Aripeka-Area Springs
Water Quality Summary
Spring Location and Characteristics
The Aripeka Springs Group, which includes Aripeka Springs #1 and 2, Boat, Bob Hill, Gator,
and Magnolia Springs, is located along Florida’s west coast, within the Springs Coast Basin
(Figure 1). This spring group is part of the Hammock Creek system, a coastal system formed
by a number of lesser-magnitude springs and swamp discharge. The springs are clustered in a
one-square-mile area in southwestern Hernando County, near the town of Aripeka. The water
discharging from the springs has probably not been in the aquifer for more than a few decades
at most.
As in other areas of the Springs Coast Basin, the Aripeka Springs Group comprises Floridan
aquifer system springs. These either discharge directly into Hammock Creek or into the lesser
creeks flowing into Hammock Creek. Hammock Creek is approximately one mile long and is
joined by several lesser tidal creeks before reaching the Gulf of Mexico. The creek’s water is
brackish nearly to the headsprings.
Aripeka Spring #1
Aripeka Spring #1 (Figure 2) is located on the bottom of upper Hammock Creek, about half a
mile northeast of the town of Aripeka. The spring occupies a 15-foot-diameter depression on
the bottom of the creek. The depth over the spring vent is 6.2 feet at high tide. A small boil is
present on the spring surface over the vent. The spring water is murky and greenish, and the
spring bottom is soft sand and mud. The discharge is estimated at less than five cubic feet per
second (cfs).
Hammock Creek in the vicinity of Aripeka Spring #1 is a brackish marsh habitat. Beyond the
spring, northward up the run, several small tidal creeks branch off. A palm-hardwood hammock
is located at the head of Hammock Creek 250 feet north of the spring.
Aripeka Spring # 2
Aripeka Spring #2 (Figure 3) is located 300 feet upstream from the mouth of the southernmost
tributary of upper Hammock Creek, just northeast of the town of Aripeka. The spring occupies
a small circular cove along the north side of Hammock Creek. The spring is 6 feet deep at high
tide, and discharges slightly murky water. A small boil is present over the vent. The spring
bottom is soft mud and sand. Aripeka Spring #2 is next to a 5-foot-tall fern thicket surrounding
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the northern half of the spring cove. The fern thicket is an island of larger vegetation within a
wide-open expanse of brackish marsh. The discharge is estimated at less than five cfs.
Boat Spring
Boat Spring (Figure 4) is located at the head of the middle tributary to Hammock Creek, half a
mile northeast of the north of the town of Aripeka. The spring occupies an elongated spring
pool near the head of a tidal tributary creek to Hammock Creek. The pool is 40 feet long by 20
feet wide and has five vents. The spring measures 3.7 feet deep over the vent at high tide, and
the water is murky and greenish. Limestone is exposed along the pool edges and bottom,
along with dark mud. No spring boil was visible during a 2003 visit, most likely because of high
tide conditions.
Channel modification or canal digging appears to have altered the tidal creek approximately
200 feet downstream from the spring. Boat Spring discharges through a 0.2-mile-long tidal
creek that feeds into the east side of Hammock Creek, approximately 700 feet downstream
from Aripeka Spring # 1. Boat Spring is surrounded by privately owned, dense palm-hardwoodcedar hammock lands. In 1998–99, the discharge averaged 1.25 cfs.
Bob Hill Spring
Bob Hill Spring (Figure 5) is situated in a hammock about 600 feet north of the PascoHernando County line. The spring is 15 feet deep, and the discharge flows west to the Gulf via
Bayou Creek and Bayou Lake.
Once a 200-acre homestead owned by the Hill family, the property was subdivided in 1953,
becoming part of the Gulf Coast Highway Estates subdivision. In the 1970s, it was turned into
a privately owned recreational and camping facility. The spring was converted to a 100- by
200-foot oval swimming pool with concrete walls and a paved walkway surrounding the entire
spring. The spring has been renamed Holiday Springs, which is the name of the RV Park, and
a major road now divides the land once owned by the Hills. While the spring boil was once
prominent and continuous, in 1972 the discharge was significantly reduced after a nearby area
was excavated for a lake.
