LITHOLOGICAL MAPPING OF IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS
IN THE CENTRAL EASTERN DESERT OF EGYPT
USING REMOTE SENSING DATA
Mohamed F. Sadek (1); Safaa M. Hassan (1); Mohamed W. Ali-Bik (2)
National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (NARSS), Cairo, Egypt.
(2)
Geological Sciences Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
E-mail; [email protected]
(1)
ABSTRACT: The Central Eastern Desert of Egypt is composed mainly of Precambrian metamorphic and
magmatic assemblages including ophiolitic serpentinite talc-carbonate rocks and calc-alkaline metavolcanics
which are intruded by syn to late to post orogenic granitoids. This study is focused on the Wadi Umm Gheig
area which comprises El Sibai-Um Shaddad and Kadabora-Suwayqat areas. The integrated remotely sensed
processed data together with the field study have been used to discriminate the exposed metamorphic and
magmatic basement rock assemblages as well as modifying the previously geological mapping for the study
areas. At Gabal El Sibai-Um Shaddad area. The different ASTER band ratio thermal data including (b12/b13),
(b10×b11/b13×b14) and (b12/b14) successfully discriminated the ophiolitic serpentinite talc-carbonate rocks,
granites and metavolcanics respectively. On the other hand, the exposed basement rocks of Kadabora-Suwayqat
area have been successfully discriminated on Landsat-8 images including, Minimum Noise Fraction MNF (4, 3,
7), Principal component analysis (PC6, PC2, PC7) and various band ratios (b6/b2, b6/b7 b6/b5xb4b5) and
(b7/b6, b7/b5, b5/b3). Comparing the results of the investigated study with the previously published geological
maps for the study two areas, the present study produced geological maps which are the best in lithological
discrimination and lithological boundaries.
KEY WORDS: Precambrian, Kadabora, Umm Gheig, El-Sibai, ASTER, Landsat-8, Egypt.
1. INTRODUCTION
The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) in the Central Eastern Desert (CED) of Egypt consists of extensive outcrops
of metamorphosed gneissic domes, ophiolitic-related assemblages, island-arc metavolcanics and their
volcaniclastic associations together with clastic Molasse-type sediments. These rock assemblages were intruded
by suites of mafic, syn-late to post tectonic volcanics and granitoids. Geological and tectonic setting of the
basement rocks in the CED of Egypt particularly Umm Gheig-El Sibai-Kadabora area has been the focus of
many workers (e.g. Kamal El Din et al., 1992; EGSMA, 1992; EI Gaby et al., 1994; Khudeir et al., 1995;
Ibrahim and Cosgrove, 2001; Fowler et al., 2007; Johnson et al., 2011; Fritz et al., 2013; Abdeen et al., 2014;
and others).
Remotely sensed processed data including ETM, ASTER and few applications of Landsat-8 have been used by
many workers in lithological discrimination and mineral exploration in the Eastern Desert of Egypt (e.g. Kusky
and Ramadan, 2002; Sadek, 2004 and 2005; Gad and Kusky, 2006; Sadek and Hassan, 2012a and 2012b; Amer
et al., 2010; Gabr et al., 2015; Aboelkhair et al., 2010; Abou Elmagd et al., 2013; Asran et al., 2013; Hassan and
Ramadan, 2014; Hassan et al., 2014; Sadek et al., 2015 and others).
The ASTER channels are very important in the spectral identification of minerals, rocks and soils of the Earth
surface (Di Tommaso and Rubinstein, 2007) and considered superior over other sensors for lithological mapping
(Ninomiya et al., 2005 and 2006). On the other hand, Landsat-8 data provide a high radiometric resolution (16
bit), which is clearly useful in highlighting certain spectral changes in lithological units. Also Bands 6 and
7 cover different slices of the shortwave infrared (SWIR). They are particularly useful for lithological
discrimination that looks similar in other bands often have strong contrasts in SWIR. Bands 10 and 11 are in the
thermal infrared (TIR) which are important in detection of lithological units that have not any response in SWIR
bands. The main scope of the present study is the application of ASTER and Landsat-8 images data in
litholological mapping of the igneous and metamorphic rocks in two adjacent areas in the Central Eastern Desert
of Egypt namely; El Sibai-Um Shaddad area (the northern area) and Kadabora-Suwayqat area (the southern
area).
2. GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
a) El Sibai-Um Shaddad area
The Gabal El-Sibai-Um Shaddad area is located in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt pertaining to the
northern part of the Pan-African Arabian Nubian Shield of Wadi Umm Gheig area. It lies between Latitudes 25°
35' 30= and 25° 47' N and longitudes 34° 07' 05= and 34° 23' E covering an area of about 853 km2 (Geological
map Fig. 3). It is essentially composed of three main assemblages of rock units namely; (1) ophiolitic rocks (2)
calc-alkaline metavolcanics and their related volcaniclastics and (3) intrusive rocks. The ophiolitic assemblage
consists of dismembered slabs of massive serpentinites and talc-carbonates, tectonically thrusted over highly
sheared metavolcanics and locally intruded by alkali-feldspar granite. Locallly they are incorporated within the
sheared metavolcanics. The schistose metavolcanics and metavolcaniclastics are the dominant rock unit along
Wadi Umm Gheig. They are basic to intermediate in composition and include chlorite hornblende schist
showing greenschist facies metamorphism, though some rocks reach amphibolite facies. The ophiolitic and
island arc calc-alkaline metavolcanics are intruded by three different generations of granitoids; (a) El-Shush
syn-magmatic gneissic tonalite-granodiorite, (b) Umm Shaddad-Delihimmi alkali-feldspar granite and (c) ElSibai-Abu Tiyur late-to post-magmatic alkali granites (Kamal El Din, 1993, Fowler et al., 2007).
b) Kadabora-Suwayqat area
The Kadabora-Suwayqat area occupies the southern part of Wadi Umm Gheig area towards the south of the El
Sibai-Um Shaddad area. It lies between latitudes 25°15' and 25°35' N, and longitudes 34°10' and 34°30' E,
covering an area of about 1000 km2 (Geological map Fig. 5). It is predominantly built by metamorphic and
magmatic assemblages. The metamorphic assemblage consists of ophiolitic serpentinite talc-carbonate rocks,
which were tectonically thrusted over the island-arc calc-alkaline metavolcanics and their related
volcaniclastics. These rock assemblages were intruded by syn to late tectonic intrusions including tonalitegranodiorite, gabbro-diorite, monzogranite and alkali-feldspar granite. The serpentinite and talc-carbonate
association forms the lenticular-shape of Gabal Al Mayit at the extreme southern part of the mapped area e
sequence is dissected by quartz veins as well as dykes of varied composition. These rocks are tectonically
thrusted over the surrounding schistose metavolcanics, while they are intruded by tonalite-granodiorite and
gabbro-diorite. The widely distributed island-arc, calc-alkaline metavolcanic assemblages form mostly schistose
varieties of basic, intermediate and acidic compositions. They were intruded by syn to late tectonic mafic and
granitoid intrusions including tonalite-granodiorite, gabbro, monzogranite and alkali-feldspar granites. The lateto post-orogenic biotite hornblende granites, monzogranite and alkali-feldspar granites are exposed forming the
slightly large intrusions of Kadabora, Umm Naqaat and Suwayqat. These granitoids intrude the surrounding
metavolcanic varieties and gabbro-diorite.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
a) El Sibai-Um Shaddad area
1. TIR spectra of the exposed rock units
Five ASTER thermal bands with 90 m spatial resolution TIR data were geometrically corrected and resampled
applying nearest neighbour resampling method to maintain the original pixel values of the image. Quantitative
analyses have been applied to the ASTER thermal bands using ERDAS IMAGINE spectral profile viewer.
