INSTITUTE
Country Coding Units
Version 6 - Mar 2016
Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute,
University of Notre Dame, Kellogg Institute. All rights reserved.
PrincipalInvestigators
•
•
•
•
•
ResearchAssistant
MichaelCoppedge–U.ofNotreDame
JohnGerring–BostonUniversity
StaffanI.Lindberg–Universityof
Gothenburg
Svend-ErikSkaaning–Aarhus
University
JanTeorell–LundUniversity
•
VladCiobanu–U.ofGothenburg
Suggestedcitation:
Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Staffan I. Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell, and Vlad
Ciobanu. 2016. “V-Dem Country Coding Units v6.” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.
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Thisdocumentlists(a)everycountryintheenvisionedV-Demdatabase,(b)theidentitiesof
each polity that comprises a country’s history through the twentieth and twenty-first
centuries (e.g., Russia-USSR); (c) the years for which we have collected data or plan to
collect data (in parentheses next to the entry); and (d) the borders of each country
(whereverthismightbeunclear).
Manydatesareapproximateduetotheinconclusivenatureofacountry’shistory.Notethat
changesinsovereigntyoftenoccurbystages,andmarkingthesestageswithspecificdates
canbechallenging.
General sources for compiling this document include Wikipedia and Statesman.org.
Additional sources, along with notes pertaining to specific countries, empires, and
federations are contained in a separate document: “Countries, Empires, Elections (misc
notes)”
“Country”
AV-Demcountryisapoliticalunitenjoyingatleastsomedegreeoffunctionaland/orformal
sovereignty.
Generally,wherevercountriesareformallysovereign(ininternationallaw)theyaretreated
as countries in V-Dem. However, the recognized sovereignty of a country in international
law is sometimes more extensive than the definition of a country in V-Dem. For example,
ChinaclaimsformalsovereigntyoverHongKong,Macau,andTaiwan(atleast,accordingto
the PRC), while weregard these entitiesas separate countriesbecause theyenjoya good
dealofautonomyandbecausetheirpolitiesworkdifferentlythanthePRC’s.
(Judgments about which territories qualify as countries should not be interpreted as
judgments about sovereign claims to disputed territories. V-Dem does not take a position
on whether Taiwan is part of China, whether the Western Sahara belongs to Morocco, or
whetherSomalilandshouldberecognizedasanindependentstate.Ourdecisionsarebased
oncriteriaspecifictothisproject,asexplainedherein.)
IndeterminingV-Demcountries,thefollowingcriteriaareconsidered:
• Formal (legal) sovereignty, or at least claims to sovereignty (e.g., present-day
Somaliland).
• Continuitywithacontemporarynation-state.
• Definedborders(evenifimpreciseorunderdispute).
• Acapital,i.e.,asinglelocusofclaimedsovereignty.
• Apersonorbodythatexercisesexecutivepowers–i.e.,aheadofstateand/orhead
ofgovernment.
• Self-rule,atleastwithrespecttodomesticaffairs.
• A distinct governing style and/or quality of democracy relative to surrounding
territories.
• A distinct constitution from the surrounding territories or the wider polity the
countrymightbesubservientto.
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•
Lacking (equal) representation at the central level of the wider polity it might be
subservientto.
This means that fully sovereign nation-states as well as colonies and protectorates and
semi-autonomous administrative districts may qualify as V-Dem countries. Indeed, most
overseasholdingsofanempireareconsideredascountriespriortoindependence.Itwould
make no sense to arrive at a single coding for the entire British Empire since there was
enormousvariationingovernancestylesacrosstheseterritories–nottomentionbetween
themetropoleanditscolonies.Thatsaid,anyonewishingtoascertainasinglescoreforthe
BritishEmpire(orportionsthereof)alongsomedimensionofdemocracymayarriveatsuch
ascorebyaggregatingthescoresofcomponententities.V-Demcountriesaremodular.
By the same token, some contiguous empires were administered in a fairly centralized
fashion (in the 20th century). Thus, the Ottoman Empire, the Dutch East Indies, RuandaUrundi,theRussianEmpire,andtheUSSRarecodedassinglecountries.Countriesthatwere
once part of these empires are not considered countries until their independence. Thus,
KazakhstanisunderstoodaspartoftheRussianEmpire(1900-17)andthenaspartofthe
Soviet system (1917-90). It is coded independently only from 1990. (This on-set date is
chosen under the assumption that Kazakhstan was beginning to enjoy some degree of
autonomypriortofullindependencein1991.)Acontinuoustime-seriesmeasuringvarious
aspects of democracy in Kazakhstan across the 20th century may be generated by
concatenating these scores – for the Russian Empire (1900-17), for Soviet Russia (19171990),andforindependentKazakhstan(1990-).
Wegenerallycoderegionsofanempireseparatelyiftheyaregoverneddifferentlyfromthe
restoftheempireorfederation.Thus,Yemen,Iraq,andEgyptarecodedindependently(as
“countries”) throughout the Ottoman period, while Ottoman holdings in Europe and
Anatoliaarenot.Thisjudgmenthingesontheextenttowhichagiventerritoryisthoughtto
fulfilltherequirementsofan“effectivegovernanceunit,”asdescribedabove.
Notethatthecodingofacountrybeginsatapointintimewhenitisjudgedtohavebecome
aneffectivegovernanceunit(generallyaccompaniedbyadeclarationofindependence)or
hasgainedinternationalrecognition–whichevercomesfirst.Separationfromalargerunit
(e.g.,anempire)mayresultinasmalltemporaloverlapbetweentheendofoneunitand
thebeginningofanother.Thus,formerSovietrepublicsarecodedfrom1990eventhough
theUSSRenduresformallyuntil1991.
Wherepresent-daycountrieswereformallyjoinedaspartofalargerunitwesometimesask
countryexpertsforbothcountriestocodethepreviousentity.Thisoccursforthefollowing
units: Rwanda-Urundi (1916-62; Rwanda, Burundi), Federation of Rhodesia and
Nyasaland/Central African Federation (1953-63; Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe). This means
thatwehavetwicethenormalcomplementofcodersfortheseunits.(Ofcourse,notallof
themmaybeabletocodethesehistoricalentities,sothismaynotresultinalargenumber
ofcompletedsurveys.)
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Australia/Oceania
1. Australia.Coded:1901- 2. Fiji.Coded:1900-
History:Britishcolony(1900-70);independentstate(1970-).
3. Kiribati.Coded:1900-
History:BritishprotectorateoverGilbertandElliceIslands,administeredbyWestern
PacificHighCommissioninFiji(1900-16);crowncolonyofGilbertandElliceIslands
(1916-71);joinedbyChristmasIsland/Kiritimati(1919)andPhoenixIslands(1937);
Japaneseoccupation(1941-43);self-rule(1971-75);self-determinationover
domesticaffairs(1975-79);GilbertIslandsbecomeindependentstateofKiribati
(1979-).
4. MarshallIslands.Coded:1900-
History:Germanprotectorate,partofGermanNewGuinea(1900-);Japanese
occupation(1914-20);Japanesecolony(1920-44);USoccupation(1944-79);self-rule
(1979-86);independentstate(1986-).
5. FederatedStatesofMicronesia.Coded:1900-
History:Germancolony(1900-14);Japanesecolony(1914-44);USoccupationand
trusteeship(1944-86);independentstate(1986-).
6. Nauru.Coded:1900-
History:Germancolony(1900-14);Australianoccupation(1914-23);Leagueof
NationstrusteemandateheldjointlybyAustralia,NewZealand,andUK(1923-42);
Japaneseoccupation(1942-45);Australianoccupation(1945-47);UNtrustee
mandateheldjointlybyAustralia,NewZealand,andUK(1947-66);self-governing
(1966-68);independentstate(1968-).
7. NewZealand.Coded:1900-
8. Palau.Coded:1900-
History:Germancolony(1900-14);Japaneseoccupation(1914-44);USoccupation
(1944-47);UStrustterritory(1947-94);self-rule(1978-94);independentstate
(1994).
