Ecology of the Redwoods

!-*-%7-$2&#
#"5--"1
70"50"2-,#
,0#%0"2-2&#',20-"3!2'-,51'+.0#11#"
72&#$!22&2<4# ##,4#07!2'4#',"-0
+,!7-5*125##)0-$#11-0)#0"#4#*
-.#"2&# !)%0-3,"-$25-0#"5--"1#
/3-'"#,"0-,%'%,2#3+!-++-,*7),-5,1
2&#'#00'%0##,"#/3-'1#+.#04'0#,1
!-++-,*7),-5,12&#!-120#"5--"#
*1-2-3!&#" 0'#>7-,1-+#-$2&##!-*-%7-$
2&#1#25-0#"5--"1-,'%&2+711'%,+#,2'1
2-"#4#*-.',!-,1'"#0 *7+-0#"#2'*2&#
#!-*-%7-$2&##/3-'1#+.#04'0#,1-0!-12
0#"5--"1-5&#,1.#)2-,'%&2-$0#"5--"
2&'1'12&#1.#!'#1-$5&'!&+1.#)',%
&#2#0+#!-*-%7!-+#1$0-+2&#0##)0--2
-$9-2'1:+#,',%2&-+#,"9*-%-1:+#,
',%123"7-0"'1!-0"1-*'2#0**7#!-*-%70#$#01
2-2&#-0%,'1+2&-+#-5&-+#2-2&#
!-120#"5--"!-,1'121-$ -32
+'*#
!-12*120'.5&#0#2&#0#0#40'#27-$#,4'
0-,+#,21&'1!-12*120'.#62#,"1$0-+
1-32&#0,-,2#0#7-3,272-1-32&#0,3007
-3,275&'!&*'#1(312,-02&-$2&#0#%-,
*'$-0,' -0"#0&##!-*-%'12',4#12'%2',%
0#"5--"'1',2#0#12#"',,3+ #0-$"'?#0#,2
/3#12'-,1=012-$**&#'1',2#0#12#"',5&#0#
2&#1#0#"5--"1%0-5,#62&#'1',2#0#12#"',
2&#27.#1-$.*,212&211-!'2#5'2&0#"
5--"2&#,&#'1',2#0#12#"',5&70#"5--"
%0-515&#0#'2"-#1,"!-,4#01#*7&#'1',
2#0#12#"',5&70#"5--""-#1,-2%0-55&#0#
'2"-#1,-2,"5&20#2&#1&-022#0+,"
*-,%2#0+!&,%#1&,%#1%#,#0**70#$#00#"
2- 72&##!-*-%'120#13!!#11'-,*!&,%#1
!&,%#12&2!, ##6.#!2#"',2&#!-+.-1'
2'-,-$2&#4#%#22#"+-1'!-$5&'!&0#"5--"
'1.02
-50#!-%,'8',%2&2!-3*",-2.-11' *7
20#2#!&-,#-$2&#1#/3#12'-,1',,7"#2'*
-0%,'8#"+72*)2-,'%&2*-,%1*'%&2*7"'$
$#0#,2*',#1'0125,22-2-3!&*'%&2*7-,2&#
"'?#0#,2)',"1-$$-0#12!-++3,'2'#1',5&'!&
2&#0#"5--"=,"1'21#*$,#625,22-#6+
',# 0'#>72&#.&71'-*-%'!*!&0!2#0'12'!1-$
0#"5--"2&2#, *#'22-!-+.#2#13!!#11$3**7
',2&#1#.*,2!-++3,'2'#12&#,5,22-
!-,1'"#0$-0.30.-1#1-$'**31202'-,2&#57',
5&'!&0#"5--","11-!'2#".*,211-02
2&#+1#*4#1-323,"#02&#'+.!2-$!-+.#2'
2'-,*-,%-,#.02'!3*0#,4'0-,+#,2*%0"
',%,"=,**75,22-1.#) 0'#>7 -32
2&#.0#1#042'-,-$0#"5--"
-,-5*#231 #%', 72)',%*--)2$#5-$
2&#.*,2!-++3,'2'#1',5&'!&0#"5--"'1
$-3,"&#0#&1 ##,1-+#+',-00#"3!2'-,
',2&#0,%#-$0#"5--""3#2-%0'!3*230#
!*#0',% 32',%#,#0*'2'1.0- *7+3!&2&#
1+#2-"71'251=4#&3,"0#"-0#4#,
2&-31,"7#01%-2'1!-,4#,'#,2 #*'#4#
,"'2*1-13..*'#12-+#2*#122&#.0-.#0
.0-1.#!2'4#2-4'#52&'11.#!'#110#*'!=%&2
',%2-&-*"-,2-#!&.'#!#-$*,"2&2'2
,-5-!!3.'#10-3,"5&'!&,3+ #0-$+-0#
%%0#11'4#1.#!'#1!0-5"#%#02-2)#-4#0
1&-3*"2&#0#"5--"0#*',/3'1&'21&-*"$-0#4#,
+-+#,2&'1'1,-22-13%%#122&20#"5--"
'1',!. *#-$%0-5',%',-2&#0.*!#1 #!31#
'2!,0-4'"#"!-+.#2'2'-,$0-+-2&#01.#
!'#1!-3*" ##*'+',2#"'2!-3*"13!!#11$3**7
%-+3!&$02&#0,-02&+3!&$02&#01-32&,"
',2-!#02',.021-$2&#'#00$--2&'**1,"
',2-,3+ #0-$"'?#0#,2!-3,20'#1
-5 #*'#4#2&22&#.3 *'!<1',2#0#12',2&#
0#"5--"12-"7!#,2#010-3,"20##113!&1
2&-1#5&'!&0#!&"'+#2#013.2-$##2,"
&#'%&213.2-
$##2.#)',%1,#!-*-%'12
!-,1'"#02&22&'1,00-5.3 *'!',2#0#12'1
3,$-023,2#2*#4#12--+,7-2&#0',2#0#12
',%0#"5--"!-++3,'2'#143*,#0 *#2-"#
1203!2'-,5&'*#2&#.3 *'!<122#,2'-,'1"'
0#!2#"#*1#5&#0#
,!23*'272&# 3*)-$2&#0#"5--"1-!!301
.02-$4#%#22#"+-1'!&#0#0#%011
!-4#0#"-.#,',%10#$#00#"2-*-!**71.0'
0'#1&#0#0#12,"1-$0#"5--"*-,%2&#
0'4#0>21&#0#0#12,"1-$-3%*1=0,"
2&#0#0#+'6#"12,"1-$-3%*1=0,"0#"
5--"2'21,-02&#0,*'+'22&#0#"5--"'1
$-3,"-,2&#1*-.#11-+#;"'12,!#3.$0-+
-!+"/+6-,-(.+,-!+",&"1-.+0"-!
