed in times of crisis.
149
RESPONSE DOCTRINE KEY PRINCIPLES
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
2. Tiered Response –
Incidents must be managed at the lowest possible jurisdictional level and
supported by additional capabilities when needed.
150
RESPONSE DOCTRINE KEY PRINCIPLES
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
3. Scalable, Flexible, and Adaptable Operational Capabilities –
As incidents change in size, scope, and complexity, the response must
adapt to meet requirements.
151
RESPONSE DOCTRINE KEY PRINCIPLES
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
4. Unity of Effort Through Unified Command –
Effective Unified Command is indispensable to response activities and
requires a clear understanding of the roles and responsibilities of each
participating organization.
152
RESPONSE DOCTRINE KEY PRINCIPLES
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
5. Readiness to Act –
Effective response requires readiness to act balanced with an
understanding of risk from Individuals, Households, and Communities
to Local, Tribal, State and Federal Governments. National Response
depends on the instinct and ability to act.
(NOTE: Once Response Activities have begun, on-scene actions are
based on NIMS Principles)
153
THE “NRF” PHILOSOPHY
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
“The Framework recognizes that most incidents are managed locally.
But when needed to support State and Local Officials as they respond to a
disaster, the Framework establishes the playbook for the Federal Coordination
of Resources and assets to manage Disasters of all sizes and scope.”
Michael Chertoff
Secretary of Homeland Security
154
THE “NRF” IS ALSO PART OF A BROADER
STRATEGY
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
The National Response Framework is required by, and integrates under, a
larger National Strategy for Homeland Security (Strategy) that serves to guide,
organize, and unify our Nation’s Homeland Security efforts.
•
The Strategy reflects our increased understanding of the threats confronting
the United States, incorporates lessons learned from exercises and real-world
catastrophes, and articulates how we should ensure our long-term success by
strengthening the Homeland Security foundation we have built.
155
THE “NRF” IS ALSO PART OF A BROADER
STRATEGY (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
It (The Strategy) provides a common framework by which our entire Nation
should focus the Homeland Security efforts on achieving the following four (4)
Goals:
1. Prevent and disrupt Terrorist Attacks.
2. Protect the American People and our Critical Infrastructure and Key
Resources.
3. Respond to and recover from incidents that do occur.
4. Continue to strengthen the foundation to ensure our long-term success.
156
THE “NRF” IS ALSO PART OF A BROADER
STRATEGY (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
While the first three (3) goals help to organize our National Efforts, the last goal
entails creating and transforming our Homeland Security Principles, Systems,
Structures, and Institutions.
•
The NRF Strategy primarily focuses on the third goal: Respond to and recover
from incidents that do occur.
157
THE “NRF” IS ALSO PART OF A BROADER
STRATEGY (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
The Strategy also provides the context that given the certainty of catastrophes
on our soil – no matter how unprecedented or extraordinary – it is our
collective duty to provide the best response possible.
•
It states that, when needed, we will bring to bear the Nation’s full capabilities
and resources to save lives, mitigate suffering, and protect property.
•
The Strategy also reminds us that as the Nation responds to an incident, we
must also begin to lay the foundation not only for a strong recovery over the
short term but also for the rebuilding and revitalization of affected communities
and regions over the long term.
158
WHAT’S NEW IN THE “NRF”
(Source: The United Sates Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
THE NAME: Again The National Response Plan has been renamed The
National Response Framework to better align the document with its intent and
to encourage the continued development and refinement of Detailed, Robust
All-hazards Emergency Operations Plans.
•
THE OBJECTIVE: To revise The National Response Plan into a more user
friendly document that is easier to read and better reflects a National Approach
to Domestic Incident Response.
159
WHAT’S NEW IN THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United Sates Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
THE SCOPE: The Framework provides structures of implementing Nationwide
Response Policy and Operational Coordination for all types of Domestic
Incidents.
The Framework provides structures for implementing Nationallevel Policy and Operational Coordination for Domestic Incident Response.
In this document, incidents include Actual or Potential Emergencies of Allhazards Events that range from Accidents and Natural Disasters to Actual or
Potential Terrorist Attacks.
They include Modest Events wholly contained within a Single Community to
others that are Catastrophic in nature and National in their Scope of
Consequences.
160
WHAT’S NEW IN THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
THE AUDIENCE: Again … The Framework is intended for Executives and
Emergency Management Practitioners at all levels of Government, as well as
Private Sector and Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO’s).
•
THE KEY CONCEPTS: An effective, “Unified National Response” requires
“Layered, Mutually Supporting Capabilities,” with “States having the primary
responsibility for the Public Health and Welfare of their citizens.”
As stated previously the five elemental principles of operation animate
incident effective incident response under The Framework are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Engaged Partnerships
Tiered Response
Scalable, flexible and adaptable operational capabilities
Unity of effort through Unified Command
Readiness to act
161
WHAT’S NEW IN THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
AN EXPANDED FOCUS TO INCLUDE ALL PARTNERS: The Framework states
that an effective National Response requires “Layered, Mutually Supporting
Capabilities.”