9. PapuaNewGuinea.Coded:1900-
History:BritishprotectorateofBritishNewGuinea(1900-1902);authorityofthe
CommonwealthofAustralia,unitedwiththeTerritoryofNewGuineain1945(19021975);independentstate(1975-).
10. TerritoryofNewGuinea.Coded1900–1945
History:GermancolonyofGermanNewGuinea,includesterritoriesofBokuand
Bouganville(1900-1914);Australianoccupation(1914-20);LeagueofNations
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mandateterritorygovernedbyAustralia(1920-1942);Japaneseoccupation(1942–
1945)
11. Samoa.Coded:1900-
History:GermanSamoa,aGermancolony(1900-14);NewZealandmandate
territorygrantedbyLeagueofNations(1914-62);independentstateofWestern
Samoa(1962-);namechangedtoSamoa(1997).
12. SolomonIslands.Coded:1900-
History:Britishcolonyorprotectorate(1900-76;Japaneseoccupation(1942-1943);
self-rule(1976-78);independentstate(1978-).
13. Tonga.Coded:1900-
History:Britishprotectorate(1900-70);partoftheBritishWesternPacificTerritories
underacolonialHighCommissionerresidinginFiji(1901-52);self-rulewithin
Commonwealth(1970-99);independentstate(1999-).
14. Tuvalu.Coded:1900-
History:PartofElliceIslandsBritishprotectorateaspartoftheBritishWestern
PacificTerritories(1900-16);partofGilbertandElliceIslandscolony(1916-74);
TuvaluseparatesfromGilbertIslandsoptingforseparateBritishdependencystatus
(1974-78);self-rulewithinCommonwealth(1978-2000);independentstate(2000-).
15. Vanuatu.Coded:1906-
History:JointFrenchandBritishcontrolbyBritish-FrenchCondominiumwhichhad
separategoverningsystems(1906-80);independentstateoftheRepublicofVanuatu
(1980-).
EastAsia
16. China.Coded:1900-
History:ChineseEmpire(1900-12);RepublicofChina[WarlordChina](1912-28);Republic
ofChina[NationalistChina](1928-49);People’sRepublicofChina(1949-).
Notes:DoesnotincludeTaiwan,HongKong,andMacau(codedseparately).Doesnot
includeTibetbetween1913-1950(codedseparately).DoesnotincludeManchukuo
between1932-1945(codedseparately).
17. Taiwan.Coded:1900-
History:Japaneseoccupation(1900-45);RepublicofChina(1945-),first
headquarteredinthemainland,theninTaiwan(1949-).
Notes:From1945-49,comprisestheislandofTaiwanonly,nottheKMTgovernment
onthemainland.HOS/HOG:ChenYi(ROCmilitarycommander)(1945-49),Chiang
Kai-shek(1949-).
18. HongKong.Coded:1900-
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History:Britishcolony(1900-97);specialadministrativeregionofChina(1997-).
19. Macau.Coded:1900-
History:Portuguesecolony(1900-99);specialadministrativeregionofChina(1999-).
20. Tibet.Coded:1913-1950
Notes:contingentuponfunding
21. Manchukuo.Tobecoded1932-1945
Notes:contingentuponfunding
22. Japan.Coded:1900-
Notes:Doesnotincludeterritoriesoutsideofcurrent-dayJapanthatwereoccupied
intheearly-mid20thcentury.
23. NorthKorea.Coded:1945-
History:SovietOccupation(1945-48);DemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKorea(1948-).
24. Korea/SouthKorea.Coded:1900-
History:KoreanEmpire(1900-10);Japaneseoccupation(1905-45),USOccupation
(1945-48);RepublicofKorea(1948-).
SoutheastAsia
25. Brunei.Coded:1900-
History:BritishProtectorate(1900-84);Japaneseoccupation(1941-45);
independentstate(1984-).
26. Indonesia.Coded:1900-
History:DutchEastIndies(1900-49);Japaneseoccupation(1942-45);declarationof
independence(1945);independencerecognizedbytheNetherlands(1949);West
NewGuineaincorporated(1963).
27. TimorLeste.Coded:1900-
History:Portuguesecolony(1900-75);unilateraldeclarationofindependentstateby
FRETILIN(RevolutionaryFrontforanIndependentEastTimor)(1975);Indonesian
occupation(1975-1999);UNadministration(1999-2002);independentstate(2002-).
28. Malaysia.Coded:1900-
History:FederatedMalayStates(ruleddirectlybyBritain)andUnfederatedMalay
States(underBritishinfluence)(1900-42);Japaneseoccupation(1942-45);Malayan
Union/FederationofMalaya(1946-);independentstate(1957-);renamed
FederationofMalaysia(1963-).
Notes:DoesnotincludeSingapore(codedseparately).IncludesSabahandSarawak
onlyafter1963.
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29. Singapore.Coded:1900-
History:Straitssettlements,aBritishcrowncolony(1900-59);Japaneseoccupation
(1942-45);self-governingmemberofCommonwealth(1959-63);partofFederation
ofMalaysia(1963-65);RepublicofSingapore,anindependentstate(1965-).
30. Burma/Myanmar.Coded:1900-
History:Britishcolony(1900-48);Japaneseoccupation(1942-45);independentstate
(1948-).
31. Philippines.Coded:1900-
History:USprotectorate(1900-35);UScommonwealth(1935-46);Japanese
occupation(1942-44);independentstate(1946-).
32. Thailand.Coded:1900-
History:Siam(1900-39);renamedKingdomofThailand(1939-45);renamedSiam
(1945-49);renamedKingdomofThailand(1949-).
33. Cambodia.Coded:1900-
History:KingdomofCambodia,aFrenchprotectorateandpartofFrenchIndochina
(1900-53);Japaneseoccupation(1941-45);independentstate(1953-),renamed
DemocraticKampuchea(1975-79);Vietnameseoccupation(1978-93);renamed
People’sRepublicofKampuchea(1979);renamedCambodia(1990).
Notes:CambodiacodedseparatelyfromtherestofFrenchIndochina.
34. Laos.Coded:1900-
History:Frenchprotectorate,partofFrenchIndochina(1900-53);Japanese
occupation(1945);self-rulefromFranceasanassociatedstatewithintheFrench
Union(1950-53);independentstate(1953-);renamedLaoPeople’sDemocratic
Republic(1975-).
Notes:LaoscodedseparatelyfromtherestofFrenchIndochina.
35. Vietnam,South.Coded:1902-75.
History:FrenchIndochina,includingTonkin,Annam,andCochinchina(butnot
Cambodia,Laos,orKouang-Tcheou-Wan)(1900-49);Japaneseoccupation(1945);
StateofVietnam(1949-55);RepublicofVietnam(akaSouthVietnam)(1955-75).
36. Vietnam,North.Coded:1945-
History:DemocraticRepublicofVietnam(akaNorthVietnam)declared(1945-);
independentstate(1949-).
SouthAsia
37. Bangladesh.Coded:1971-
History:BritishIndia(1900-1947);Pakistan(1947-71);independentstate(1971-).
38. Bhutan.Coded:1900-
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History:PrincelystateofBritishIndia(1910-49);quasi-protectorateofIndia,in
whichforeignpolicyiscoordinatedwithIndia(1949-2007).
39. India.Coded:1900-
History:BritishIndia(1900-47);independentstate(1947-).
Notes:IndiaduringtheperiodofBritishruleincludesbothdirectlyruledstatesand
indirectlyruled(Princely)states.After1947includesJammuandKashmir,butdoes
notincludeAzadKashmir,norGilgit–Baltistan.
40. Maldives.Coded:1900-
History:Britishprotectorate(1900-65);independentstate(1965-).
41. Nepal.Coded:1900-
History:FederalDemocraticRepublicofNepal.
42. Pakistan.Coded:1947-
History:BritishIndia(1900-47);independentstate(1947-).IncludesEastPakistan
untiltheindependenceofBangladesh(1971).
Notes:After1947includesAzadKashmirandGilgit–Baltistan,butdoesnotinclude
JammuandKashmir.
43. SriLanka.Coded:1900-
History:Ceylon,acolonyofBritain(1900-48);independentstate(1948-);renamed
SriLanka(1972).
