JTMUN 2016
Historical Security Council
Table of Contents
Letter from the Committee Chair
3
Agendas
4
The Cold War
5
Country Background
7
Background & Questions
8
Research Links
13
The Six Day War
14
Country Stance Outline
24
Research Links
26
Reference Pictures
27-28
2
A LETTER FROM THE
COMMITTEE CHAIR
Hello, Delegates,
My name is Raza Aziz and currently I
am in my final year of A’levels at
LGS Johar Town. It is exactly 4 years
that I spoke at my first Model UN
conference and what I remember is
that it wasn’t easy. Obviously, how
could it have been? A boy wearing
jeans and a coat entered the gates of
Aitchison College with no idea of
what he had to do (only that
something related to United Nations
was going on). Since then, it has been
an amazing journey and if it were not
for those Zain Haider sessions at
CSC, I might have not been to any
other MUN. This year at JTMUN (as
the post suggests) I’ll be chairing
Historical Security Council. Unlike
many people, I am not a big fan of
entertainment sessions; however, this
committee won’t be as boring as
people generally might think. As
much as I appreciate a good speaking
style, I certainly will not be giving out
points to speeches with good rhetoric
only so yeah, be well researched. A
bit about myself: I love playing
cricket, I am a big fan of British film
industry and Britain in general (for
some odd reason) and I am just crazy
about mathematics. I might be the
only person who feels good after
attempting differentiation questions
but that does not necessarily mean
that I am very good at math- because I
am not.
Anyway, best of luck. See you all this
September!
If you have any questions or queries
regarding the committee, the topics or
the rules of procedure feel free to
contact me at:
[email protected]
3
Agendas:
1.
The Cold War of 1953
2.
The Six Day War
4
The Cold War
The Committee will be simulated as a
Crisis in the May,1955.
Updates will be regularly issued to
delegates defining the situation and
timeline.
Further research is strongly
recommended.
TIMELINE
Note that the course of the conference
will not necessarily be
chronologically accurate. This
timeline only serves as a list of major
events for delegates to conduct their
own thorough research.
1942/08/13– Work on the Manhattan
Project begins 1943/11/28 to 1943/12/01
- Tehran Conference
1946/03/05–Winston Churchill famously
said, ―An iron curtain has descended
across the continent [Europe].‖
1947/06– The Marshall Plan is outlined
to help impoverished European
countries.
1948/03/17– The Brussels Pact was
created to protect Europe from
communism.
1948/06/24– The Berlin Blockade begins
and lasts for 11 months.
1949/04/04– NATO is ratified.
1949/08/29– The USSR tests its first
nuclear weapon, in its facility at
Kazakhstan.
1950/06/24– The Korean War begins
with the North Korean invasion of South
Korea.
1952/10/02– The UK tests its first
nuclear weapon, off the coast of
Australia.
1953/07– The Korean War ends.
1945/02/04 to 1945/02/11– Yalta
Conference.
1954/03/01–The U.S. detonates the
world’s first hydro-nuclear fusion bomb.
1945/04/29–Nazi Germany surrenders to
the Allies.
1954/07– Vietnam is split North and
South.
1945/08/06– The first atomic bomb in
the world is used in warfare, on
Hiroshima.
1955/05– The Warsaw Pact is formed.
1945/08/09– Another atomic bomb is
dropped on Nagasaki.
1945/08/15– Imperial Japan surrenders
to the Allies, ending World War II.
1956/10/29– The Suez Crisis begins.
1957/10/04– The Sputnik is launched.
1959/01– Cuba is taken over by Fidel
Castro.
5
1960/02/13– France detonates its first
nuclear test weapon in Algeria.
1960/12/19– Cuba identifies as a
communist state, as an ally of the Soviet
Union.
1980/08/11– Second NPT Review
Conference
1985– Mikhail Gorbachev becomes
leader of the USSR.
1985/08/27– Third NPT Review
Conference
1961/04– Bay of Pigs invasion
1986/10/11– Reykjavik Summit.
1961/08/17–Construction of the Berlin
Wall begins.
1987/10– The INF treaty between the
United States and Soviet Union is now
active, as a result of the discussions at
the Reykjavik Summit.
1961/10/30- Soviet Union detonates the
Tsar Bomba, the most powerful nuclear
weapon test to date.
1962/10-The Cuban Missile Crisis
begins.
1963/10/10- The Partial Nuclear Test
Ban Treaty is now active.
1989/01– Soviet Union withdraws troops
from Afghanistan.
1989/06, 1989/09– Poland and Hungary
respectively are now independent states.
1989/11/09– The Berlin Wall falls.