This Approach affirms that States, Territories and Tribal Nations have “Primary
Responsibility” for the “Safety and Security of their Citizens;” that Local
Leaders build the foundation for “Response” and that “Resilient Communities”
begin with “Prepared Individuals and Families.”
162
WHAT’S NEW IN THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
A PLANNING SECTION: The Framework contains a new/additional section that
focuses on the critical importance of planning.
The Goal is to provide the means to …
1. Link Planning, Preparedness, Resource and Asset Management Processes
and Data in a Virtual Environment.
2. Prioritize Plans and Planning Efforts to best Support Homeland Security
Strategies and allow Seamless Transition to Execution.
3. Provide Parallel and Concurrent Planning at all levels of Government.
163
WHAT’S NEW IN THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
UPDATED ANNEXES AND APPENDIXES:
The Emergency Support Function, Support and Incident Annexes and
Appendixes have been updated, expanded and remain an integral part of The
Framework.
Again these documents are available on line at www.fema.gov/NRF along with
other reference material.
164
WHAT’S NEW IN THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United Stated Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
NEW GUIDES FOR RESPONSE PARTNERS: New Partner Guides are available
for Community, State, Federal and Private Sector Partners to assist them in
applying The Framework's principles for Coordinated, “Effective Nation
Response.”
Each Guide provides a detailed description of Roles and Responsibilities;
Response Structures; Key Actions before, during and after an Incident; and
a way to request and/or provide assistance.
These sections are intended to provide an overview of how these various
organizations organize and operate, and how they interact with each other to
provide a unified, “National Response.”
165
WHAT’S NEW IN THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
TERMS - POSITONS - ROLES - RESPONSIBILITIES AND FUNCTIONS … HAVE
BEEN CHANGED, CREATED, DELETED, ELIMINATED, AND/OR REPLACED:
“Incident of National Significance” … The term Incident of National
Significance has been eliminated in favor of more agile coordinated response
by the entire Incident Management Community.
The designation of an “Incident of National Significance” became an arbitrary
trigger point for various levels of response activities.
NOTE: As a result of the elimination of this term … The President can now
Declare an Emergency and/or Disaster without a request from a State, and also
thereby “preposition” supplies and materials in anticipation of such real-world
contingencies.
166
WHAT’S NEW IN THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United Stated Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES HAVE CHANGED:
1. Principal Federal Official (PFO): The Principal Federal Official will
coordinate the activities of other Federal Officials, acting under their own
authorities, to ensure consistency of Federal Support as well as the overall
effectiveness of Federal Incident Management.
2. Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO): For “Stafford Act Events,” the FCO is
the focal point of coordination within the Unified Coordination Group, ensuring
overall integration of Federal Emergency Management, resource allocation and
seamless integration of Federal Activities in support of, and in coordination
with State, Tribal and Local Requirements.
167
WHAT’S NEW IN THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
3. Senior Federal Law Enforcement Official (SFLEO): The Framework indicates
that the SFLEO is appointed by The Attorney General during an incident
requiring a coordinated Federal Response to coordinate all Law Enforcement,
Public Safety and Security Operations with Intelligence/Investigative Law
Enforcement Operations directly elated to the Incident.
168
WHAT’S NEW IN THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
4. Joint Task Force (JTF) Commander: Based on the magnitude, type of
incident and anticipated level of resource involvement, The Department of
Defense (DOD) may utilize a JTF to Command Federal Military Forces in
support of The Incident Response.
A JTF Commander exercises Operational Control of all allocated DOD
resources (excluding U.S. Army Corps of Engineers).
The use of a JTF does not replace the requirement for a Defense
Coordinating Officer, and the JTF does not coordinate requests for assistance
from DOD.
169
WHAT’S NEW IN THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
MAJOR CHANGES IN ANNEX FUNCTIONS: While there were many proposed
changes to annexes such as addition of support agencies or responsibilities,
only the major fundamental changes to an Emergency Support Function (ESF),
which are essential to the execution of the annex functions are listed below
(and are a result of Lessons Learned specifically from “Hurricane Katrina”) …
1. ESF #6 – Mass Care, Emergency Assistance, Housing, and Human Services:
Is expanded in scope to include Emergency Assistance, the aid required by
Individuals, Families and their Communities to ensure that Immediate Needs
are met beyond the scope of the traditional “mass care” services.
170
WHAT’S NEW IN THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
1. (Continued) … ESF #6 – Mass Care, Emergency Assistance, Housing and
Human Services:
These Services Include ... Support to Evacuations (including the
Registration and Tracking of Evacuees); Reunification of Families; Pet
Evacuation and Sheltering; Support to Specialized Shelters; Support to
Medical Shelters; Nonconventional Shelter Management; Coordination of
Donated Goods and Services; and Coordination of Voluntary Agency
Assistance.