EasternEurope,CentralAsia,Caucasus
44. Afghanistan.Coded:1900-
History:Britishsphereofinfluence(1900-19);independentstate(1919-);Russian
occupation(1979-89);IslamicStateofAfghanistan(1992-96);IslamicEmirateof
Afghanistan(1996-);USoccupation(2001-).
45. Armenia.Coded:1990-
History:OttomanEmpire(1900-18);TranscaucasianDemocraticFederativeRepublic
(1918);DemocraticRepublicofArmenia,includingEasternArmenia(1918-22);Soviet
rule(1922-1991)[partofTranscaucasianSovietFederativeSocialistRepublicfrom
1922-36andthenasovietrepublic],independentstate(1991-).
46. Azerbaijan.Coded:1990-
History:RussianEmpire(1900-17);TranscaucasianDemocraticFederativeRepublic
(1918);AzerbaijanDemocraticRepublic(1918-20);Sovietrule(1920-90)[partof
TranscaucasianSovietFederativeSocialistRepublicfrom1922-36andthenasoviet
republic],independentstate(1991-).
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Note:doesnotincludeNagorno-Karabakh(1992-)(codedseparately).Between
1992-93,Armenianforcesalsoseizecontrolof7AzeridistrictsbetweenN-K,andthe
Armenianborder,eversincetheyhavebeenunderArmenianandN-Kcontrol.
47. Nagorno-KarabakhRepublic.Coded:(1992-).
History:RussianEmpire(1900-17);autonomouspartofAzerbaijan(1918-20);
DeclaredpartofArmenia(1920);occupiedbySovietRussiaandincorporatedinto
AzerbaijanS.S.R.(1921-1991),partofindependentAzerbaijan(1991-1992),self-rule
(1992-).
Note:asemi-constantstateofconflictispresentbetween1988-94.Politicalties
betweenN-KandArmeniaareverytightanditisdifficulttoarguetheextentto
whichN-Kistrulyself-governing.Contingentuponfunding.
48. Belarus.Coded:1990-
History:RussianEmpire(1900-);GermanEmpire(-1918);BelarusianPeople’s
Republic(1918);Poland(1921-forthewesternpartofthecountry)Sovietrule
(1921-1991fortheeasternpartofthecountryandin1939-1991forthewestern
partofthecountry);Germanoccupation(1941-44);independentstate(1991-).
49. Georgia.Coded:1990-
History:RussianEmpire(1900-17);independentstate(1917-18)partof
TranscaucasianDemocraticFederativeRepublic(1918);independentstate(191821);Sovietrule(1921-91)[partofTranscaucasianSovietFederativeSocialistRepublic
from1922-36andthenaSovietrepublic],independentstate(1991-).
Note:IncludesautonomousAdjara.DoesNOTincludeSouthOssetiaafter1991
(codedseparately),andAbkhaziaafter1993(codedseparately).
50. SouthOssetiaCoded:1991-
History:RussianEmpire(1900-1917);partofGeorgia(1918-1921);Sovietrule(192191)[autonomousoblastofTranscaucasianSovietFederativeSocialistRepublicfrom
1922-36andthenofGeorgianS.S.R.1936-91];warwithGeorgia(1991-01-05–199206-24);declarationofsovereigntywithinUSSR(1991-09-01);declarationof
independenceasRepublicofSouthOssetia(1991-12-21).Self-rule(1992-).
Contingentuponfunding.
51. AbkhaziaCoded:1993-
History:RussianEmpire(1900-1917);partofGeorgia(1918-1921);Sovietrule(192191)[partofTranscaucasianSovietFederativeSocialistRepublicfrom1922-36and
thenofGeorgianS.S.R.1936-91,declarationofsovereigntywithinUSSR1990-08-25],
partofindependentGeorgia(1991-93)[declarationofindependencefromGeorgia
1992-07-23],self-rule(1993-).
Note:in1993theRussian-brokeredceasefirepermittedtheresurgenceofself-rule.
ShortepisodesofGeorgian-Abkhazviolencedidoccurafter1993,butAbkhazia
maintainedautonomy.Afterthe2008Russo-Georgianwar,Abkhaziawasrecognized
byRussiaandNicaragua,andin2009byVenezuela.Contingentuponfunding.
52. Kazakhstan.Coded:1990-
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History:RussianEmpire(1900-17);Sovietrule(1917-91);independentstate(1991-).
53. Kyrgyzstan.Coded:1990-
History:RussianEmpire(1900-17);Sovietrule(1917-91);independentstate(1991-).
54. Mongolia.Coded:1911-
History:Declarationofindependence(1911);BogdKhaanState(1911-24);Chinese
Occupation(1919-21);MongolianPeople’sRepublicdeclared(1924);independence
recognizedbyChina(1946);renamedMongolia(1992).”
55. Russia/USSR.Coded:1900-
History:RussianEmpire(1900-1917);USSR(1918-91);RussianFederation(1991-).
Notes:ContemporaryRussiaisamuchsmallerregionthantheUSSR,sinceafter
1991itnolongerincludedBelarus,Armenia,Azerbaijan,Georgia,Moldova,the
Ukraine,theBalticrepublics,andthecentralAsianrepublics.Ateachpointintime,
codersshouldbemindfuloftheterritorythatRussia/USSRcontainedandmakesure
thattheiranswersreflectthatterritory,nomoreandnoless.Codersshouldnot
includeAfghanistanduringthe1979-89occupation.
56. Tajikistan.Coded:1990-
History:RussianEmpire(1900-17);Sovietrule(1917-91);independentstate(1991-).
57. Turkmenistan.Coded:1990-
History:RussianEmpire(1900-17);Sovietrule(1917-91);independentstate(1991-).
58. Ukraine.Coded:1990-
History:RussianandAustro-Hungarianempires(1900-17);dividedbetweenPoland,
Romania,Czechoslovakia,USSR(postWWI);UkrainianSovietSocialistRepublic
(1919-);Germanoccupation(1941-44);independentstate(1991-).
59. Uzbekistan.Coded:1990-
History:RussianEmpire(1900-17);Sovietrule(1917-91);independentstate(1991-).
Europe
60. Andorra.Coded:1900-
61. Austria.Coded:1918-38;1945-present
History:RepublicofGerman-Austria(1918-19);RepublicofAustria(1919-38);Germanstate
ofOstmark(1938-39),integralpartofThirdReich[dissolvedintoReichsgaue](1939-45);
Alliedoccupation(1945-55);independentstate(1955-).
62. Austro-HungarianEmpire.Coded:1900-18
Notes:Contingentuponfunding
63. Belgium.Coded:1900-
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History:Germanoccupation(1914-18,1940-44).
64. Cyprus.Coded:1900-
History:OttomanEmpirebutnotruleddirectly(1900-18);Britishsphereofinfluence
(1900-25);Britishcrowncolony(1925-);independentstate(1960-);Northernpartof
CyprusoccupiedbyTurkey(1974-).
Notes:Duringtheperiodofdivision(1974-),pleasedoesnotincludetheareasthat
arenotundertheeffectivecontroloftheRepublicofCyprus.
65. NorthernCyprus,TurkishRepublicof.Coded:1974-
History:OttomanEmpirebutnotruleddirectly(1900-18);Britishsphereofinfluence
(1900-25);Britishcrowncolony(1925-);partofCyprus(1960-74);TurkishRepublicof
NorthernCyprus(1974).
Notes:Contingentuponfunding
66. CzechRepublic.Coded:1918-
History:Hungary/Austro-HungarianEmpire(1900-18);Czechoslovakia(1918-90);
Germanoccupation(1939-45);partofSovietbloc(1948-89);Czecho-Slovakia(199092);CzechRepublic(1993-).
Notes:Between1939and1945onlycodetheProtectorateofBohemiaandMoravia
67. Slovakia.Coded:1939-45,1993-
History:Hungary/Austro-HungarianEmpire(1900-18)[thisreferstotheHungarian
partoftheEmpire,whichwasruledseparatelyfromtheAustrianpart];
Czechoslovakia(1918-39);SlovakRepublic(1939-1945);Germanoccupation(194445);partofSovietbloc(1948-89);Czecho-Slovakia(1990-2);independentstateof
Slovakia(1993-).