Gator Spring
Gator Spring (Figure 6) is located 0.8 miles west of Aripeka near the head of the south fork of
Hammock Creek. It is on private property and is inaccessible to the public. The elongated
spring pool measures 114 feet by 195 feet, with a sand bottom, and ranges from 3 feet to 7
feet deep. The pool has been altered to form a swimming pond; however, there is no evidence
of recent use. No boil was observed over the spring vent in the west side of the pool during a
2003 visit. The water is clear with a greenish hue.
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Algae are both suspended in the water and attached to substrates. There is aquatic and
emergent vegetation in and around the spring pool. A small culvert on the northwest side of the
pool drains the meager flow from the spring and channels the water through an earthen dam
into the spring run. Some limestone boulders are present near the culvert and the vent.
Gator Spring Run is a small, narrow, sand-bottomed stream that flows southwest for
approximately 350 feet and enters upper Magnolia Spring Run, just below Magnolia Spring.
There is a private residence approximately 350 feet west of Gator Spring. The formerly cleared
land surrounding the spring is now overgrown with dense brush.
Magnolia Spring
Magnolia Spring (Figure 7) is located 0.7 miles west of Aripeka at the head of the south fork of
Hammock Creek. The spring is on private property and is inaccessible to the public. It sits in
an oval depression measuring 45 feet by 54 feet. The spring pool is shallow, averaging 4 feet
deep. The water is clear and light blue, with little aquatic vegetation covering a sand bottom.
There is a private residence approximately 300 feet to the north. At least a dozen small sand
boils are visible on the spring bottom.
Gator Spring Run enters Magnolia Springs Run from the northeast approximately 75 feet
downstream from the headspring. Magnolia Springs Run is clear and sand-bottomed. It
averages 20 feet wide and 3 feet deep, with frequent constrictions and shallow areas. There is
a small private boat/canoe shack on the northwest side of the spring pool. The spring and its
run are situated in a heavily wooded, lowland swamp. Magnolia and Gator Springs form the
headwaters of the south fork of Hammock Creek.
Biology
The Springs Coast, including the Aripeka area, contains one of the largest and most
spectacular mixtures of salt marshes and brackish marshes in Florida. The low-energy
coastline gives rise to an intricate mosaic of marshes and coastal hammocks, where small
changes in elevation, tidal inundation, soil characteristics, and freshwater flow control the
various zones of vegetation. The brackish vegetation is perennial but dies back in the fall,
providing organic detritus that feeds species at the base of the food chain. Both salt marshes
and brackish marshes are highly productive. The large quantities of nutrients and organic
particulates from tides and river flows support abundant phytoplankton, algae, and vascular
plants.
The denser marsh vegetation in shallower waters provides a nursery area and a habitat that
supports an important part of the food chain. Some animals are specifically adapted to this
habitat. Species that use marshes include the hispid cotton rat, red-winged blackbird, sandhill
crane, American bittern, king rail, Florida green water snake, roundtailed muskrat, peninsula
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newt, several kinds of frogs, and a number of small fish species. Insects, crayfish, snails, and
other invertebrates are also abundant, providing a good food source for wading birds, raptors,
and other predators. Marshes that go dry periodically are particularly important feeding habitat
for wood storks. Plant species include maidencane, pickerelweed, bladderwort, and bluestem.
Cordgrass and swamp hibiscus are found in mildly brackish areas near the coast. Cattail
marsh grows in areas of high fertility.
Saltmarsh species are frequently exposed to harsh and variable conditions. Conditions in the
marsh change with tidal ebbs and flows, resulting in salinity, temperature, oxygen, and pH
fluctuations. Conditions can also vary from one area to another. Some animal species live
permanently in the marshes; others use them only during certain seasons or stages in their life
cycles. Fish are seasonally very abundant and diverse. Over 60 species of birds, including
wading birds and shorebirds, use the area’s salt marshes for food, nesting areas, and refuges.