Finally, the ASTER data was interpreted to produce the geological maps. The spectral profile viewer of the
image processing software (ERDAS IMAGINE, version 2013) allows user to visualize the reflectance or
emission spectrum of a single pixel throughout many bands. In the present study, the average of thermal spectral
values of the mapped rock units are listed in Table (1), and the thermal characteristic curves have been
delineated (different pixels) representing the exposed rock units (Fig. 1).
2. Converting to emissivity and temperature
Before converting the ASTER thermal data to emissivity and temperature, atmospheric correction for ASTER
level 1B “radiance at-sensor data” (8 to 14 μm) bands was applied to approximate and remove the atmospheric
contributions from thermal infrared radiance data using ENVI version 5.1 software. ENVI emissivity
normalization technique was applied to the five ASTER thermal bands to separate the emissivity values of the
exposed rock units. This technique is typically used to enhance the spectral differences between surface
materials that are difficult to detect in raw images (Aboelkhair et al., 2010). For discrimination of the widely
exposed rock units in the Gabal El Sibaia area using ASTER thermal data, many referenced and unreferenced
band ratios have been tested. Based on the characteristic analyses of thermal spectrum of the exposed rock units,
the ASTER thermal band ratios including (b12/b13), (b10×b11/b13×b14) and (b12/b14) have been selected for
discrimination of the ophiolitic serpentinite talc-carbonate rocks, granites and metavolcanics respectively (Fig.
2). The modified geological map of the El-Sibai Um Shaddad area has been produced (Fig. 3) using ASTER
thermal data (modified after Fowler et al., 2007 and Kamal El Din, 1993).
3. Principal component analysis transformation
In the present study, the PCA transformation was carried out on the five ASTER thermal images of the
ophiolitic serpentinite and talc-carbonate, schistose metavolcanics and granitic intrusions. The obtained PCA
eigenvector loadings and eigenvalues show that the first, second and third principal components (PCs) account
for most of the total data variance.
(Table 1): The average ASTER thermal values for the main exposed rock units forming the Gabal El SibaiUm Shaddad area.
Rock types
Metavolcanics
ASTER bands
Ophiolitic
(serpentinite talccarbonate rocks)
Biotite
granite
Leucocratic
alkali-feldspar
granite
Riebeckite
granite
10
11
12
13
14
0.48
0.50
0,45
0.46
0.42
0.57
0.50
0.49
0.52
0.45
0.69
0.74
0.62
0.49
0.55
0.91
0.99
0.79
0.72
0.88
0.69
0.60
0.62
0.60
0.55
b) Kadabora- Suwayqat area
In the Kadabora-Suwayqat area, Landsat-8 data has been applied for the identification and discrimination of the
lithological units. For accurate lithological discrimination in the study area, the processed data of Landsat-8
images have been used including the principal component analysis (PC6, PC2, PC7) (Fig. 4a) and both band
ratioing (b6/b2, b6/b7, b6/b5xb4b5) (Fig. 4b) and (b7/b6, b7/b5, b5/b3) (Fig. 4c) and the derivatives Minimum
Fraction (MNF) (4, 3, 7) (Fig. 4d). The modified geological map for the Kadabora area has been produced (Fig.