68. Denmark.Coded:1900-
Notes:DoesnotincludeGreenlandortheFaroeIslands.
69. Greenland.Coded:1900-
History:Danishpossession1900-53;USprotectorate1941-45;Danishprovince195379;Self-government1979-2009;Expandedautonomy2009-
70. FaroeIslands.Coded:1900-
History:Danishpossession1900-1948;Self-government1948-
71. Estonia.Coded:1918-40,1990-
History:RussianEmpire(1900-18);independentstate(1920-40);USSR(1940-91);
Germanoccupation(1941-44);independentstate(1991-).
72. Finland.Coded:1900-
History:GrandDuchyofFinlandwithintheRussianEmpire(1900-17);Republicof
Finland(1917-).
Notes:DuringtheFinnishCivilWardonotcodetheFinnishSovietRepublic.
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73. France.Coded:1900-
History:FrenchThirdRepublic(1900-47);Germanoccupation(1940-44),French
State(“Vichyregime”)(1940-44);FrenchFourthRepublic(1947-58);FrenchFifth
Republic(1958-).
Notes:OnlyincludestheEuropeanterritoryunderFrenchcontrol.Doesnotinclude
overseasdepartmentsandterritories.
Between1940-44,theVichyregimeisunderstoodtobethegovernmentofFrance–
nottheFreeFrenchunderDeGaulle.
74. Germany.Coded:1900-45;1949-
History:GermanEmpire(1900-18);WeimarRepublic(1918-33);ThirdReich(193345);Alliedoccupation(1945-49);FederalRepublicofGermany(1949-).
Notes:IncludesAustriaduringtheAnschluss(1938-45).Doesnotincludeotherareas
conqueredandoccupiedduring(andintheyearsleadingupto)WWIandWWII.
75. EastGermany.Coded:1949-90.
History:Germanempire(1900-18);WeimarRepublic(1918-33);ThirdReich(193345);Russianoccupation(1945-49);GermanDemocraticRepublic(1949-90);reunited
withFederalRepublicofGermany(1990).
76. Hungary.Coded:1918-
History:HungarianDemocraticRepublic(1918);HungarianSovietRepublic(1919);
KingdomofHungary(1920-46);Germanoccupation(1944-45);SecondHungarian
RepublicunderSovietguidance(1946-89);independentofRussianinfluence(1989-).
Notes:DoesnotincludeterritoriestemporarilyannexedduringWorldWarII
77. Iceland.Coded:1900-
History:KingdomofDenmark(1900-04);autonomouswithinKingdomofDenmark
(1904-18);IndependentKingdomofIcelandinpersonalunionwithDenmark(191840);Alliedoccupation(1940-44);RepublicofIceland(1944-).
78. Ireland.Coded:1919-
History:PartoftheUnitedKingdom(1900-23);independencedeclared(1919);
independencerecognized(1923).
Notes:DoesNOTincludeNorthernIreland.
79. Italy.Coded:1900-
History:KingdomofItaly(1900-1946),ItalianRepublic(1946-)
Notes:Doesnotincludeotherareasconqueredandoccupiedduring(andinthe
yearsleadingupto)WWIandWWII
80. Latvia.Coded:1920-40,1990-
History:RussianEmpire(1900-18);declarationofindependence(1918);Russianand
Germanforcesrepelled(1920);independentstate(1920-40);LatvianSovietSocialist
Republic(1940-91);Germanoccupation(1941-44);independentstate(1991-).
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81. Liechtenstein.Coded:1900-
82. Lithuania.Coded:1918-40,1990-
History:RussianEmpire(1900-18);independentstate(1918-40);Sovietrepublic
(1940-91);Germanoccupation(1941-44);independentstate(1991-).
83. Luxembourg.Coded:1900-
84. Malta.Coded:1900-
History:Britishcolony(1900-64);independentstate(1964-).
85. Moldova.Coded:1990-
History:RussianEmpire(1900-18);GreaterRomania(1918-40);annexedbySoviet
Union(1940-1941);re-incorporatedintoRomania(1941-44);Sovietstate(19441991)independentstate(1991-).
Note:Includessemi-autonomousregionofGagauzia.DoesnotincludeTransnistria
(codedseparately)
86. TransnistriaCoded:1990-
History:RussianEmpire(1900-1917);partofSovietRussia(1917-1919)occupiedby
“White”RussianforcesunderDenikin(1919-1920);partofUkraine(1920-1941);
annexedbyRomania(1941-1944);partofMoldavianS.S.R.withinU.S.S.R.(19441991);declarationofsovereignty(1990-09-02);declarationofIndependence(199108-25)unrecognizedautonomousstate(1991-).Contingentuponfunding.
87. Monaco.Coded:1900-
88. Netherlands.Coded:1900-
History:KingdomoftheNetherlands(1900-present),GermanOccupation(19401945).
Notes:Doesnotincludeoverseascoloniesandprotectorates.IncludesBoinare,Sint
EustatiusandSababutonlyafter2010.
89. Norway.Coded:1900-
History:Self-governingterritoryofSweden(1900-05);independentstate(1905-).
90. Poland.Coded:1918-39,1944-
History:PartitionedbyRussia,AustriaHungaryandGermany(1900-1918);Second
PolishCommonwealth(1918-1939);partitionedbytheUSSRandGermany(193941);Germanoccupation(1941-1944);RepublicofPoland(1944-52);People’s
RepublicofPoland(1952-1990);ThirdPolishCommonwealth(1990-).
91. Portugal.Coded:1900-
History:KingdomofPortugal(1900-10);PortugueseRepublic(1910-).
92. Romania.Coded:1900-
13
History:KingdomofRomania(1900-47);Sovietoccupation(1944-47);People’s
RepublicofRomania(1947-65);SocialistRepublicofRomania(1965-89);Romania
(1989-).
Notes:Between1900-18includesonlypre-WorldWarIterritory. IncludesSouthern
Dobruja1913-1940,Bassarabia1918-40and1941-44.DoesnotincludeNorthern
Transylvania1940-47.DoesnotincludeterritoriestotheEastannexedduringWorld
WarII
93. SanMarino.Coded:1900-
94. Spain.Coded:1900-
History:KingdomofSpain(1900-31);SecondSpanishRepublic(1931-39);Spanish
State(1939-75);KingdomofSpain(1975-).
Notes:TheSecondSpanishRepubliciscodeduntiltheendoftheCivilWarin193903-31.
95. Sweden.Coded:1900-
96. Switzerland.Coded:1900-
97. UnitedKingdom.Coded:1900-
Notes:IncludesEngland,Scotland,Wales,andNorthernIreland(1900-).Includes
Ireland(1900-23).Doesnotincludeoverseascoloniesandprotectorates.
98. VaticanCity.Coded:1900-
Balkans
99. Albania.Coded:1912-
History:OttomanEmpire(1900-12);independentstate(1912-);Principalityof
Albania(1914-25);Austro-Hungarianoccupation(1914-18),Frenchoccupationinthe
South(1916-20);AlbanianRepublic(1925-28);AlbanianKingdom(1928-39);Italian
occupation(1939-43);Germanoccupation(1943-44);People’sRepublicofAlbania
(1944-76);People’sSocialistRepublicofAlbania(1976-91);RepublicofAlbania
(1991-).
100.
BosniaandHerzegovina.Coded:1992-
History:OttomanEmpire(1900-07);Austria/Austro-HungarianEmpire(1907-18)
[ruleddirectlybyViennabutnotpartofeitherAustriaorHungary],Kingdomof
Yugoslavia(1918-41);German/Croatoccupation(1941-45);SocialistFederalRepublic
ofYugoslavia(1945-92);declarationofindependence(1992);warforindependence
(1992-95);independentstatethoughnotrecognizedbyallcountries(1995-).
101.