The tricolored heron is the most abundant species. The marshes in this area are also an
important wintering area for the largest concentration of redhead ducks in the southeastern
United States and also provide feeding sites for bald eagles. Reptiles and mammals found in
the basin’s salt marshes include the Gulf salt marsh snake, diamondback terrapin, American
alligator, marsh rabbit, marsh rice rat, hispid cotton rat, and Duke’s saltmarsh vole.
The significance of the estuaries along the Gulf coast far exceeds their size. These areas
provide essential habitat for numerous fish and wildlife species, including nursery and juvenile
habitats for many recreational and commercial fish species. The economic value of
commercial seafood harvests on Florida's west coast consists of at least 95% estuarydependent species. Collectively, in 1999 the counties of the Springs Coast Basin generated
almost 20,000 fishing trips and landed over 5.1 million pounds of seafood. Recreationally and
commercially important species in the estuaries of the Springs Coast Basin include striped
mullet, red drum, spotted sea trout, Gulf menhaden, Atlantic croaker, sea catfish, gafftopsail
catfish, bay anchovy, and striped anchovy. Two species of sea turtles are occasionally found
here: the Atlantic loggerhead and Atlantic leatherback.
Soft-bottom areas such as mud and sand contain many different species, most of which are
buried in the bottom sediments, or live and feed on the bottom. Recreationally and
commercially important species found in these areas include southern flounder, northern
quahog, sunray venus, and blue crab.
Land Use
The population of Hernando County in 1990 was about 100,000; by 2020 it is projected to
reach almost 200,000. There is also a large influx of seasonal residents during the winter
months. Nonetheless, Hernando County and neighboring coastal counties—which are mostly
covered by coastal swamps, dense woodlands, lakes, and pastures—have retained their rural
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character. A significant portion of Hernando County’s economy is still based on industry
(including mining), cattle, and agriculture.
However, several factors, including residential growth, the decreasing profitability of farming,
and freezes affecting the citrus industry, have dramatically altered land uses in the area.
Residential and commercial development has rapidly expanded along the narrow U.S.
Highway 19 corridor that runs between the coastal swamps and the upland forest of the
Brooksville Ridge. Today, local economies predominantly comprise retail trade, services,
government, and construction. Fertilizers used on golf courses, residential turf, and landscapes
are the dominant sources of increased nitrate concentrations in the Hammock Creek system.
Septic tanks are also a significant source.
Restoration/Protection Efforts
While the Aripeka Springs Group discharges less fresh water than neighboring first-magnitude
spring systems, which have flows of more than 100 million gallons per day, these springs
remain an important part of the marine/estuarine ecosystem along the Gulf Coast. Their
discharge is rapidly delivered to estuarine and marine areas via coastal creeks. As nitrate
concentrations continue to rise, it is likely that estuarine algal blooms will increase in frequency
and duration, and the vegetative composition of the estuarine aquatic systems will be altered.
The Southwest Florida Water Management District (SWFWMD) Springs Coast Comprehensive
Watershed Management team has initiated the Nitrate Remediation Workgroup to address
impacts to the region’s springs and drinking water sources caused by increasing nitrate levels
in ground water and surface water. To achieve this goal, the workgroup engages in public
education and the exchange and dissemination of information on research, education, and
regulatory remediation and prevention measures with other organizations addressing similar
problems throughout the state. The workgroup is composed of citizens, industry, and
government representatives, including the SWFWMD.
The Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP, or Department) has determined
that the Aripeka Springs Group is impaired for nutrients—meaning that increased nutrient
concentrations are causing an imbalance in natural populations of aquatic plants and animals.
The Department is currently in the process of developing a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)
for the spring, which will ultimately result in the reduction in nutrients. A TMDL is the maximum
amount of a given pollutant that a waterbody can assimilate and still meet water quality
standards. The restoration of ecological health in the spring and spring run depends heavily on
the active participation of stakeholders in the springshed, who are required to develop projects
to reduce nutrient concentrations.
Water Quality
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The Aripeka Springs Group consists of at least nine Floridan aquifer system springs, most
tidally-influenced, which discharge directly or indirectly into Hammock Creek or nearby
tributaries which flow directly into the Gulf of Mexico (Figure 1). All are third-magnitude or
smaller dischargers; some only appear to flow intermittently, only on slack tides or during
wetter periods of the year.