171
WHAT’S NEW IN THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
1. (Continued) … ESF #6 Mass Care, Emergency Assistance, Housing, and
Human Services:
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS)/Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) executes the Emergency Assistance Activity.
In addition, The American Red Cross is no longer a primary agency for mass
care; that responsibility has transferred to DHS/FEMA.
172
WHAT’S NEW IN THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
2. ESF #9 – Search and Rescue: ESF #9 is expanded from its original scope of
urban search and rescue to incorporate Structure Collapse (Urban) Search and
Rescue, Waterborne Search and Rescue, Inland/Wilderness Search and Rescue
and Aeronautical Search and Rescue.
3. ESF #10 – Oil and Hazardous Materials Response: ESF #10 has
incorporated additional responsibilities from the now defunct “Oil and
Hazardous Materials Incident Annex in the previous NRP which the NRF has
replaced.”
173
WHAT’S NEW IN THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United Stated Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
4. ESF #11 – Agriculture and Natural Resources: ESF #11 added a fifth
primary function of Safety and Well-Being of Household Pets. Under the
Department of Agriculture (USDA), ESF #11 will coordinate and support an
integrated Federal, State, Tribal and Local Response to ensure the “safety
and well-being of household pets” (a “Katrina” Lesson Learned again).
Supported Activities include the Evacuation, Transportation, Sheltering,
Husbandry and Veterinary Care of affected animals as mandated in the
“Pets Evacuation and Transportations Act of 2006.”
174
WHAT’S NEW IN THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
5. ESF #13 – Public Safety and Security: ESF #13 has expanded its scope to
include General Law Enforcement.
6. Critical Infrastructure/Key Resources (CI/KR) Support Annex: A new annex
was developed which details processes to insure Coordination and Integration
of CI/KR-related activities among a wide array of Public and Private Incident
Managers and CI/KR Security Partners within immediate incident areas as well
as at the Regional and National Levels (another “Katrina” Lesson Learned).
DHS is the Coordinating Agency.
175
WHAT’S NEW IN THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
7. Volunteer and Donations Management Support Annex: The Volunteer and
Donations Management Support Annex includes a function to facilitate
collection and tracking of offers of Goods and Services to enable effective
matching of offers through a website.
The annex also addresses International Donations (another “Katrina” Lesson
Learned).
Private Sector and other High-level Offers of Donations and Volunteer are
supported by the DHS Sector Office.
176
WHAT’S NEW IN THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
8. Food and Agriculture Incident Annex: The Food and Agriculture Incident
Annex describes the Roles and Responsibilities associated with all incidents
that require a Coordinated Federal Response involving the Nation’s Agriculture
and Food Systems.
While this annex was released in summer of 2006, it was released
independently from other National Response Plan Documents.
USDA and The Department of Health and Human Services are the Coordinating
Agencies for the Food and Agriculture Incident Annex.
177
WHAT’S NEW IN THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
9. Mass Evacuation Incident Annex: This annex identifies the agencies and
organizations involved in a Federally Supported Mass Evacuation Operation;
defines the roles and responsibilities of Federal entities in Planning, Preparing
for and Conducting Mass Evacuations in support of State, Tribal and Local
Authorities; establishes the criteria under which Federal support to Mass
Evacuations is provided; and provides a Concept of Operations (CONOPS) for
Federal Mass Evacuation Support.
DHS/FEMA is the Coordinating Agency for the Mass Evacuation incident
Annex.
178
THE “NRF” AS A DOCUMENT AND ITS
COMPONENTS
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
The Framework presents the key response principles, participants, roles, and
structures that guide the Nation's Response Operations.
•
The Framework’s clear, simple writing style makes the serious work of Incident
Management understandable for Governments and Business Executives as
well as Emergency Management Practitioners.
179
THE “NRF” AS A DOCUMENT AND IT’S
COMPONENTS (Continued)
(Source: The United Sates Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
CHAPTER I – Roles and Responsibilities.
This chapter sharpens the focus on “WHO” is involved with Emergency
Management Activities at the Local, Tribal, State, and Federal Levels and
with the Private-sector and Non Government Organizations (NGO’s).
(An effective, unified National Response requires layered, mutually
supporting capabilities.)
(It also emphasizes the importance of personal preparedness by
individuals and households.)
180
THE “NRF” AS A DOCUMENT AND IT’S
COMPONENTS (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
CHAPTER II – Response Actions.
This chapter describes “WHAT” we as a Nation collectively do to respond
to incidents.
(The National Response Framework is always in effect, and elements can
be implemented at any level at any time.)
181
THE “NRF” AS A DOCUMENT AND IT’S
COMPONENTS (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
CHAPTER III – Response Organization.
This Chapter explains “HOW” we as a Nation are organized to implement
Response Actions.