Bulgaria.Coded:1900-
History:PrincipalityofBulgaria(1900-1908);KingdomofBulgaria(1908-1946);
BulgarianPeople’sRepublic(1946-1990);RepublicofBulgaria(1990-).
14
Notes:IncludesWesternThrace1913-1918.Doesnotincludeterritoriestemporarily
annexedduringWorldWarII.
102.
Croatia.Coded:1941-5,1991-
History:Hungary/Austro-HungarianEmpire(1900-18);KingdomofSerbs,Croats,
andSlovenes/KingdomofYugoslavia(1918-41);formallyindependentstateof
Croatia[actuallyaNazipuppetstate](1941-45);Germanoccupation(1941-45);
SocialistFederalRepublicofYugoslavia(1945-92);declarationofindependence
(1991);warforindependence(1991-95).
Notes:During1941-45pleaserefertotheterritoryoftheCroatiaState,notthe
presentdayterritoryofCroatia.IncludesSerbianKrajnaandEasternSlavonia199198
103. Greece.Coded:1900-
History:KingdomofGreece(1900-1924),SecondHellenicRepublic(GreekRepublic)(19241935),KingdomofGreece(1935-1941),GreekStateunderoccupation(1941-1944),Kingdom
ofGreece(restored)(1944-1973),ThirdHellenicRepublic(GreekRepublic)(1973-present).
Notes:Duringthe“nationalschism”of1916-17wecodethegovernmentinAthensasthe
governmentofGreeceuntiltheabdicationofKingKonstantinosIin1917.
Theperiod1941-1944ischaracterizedbyfirstItalianandthenGermanoccupationandis
officiallyreferredtoastheGreekState.
104. Kosovo.Coded:1999-
History:OttomanEmpire(1900-12);provinceofSerbia(1913-18);Kingdomof
Yugoslavia(1918-1941);Italianoccupation(1941-44);Germanoccupation(1943-44);
SocialistFederalRepublicofYugoslavia(1944-92);StateUnionofSerbiaand
Montenegro(1992-99);UNadministration(1999-);self-declaredindependentstate
underEuropeanUnionsupervision(2008-).
105. Macedonia.Coded:1991-
History:OttomanEmpire(1900-12);provinceofSerbia/Yugoslavia(1912-);
declarationofindependence(1991).
106. Montenegro.Coded:1900-18;1998-
History:Independentstate(1900-18);KingdomofMontenegro(1910-18);
occupationbyAustria-Hungary(1916-18);KingdomofSerbs,Croats,and
Slovenes/KingdomofYugoslavia(1918-41);Italianoccupation(1941-43);German
occupation(1943-45);SocialistFederalRepublicofYugoslavia(1945-92);Federal
RepublicofYugoslavia(1992-2003);StateUnionofSerbiaandMontenegro(2003–
2006);independentstate(2006-).
107. Serbia.Coded:1900-
History:KingdomofSerbia(1900-18);KingdomofSerbs,Croats,and
Slovenes/KingdomofYugoslavia(1918-41);Germanoccupation(1941-45);Socialist
FederalRepublicofYugoslavia(1945-92);FederalRepublicofYugoslavia(19922003);StateUnionofSerbiaandMontenegro(2003-06);RepublicofSerbia(2006-).
Note:Between1941-44codersshouldonlyincludetheTerritoryoftheMilitary
CommanderinSerbia.IncludesSloveniaupto1989,Croatiaupto1991,Macedoina
15
upto1991,BosniaandHerzegovinaupto1992,andKosovoupto1999.Between
1998-2006refersonlytotheRepublicofSerbia–constituentcountryofYugoslavia
andthentheStateUnion.Montenegroiscodedseparatelyforthisperiod.
108. Slovenia.Coded:1989-
History:Austria/Austro-HungarianEmpire(1900-18);KingdomofSerbs,Croats,and
Slovenes/KingdomofYugoslavia(1918-41);Germanoccupation(1941-45);Socialist
FederalRepublicofYugoslavia(1945-92);independentstate(1991-).
MiddleEast
109. Bahrain.Coded:1900-
History:Britishprotectorate(1900-71);independentstate(1971-).
110. Iran.Coded:1900-
History:Persia(1900-35);Iran(1935-79);IslamicRepublicofIran(1979-present).
111. Iraq.Coded:1920-
History:OttomanEmpire(1900-17);Britishoccupation(1917-20);British-ledLeague
ofNationsMandateterritory,theStateofIraq(1920-32);independentstate(1932-);
theKingdomofIraq(1932-58);Britishoccupation(1941);RepublicofIraq(1958-);
USoccupation(2003-12).
112. Israel.Coded:1948-
History:OttomanEmpire(1900-18);British-ledLeagueofNationsmandate(192248);independentstate(1948-).
Note:IncludesEastJerusalemandGolanHeights(1967-).DoesnotincludeSinai
Peninsula(occupied1967-1982).DoesnotincludeSouthLebanon(occupied1978,
1982-2000,2006).DoesnotIncludeWestBank,norGaza(codedseparately).
113. Jordan.Coded:1922-
History:OttomanEmpire(1900-18);EmirateofTransjordan(1922-46);independent
state,theHashemiteKingdomofJordan(1946-).¨
Notes:IncludesWestBankbetween1950-1967
114. Kuwait.Coded:1900-
History:InformalprotectorateofBritain(1900-61);independentstate(1961-);Iraqi
occupation(1990-91).
115. Lebanon.Coded:1918-
History:SyrianprovinceoftheOttomanEmpire(1900-18);Frenchinfluence(191846);FrenchprotectorateoverSyriaandLebanon(1923-43);StateofGreater
Lebanon(1920-26);RepublicofLebanon(1926-);independentstate(1943-);last
Frenchtroopswithdraw(1946);SouthernLebanonoccupiedbyIsrael(1978,19822000,2006).
16
116. Palestine/BritishMandate.Coded:1918-48
117. Palestine/Gaza.Coded:1948-67,2007-
History:Britishmandate(1918-48);Egyptianoccupation(1948-67);Israeli
occupation,militaryrule(1967-81);Israelioccupation,civiladministration(1981-94);
PalestinianAuthorityestablishedovermostoftheGazaStripandthecityofJericho
intheWestBank(1994),subsequentlyexpandedtootherterritories;Hamasgains
controlofGaza(2007).
Notes:Thiscodingunitreferstothepresent-dayterritoryofGaza.Itdoesnot
includeareasinGazathatIsraelcontrolsentirelyinthepresentera(i.e.,AreaC).
118. Palestine/WestBank.Coded:1948-50;1967-
History:Britishmandate(1918-48);Jordanianoccupation/unrecognizedannexation
in1950(1948-67);Israelioccupation,militaryrule(1967-81);Israelioccupation,civil
administration(1981-94);PalestinianAuthorityestablishedovermostoftheGaza
StripandthecityofJerichointheWestBank(1994),subsequentlyexpandedto
otherterritories.
Notes:Thiscodingunitreferstothepresent-dayterritoriesofGazaandtheWest
Bank(notEastJerusalem)exceptfor1948-67and2007-,whenitreferstoWestBank
only(GazaiscodedseparatelywhenHamasgainscontrolin2007).From1994,this
doesnotincludeareasinGazaandtheWestBankthatIsraelcontrolsentirely(i.e.,
AreaC).
119. Syria.Coded:1918-20;1922-
History:SyrianprovinceoftheOttomanEmpire(1900-18);BritishandFrench
occupation(1918-20);ArabKingdomofSyria(1920);Dividedintoseparate“Levant
States”byFrance(1920-22);SyrianFederation(1922-24);Frenchprotectorateover
SyriaandLebanon(1923-46);StateofSyria(1924-30);SyrianRepublic(1930-58);
independenceachieved(1943);independencerecognizedandlastFrenchtroops
depart(1946);partofUnitedArabRepublic(1958-61);SyrianArabRepublic(1961-).
Notes:Between1922-24onlyincludestheStateofDamascus,AlawiteStateand
StateofAleppo.DoesnotincludeJabalalDruzeState.
Between1924-30onlyincludestheStateofDamascusandStateofAleppo.Doesnot
includeJabalalDruzeStatenortheAlawiteState.