The springshed for the Aripeka Group springs extends from Aripeka southeastward from the
Hernando – Pasco County line into central Pasco County along the Brooksville Ridge
(Knochenmus et al, 2001). Land use within the springshed consists of a nearly equal mix of
low to medium density residential and upland forest, with some land dedicated to pasture or
row crops (Jones et al, 1997). Three small springs located 2.4 – 9.5 km (1.5 – 6 miles)
southwest of the Town of Aripeka (Double Keyhole, Horseshoe (Figure 8) and Isabella springs)
all discharge into coastal wetlands, and are included in the Aripeka Springs Group. Horseshoe
and Isabella springs have no water quality data available for the 2002-2012 period of study.
The spring pool for Double Keyhole can be clearly seen in aerial photos and online services
such as Google Earth. It is located just west of an area of extensive dragline limerock mining.
Some Aripeka Group springs been sampled for major ions and nutrients as far back as the
early 1960’s by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and SWFWMD has collected a large suite
of water quality analytes, including nutrients and field indicators, at four of the major spring
vents of this Group during the period from 2002 through 2012. Tables 1-7 summarize the
results for selected analytes for each major spring.
Nitrate levels in most of the monitored Aripeka Group spring vents (Aripeka Springs #1 and #2,
Boat, Bob Hill, Gator and Magnolia springs) exceed the 0.35 mg/L numeric nutrient criteria
used to determine potential nutrient impairment (Figure 9). The Department has determined
that nitrate concentrations above 0.35 mg/L indicate potential waterbody impairment; this
number is based on recent research conducted in Florida spring waters, which found that
some of the most prevalent species of algae proliferate when nitrate levels exceed that
concentration. Excessive amounts of algae can smother essential habitat for fish and other
wildlife, displace native plants, and deplete the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water. Bob
Hill Spring, located farther inland than any of the other Aripeka Group springs, has the highest
measured nitrate + nitrite concentrations. Of the springs with nutrient data available, Double
Keyhole Spring is the only one which has nitrate + nitrite values below the numeric nutrient
criteria level; however, the balance of data from these springs has only been collected since
2010. Nitrate trends are either flat or increasing; lack of past data from these springs hampers
more thorough study.
Plotting the ratios of nitrogen isotopes (15NNO3/14NNO3) versus oxygen isotopes (18ONO3/16ONO3)
in nitrate measured from ground water can reveal likely nitrate sources: inorganic (chemical
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fertilizers) or organic (wastewater, septic discharge, animal waste) (Roadcap et al, 2002).
Nitrogen and oxygen isotopes were analyzed from single samples collected from Aripeka
Springs #1 and #2 and Magnolia Spring in January, 2013. The results show that all values plot
within the domain indicative of an organic nitrate source: soil organic matter, septic/manure or
a combination of these sources. The data also indicate little or no denitrification, possibly
indicating nearby nutrient sources or recent groundwater recharge. Elevated salinities
measured in Aripeka Springs #1 and #2 might affect these results.
The other macronutrient of concern in Florida surface waters, orthophosphate, is only present
in low concentrations in Aripeka Group springs, with mean values ranging from 0.006 – 0.017
mg/L (Tables 3-7) during the period of study. While elevated orthophosphate levels are
problematic in many of Florida’s lakes and rivers where surface runoff carries this nutrient into
these waterbodies from its sources, measured orthophosphate levels are low in springs. This
is due to its attenuation within limestone aquifers where, given enough time, orthophosphate
reacts with calcium carbonate to produce low-solubility calcium phosphate minerals which
remain within the host rock (Brown, 1981). Given enough time, this effectively removes
orthophosphate from the waters within the aquifer, and is the probable geochemical
mechanism by which “hard rock” phosphate deposits have developed in the state.
The submerged aquatic vegetation currently present in Aripeka Group springs discharging into
brackish waters is difficult to observe due to murky water (Aripeka #1, Boat, and Horseshoe
springs). In springs with clear water discharge (Aripeka #2, Gator and Magnolia springs), green
filamentous algae and green algae coating limerock surfaces predominate.