1964/10/16– China detonates its first
nuclear weapon at the Lop Nur test site.
1989/12–Communist governments fall in
Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania.
1968/07/01– The Treaty on the NonProliferation of Nuclear Weapons opens
for signatures.
1991/07/31– The START Treaty is
signed between the US and USSR to cut
nuclear arsenals by 35%.
1969/11/17– SALT I (Strategic Arms
Limitation Talks) starts.
1991/08– The Cold War officially ends
with the fall of the Soviet Union.
1970/03/05– The Treaty on the NonProliferation of Nuclear Weapons is now
active.
1972/05/26– SALT I ends.
1975/04/17– South Vietnam falls to
communist North Vietnam.
1975/05/05– First NPT Review
Conference
1979/06/18– SALT II Negotiations
6
Romania
COUNTRY BACKGROUND
List of Member States
Russia
Ukraine
Yugoslavia
NATO
Non-aligned Nations:
Belgium
Afghanistan [WP: $2 500 000]
Canada
Argentina [WP: $1 000 000]
Denmark
People’s Republic of China [WP: $7
500 000]
France
West Germany
Greece
Republic of China (RC) [NATO: $5 000
000]
Congo
Iceland
Cuba
Italy
Ethiopia [NATO: $500 000]
Luxembourg
Finland [NATO: $500 000]
Netherlands
India [unstable][dislikes Pakistan]
Norway
Iran
NATO
Portugal
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States of America Warsaw Pact
Libya
Korea (North) [WP: $25 000 000]
Korea (South) [NATO: $15 000 000]
Nigeria
Pakistan [dislikes India]
Bulgaria
Saudi Arabia
Czechoslovakia
Sudan
East Germany
Vietnam (North) [WP: $1 000 000]
Hungary
Vietnam (South) [NATO: $1 000 000]
Lithuana-Belarus
Poland
7
Background and Questions
Communism
values equality above all. Every man,
woman, and child contributes to the
upkeep of those around them, and in
turn, they are supported by those
around them.The first relevant
instance of a Communist government
is in Russia, instated after the 1917
October Revolution. Communism
famously holds the farmer and factory
worker as thetop priority, as the
working man is arguably the most
important part of any society.In the
years leading up to and during the
Second World War, the USSR forged
a seriesof pacts and alliances with its
neighbours, ultimately resulting in the
Warsaw Pact,with all members
operating under some form of
Communism.
Democracy
, and by extension, capitalism, holds
that through hard work, everyman can
rise above and climb the social ladder.
The people choose the leader, and the
leader is held accountable to each and
every citizen. Any person from any
walk of life could accomplish
anything, so long as they are willing
to work for it. At its most basic form,
capitalism values those men who are
self-reliant and able to make their
own way independently. The primary
example of this is the United States of
America,and their emphasis on the
ordinary man, and his potential
influence in politics and business.
Goals
Delegates are looking to win the
support of otherwise neutral countries.
Each Alliance will want to find
friends around the world, and must
allot some of their limited resources
towards this end. Success may lead to
an increase in income or acquisition
of a satellite state, among other
things, and may ultimately affect the
course of events.
Guiding Questions
1.What is the most effective way to
increase support for your alliance in
other parts of the world?
2.How do you sell your ideologies to
nations caught between the two?
3.How can you efficiently divide and
invest resources towards these goals?
4.Which nations are significant in
strategic value (eg. Will they help you
win awar in the region?)?
5. Is it worth it to try swaying nations
in favour of the opposition towards
your community?
8
Military and National Defence
NATO
The US has become the most
dominant military force ever to exist
on Earth.Their Navy is at its largest
ever, possessing 70% of all surface
ships, with dozens of aircraft carriers,
battleships, cruisers, and destroyers.
The USAF and US Army are both
enormous, having grown in size
substantially as a result of the
European theatre of operations. The
US, while not possessing a fighter jet
immediately at the end of WWII, still
had very capable fighters, and the
strongest air force. Another NATO
country, the UK, although declining,
remains a military power, and
possesses the first fighter jets. France
despite having been conquered swiftly
by Germany in WWII, raised a
formidable army within the liberated
areas; by May of 1945, France
possessed over 1 million troops,
which were even fighting in
Germany. Additionally, naval assets
were saved by Allied forces during
WWII and returned to France. The
rest of NATO, while not possessing
military power rivalling these two, are
still economically powerful.The US
had a major naval presence in the
Pacific, particularly near Japan and
Korea. The 7th fleet is the largest
forward deployed fleet in the world,
and was the dominant naval force in
the area. There is also significant
military presence in Europe,
particularly Poland. The UK and the
US both occupied German territory
that bordered with German territory
that was occupied by the Soviets, thus
both these nations possessed a large
military presence in Germany. The
UK possesses significant power in the
North Atlantic, having a naval base in
Scotland and operating many subs and
large ships there. The Royal Navy is
the first line of defense against an
offensive push from the USSR’s
Arctic fleet. The US regularly flew
bombers over and near Soviet
airspace to maintain a nuclear
presence in the area.