Between1958-61onlycodetheSyrianpartoftheUnitedArabRepublic.
After1967,donotincludetheGolanHeights.
120. Oman.Coded:1900-
121. Qatar.Coded:1900-
History:UnofficialBritishprotectorate(1900-16);Britishprotectorate(1916-71);
independentstate(1971-).
122. SaudiArabia.Coded:1932-
History:OttomanEmpirebutnotruleddirectly(1900-18);sovereigntyunclear
(1918-32);independentstatecreatedbyjoiningthekingdomsofHejazandNejd
17
(1932-).
123. Turkey.Coded:1900-
History:OttomanEmpire(1900-18);transition(1918-23);Turkey(1923-).
124. UnitedArabEmirates.Coded:1971-
History:Britishsphereofinfluence(1900-);independentstateformedfromseven
emirates:AbuDhabi,Ajman,Dubai,Fujairah,Rasal-Khaimah,Sharjah,UmmalQuwain(1971-).
125. Yemen.Coded:1918-
History:OttomanEmpirebutnotruleddirectly(1900-18);MutawakkiliteKingdom
ofYemen(1918-1962);theYemenArabRepublic,aka“NorthYemen”(1962-1990);
RepublicofYemen(1990-).
126. SouthYemen.Coded:1900-90.
History:Aden,partofBritishIndia(1900-37);BritishcolonyofAden(1937-63);
FederationofSouthArabia(1963-67);People’sRepublicofSouthYemen(1967-70);
People'sDemocraticRepublicofYemen(1970-90)
Notes:Upto1963onlyincludesthecityofAdenanditsimmediatesurroundings.
Between1963-67doesnotincludetheProtectorateofSouthArabia.
NorthAfrica
127. Algeria.Coded:1900-
History:Frenchcolony(1900-62)[threedepartmentsofFrance,butshouldbecoded
asasingleunit,i.e.,assinglecolony],independentstate(1962-).
128. Egypt.Coded:1900-
History:NominallypartofOttomanEmpirebutactuallyunderBritishinfluence
(1900-14);Britishprotectorate(1914-22);nominallyanindependentstate(1922-);
Britishmilitarypresenceends(1954).IsraeloccupiesSinaiPeninsula(1967-1982).
129. Libya.Coded:1934-42,1951-
History:Tripolitania,CyrenaicaandFezzan:separateOttomanprovinces(1900-11);
separateItaliancolonies(1911-34);unifiedItaliancolony(1934-1942);Tripolitania
andCyrenaicaoccupiedbyBritainandadministeredseparately(1942-1950),Fezzan
occupiedbyFrance(1943-1950);Tripolitania,CyrenaicaandFezzanunderUN
supervision-separateBritishandFrenchadministration,withaUNcommissionerin
Tripoli(1950-51);consolidatedasaunifiedindependentstate(1951-).
Note:Tripolitania,CyrenaicaandFezzanenjoyalargedegreeofautonomyupto
1963.
130. Cyrenaica.Coded:1900-34,1942-1951
History:Ottomanprovince(1900-11);Italiancolony(1911-34),partofunifiedItalian
colonyofLibya(1934-1942)Britishoccupation(1942-51),incorporatedintounified
18
independentkingdomofLibya(1951-)
Notes:Contingentuponfunding.
131. Tripolitania.Coded:1900-34,1942-1951
History:Ottomanprovince(1900-11);Italiancolony(1911-34),partofunifiedItalian
colonyofLibya(1934-1942)Britishoccupation(1942-51),incorporatedintounified
independentkingdomofLibya(1951-)
Notes:Contingentuponfunding.
132. Fezzan.Coded:1900-34,1942-1951
History:Ottomanprovince(1900-11);Italiancolony(1911-34),partofunifiedItalian
colonyofLibya(1934-42)Frenchoccupation(1943-51),incorporatedintounified
independentkingdomofLibya(1951-)
Notes:LooseItaliancontrol(1911-1923).Contingentuponfunding.
133. Morocco.Coded:1912-
History:FrenchandSpanishsphereofinfluence(1900-12);Frenchprotectorate
(1912-56),thoughnotintegratedintoFrancetothedegreethatotherFrench
colonieswere;independentstate(1956-).
Notes:DoesnotincludetheSpanishprotectorate(1912-56)ortheWesternSahara.
134. WesternSahara.Coded:1900-
History:SpanishWestAfrica(1900-76);PartitionedbetweenMoroccoand
Mauritania(1976-79);SahrawiArabDemocraticRepublicproclaimed(1976);
MauritaniaevacuatesWesternSahara.FormerMauritanianareasoccupiedby
Morocco(1979).Disputedsovereignty(1979-).
135. Tunisia.Coded:1900-
History:Frenchprotectorate(1900-56);independentstate(1956-).
Sub-SaharanAfrica
136. Angola.Coded:1900-
History:Portuguesecolony(1900-75);bordersfixedandadministrationextended
intothehinterland(early20thcentury);OverseasProvinceofAngola(1951-75);
independentstate(1975-).
137. Benin.Coded:1900-
History:FrenchDahomey,acolonywithinFrenchWestAfrica(1900-58);
autonomousRepublicofDahomey(1958-60);independentstateofBenin(1960-).
138. Botswana.Coded:1900-
History:BechuanalandProtectorate(1900-66);independentstate(1966-).
139. BurkinaFaso.Coded:1919-32,1947-
19
History:ColonialterritoryofUpperVolta,partofFrenchWestAfrica[formedfrom
territoriespreviouslybelongingtoUpperSenegalandNigerandIvoryCoast](191932);dissolved,withterritoriesadministeredbyIvoryCoast,FrenchSudan,andNiger
(1932-47);reconstitutedaspartoftheFrenchUnion,withpreviousboundaries
(1947);self-governingRepublicofUpperVoltawithintheFrenchCommunity;
independentstateofRepublicofUpperVolta(1960-84);renamedBurkinoFaso
(1984-).
140. Burundi.Coded:1916-
History:PartofGermanEastAfrica(1900-16);Ruandi-Urundi(1916-61);
independentstateofBurundi(1962-).
Notes:DuringtheRuandi-Urundiperiod(1916-61),thisreferstotheentireterritory,
notonlythepresent-dayboundariesofBurundi.
141. Rwanda.Coded:1916-
History:PartofGermanEastAfrica(1900-16);Ruanda-Urundi(1916-62);
independentstateofRwanda(1962-).
Notes:DuringtheRuandi-Urundiperiod,thecodingunitincludestheentire
territory,notsimplythepresent-dayboundariesofRwanda.
142. Cameroon.Coded:1961-
History:GermancolonyofKamerun(1900-19);dualLeagueofNationsmandates
underFranceandBritainforCameroun(1919-46);convertedtoUNtrusteeships
(1946-60);FrenchportiongainsindependenceasRepublicofCameroun(1960);
mergeswithsouthernpartofBritishCameroonstoformFederalRepublicof
Cameroon(1961);renamedUnitedRepublicofCameroon(1972);renamedRepublic
ofCameroon(1984).
143. CapeVerde.Coded:1900-
History:ColonyofPortugal(1900-51);overseasprovinceofPortugal(1951-75);
independentstate(1975-).
144. CentralAfricanRepublic.Coded:1920-
History:FrenchadministrationestablishedasOubangui-Chari(akaUbangi-Shari)
(1903);partoftheFrenchCongo(1903-10)andtheFrenchEquatorialAfrica(the
successorofFrenchCongo)asOubangi-Chari-Tchad(1910-1958).TheunitOubanguiChariwasmergedwithChad(1906);westernpartofthecountryoccupiedby
Germany(1911-1914);theFrenchreoccupiedtheterritory(1914).Anautonomous
unit,divorcedfromfromChad(1920).MadeanoverseasterritoryofFrenchUnion
(1946-1958);self-rulewithintheFrenchCommunityunderthenewnameofCentral
AfricanRepublic(1958-60);independentstate(1960-);renamedCentralAfrican
Empire(1976-1979);nameofCentralAfricanRepublicrestored(1979).