Salinity indicator analytes (sodium, chloride, sulfate and specific conductance) delineate two
populations of spring water types within the Aripeka Springs Group: fresh (Bob Hill, Magnolia
and Gator springs) and moderate to highly saline (Aripeka #1 and #2 and Double Keyhole
springs). Sodium, chloride and sulfate analyses are lacking for most of these springs; thus,
specific conductance values were primarily used to indicate salinity levels. Specific
conductance values show a steady increase over the study period for springs with enough
data to detect trends. These increasing trends are evident in specific conductance values
plotted for Boat Spring (Figure 10) and Bob Hill Spring (Figure 11). Looking at specific
conductance values for Boat Spring from 1964 – 2012 shows a steadily-increasing trend, with
mean 1964 values around 300 µmhos/cm. These values increase in a roughly linear fashion
over time, with mean specific conductance values of 1672 µmhos/cm for the study period from
2002 – 2012. The longer-term measured increases in salinity indicators reflect potential
upconing of deeper, more saline ground water or landward movement of the fresh water / salt
water interface possibly due to decreasing precipitation, increasing fresh ground water
withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system, steadily rising sea level or a combination of
these causes.
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Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels are important for fish and other aquatic biota, and are generally
measured at levels below 5 mg/L in fresh ground water issuing from spring vents. The levels
measured in the Aripeka Springs Group are within this normal ground water range, with mean
DO values in the 1.20 – 4.69 mg/L range (Tables 1-7). Some fish species can tolerate lower
dissolved oxygen levels, and thrive in spring vent environments. Dissolved oxygen levels
generally rise rapidly in surface waters downstream from spring vents, due to plant respiration.
Boron has recently been sampled as a possible wastewater tracer in wells and springs, due to
its widespread use in laundry detergents. Single boron values were available for only Magnolia
and Gator springs for the study period – not yet enough data to draw conclusions from.
Sucralose is used as an artificial sweetener. Because it passes through water treatment
systems largely intact, it has recently been used as a potential human wastewater tracer. No
sucralose samples were collected during the period of study.
Sources and References:
Brown, J.L., 1981, Calcium phosphate precipitation: Identification of kinetic parameters in
aqueous limestone suspensions: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Volume 45, Number
3, pp. 475-477. Abstract online at:
https://www.crops.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/45/3/SS0450030475?access=0&view=pdf
Cannon, J. May 15, 2012. What’s in a Name? — Bob Hill Springs. New Port Richey Patch.
http://newportrichey.patch.com/groups/opinion/p/what-s-in-a-name-bob-hill-springs
Florida Department of Environmental Protection. 2006. Water quality status report: Springs
Coast. Tallahassee, FL: Division of Water Resource Management.
http://waterwebprod.dep.state.fl.us/basin411/springscoast/status/SpringCst.pdf
———. 2008. Water quality assessment report: Springs Coast. Tallahassee, FL: Division of
Water Resource Management.
http://waterwebprod.dep.state.fl.us/basin411/springscoast/assessment/G5AS-Springs_CoastLORES_Merged.pdf
Google Earth website: http://www.google.com/earth/
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Holiday Springs RV Resort website. Accessed October 2013.
http://www.holidayspringsrvresort.com/
Jones, G.W., S.B. Upchurch, K.M. Champion, and D.J. DeWitt. 1997. Water-quality and
hydrology of the Homosassa, Chassahowitzka, Weeki Wachee, and Aripeka Spring
Complexes, Citrus and Hernando Counties, Florida: Origin of increasing nitrogen
concentrations. Brooksville, FL: Southwest Florida Water Management District.
Knochenmus, Lari A. and D. K. Yobbi, 2001, Hydrology of the Coastal Springs Ground-Water
Basin and Adjacent Parts of Pasco, Hernando and Citrus Counties, Florida: USGS Water
Resources Investigations Report 01-423088 p.