Warsaw Pact
Meanwhile on the side of the USSR
and the Warsaw Pact nations, the
USSR begins developing nuclear
weapons very quickly, first
successfully tested in the year
1949.The USSR had taken major
casualties during the course of the
war, losing over 20 million civilian
and military lives. The communist
side was not as technologically
advanced as the other, but had
massive production capability; even
in 1943, an average of 1300 T-34
tanks were being made each month. In
other areas, the Soviet Union’s air
9
force was weaker than that of the
NATO nations, but by the Korean
War era, fighter jet development had
become roughly equal in the 2
countries, with the US operating the
F-86, and the USSR operating the
Mig-15. In the oceans, the NATO
countries had unquestionable
superiority, but later the Soviets
would turn it against them using
superior submarine technology. To
summarize, the Warsaw Pact nations
were supported purely by the Soviet
Union, relying on its massive
production capability to match upto
the technological might of NATO.The
USSR possesses large naval assets in
the Mediterranean and the Arctic,
with forces oriented towards taking
down NATO warships. The USSR
and the Eastern Bloc also has a large
army stationed within Germany.
Meanwhile, the USSR also routinely
flew bombers and fighters near
Alaska and Canadian airspace to
threaten the continent of North
America. Furthermore, the USSR has
also taken advantage of the antiAmerican Sentiment brewing in
Central and South America, and are
looking to potentially station nuclear
missiles in that area to threaten the
US.
Guiding Questions
1.Which national borders are most
important in defending?
2.How important is world-wide power
projection? Is peace an option?
3.What areas are strategically
vulnerable/valuable for combative
activities?
4.How should we distribute funds in
deploying our militaries?
5.Which units are most effective in
certain regions?
10
Research and Development of
Nuclear Weapons
The possibility of nuclear warfare is a
prevalent issue throughout the Cold
War. A hunger for military and
political dominance over the other
side has caused rising nuclear tensions
between the United States of America
(USA) and the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR).
Nuclear Weapons Development on
a Global Scale
The USA is the first nation to develop
nuclear weapons, as illustrated by
their use in the end of WWII, at
Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Currently,
NATO’s nuclear stockpile, until the
end of 1948 consists of 110 warheads
(all from the US). Although WWII is
over and Germany and Japan have
both surrendered, NATO leaders
recognise that there was still tension
in differing ideologies. Consequently,
NATO has continued their nuclear
programmes. Throughout the Cold
War along with the UK, France and
Canada, the US is actively investing
in research and development in order
to create cheaper and more effective
weapons to maintain their grasp on
power. Their main research facilities
are in the UK, France, the US, Canada
and their testing sites are in Frenchcolonised Africa (mostly in Algeria)
and the Pacific Ocean.Although in
1949 they are a global superpower,
the USSR does not have a nuclear
arsenal. Soviet leaders recognise that
in order to maintain equal ground
with the US and NATO, they would
need to engage in nuclear
development as well. Shortly after
WWII ended, the USSR has begun its
own nuclear weapon development.
With effective intelligence, the USSR
is coming close to developing nuclear
arms. The USSR is currently using
very effective espionage to attempt to
spy on NATO research facilities for
the weapons technology. Research
and weapons testing take place
primarily in Russia, Siberia,
Kazakhstan and the Ukraine.
Goals
The primary goal for NATO is to stop
the USSR from developing nuclear
arms. The main medium to achieve
this goal is through diplomatic
demands, economic and military
attrition and espionage (to hinder their
progress). NATO is currently
considering utilising nuclear weapons
as a mean of deterrence of Soviet
aggression. Potential Stations for
nuclear ICBMs include the member
states along the Iron Curtain. NATO
member states must also pass
legislation to ensure that if the USSR
11
succeeds in its goal,
international security is still
maintained. All out war is a serious
threat if the USSR gains nuclear
weapons. It is essential to
international security to
diplomatically develop plans and
protocols to ensure that the world
does not erupt into an all out nuclear
war.The Warsaw Pact is looking
towards equalising the power gap
between themselves and NATO. As a
result, the main goal for the Warsaw
Pact is to develop nuclear weapons.