5). Al Barramiya quadrangle sheet published by EGSMA (1992) has been used in conjunction with the field
investigation for ground truth information and to check the spatial distribution of the discriminated lithological
units as well as verifying the interpretation of the processed satellite images.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The igneous rocks are composed mainly of silicate minerals which do not show any spectral feature in VNIR or
SWIR ASTER bands. They have pronounced spectral features in the TIR region due to asymmetric Si–O–Si
stretching vibrations (Le Yu et al. 2008). Ninomiya et al. (2005) proposed that the series of the alkali-feldspar,
which often coexist with quartz in felsic igneous rocks, have lower emissivity in band 11 than in bands 10 and
12, contrary to the quartz characteristics through the ASTER thermal band. Petrographically, Kamal El Din
(1993) identified three granitic varieties forming Gabal El Sibai-Abu Tiyur late tectonic intrusion without
discrimination on his geological map. In all previous geological maps, this intrusion was mapped as one granitic
type, namely alkali-feldspar granite (e.g. EGSMA 1992; Kamal El Din 1993; and Fowler et al. 2007). Based on
the spectral characteristics, the applied ASTER thermal band ratios (Table 1 and Fig. 1) as well as the field
verification, the boundaries between these three petrographical varieties are clearly discriminated in this image
as well as on the present geological map (Fig. 3). The new three discriminated granitic varieties are namely;
biotite granite, leucogranite and riebeckite granite (Hassan et al., 2014). As shown in Table (1) and Figures (1)
and (2), biotite granite shows higher thermal values in ASTER band 11 than in bands 10 and 12 due to their
enrichment with quartz and low content of alkali-feldspar minerals. The leucocratic alkali-feldspar granite
shows thermal value in band 11 is higher than in both bands 10 and 12 due to the low content of quartz. This
granitic type is emphasized by light grey colour in band 12 in the derivative emissivity image. On the other
hand, riebeckite granite displays higher thermal values in band 11 than in band 14 due to the very low content of
quartz and high content of K-feldspars (Ninomiya et al. 2005).
At Kadabora-Suwayqat area, Landsat-8 principal component image (PC6, PC2, PC7) in RGB (Fig. 4a)
discriminated Al-Mayit serpentinite talc carbonate rocks with bluish green color, the Fe-bearing schistose
meavolcanics with very dark green color while the intermediate-acidic metavolcanics show very dark blue color.
Foliated granodiorites are clearly dstinguished by contrasted orange color, Kadabora and Umm Naqaat granites
show pinkish blue color while the dyke swarms of Kadabora show blue color. On the other hand, the gabbrodiorite rocks are distinguished with bluish dark pink color, and tonalite-granodiorite with very dark pink color.
Landsat-8 band ratio image (b6/b2, b6/b7, b6/b5xb4/b5) (Fig. 4b) successfully discriminated the lithological
units in the study area with accurate tracing their contacts in the produced geological map (Fig.5), whereas, the
granitic rock varieties including monzogranite, alkali-feldspar granite, biotite granite and tonalite-granodiorite
are discriminated by orange dust color, light cyan color, light green color and very dark green color,
respectively. On the other hand, the schistose metavolcanics exhibit very dark red color. Serpentinite, gabbrodiorite show reddish and dark green colors, respectively, while acidic metavolcanics exhibit bluish red color.
The Landsat-8 band ratios (b7/b6, b7/b5, b5/b3) distinguished the serpentinite rocks with very dark blue color
with interfering between chlorite sericite schist and schistose metavolcanics (Fig. 4c). Schistose metavolcanics
and foliated granodiorite are well discriminated with very dark brownish red color and yellow color,
respectively.
Landsat-8 MNF image bands (4, 3, 7) in RGB (Fig. 4d) distinguished the Fe-bearing schistose metavolcanics
north Gabal Al Mayit with yellowish green color, the gabbro with light orange color and Gabal Al Mayit
serpentinte talc carbonate rocks with light rose color. On the other hand, Kadabora granites show reddish blue
color. Detailed lithological mapping of the Kadabora-Suwayqat area, has been carried out (Fig. 5) based on the
integrated data of previously geological mapping (e.g. EGSMA geological map, 1992). Field studies have been
done to check the lithological varieties and boundaries as well as verifying the interpreted remotely sensed data.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Gabal El Sibai-Um Shaddad and Kadabora-Suwayqat areas in the Central eastern Desert of Egypt are
predominantly made up of metamorphic and magmatic assemblages. The spatial and mutual relationships
between the different rock units forming these areas were documented in the field. In addition, the detailed
geological mapping of the study area has been produced based on the integrated data of Landsat-8 and ASTER
processed data, as well as the previously geological mapping (particularly EGSMA, 1992 and Fowler et al.,
2007). The ophiolitic serpentinites talc-carbonate rocks, metavolcanics and granitic rocks exposed at Gabal El
Sibai-Um Shaddad area have been discriminated by applying the ASTER thermal band ratios (12/13,
10×11/13×14, 12/14) in RGB. In this study, the principal component analyses (PCA) of the five ASTER thermal
bands are applied for the first time to discriminate the basement rocks in the study area. The method effectively
discriminates between three granitic varieties forming the El-Sibai-Abu El Tiyur intrusion. They are biotite
granite, leucocratic alkali-feldspar granite and riebeckite granite. These granitic varieties were previously
mapped as one unit, namely alkali-feldspar granite. This study reveals that the applied data of ASTER thermal
ratio bands produced a new geological map with well discriminated rock units.