Rakestraw, Noris W. and Henry E. Mahncke, 1935, Boron content of sea water of the North
Atlantic Coast: Industrial Analytical Chemistry – Analytical Edition, Volume 7, Number 6, p.
425. Online at: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac50098a026
Roadcap, George S., K.C. Hackley, and H. Hwang, 2002, Application of nitrogen and oxygen
isotopes to identify sources of nitrate: Report to the Illinois Groundwater Consortium, Southern
Illinois University; 30 p.
Rosenau, J.C., G.L. Faulkner, C.W. Hendry, Jr., and R.W. Hull. 1977. Springs of Florida.
Florida Geological Survey Bulletin 31 Revised. Prepared by the Bureau of Geology and
Bureau of Water Resources Management, Florida Department of Natural Resources.
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00000232/00002/5j
Scott, T.M., et al, 2004, Springs of Florida; Florida Geological Survey Bulletin No. 66; 377 p.
Online at: http://www.dep.state.fl.us/geology/geologictopics/springs/bulletin66.htm
Southwest Florida Water Management District. April 2001. Springs Coast comprehensive
watershed management plan. http://www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/documents/plans/cwm/cwmspringscoast.pdf
———. Accessed October 2013. Nutrient workgroup remediation website.
http://www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/waterres/nrw/nrw.htm
———. Accessed January 2014: Springs in West-Central Florida; SWFWMD website:
http://www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/springs/
———. Accessed December 2013: Water Management Information System, online at:
http://www18.swfwmd.state.fl.us/ResData/Search/ExtDefault.aspx
U.S. Department of the Interior. December 1990. An ecological characterization of the Florida
Springs Coast: Pithlachascotee to Waccasassa Rivers. Biological Report 90(21). Fish and
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Wildlife Service and Minerals Management Service, in cooperation with the Southwest Florida
Water Management District. http://www.data.boem.gov/PI/PDFImages/ESPIS/3/3748.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, accessed December 2013: STORET/WQX: EPA’s
repository and framework for sharing water monitoring data; Online at:
http://www.epa.gov/storet/
U.S. Geological Survey, accessed December 2013: Water Resources of Florida; online at:
http://fl.water.usgs.gov/infodata/
For more information, contact:
Gary Maddox, P.G.
Ground Water Management Section
Water Quality Evaluation & TMDL Program
Division of Environmental Assessment & Restoration
Florida Department of Environmental Protection
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
(850) 245-8511
[email protected]
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Figure 1: Location of major spring vents in the Aripeka area
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Figure 2: Aripeka Spring #1 – view north (Gary Maddox – FDEP)
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Figure 3: Aripeka Spring #2 – view northwest (Gary Maddox – FDEP)
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Figure 4: Boat Spring – view northeast (Gary Maddox - FDEP)
Figure 5: Bob Hill Spring – view north (Gary Maddox - FDEP)
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Figure 6: Gator Spring (Ryan Means – FGS/FDEP)
Figure 7: Magnolia Spring – view east (Gary Maddox – FDEP)
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Figure 8: Horseshoe Spring (Ryan Means – FGS/’FDEP)
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Figure 9: Aripeka Group springs nitrate + nitrite trends: 2010 – 2012
Figure 10: Boat Spring nitrate + nitrite, orthophosphate and specific conductance trends: 2002 - 2012
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Figure 11: Bobhill Spring nitrate + nitrite, orthophosphate and specific conductance trends: 2002 - 2012
Figure 12: Double Keyhole Spring nitrate + nitrite, orthophosphate and specific conductance trends:
2010 - 2012
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Figure 13: Magnolia Spring nitrate + nitrite, orthophosphate and specific conductance trends:
2010 - 2012
Table 1: Summary of selected water quality results for Aripeka Spring #1
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Table 2: Summary of selected water quality results for Aripeka Spring #2
Table 3: Summary of selected water quality results for Boat Spring
Table 4: Summary of selected water quality results for Bobhill Spring
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Table 5: Summary of selected water quality results for Double Keyhole Spring
Table 6: Summary of selected water quality results for Gator Spring
Table 7: Summary of selected water quality results for Magnolia Spring
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