Advances made can be derived from
direct monetary investment into
research as well as spying on enemy
nuclear research. After developing
nuclear weapons, the USSR looks to
expanding their nuclear arsenal to
catch up with the US. Additionally,
the Warsaw Pact looks to potentially
situate ICBMs in areas near the US
(the Caribbean) as a threat and
deterrence.
Guiding Questions
1.Which facilities are most effective
in nuclear research?
2.Is it more effective to spy on the
enemy or invest in our own research?
3.If nuclear weapons work as only a
deterrence, what is the purpose of
expanding our arsenal?
4.How can nuclear war be prevented,
if both sides are to develop nuclear
weapons?
5.How can nuclear arsenals be kept at
a reasonable level for both sides, if
bothsides are able to develop nuclear
weapons?
6.How viable is going to war without
using nuclear weapons?
12
Research links:
Since the cold war is a very broad
topic only a few important links are
included, delegates will be judged on
their research however the last link
contains all links concerning the cold
war available on the internet.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_W
ar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw
_Pact
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_
Missile_Crisis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_U2_incident
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaither_
Report
http://www.history.com/topics/coldwar/huac
http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/te
xtlinks.htm
13
The Six Day War
The committee shall be initializing at
the date of May 18th, 1967.
INTRODUCTION
The Arab- Israeli conflict is deep
rooted in the sediments of history and
increased rapidly since the appearance
of Israel on the world map. When
curtains closed on the Holocaust the
General Assembly established a
special committee the UNSCOP,
Special Committee on Palestine to
resolve the territorial disputes once
and for all. The resolution proposed in
their report A/364 was approved
which finalized the creation of an
independent Jewish State, Arab State
and Holy City of Jerusalem. This
division of Palestinian territory
infuriated the Muslims in the Middle
East.
1948 war strikes; Egypt, Syria and
Iraq against the newly formed Israel.
Their goal: erase Israel from the map.
The war was lost by the Arabs and
Israel’s power had now a strong
foundation. The current problem
began with the unrest among MiddleEastern Muslims after Israel
proactively worked on its National
Water Carrier Project to irrigate its
southern lands and improve economy.
FACTORS THAT SET THE
STAGE AND IMMEDIATE
REASONS.
1. Militancy and Violent Aggression:
Tensions since the first war had not
decreased. In 1955, 241 Israelis were
killed by Palestinian terrorists based
in Egypt and 31 Israelis were killed
by Jordanian terrorists. Israel could
not gain recognition from its
neighbours as the Muslims were
hostile to the Jews and against its
settlement in the West Bank.
November 1966 saw an Israeli strike
on the village of Al-Samūʿ in the
Jordanian West Bank which killed 18
people and wounded 54. During an air
battle with Syria in April 1967, the
Israeli Air Force shot down six Syrian
fighter jets. In May of the same year
Soviet intelligence reported that Israel
was planning attacks against Syria,
though this information was proven
wrong it further heightened tensions
between Israel and its Arab
neighbours.
14
2. Treaty Violation and Sea Route
Blockade: The Egyptian President
Gamal Abdel Nasser had continued to
block Israel’s shipping and
international trade route through the
Suez Canal. This was a clear violation
of the armistice resolution signed
between Egypt and Israel in 1949. He
nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956
which caused the Suez Canal Crisis.
This made relations with Britain even
more delicate. The Arabs had never
accepted the Balfour Declaration in
the first place which created
independent Jewish territory under
Palestinian mandate. The Sinai
Peninsula was then monitored by the
UNEF and UN Peacekeeping Forces
since March 1957. Later reopened in
April allowing safe passage to Israeli
shipments. In May 1967 Nasser again
blocked a sea route this time the
Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of
Aqabah. Nasser had been facing
criticism from the Arab world as his
country claimed to lead the flag of
their religion. Quite abruptly he made
this move, supporting Syrian troops
and expelling the UNEF from the
Sinai. He expressed: ―We were
waiting for the day when we would be
fully prepared and confident of being
able to adopt strong measures if we
were to enter the battle with Israel…
Recently we felt we are strong
enough, that if we were to enter a
battle with Israel, with God's help, we
could triumph… The battle will be a
general one and our basic objective
will be to destroy Israel.‖
3. The Formation of the PLO: The
Palestinian Liberation Organization
was founded at an Arab league
meeting in Cairo. It was created
because the Palestinian Muslims did
not trust the Arab nations to fight for
its cause as Egypt and Saudi Arabia
remained idle in crushing Israel. Its
goal was also to destroy Israel. At
another Arab League meeting in
Rabat, Morocco it was recognized as
Palestinians’ official representative.
The Palestinian National Charter was
introduced.
