Science & Exploration
Scientific Revolution
• Roger Bacon: it’s ok to experiment w/ science! (1200s)
• Scientific Method: math, instruments, & experiments
• Copernicus: heliocentric theory (1543)
• Ptolemy’s geocentric model had previously prevailed
Science
• Johannes Kepler
• Proved Copernicus right w/ math
• Galileo Galilei
• Telescope!
• Inquisition w/ Church (1632)
• Guilty of heresy, forced to recant
• Isaac Newton
• Laws of GRAVITY and MOTION
Science
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Vesalius: Studied human body
Harvey: Blood circulation
Descartes: “I think, therefore I am”
Francis Bacon: Scientific Method
Boyle: chemistry & gases
Age of Enlightenment
• Enlightenment: era of reason & scientific methods used to
explain human nature
•Rationalism
•Philosphes
• John Locke: Natural rights of man
• Baron de Montesquieu: Checks and balances in government
• Voltaire: Satires of monarchies
•Personal expression and freedoms
•Candide ridiculed prejudice, bigotry, and oppressive gov’t
•Jean-Jacques Rousseau: “Social Contract”
•Favored enlightened despotism
•Mary Wollstonecraft: Rights for women
Exploring
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Improved mapmaking
Compass invented
Caravel replaces old ship designs
Commercial Revolution
• International trade/banking
• Joint-stock companies
• Monarchs support exploration
Mercantilism
• Country should increase wealth any way possible
• Colonies established
• Usually could only buy from home country
• Tariffs (taxes) on imports
• Government subsidizes business ventures
• Myths of wealth drive exploration (El Dorado)
Colonies
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Countries hunt for raw materials/mineral wealth
Could only sell w/ home country
Could not manufacture goods
Overcrowding in Europe led to exploration
• Promise of wealth and knowledge overseas drew
colonists
Portugal
• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Sent expeditions to Africa c.
1400s
• Charted seas, claimed colonies,
began to trade
• Bartolomeu Dias
• 1488- Sails around Cape of
Good Hope to Indian Ocean
• Vasco da Gama
• 1498- sails to India & opens
trade
Vasco da Gama
Tower of Belem, Portugal
Spain
• Ferdinand & Isabella want to compete w/ Portugal
• Christopher Columbus
• 1492- Lands in Caribbean seeking route to India
• Makes 3 more trips
Columbian Exchange
Dividing the World
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), Spain & Portugal
Explorers
• Amerigo Vespucci (Italy)
• Realizes “New World” isn’t Asia (1497-1504)
• Gets America named after him
• Vasco Núñez de Balboa (Spain)
• Crosses Panama, sees Pacific Ocean (1513)
• Executed by rival
• Ferdinand Magellan (Portugal)
• Names Pacific Ocean, tries sailing around world
• Dies in Philippines (1521), but one ship & 18 men
return (1522)
• Conquest
Cortes & Pizarro
Slave Trade
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Portugal starts w/ African sugar plantations
Native Americans devastated by diseases
Dutch, English, & French begin trade by 1600
Reached height in 1700s, early 1800s