145. Chad.Coded:1920-
History:TerritoireMilitairedesPaysetProtectoratsduTchad(1900-10);joins
FrenchEquatorialAfricaasOubangi-Chari-Tchad(1910-58);pacificationofterritory
ofpresent-daystatecomplete(1914);separatedfromOubangui-Chari(1920);
20
overseasterritoryofFrance(1946-60);self-rulewithintheFrenchCommunityanda
memberofthenewlyformedUnionofCentralAfricanRepublics(thesuccessorto
FrenchEquatorialAfrica)(1958-60);independentstate(1960-).
146. Comoros.Coded:1900-14;1946-
History:FrenchProtectorateoftheComoros(1900-12);MayotteandDependencies
(12-14);SubordinatedtoMadagascar(1914-46);Frenchoverseasterritory(1946-75);
independentstate(1975-).
147. RepublicoftheCongo(Brazzaville).Coded:1903-
History:MiddleCongo(1903-10);partofFrenchEquatorialAfrica(1910-58);comes
underdirectadministrationofthegovernor-generalofFrenchEquatorialAfrica
(1934);amemberofthenewlyformedUnionofCentralAfricanRepublics(the
successortoFrenchEquatorialAfrica)(1958-60);renamedCongoRepublic(1958);
independentstate(1960-);renamedPeople’sRepublicoftheCongo(1970);
renamedRepublicoftheCongo(1991).
148. DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo.Coded:1900-
History:CongoFreeStateispropertyofKingLeopoldofBelgium(1900-08);Belgian
colony,nowknownasBelgianCongo(1908-60);independentstateknownas
RepublicofCongo(akaCongo-Leopoldville)(1960-65);renamedDemocratic
RepublicofCongo(1965-71);renamedRepublicofZaire(1971).
149. Djibouti.Coded:1900-
History:FrenchcolonyknownfirstasFrenchSomaliland(1900-67)andthenas
TerritoireFrancaisdesAfarsetdesIssas(1967-77);independentstaterenamedthe
RepublicDjibouti(1977-).
150. EquatorialGuinea.Coded:1900-
History:Spanishcolony(1900-68);knownasSpanishGuinea(1926-59);independent
stateofEquatorialGuinea(1968-).
151. Eritrea.Coded:1900-
History:Italiancolony(1900-41);provinceofItalianEastAfrica(1936-41);British
occupationadministeredunderthetermsofaUNmandate(1941-51);Federationof
EthiopiaandEritrea(1952-62);territorywithinEthiopia(1962-93);independent
state(1993-).
Notes:Tobecodedasaseparateunit,evenduringperiodsofrulebyItalyand
Ethiopia.
152. Ethiopia.Coded:1900-
History:Italianoccupation(1936-41).
Notes:IncludesEritrea(1952-93).
153. Gabon.Coded:1910-
History:Frenchsphereofinfluence(1900-10);memberofFrenchEquatorialAfrica
(1910-58);amemberofthenewlyformedUnionofCentralAfricanRepublics(the
21
successortoFrenchEquatorialAfrica)(1958-60);independentstate(1960-).
154. TheGambia.Coded:1900-
History:BritishGambia,acrowncolony(1900-65);independentstate(1965-);
republicwithintheCommonwealth(1970-).
Notes:IgnoreSenegambia.
155. Ghana.Coded:1902-
History:GoldCoastColony(1900-1957),consistingofthecoastalregions(by1902);
partofGermanTogolandjoinsthecolony(1919);theAsanteisaconquered
territory,Northernterritoriesareprotectorates,ruledbyasinglegovernor(until
1946);BritishTogolandaswellastheprotectoratesjointheGoldCoast(1956);
independentstateofGhana(1957–).
156. Guinea.Coded:1900-
History:FrenchGuinea,apartofFrenchWestAfrica(1900-58);presentboundaries
moreorlessestablished(WWI);independentstateofGuinea(1958-).
157. Guinea-Bissau.Coded:1900-
History:ColonyofPortugueseGuinea(1900-73);independentstateofGuineaBissau(1973-).
158. IvoryCoast.Coded:1900-
History:Frenchcolony(1900-58);partofFrenchWestAfrica(1904-58);memberof
FrenchCommunity(1958-60);independentstate(1960-).
159. Kenya.Coded:1900-
History:EastAfricaProtectorate(1900-20);BritishcolonyofKenya(1920-63);
independentstateofKenya(1963-).
160. Lesotho.Coded:1900-
History:BritishProtectorateofBasutoland(1900-66);independentKingdomof
Lesotho(1966-).
161. Liberia.Coded:1900-
162. Madagascar.Coded:1900-
History:Frenchcolony(1900-58);MalagasyRepublicgainsself-rulewithinthe
FrenchCommunity(1958-60);independentstateofMadagascar(1960-).
163. Mali.Coded:1900-
History:FrenchSudan/SudaneseRepublic(1900-1958);MaliFederation(1959-60),
RepublicofMali(1960-).
Notes:DuringtheMaliFederation,pleasecodeMalionly.
164. Mauritania.Coded:1904-
22
History:Frenchcolony(1900-60);boundariesestablished(1904);fullypacified
(1912);memberofFrenchWestAfrica(1920-58);independentstate(1960-).
165. Mauritius.Coded:1900-
History:Britishcolony(1900-68);independentstate(1968-).
166. Mozambique.Coded:1900-
History:Portuguesecolony(1900-75);independentstate(1975-).
167. Namibia.Coded:1900-
History:GermanSouthwestAfrica(1900-15);SouthAfricancolony(1915-89);
independencefromSouthAfrica(1990-).
168. Niger.Coded:1922-
History:Frenchinfluence(1900-22);Frenchcolony(1922-60);self-rulewithinFrench
Community(1958-60);independentstate(1960-).
169. Nigeria.Coded:1914-
History:DividedbetweentheProtectorateofNorthernNigeriaandtheNigerCoast
Protectorate/ProtectorateofSouthernNigeria(1900-14);unifiedintheColonyand
ProtectorateofNigeria(1914-60);independentstate(1960-).
170. SaoTomeandPrincipe.Coded:1900-
History:Portuguesecolony(1900-75);independentstate(1975-).
171. Senegal.Coded:1904-
History:SenegalcolonyofFrance(1904-60);MaliFederation(1959-60);
independentstate(1960-);Senegambia(1982-89).
Notes:PleasecodeSenegalonly,notthelargerfederationsofwhichitwas,briefly,a
part(MaliFederationandSenegambia).NotethatduringtheperiodofFrench
controlanimportantdistinctionexistedbetweenthefourcommunes(wheremany
inhabitantswerefullFrenchcitizens)andtherestofthecolony.Inanswering
questions,pleaseconsiderthestatusoftheentireterritory,includingthecommunes
andtheotherregions.
172. Seychelles.Coded:1903-
History:Britishcrowncolony(1903-76);independentstateandrepublicwithinthe
Commonwealth(1976-).
173. SierraLeone.Coded:1900-
History:Britishcolony(1900-61);dividedintocolonyandprotectorate,eachwith
separatelegislatures(1924-51);self-rule(1953-61);independentstate(1961-).
174. Somalia.Coded:1900-
History:FormalItaliancontrolovermostoftheterritoryexceptBritishSomaliland
(1900-);effective(moreorless)Italiancontrolestablished(1910);Britishoccupation
(1941-49);UNTrustTerritoryofSomaliaunderItalianadministration(1950-60);
23
SomaliRepublicunitesSomalilandwiththeTrustTerritoryofSomalia(1960-69);
SomaliDemocraticRepublic(1969-91);civilwar(1991-);TransitionalFederal
Government(??).
Notes:IncludesPuntlandbutnotSomalilandfrom1900-60and1991-.
175. Somaliland.Coded:1900-60,1991-
History:Britishprotectorate(1900-);Italianoccupation(1940-41);stateof
Somalilandbriefly(forlessthanaweek)declaresindependence(1960);partof
SomaliRepublic(1960-69);independencedeclared(1991).
Notes:Last10yearsundermilitaryrule.