15
Timeline
1955: 241 Israelis killed by
Palestinian terrorists originating from
Egyptian territory and 37 Israelis
killed by terrorists originating from
Jordanian territory.
Oct. 29, 1956: Suez Crisis: Israeli
government grows even more aware
of aggression from the Gaza Strip
under Egypt’s control as well as
Egypt's attempts to block Israeli
shipping in the Suez Canal. President
Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal on
July 26. Britain moves to prevent the
nationalization as it owns more than
half of shares in the canal- by joining
forces with France and Israel. Israel
attacks the Sinai Peninsula. Britain
and France, pulling the strings
condemn the violence. The United
States calls for a ceasefire in
November 1956. A UN Peacekeeping
Force occupies the area to subdue
Egyptian control in March 1957 and
reopens the canal on April 24, 1957.
1957: Probable start of construction
of Israeli nuclear breeder reactor
using French technology. France later
tried to stop the program to prevent
controversy, but Israeli FM Peres
made it clear that Israel would make
the deal public. Reactor was
discovered by the US in U-2 flights in
1960/1961
Nov 18, 1959: Israel abandons earlier
Jordan river diversion scheme, begins
work on the National Water Carrier
Project, to divert the waters of the
River Jordan from the Sea of Galilee
to the Negev, taking its share of
Jordan water in accordance with
Johnston plan.
Jan. 13-17, 1964: Arab heads of state
meet in Cairo to counter Israel’s
National Water Carrier Project.
United Arab Force under the Egyptian
Government’s control is created.
May 1964: PLO (Palestine Liberation
Organization)founded with the aim of
destroying Israel. The Palestinian
National Charter (1968) officially
called for liquidation of Israel. PLO
was founded by Egypt to divert
Palestinian energies from the nascent
Fatah movement of Yasser Arafat,
which had become anti-Nasserist.
January 2nd 1965: Al Fatah carries
out first sabotage in Israel, against the
Israel National Water Carrier. Fatah
carried out about 122 raids between
Jan 1965 and June 1967, later
boasting that they had dragged the
Arab states into war. Most of these
raids were abortive.
Nov 13, 1965: After Syria fires on
Israeli patrol, the IAF bombs Syrian
diversion project in retaliation. Four
Israelis killed, 100+ dead Syrians.
16
Feb. 23, 1966: New Syrian Baathist
regime sets destruction of Israel as
primary goal. Regime policy: "The
Palestine question [is] the main axis
of our domestic, Arab and
international policies... The liberation
battle can only be waged by
progressive Arab forces through a
popular war of liberation, which
history has proved is the only course
for victory against all aggressive
forces.... it will remain the final way
for the liberation of the entire Arab
homeland and for its comprehensive
socialist popular unification.‖
Dec 14, 1966: Egyptian Marshal
Hakim Amer cables Nasser from
Pakistan, in recommending the
closing the straits of Tiran to Israeli
shipping and dismissing the UN
Peacekeeping (UNEF) force from
Gaza.
May 13, 1967: Soviets inform Anwar
Sadat in Moscow that Israel is
massing 10-12 brigades in preparation
for an attack on Syria, supposedly to
take place May 17. The information is
false, as were several similar previous
Soviet warnings.
May 18, 1967: Egyptian President
Gamal Abdel Nasser orders the
United Nations Peacekeeping
Emergency Force to leave Sinai and
surrounding regions. Crisis updates
shall begin in the committee herewith.
May 23, 1967: Egyptian President
Gamal Abdel Nasser closes the straits
of Tiran to Israeli shipments. Egypt
moves approximately 130,000
soldiers into Sinai. Negotiations with
US to reopen the Straits of Tiran fail.
May 31, 1967: President Abdur
Rahman Aref of Iraq makes a
statement: "The existence of Israel is
an error which must be rectified. This
is our opportunity to wipe out the
ignominy, which has been with us
since 1948. Our goal is clear - to wipe
Israel off the map.‖
Jun 2, 1967: Moshe Dayan joins
Israeli cabinet as Minister of Defense.
Coalition government formed.
Reservists released for furlough
before outbreak of the war.
17
WAR
7:45 AM, June 5, 1967: The
Israeli Air Attack, The First
Advantage
While Egypt, and most foreign
military observers, expected Israel to
attack, no one expected Israel to
attack in the way that it did. In most
air forces a substantial percentage of
planes at any time are down for
maintenance; taking that into account,
plus planes Israel would have to hold
back for air defense, the Egyptians
expected that much less than half of
Israel’s jets could take part in an
anticipated attack against Egyptian
airbases.