In the Kadabra-Suwayqat area, Landsat-8 image processing has been used for the discrimination of the exposed
different metamorphic and magmatic units. Landsat-8 MNF (4, 3, 7), PCA (PC6, PC2, PC7) and both band ratio
images (b6/b2, b6/b7, b6/b5xb4b5) and (b7/b6, b7/b5, b5/b3) successfully discriminated the different
lithological units in the study area based on their spectral characteristics. Comparing the present geological map
with the previously published geological maps for the study area, particularly that published by EGSMA (1992).
The following modification has been done 1) Kadabora biotite hornblende granite has been discriminated into;
biotite hornblende granite and monzogranite, as well as the boundaries of all granitoid intrusions have been
modified. 2) The chlorite amphibole sericite schist, north Umm Naqaat is classified into basic and acidic
varieties. 3) The NE-SW schistose metavolcanic belt exposed north of Gabal Al Mayit has been classified into
biotite sericite schist with metamorphic iron bands and chlorite sericite schist. 4) Generally, the different
lithological units are accurately discriminated in the present geological map with more accurate contacts with
surroundings. The produced geological maps of both areas were revised and verified through two field trips,
whereas the different lithological units and their contacts have been checked with collecting some representative
samples from Kadabora area for chemical analysis (not included in this stusy).
(Figure 1). The average ASTER TIR spectral curves characterizing the exposed rock units in El Sibai-Um
Shaddad area. a) Serpentinite talc-carbonate rocks. b) Metavolcanic rocks. c) El-Sibai biotite granite. d) El-Sibai
leuco- alkali-feldspar granite. e) El-Sibai riebeckite granite. f) TIR spectral curves of the widely exposed rock
units.
(Figure 2). Different ASTER thermal band ratio images discriminating the lithological units of Gabal El SibaiUm Shaddad area. a) Grey scale band ratio image (b12/b13) differentiates serpentinite talc-carbonate rocks with
very bright regions. b) Band ratio (b10×b11/b13×b14) discriminates the granitic intrusions rocks as very bright
regions. c) Grey scale band ratio (b12/b14) emphasizes the metavolcanic rocks with light grey regions. d) False
colour band ratio image (b12/b13, b10×b11/b13×b14, b12/b14) in RGB for discrimination of granitic rocks
(greenish cyan), metavolcanics (dark red) and serpentinite talc-carbonate rocks (bright red).
(Figure 3). Geological map of the El- Sibai Abu Tiyur area using ASTER thermal data (modified after Fowler
et al., 2007 and Kamal El Din, 1993).
(Figure 4). Different processed Landsat-8 images for Kadabora-Suwayqat area: a) Principal
component analysis (PC6, PC2, PC7) on RGB. b) band ratio image (b6/b2, b6/b7, b6/b5×b4b5) on
RGB. c) band ratio (b7/b6, b7/b5, b5/b3); and d) Landsat-8 MNF (4, 3, 7) on RGB.
(Figure 5). Detailed geological map of Kadabora-Suwayqat area using the integrated remote sensing data
(Landsat-8 band ratios, ASTER PCA, and ASTER MNF), Wadi Al-Barramiya Quadrangle map 1:250,000
(EGSMA, 1992) and field study.
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