(The Framework describes what we do and how we respond.)
182
THE “NRF” AS A DOCUMENT AND IT’S
COMPONENTS (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
CHAPTER IV – Planning: A Critical Element of Effective Response.
This chapter emphasizes the importance of PLANNING and summarizes
the elements of National Planning Structures.
183
THE “NRF” AS A DOCUMENT AND IT’S
COMPONENTS (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
CHAPTER V – Additional Resources.
This final chapter summarizes the content and plan for the online NRF
Resource Center, a new, actively managed DHS/Federal Emergency
Management Agency Web Site that will deliver state-of-the-art support for
The Framework with additional support tools shaped by and addressed
to the Response Community.
184
THE “NRF” AS A DOCUMENT AND IT’S
COMPONENTS (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
HOW THE FRAMEWORK IS ORGANIZED:
•
The National Response Framework is comprised of the Core Document, the
Emergency Support Function (ESF), Support, and Incident Annexes, and the
Partner Guides.
- Emergency Support Function (ESF) Annexes group Federal resources and
capabilities into functional areas that are most frequently needed in a
National Response (e.g. Transportation, Firefighting, Mass Care).
- Support Annexes describe essential supporting aspects that are common
to all incidents (e.g. Financial Management, Volunteer and Donations
Management, Private-Sector Coordination).
185
THE “NRF” AS A DOCUMENT AND IT’S
COMPONENTS (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
HOW THE FRAMEWORK IS ORGANIZED (Continued):
- Incident Annexes address the unique aspects of how we respond to
several broad incident categories (i.e. Biological, Nuclear/Radiological,
Cyber, Mass Evacuations).
- Partner Guides provide ready references describing key roles and actions
for Local, Tribal, State, Federal, and private-sector Response Partners.
186
THE “NRF” BOTTOM LINE AT THE LOCAL
LEVEL
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
1. The responsibility for responding to Incidents, both natural and manmade,
begins at the local level – with individuals and public officials in the County,
City, or town affected by the Incident.
2. A mayor, City Manager, or County Manager, as a jurisdiction's Chief
Executive Officer, is responsible of ensuring the public safety and welfare of
the people of that Jurisdiction.
3. “Significant Incidents” require a coordinated response across Agencies and
Jurisdictions, Political Boundaries, Sectors of Society, Organizations, etc.
These incidents will require that publicly Elected and Appointed Officials, as
well as Business Owners and Community Leaders, make difficult decisions for
the benefit of “the community as a whole.”
187
THE “NRF” BOTTOM LINE AT THE LOCAL
LEVEL (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
4. Local Leaders also work closely with their Members of Congress during
incidents and on an ongoing basis regarding local preparedness capabilities
and needs. Members of Congress play an important, ongoing role in
supporting their constituents for Elective Local Response and Emergency
Planning.
5. Although not formally a part of Emergency Management Operations,
Individuals and Households play an important role in the overall Emergency
Management Strategy by:
Preparing an Emergency Supply Kit and Household Emergency Plan.
Enrolling in Emergency Response Training Courses.
188
THE “NRF” BOTTOM LINE AT THE
PRIVATE-SECTOR AND NGO LEVEL
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
1. In many facets of an Incident, the Government works with Private-sector
Groups as Partners in Emergency Management.
2. Many Private-sector organizations are responsible for operating and
maintaining portions of the Nation’s Critical Infrastructure.
3. During an Incident, Key Private-sector Partners should be involved in the
local crisis decision-making process or at least have a direct link to Key Local
Emergency Managers.
4. NGO’s play enormously important roles before, during, and after an
Incident.
189
THE “NRF” BOTTOM LINE AT THE
PRIVATE-SECTOR AND NGO LEVEL
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
5. Some NGO’s are officially designated as support elements to National
Response Capabilities:
The American Red Cross – While it does not direct other NGO’s, The
American Red Cross takes the lead in Integrating the efforts of The
National NGO’s that provide Mass Care Services during Response
Operations.
National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (National VOAD) –
National VOAD is the forum where organizations share knowledge and
resources throughout the disaster cycle- preparation, response, and
recovery – to help disaster survivors and their communities.
190
THE “NRF” BOTTOM LINE AT THE STATE,
TERRITORY, AND TRIBAL GOVERNMENT
LEVEL
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
1. A primary role of State Governments is to supplement and facilitate local
efforts before, during, and after incidents.
2. Public Safety and Welfare of a State’s Citizens are fundamental
responsibilities of every Governor, Territory Chief Executive, and Tribal
Leader.
191
THE “NRF” BOTTOM LINE AT THE
FEDERAL LEVEL
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
1. The President leads The Federal Government response effort.
2. When the overall coordination of Federal Response Activities is required, it
is implemented through The Secretary of Homeland Security consistent with
Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD) 5.
3. The Secretary of Homeland Security is the Principal Federal Official for
Domestic Incident Management.