But in fact at the start of the fighting
90 percent of Israel’s planes were
operational, and only twelve fighters
were held back for air defense. All the
rest, including jet trainers retrofitted
for combat, were thrown into the
initial attacks against the Egyptian air
force. Flying low through previously
discovered gaps in the Egyptian radar
net, and approaching from unexpected
directions, mostly from the west (that
is, from the Mediterranean), the
Israelis achieved complete tactical
surprise. They also chose to attack not
at dawn, when the Egyptians were
known to be on alert, but at 7:45 AM,
when most senior Egyptian military
and political leaders would be caught
in the usual massive Cairo traffic
jams, and thus out of touch.
Most importantly, the Israelis attacked
in small groups of just four planes.
While the first group was on the
target, another group of four was on
the way, and another four were just
taking off. As the first wave finished
its attacks, the second wave was about
to attack, and the third wave was on
its way, and when the third wave was
finished, the first was back to attack
again, having rearmed and refueled in
just minutes. In this way Israel kept
the main Egyptian airbases under
constant devastating attack for more
than two and a half hours, allowing no
time for recovery.
First cratering the runways with
special penetrating bombs to prevent
Egyptian planes from taking off, the
Israeli pilots then concentrated on the
Egyptian bombers that could
devastate Israel’s cities, and on
Egypt’s most advanced MiG fighter
jets. When these were destroyed the
target list was widened to include all
other military planes, SAM-2 missile
sites and radar installations, and
smaller airbases, until all eighteen
Egyptian airbases had been hit.
18
Aftermath
In June 1967 Israeli military forces
occupied all of the West Bank and the
Gaza Strip (as well as the Syrian
Golan and Egyptian Sinai) during the
third Israeli-Arab war. [MAPTerritories Occupied by Israel During
the 1967 War] Nearly 200,000
refugees were displaced for a second
time and 240,000 Palestinians became
refugees for the first time.
main priority of the committee, shall
remain compromised.
The Khartoum Declaration was the
first serious warning to the Israelis
that they could not expect the Arabs
to submit peacefully.
The UN Security Council called upon
Israel to withdraw from the territories
occupied during the war ( Resolution
242) and
facilitate the return of the refugees (
Resolution 237).
Israel vowed not to return to the
vulnerable armistice lines of 1948 and
'49 or to a divided Jerusalem, and yet
to be "unbelievably generous in
working out peace terms," as Foreign
Minister Abba Eban put it. In direct
talks with Arab countries, "everything
is negotiable," he said.
At the end of August the Arab leaders
met in a Summit Conference in
Khartoum, Sudan whence they
reaffirmed their firm hard-line stance
on no peace talks with Israel. The
hostility ensured that the Palestinian
territorial issues would not be
resolved and security, which is the
19
Resolution 242
A consensus was difficult to reach.
The the Soviet Union and the Arab
countries were at odds with the West,
Israel and others over how to move
forward. In the wake of the war, the
Soviets and Arabs insisted that blame
for the conflict should rest with no
other state apart from Israel. They
demanded that Israel unconditionally
withdraw to the pre-war lines, and
argued that the international
community should not expect an end
to the state of belligerency nor Arab
recognition of Israel's right to exist.
The U.S. and others saw the greater
part of the blame resting with the
Arabs and were not eager merely to
return to the combustible situation
that had existed before the war. "If
ever there were a prescription for
renewed hostilities, the Soviet draft
resolution is that prescription," argued
the American ambassador to the
United Nations, Arthur Goldberg.
Caradon's language built on the basic
principles of Goldberg's resolution —
it called for an Israeli withdrawal
without specifying the lines of that
withdrawal. The Soviets, perhaps
understanding that Caradon's
compromise resolution was the only
one that had a chance of being passed,
voted along with the rest of the
Security Council in favor of the
resolution, even as the Soviet
ambassador to the United Nations
bitterly recognized the fact that the
resolution avoids imposing specific
boundaries to which Israel should
withdraw.
Not long after the United Nations
Security Council passed Resolution
242, Jordan and Israel accepted the
resolution. Egypt, too, noted its
acceptance of Resolution 242 — or
more precisely, its own interpretation
of the Resolution, which Nasser
claimed required Israel to withdraw
from all of the territories occupied in
the Six Day War.