176. SouthAfrica.Coded:1900-
History:Britishcolony(1900-10);UnionofSouthAfrica(1910-);formal
independencefromBritain(1931);exitstheCommonwealth(1961).
Notes:Includesonlyterritoriesformallywithintheboundariesofthecountry,not
territoriesthatSouthAfricaexercisedinfluenceorcolonialdominionover.
177. Sudan.Coded:1900-
History:BritishcolonyunderauspicesofAnglo-Egyptiancondominium(1900-56);
independentstate(1956-).
Notes:ExcludeSouthSudanfromthedateofitsindependence(2011).
178. SouthSudan.Coded:2011-
History:Sudan(1900-2011);independentstateofSouthSudan(2011-).
179. Swaziland.Coded:1900-
History:Britishprotectorate(1900-68);independentstate(1968-).
180. Tanzania.Coded:1914-
History:PartofGermanEastAfrica(1900-1914);LeagueofNationsBritishmandate
establishedforTanganyikaandZanzibar[governedseparately](1914);independent
stateofTanganyika(1961);ZanzibarjoinsandresultingstateisrenamedTanzania
(1964-).
Notes:From1914-64,pleasecodeTanganyika,notZanzibar.
181. Togo.Coded:1916-.
History:Germanprotectorate(1900-05);GermancolonyofTogoland(1905-16);
splitintotwoLeagueofNationsmandates,oneadministeredbyFranceandanother
byBritain(1916-);thetwosegmentsbecomeUNTrustTerritories(afterWWII);
BritishTogolandjoinsGoldCoast(1956);FrenchTogolandbecomesautonomous
republicwithintheFrenchUnion(1959);independentstateofTogo(1960-).
Notes:IncludesonlytheFrenchcolonyofTogoland(nottheBritishcolony)priorto
independence.
182. Uganda.Coded:1900-
24
History:Britishprotectorate(1900-62);finalshapeofprotectorateachieved(1914);
independentstateandamemberoftheCommonwealth(1962-).
183. Malawi.Coded:1900-
History:BritishcolonyofNyasaland(1900-64);consolidatedwithRhodesia(North
andSouth)intotheFederationofRhodesiaandNyasaland/CentralAfrican
Federation(1953-63);independentstateofMalawi(1964-).
Notes:DuringtheperiodoftheFederation(1953-63)pleasecodetheFederationas
awhole,notjusttheNyasalandportionoftheFederation.
184. Zanzibar.Coded:1900-64.
History:Britishprotectorate(1900-63);IndependentSultanateofZanzibar1963-64;
People’sRepublicofZanzibarandPemba(1964);joinsTanganyikatoformTanzania
(1964).
185. Zambia.Coded:1911-
History:BritishcoloniesofNorth-EasternRhodesiaandNorth-WesternRhodesia
(1900-11);mergedtoformthecolonyofNorthernRhodesia(1911-64);significant
self-rule(1923-);consolidatedwithNyasalandandSouthernRhodesiaintothe
FederationofRhodesiaandNyasaland/CentralAfricanFederation(1953-63);
independentstate(1964-).
Notes:DuringtheperiodoftheFederation(1953-63),pleasecodetheFederationas
awhole,notjusttheNorthernRhodesianportionoftheFederation.
186. Zimbabwe.Coded:1900-
History:BritishcolonyofSouthernRhodesia(1900-53);self-governingcolony(192353);consolidatedwithNyasalandandNorthernRhodesiaintotheFederationof
RhodesiaandNyasaland/CentralAfricanFederation(1953-63);renamedRhodesia
anddeclaredindependentofBritain(1964);renamedZimbabweRhodesia(1979).
Notes:DuringtheperiodoftheFederation(1953-63),pleasecodetheFederationas
awhole,notjusttheSouthernRhodesianportionoftheFederation.
North&CentralAmerica
187. Belize.Coded:1900-
History:Britishcolony(1900-64);grantedself-government(1964);BritishHonduras
renamedBelize(1973);fullindependence(1981-).
188. Canada.Coded:1900-
189. CostaRica.Coded:1900-
190. ElSalvador.Coded:1900-
191. Guatemala.Coded:1900-
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192. Honduras.Coded:1900-
History:USoccupationorprotectorate(1907,1911-19,1924-25).
193. Mexico.Coded:1900-
194. Nicaragua.Coded:1900-
History:USoccupation(1912-33).
195. Panama.Coded:1903-
History:ProvinceofColombia(1900-03);independentstatethoughunderinfluence
ofUnitedStates,whichhadspecialrightstothecanalzone(1903-);USincursion
(1989).
196. UnitedStatesofAmerica.Coded:1900-
Notes:IncludesallstatesandtheDistrictofColumbia.Doesnotincludeoverseas
territories(e.g.,AmericanSamoa)unlessanduntiltheybecomestates(e.g.,Alaska
in1959).
Caribbean
197. AntiguaandBarbuda.Coded:1900-
History:Britishcolony(1900-81);independentstate(1981-).
198. Bahamas.Coded:1900-
History:Britishcolony(1900-73);independentstate(1973-).
199. Barbados.Coded:1900-
History:Britishcolony(1900-66);independentstate(1966-).
200. Cuba.Coded:1902-
History:UScolony(1900-02);RepublicofCuba,anindependentstate(1902-).
201. Dominica.Coded:1900-
History:Britishcolony(1900-67);WestIndiesFederation(1958-62);associatedstate
oftheUKwithself-determinationoverdomesticpolicy(1967-78);fullindependence
(1978-).
Notes:CodeonlyDominicaduringperiodoffederation(1958-62).
202. DominicanRepublic.Coded:1900-
History:Independentstate(1900-);USoccupations(1916-24,1965-66).
203. Grenada.Coded:1900-
History:Britishcolony(1900-67);WestIndiesFederation(1958-62);associatedstate
oftheUKwithself-determinationoverdomesticpolicy(1967-74);independentstate
(1974-);USoccupation(1983).
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Notes:CodeonlyGrenadaduringperiodoffederation(1958-62).
204. Guyana.Coded:1900-
History:Britishcolony(1900-66);independentstateandmemberofCommonwealth
(1966-);republic(1970-).
205. Haiti.Coded:1900-
History:USoccupationandprotectorate(1914-36).
206. Jamaica.Coded:1900-
History:Britishcolony(1900-62);independentstate(1962-).
207. SaintKittsandNevis.Coded:1900-
History:Britishcolony(1900-67);associatedstateoftheUKwithself-determination
overdomesticpolicy(1967-83);Anguillaseparatesfromthecountry(1971);full
independence(1983-).
208. SaintLucia.Coded:1900-
History:Britishcolony(1900-67);WestIndiesFederation(1958-62);associatedstate
oftheUKwithself-determinationoverdomesticpolicy(1967-79);fullindependence
(1979-).
Notes:CodeonlyStLuciaduringperiodoffederation(1958-62).
209. SaintVincentandtheGrenadines.Coded:1900-
History:Britishcolony(1900-69);WestIndiesFederation(1958-62);associatedstate
oftheUKwithself-determinationoverdomesticpolicy(1969-79);fullindependence
(1979-).
Notes:CodeonlyStVincent/Grenadinesduringperiodoffederation(1958-62).
210. TrinidadandTobago.Coded:1900-
History:Britishcolony(1900-62);WestIndiesFederation(1958-62);independent
stateasmemberofCommonwealth(1962-);republic(1978-).
Notes:CodeonlyTrinidad/Tobagoduringperiodoffederation(1958-62).
SouthAmerica
211. Argentina.Coded:1900-
212. Bolivia.Coded:1900-
213. Brazil.Coded:1900-
214. Chile.Coded:1900-
215. Colombia.Coded:1900-
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History:Panamasecedes(1903).
216. Ecuador.Coded:1900-
217. Paraguay.Coded:1900-
218. Peru.Coded:1900-
219. Suriname.Coded:1900-
History:Dutchcolony(1900-75);USoccupation(1941);self-rule(1954-75);
independentstate(1975-).
220. Uruguay.Coded:1900-
221. Venezuela.Coded:1900-
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