4. By Presidential Directive and Federal Statute, The Secretary is responsible
for coordination of Federal Resources utilized in the prevention of,
preparation for, response to, or recovery from Terrorist Attack, Major Disaster,
or other Emergencies.
192
THE “NRF” BOTTOM LINE AT THE
FEDERAL LEVEL (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
5. The FEMA Administrator, as the Principal Advisor to The President, The
Secretary, and The Homeland Security Council on all matters regarding
Emergency Management, helps the Secretary in meeting these HSPD-5
Responsibilities (i.e. “Incident Management Responsibilities”).
Federal Assistance for Incidents that do not require DHS Coordination may be
lead by other Federal Departments and Agencies consistent with their
Authorities.
193
THE “NRF” BOTTOM LINE AT THE
FEDERAL LEVEL (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
The following four (4) HSPD-5 criteria define situations for which DHS shall
assume overall Federal Incident Management Coordination Responsibilities
within The Framework and implement The Framework’s Coordinating
Mechanisms:
1.) a Federal Department or agency acting under its own Authority has
requested DHS Assistance,
2.) the resources of State and Local Authorities are overwhelmed and
Federal Assistance has been requested,
3.) more than one Federal Department or agency has become
substantially involved in responding to the Incident,
4.) The Secretary has been directed by The President to assume Incident
Management Responsibilities.
194
THE “NRF” BOTTOM LINE AT THE
FEDERAL LEVEL (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
6. The Attorney General is the Chief Law Enforcement Officer of The United
States. Generally acting through the Federal Bureau of Investigation, The
Attorney General has the lead responsibility for Criminal Investigations of
Terrorist acts or Terrorist Threats by individuals or groups inside The Untied
States or directed at U.S. Citizens or Institutions aboard, as well as for
coordinating activities of the other members of the Law Enforcement
Community to detect, prevent and disrupt Terrorist Attacks against The United
States.
In addition, The Attorney General approves requests submitted by State
Governors pursuant to “The Emergency Federal Law Enforcement
Assistance Act” for personnel and other Federal Law Enforcement Support
during Incidents.
195
“NRF” RESPONSE ACTIONS
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
The following are the key tasks related to the three (3) phases of Effective
Response:
1.) Prepare
2.) Respond
3.) Recover
196
“NRF” RESPONSE ACTIONS (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
PREPARE … The key to success The six essential activities for responding to an Incident are:
1.) Plan
2.) Organize
3.) Train
4.) Equip
5.) Exercise
6.) Evaluate and Improve
197
“NRF” RESPONSE ACTIONS (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
1.) PLAN – Among the many Contingencies that Response Plans must address,
planning for Evacuations presents particular challenges. In this area, Plans
must include:
- The Lead time required for various scenarios, including no-notice and
forewarned events.
- Weather contingencies.
- Transportation.
- Interdependencies between shelter locations and transportation.
- Provisions for special needs populations and those with pets.
198
“NRF” RESPONSE ACTIONS (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
2.) ORGANIZE – Organizing to execute response activities includes developing an
overall organizational structure, strengthening leadership at each level, and
assembling well-qualified teams of paid and volunteer staff for essential
response and recovery tasks.
Governments at all levels should use the NIMS Resource Management
Principles described below to enhance response capabilities:
-
Individual Resources
Emergency Support Functions
Pre-Scripted Mission Assignments.
Advanced Readiness Contracting.
Prepositioned Resources.
199
“NRF” RESPONSE ACTIONS (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
3.) EQUIP – Local, Tribal, State, and Federal Jurisdictions need to establish a
“Common Understanding” of the capabilities of distinct types of Response
Equipment.
Effective Preparedness requires Jurisdictions to identify and have Strategies to
obtain and deploy Major Equipment, Supplies, Facilities, and Systems in
sufficient quantities to perform assigned Missions and Tasks.
Governments at all levels should ensure that their personnel have the
necessary resources to perform Assigned Response Missions and Tasks.
Government Organizations responsible for providing equipment for Response
Activities should bundle that equipment into standard equipment caches and
be prepared to provide for its safe transportation.
200
“NRF” RESPONSE ACTIONS (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
4.) TRAIN – Building essential Response Capabilities nationwide requires a
systematic program to train individual teams and organizations to include:
-
Governmental,
Nongovernmental,
Private,
and Voluntary Organizations.
Individuals and Teams, whether paid or volunteer, should meet relevant local,
Tribal, State, Federal, or Professional Qualifications, Certifications, or
Performance Standards …
A Common Baseline of Performance and Certification Standards.
201
“NRF” RESPONSE ACTIONS (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
5.) EXERCISE – Exercises provide opportunities to test plans and improve
proficiency in a risk-free environment.
Exercises assess and validate proficiency levels. Exercises should:
- Include multidisciplinary, multijurisdictional incidents.
- Include participation of private-sector and nongovernmental
organizations.