Ensuring Security and Peace in the
Aftermath
1) The Issue of Arab Refugees:
The UNRWA, Relief and
Works Agency for Palestine
Refugees in the Near East, was
established in December 1949.
to provide humanitarian relief
to the more than 700,000
refugees and displaced persons
who had been forced to flee
their homes in Palestine as a
result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli
war. On November 29, 1947,
the UN General Assembly
voted to partition Palestine into
two states, one Jewish and the
other Arab. The UN partition
plan divided the country so that
each state would have a
20
majority of its own population,
although a few Jewish
settlements would fall within
the proposed Arab state while
hundreds of thousands of
Palestinian Arabs would
become part of the proposed
Jewish state. The Palestinian
Arab state envisioned by the
UN partition plan was never
established, due to the divisions
between Egypt and Jordan in
the war and Israeli occupation.
An enormous count of refugees
had to live on the border with
Jordan and Israel as neither
country accepted them. The
Jewish state denied them
believing jordan should accept
them. Jordan denied them
asylum believing their true
homeland was illegally
occupied by the Israelis. The
provision of international
protection for Palestinian
refugees by the UNCCP and
the framework set down by the
international community in
Resolution 194 (III) was both
consistent with the protection
function later accorded to the
Office of the UN High
Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR)(4), the international
agency responsible for all other
refugees, and remarkably
forward-looking in regards to
durable solutions(5). During its
early years of operation, the
UNCCP attempted to intervene
with state parties to promote
and protect the internationallyrecognized rights of the
refugees; promote measures to
improve the situation of
refugees; preserve and promote
the restitution of refugee
properties, and; promote
durable solutions for refugees,
including repatriation,
resettlement, restitution, and
compensation based on the
unconditional principle of
refugee choice. The ability of
the UNCCP to provide full
international protection and
facilitate a durable solution
based on the principle of
refugee choice and the
framework set down in
paragraph 11 of Resolution 194
(III), however, was severely
hampered by the internal
contradiction of the
Commission’s mandate. Before
examining this internal
contradiction and its impact,
however, it is important to
understand the original vision
behind the UNCCP.
21
2) Israel’s Right of Existence: All
Arab states refused to recognize
the state of Israel. Gamal Abdel
Nasser addressed the UN
General Assembly in 1964
saying: ―We swear to God that
we shall not rest until we
restore the Arab nation to
Palestine and Palestine to the
Arab nation. There is no room
for imperialism and there is no
room for Britain in our country,
just as there is no room for
Israel within the Arab nation."
Multilateral negotiation must
take place to ensure peaceful
recognition of both Israel and
Palestine.
3) Soviet Information, UNEF
Expulsion, and Troop Buildup:
Israeli leaders had repeatedly
threatened to invade Syria if
Palestinian guerilla actions
across the border did not cease.
In May of 1967, Soviet officials
informed Egypt that Israel had
begun amassing troops on the
Syrian border and was planning
to invade. Nasser reacted by
sending troops into the Sinai,
and Syria followed suit. They
believed that the presence of
troops in the area would deter
Israel from attacking Syria.
Israel responded by deploying
its own troops along the border.
However, there was still one
major obstacle that Nasser had
to overcome in order to honor
its mutual defense treaty with
Syria. Since the 1956 Suez
Crisis, UNEF troops had been
stationed on the Egyptian side
of the Egypt- Israeli border to
ensure that both sides honored
the 1949 armistice boundaries.
On May 16, Nasser asked the
UN to remove the UNEF from
the Sinai. Once they were gone,
Nasser declared that he would
close the Straits of Tiran to
Israeli shipping, which
President Lyndon B. Johnson
later determined to be the casus
belli of the war. On May 22,
Egypt closed the Straits of
Tiran to ―all ships flying Israeli
flags or carrying strategic
materials.‖
22
Note: Being a retrospective
committee the delegates must
not make any reference to
incidents that took place
following the end of the war.
The main focus should be on
organizing ceasefires and
taking active measures in
coping with the crisis. The
delegates must provide
measures to ensure security,
confidence- building and
human rights.
Questions to be Resolved
I.
How and where should
internally displaced people be
provided security and shelter?
II.
Is Israel’s occupation of
territories legal under international
law, to what extent must it withdraw?
III. What measures must be taken
to increase border security to prevent
terrorist activities in the future?
IV. Should bilateral and
multilateral talks be organized to
prevent the ongoing war from
progressing?
V.
What immediate actions must
be taken to ensure the wellbeing of
the citizens living in the affected
areas?
VI. Should Palestine be granted full
member status in the UNGA?
23
Country Stance Outline:
Soviet Union
Initially supportive of the creation of
Israel in 1949, the Soviet Union no
longer regards the Zionist
state as useful for extending its
influence into the Middle East.
Instead, it has now shifted its support
to the Arab side in the form of
training and weaponry, bringing the
larger context of the Cold War into
the Middle East. The Soviet Union
played a key role in instigating the
war, rousing suspicion of Israel within
Arab leaderships, culminating in the
report of Israeli troops amassed along
the border. The Soviet Union and its
satellites became Nasser's chief
source of military equipment and
financial aid, beginning with a
massive arms deal with
Czechoslovakia in 1955.
USA
The role of the US was influenced by
its involvement in the Suez Crisis.
President Dwight Eisenhower did
pledge that the U.S. would guarantee
Israel’s right of passage in the Straits
of Tiran. The Johnston Plan was
signed under the Johnston Agreement.
The Americans also sponsored a
United Nations resolution establishing
the United Nations Emergency Force
presence between the Egyptians and
the Israelis. At the time of the events
that led to the Six-Day War, the
Americans repeatedly rebuffed Israeli
requests for military aid and approval
for an Israeli preemptive attack on
Egypt. The United States was already
involved in a war overseas against
Vietnam and facing domestic
opposition to that war, was loathe to
become embroiled in a second front.
Jordan
Jordan was led by King Hussein bin
Talal during the war, the king was not
on friendly terms with Egypt as
Nasser’s intelligence workers had
made multiple attempts to assassinate
him. Rather, he had a better
connection with Great Britain and the
USA. However, he allied himself with
Nasser for the War.
Great Britain
Britain’s role before, during and after
the Six Day War was determined by
its perceived self interest in the
region. These interests were defined
by the Foreign Office as safeguarding
their share of the oil business, Arab
investment in London and access to
Arab markets and the East, as well as
blocking communist inroads into the
region. The British recognized their
diminished role in the world and
favored stability over change. Prior to
the Six Day War, Britain saw a secure
24
Israel as a source of stability in
the Middle East. For this reason the
nation was willing to provide Israel
some weapons to defend itself. To
protect its interests, especially access
to oil, British policymakers decided to
adopt a more neutral or pro-Arab
stance. The Foreign Office, which had
always sympathized with the Arabs
became more influential in molding
British Middle Eastern policy. On
June 21, Foreign Secretary George
Brown gave a speech that openly
supported the Arabs and demanded
Israel return territories won in the
war. The 1967 war marked a turning
point in relations between Israel and
Britain, ending a brief period of close
cooperation.
Egypt
and announced a blockade of the
Straits of Tiran to Israel-bound
shipping. The blockade sealed off the
major Israeli port of Eilat and violated
the armistice agreements that had
followed the 1956 Sinai war. It was
regarded by most observers as a casus
belli, or act of war. These bold — and
in retrospect reckless — moves
provoked massive pro-Nasser street
demonstrations in Arab capitals, and
one after another Arab government
endorsed Nasser's steps and put its
military under direct Egyptian control.
Even Jordan’s King Hussein did so. In
addition, the Soviet Union encouraged
the Arab states in their militancy.
Open warfare had seemed a distant
possibility before May, but now
everything had changed.
Nasser was quite involved in conflicts
with other Arab countries, especially
Saudi Arabia and Jordan. Syria also
condemned Egypt, the largest Arab
country, for not attacking Israel and
for ―hiding behind the skirts‖ of the
UN peacekeeping force that stood
between Egypt and Israel. Nasser,
however, did not believe at the time
that the Arabs were unified enough to
defeat Israel, and he chose to defer a
confrontation until what he saw as a
more propitious moment.
In May of 1967, Nasser expelled UN
peacekeepers from the Sinai peninsula
25
Research Links
1)
http://study.com/academy/lesso
n/the-six-day-war-of-1967-causestimeline.html
11) http://www.merip.org/primerpalestine-israel-arab-israeli-conflictnew
12)
2)
https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DP
R/unispal.nsf/0/07175DE9FA2DE563
852568D3006E10F3
3)
10) http://www.zionismisrael.com/his/six_day_war_timeline.
htm
http://sixdaywar.org/index.asp
4)
http://www.aljazeera.com/progr
ammes/plohistoryofrevolution/2009/0
7/200974133438561995.html
http://www.unrwa.org/
13)
http://www.forcedmigration.org
/research-resources/expertguides/palestinian-refugees-in-thewest-bank-and-the-gaza/alldocuments
14)
http://www.bbc.com/news/worl
d-middle-east-14724842
5)
https://www.britannica.com/eve
nt/Six-Day-War
6)
https://tune.pk/video/4171789/t
he-six-day-war-documentary-on-the1967-arab-israeli-war
7)
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subje
ct_menus/mideast.asp
8)
http://www.palestinefacts.org/p
f_1948to1967_plo_backgd.php
9)
http://www.palestinefacts.org/p
f_1991to_now_plo_fatah.php
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