- Cover aspects of Preparedness Plans, particularly the Processes and
Procedures of activating Local, Intrastate, or Interstate Mutual Aid and
Assistance Agreements.
- Contain a mechanism for incorporating Corrective Actions.
202
“NRF” RESPONSE ACTIONS (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
6.) EVALUATE AND IMPROVE – Evaluation and Continual Process Improvement
are cornerstones of Effective Preparedness. Upon concluding an exercise,
jurisdictions should evaluate performance against:
- Relevant Capability Objectives,
- Identify Deficits, and
- Institute Corrective Action Plans.
Improvement Planning should develop “Specific Recommendations” for
changes in Practice, Timeline for Implementation, and Assignments for
Completion. All Local, Tribal, State, and Federal entities should institute a
Corrective Action Program to evaluate Exercise Participation and Response,
capture Lessons Learned, and make improvements in their Response
Capabilities.
The “Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program” (HSEEP) toolkit is a
Web-based system that enables implementation of The Corrective Action
Program process. In this way, the continuous cycle of preparedness yields
enhancements to National Preparedness.
203
REQUESTING FEDERAL ASSISTANCE
UNDER THE “NRF”
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
When an Incident “overwhelms” or is “anticipated to overwhelm” State
Resources, The Governor may request Federal Assistance.
•
In such cases, the Affected Local Jurisdiction, Tribe, State, and The Federal
Government will collaborate to provide the Necessary Assistance.
•
The Federal Government may provide assistance in the form of Funding,
Resources, and Critical Services.
•
Federal Departments and Agencies respect the Sovereignty and
Responsibilities of Local, Tribal, and State Governments.
•
The intention of The Federal Government is these situations is not to
“Command the Response,” but rather to Support the Affected Local, Tribal,
and/or State Governments.
204
REQUESTING FEDERAL ASSISTANCE
UNDER THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
ROBERT T. STAFFORD
DISASTER RELIEF AND EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE ACT
•
When it is clear that State Capabilities will be exceeded, the Governor can
request Federal Assistance, including Assistance under the Robert T. Stafford
Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act ( short name “Stafford Act”).
•
“The Stafford Act” authorizes The President to provide Financial and other
assistance to State and Local Governments, certain Private Nonprofit
Organizations, and Individuals to Support Response, Recovery, and Mitigation
Efforts following Presidential Emergency or Major Disaster Declarations.
205
REQUESTING FEDERAL ASSISTANCE
UNDER THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
THE STAFFORD ACT
(Continued)
•
The Stafford Act is triggered by a Presidential Declaration of a Major Disaster
or Emergency, when an event causes damage of “Sufficient Severity” and
Magnitude to warrant Federal Disaster Assistance to supplement the efforts
and available resources of State, Local Governments, and the Disaster Relief
Organizations in alleviating the Damage, Loss, Hardship, or Suffering.
•
The forms of Public Assistance typically flow either from a Major Disaster
Declaration or an Emergency Declaration.
206
REQUESTING FEDERAL ASSISTANCE
UNDER THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
THE STAFFORD ACT
(Continued)
•
A Major Disaster could result from any Natural or Manmade Event that the
President determines warrants Supplemental Federal Aid.
•
The Event must be clearly more than State or Local Governments can handle
alone.
•
If declared, funding comes from The President's Disaster Relief Fund, which is
managed by FEMA, and the disaster aid programs of other participating
Federal Departments and Agencies.
207
REQUESTING FEDERAL ASSISTANCE
UNDER THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
THE STAFFORD ACT
(Continued)
•
A “Presidential Major Disaster Declaration” triggers Long-term Federal
assistance designed to help disaster Victims, Businesses, and Public Entities.
•
An “Emergency Declaration” is more limited in scope and without the Longterm Federal Recovery Programs of a Major Disaster Declaration.
•
Generally, Federal Assistance and Funding are provided to meet a “Specific
Emergency Need” or to help prevent a “Major Disaster” from occurring.
208
REQUESTING FEDERAL ASSISTANCE
UNDER THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
THE STAFFORD ACT
(Continued)
REQUESTING A PRESIDENTIAL DECLARATION
Most Incidents are not of sufficient magnitude to warrant a Presidential
Declaration. However, if State and Local Resources are insufficient, a
Governor may ask the President to make such a declaration.
209
REQUESTING FEDERAL ASSISTANCE
UNDER THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
THE STAFFORD ACT
(Continued)
REQUESTING A PRESIDENTIAL DECLARATION
•
Before making a “Declaration Request,” the governor must activate the State’s
Emergency Plan and ensure that all appropriate State and local actions have
been taken or initiated, including:
1. Surveying the affected areas to determine the extent of private and public
damage.
2. Conducting joint preliminary damage assessments with FEMA Officials to
estimate the type and extent of Federal Disaster Assistance required.
210
REQUESTING FEDERAL ASSISTANCE
UNDER THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
THE STAFFORD ACT
(Continued)
REQUESTING A PRESENDENTIAL DECLARATION
3. Consulting with the FEMA Regional Administrator on Federal Disaster
Assistance eligibility, and advising The FEMA Regional Office if a Presidential
Declaration will be requested.
211
REQUESTING FEDERAL ASSISTANCE
UNDER THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
THE STAFFORD ACT
(Continued)
REQUESTING A PRESIDENTIAL DECLARATION
NOTE:
• Ordinarily, only a Governor can initiate a request for a Presidential Emergency
or Major Disaster Declaration.
•
In “extraordinary circumstances,” the President may unilaterally declare a
Major Disaster or Emergency.
•
This request is made through the FEMA Regional Administrator and based on
finding that the Disaster is of such severity and magnitude that effective
response is beyond the capabilities of The State and affected Local
Governments, and that Federal assistance is necessary.
212
REQUESTING FEDERAL ASSISTANCE
UNDER THE “NRF” (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
THE STAFFORD ACT
(Continued)
REQUESTING A PRESIDENTIAL DECLARATION
THE REQUEST MUST INCLUDE:
• Information on the extend and nature of State resources that have been or will
be used to address the consequences of the Disaster.
•
A certification by the Governor that State and Local Governments will assume
all applicable non-Federal costs required by The Stafford Act.
•
An estimate of the types and amounts of supplementary Federal assistance
required.
•
Designation of a State Coordinating Officer.
213
PROACTIVE RESONSES TO CATASTROPHIC
INCIDENTS
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
Prior to and during “Catastrophic Incidents,” especially those that occur with
little or no notice, the State and Federal Governments may take proactive
measures to mobilize and deploy assets in anticipation of a Formal Request
from the State for Federal Assistance.
•
Such deployments of significant Federal Assets would likely occur for
catastrophic events involving:
1. Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, or High-yield Explosives
(CBRNE) Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
2. Large-magnitude earthquakes
3. Other Catastrophic Incidents affecting heavily populated areas.
214
CATASTROPHIC INCIDENTS DEFINED
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
A “Catastrophic Incident” is defined as any natural or manmade incident,
including Terrorism, that results in extraordinary levels of mass casualties,
damage, or disruption severely affecting the population, infrastructure,
environment, economy, nations morale, and/or Government functions.
215
CATASTROPHIC INCIDENT RECOVERY
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
RECOVER:
• Once immediate lifesaving activities are complete, the focus shifts to assisting
individuals, households, critical infrastructure, and business in meeting basic
needs and returning to self-sufficiency.
•
Even as the immediate imperatives for response to an incident are being
addressed, the need to begin recovery operations emerges.
•
The emphasis upon Response will gradually give way to Recovery Operations.
•
Within Recovery, actions are taken to help individuals, communities, and The
Nation to return to normal.
•
Depending on the complexity of this phase, recovery and cleanup efforts
involve significant contributions from all sectors of our society.
216
CATASTROPHIC INCIDENT RECOVERY
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
RECOVER (Continued):
•
Short-term Recovery – Is immediate and overlaps with Response. It includes
actions such as providing essential Public Health and Safety Services,
restoring interrupted utility and other essential services, reestablishing
Transportation Routes, and providing Food and Shelter for those displaced by
the incident. Although called “Short Term,” some of these activities may last
for weeks.
•
Long-term Recovery – Is outside the scope of The Framework, may involve
some of the same actions but may continue for a number of months or years,
depending on the severity and extent of the damage sustained. For example,
Long-term Recovery may include the complete redevelopment of damaged
areas.
217
CATASTROPHIC INCIDENT RECOVERY
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
RECOVER (Continued):
•
Recovery from an incident is unique to each community and depends on the
amount of and kind of damage caused by the incident and the resources that
the jurisdiction has ready access to, or can quickly obtain.
•
In the Short Term, “Recovery” is an extension of the “Response Phase” in
which basic Services and Functions are restored.
•
In the Long Term, “Recovery” is a restoration of both the personal lives of
individuals and the livelihood of the Community.
218
CATASTROPHIC INCIDENT RECOVERY
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
RECOVER (Continued):
•
Recovery can include the development, coordination, and execution of service
(i.e. both service restoration and site-restoration plans); reconstitution of
Government Operations and Services; programs to provide housing and
promote restoration; long-term care and treatment of affected persons; and
additional measures of Social, Political, Environmental, and Economic
restoration.
•
Recovery Programs:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Identify Needs and Resources.
Provide Accessible Housing and Promote Restoration.
Address Care and Treatment of Affected Persons.
Inform Residents and prevent unrealistic expectations.
Implement additional measures for Community Restoration.
Incorporate Mitigation Measures and Techniques as feasible.
219
CATASTROPHIC INCIDENT RECOVERY
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
RECOVERY (Continued):
Recovery Coordination … The JFO remains the Central Coordination Point among
Local, Tribal, State and Federal Governments, as well as Private-Sector and
Nongovernmental entities that are providing Recovery Assistance.
Examples of Federal and State Recovery Actions include –
• Coordinating Assistance Programs to help individuals, households, and
businesses meet basic needs and return to self-sufficiency.
- Such programs include housing assistance, other needs assistance,
crisis counseling services, disaster legal services, and unemployment
or reemployment programs.
- Other activities include coordinating with Local and Tribal
Governments the need for and locations of Disaster Recovery Centers.
220
CATASTROPHIC INCIDENT RECOVERY
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
RECOVERY (Continued):
Examples of Federal and State Recovery Actions Include (Continued) –
• Establishing Disaster Recovery Centers.
- Federal , State, Tribal, Local, Voluntary, and Nongovernmental
Organizations determine the need for and location of Disaster Recovery
Centers.
- Staff provide recovery and mitigation programs, information, advice,
counseling, and related technical assistance.
• Coordinating with Private-sector and Nongovernmental Organizations involved
in Donations Management and other Recovery Activities.
221
CATASTROPHIC INCIDENT RECOVERY
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
RECOVERY (Continued):
Examples of Federal and State Recovery Actions Include (Continued) –
• Coordinating Public Assistance Grant Programs authorized by The Stafford
Act.
- These Programs aid Local, Tribal, and State Governments and eligible
Private Nonprofit Organizations with the cost of Emergency Protective
Services, Debris Removal, and the repair or replacement of disaster
damaged Public Facilities and associated Environmental Restoration.
•
Coordinating with the Private Sector on Restoration and Recovery of Critical
Infrastructure and Key Resources (CIKR).
- Activities include working with Owners/Operators to ensure the
restoration of Critical Services, including Water, Power, Natural Gas
and Petroleum, Emergency Communications, and Healthcare.
222
CATASTROPHIC INCIDENT RECOVERY
(Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
RECOVERY (Continued):
Examples of Federal and State Recovery Actions include –
• Coordinating Mitigation Grant Programs to help Communities reduce the
potential impacts of future Disasters.
- Activities include developing strategies to rebuild Resilient
Communities.
FINALLY … AFTER THE JFO CLOSES, ONGOING ACTIVITIES TRANSITION
TO INDIVIDUAL AGENCIES WITH PRIMARY RECOVERY
RESPONSIBILITIES.
FEDERAL PARTNERS THEN WORK DIRECTLY WITH THEIR REGIONAL OR
HEADQUARTERS OFFICES TO ADMINISTER AND MONITOR RECOVERY
PROGRAMS, SUPPORT, AND TECHNICAL SERVICES.
223
THE NRF - SUMMARY
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
The Framework is intended to strengthen, organize, and coordinate “Response
Actions” across all levels.
•
The doctrine of “Tiered Response” emphasizes that response to Incidents
should be handled at the lowest Jurisdictional Level Capable of handling the
work.
•
The vast majority of incidents are, in fact, managed locally.
•
The Framework is focused on incidents of all types, including acts of terrorism,
major disasters, and other emergencies.
•
“Incidents” can be actual or potential occurrences or events.
224
THE NRF - SUMMARY (Continued)
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
•
Responders and emergency managers are both doers and planners, which is to
say that to lead response and “Recovery” efforts effectively, they must also
“Prepare” effectively (i.e. plan, organize, equip, exercise, and continuously
evaluate actual performance).
•
Effective Response consists of three (3) basic elements:
1. Prepare
2. Respond
3. Recover
225
THE NRF - CONCLUSION
(Source: The United States Department of Homeland Security – DHS)
Each Member of our Society – including our Leaders, Professional Emergency
Managers, Private-sector Representatives, and Nongovernmental Organizations
(NGO’s) – has a role to play in strengthening the Nation’s Response Capabilities.
Mastery of the Key Tasks annotated in The National Response Framework
supports this “Unity of Effort,” and thus improves our ability as a Nation to “save
lives, protect property and the environment, and meet basic human needs.”
226
STUDENT PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
As a result of this instruction Attendees will be able to, via a written examination
of 100 questions:
1. List Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and High-explosive
(CBRNE) threat characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of use,
2. demonstrate an in-depth knowledge of “The National Response Framework”
(NRF),
3. show an understanding of the need of the NRF as an adjunct to preparedness,
4. compare and contrast “The National Response Plan” (NRP) to the NRF,
5. identify the methodology of Employment of the NRF to a catastrophic event, and
6. address the implications and usage of the NRF at Government and
Nongovernment entities during time of crisis and disaster.
227
228
229
UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO
CERTIFIED IN HOMELAND SECURITY
LEVEL 5
(CHS-V) COURSE
American Board for Certification in Homeland Security
CHS-V POI (MOD II SE)
National Headquarters:
2750 E. Sunshine
Springfield, MO. 65804
PH: (800) 219-2519
230