(. %,5+0!"!",-!(&"''--+"',(&
,-',',-'%",(/-!!-$("/+
'",0"-!"'-!(.'+",(-!",$"2(.
-"('%(+,-'-"%+'-%2-!",,-'0,
,!.%(+.--"' '--!&(&'-4&
'(-,.+0!--!,--.,",+,('%%2-!"'$
-!-,(&7(+-,!(.%&-($)-!,
+)+,'--"/,(-!",-2)(-!'(+-!+'
1-+&"-2"'--(0('-!,(.-!+'%"&"-
+0((",+,-+"--(',')+-".%+
+%",0"-!"'-!(,+,-"('%(+,-
'--!&(&'-",'(--!+-'"''2
02
'-0'-!,'(+-!+'',(.-!+'%"&
"-,+0((,,("-,0"-!'.&+("
+'--+,)",'
%(+-(.'-20
(-'35'"-,,("-0"-!!&%($1&
)%,(-!",(&&.'"-2-2)(.+"'-!
%
(+-0((,--+$+-!(,-
+(&
%(+-(.'-20%%(0'"'-(.&
(%-(.'-2+0((%,("'%.,,)+.
&(' "-,,,("-,%(' 0"-! +'5+
(. %,5+'!&%($)+.0!"!+'
"&)(+-'-(&)%"&'-(-!",/ ---2)
(-"'-!"+,-/%()&'-02'(+-!"'
+"-",!(%.&"',(.-!,-%,$1&
)%,(-!",(&&.'"-2-2)(.+"'
%
(+-(.'-2'%,("'
%(+-0((,
'+"+"+$,--)+$,+-!+,(.-!
''+"-,,-+'%"&"-,,(.-!,-("%%"-,
05'+0(( +(0"' "',,("-"('0"-!
)('+(,)"''
(. %,5+!",",)+
-".%+%2"'-+,-"' (&&.'"-2-2).,
)('+(,)"'",,)",-!-'0"-!,-'
-!%(' +2,.&&+,(-!''+(,-
' '-!"++(&"-))+-(
+%"((+&+%20-+%"&-(/++.'2
)('+(,)"',(&-"&)+!),-!(.,',
(2+, (0!'-!,.&&+,(&"'
+,"' %2+"+(0"-4,(&"' (/++.'2
(. %,5+,"'0"%5+,!/'+(. !-
.'+('-+(%!",+","')+"/-(0'+,!")
',+,$'(0-!++'()%',(+).
%").+!,(+)+,+/-"('
+-!+-(-!,(.-!"''+%2"' -0'
(('/"%%'("'-+'+0((,,("-,
0"-!,. +)"'. +)"',!/%(' +'!,(-'0"-!%(' (',!' "' +(&
-!&!2(-'--"'*."- (("&-+
!",(&&.'"-2-2)",,-/%()#.,-
%(0-!-(),(-!+" ,("%)-!'
5+!/.'(.-%2)%2'"&)(+-'-+(%
"'"-,,-%",!&'-!++0 ((1
&)%,(-!",(&&.'"-2-2),-"%%"'--('
-!6'$,(.%%$,+$'(0%%
-!",-2)","')+"/-(0'+,!")'-!++
'()%',(+).%").+!,(+)+,+/-"('
+-!+,(.-!' "'('5'-(-!+" -()+0((,,("-0"-!$'((')"'
'1%%'-1&)%(-!",(&&.'"-2-2)
",%(-('%"$+" #.,--(-!,-(
-!0(( "('%+$"'-!$%'
"%%,!%%(0,("%,'5+++,)(',"%(+
-!-+"(+-"('(-!",+)+-(-!",+
'(0%%,0"-!"'-!,-2.'"")%-"%"-2
",-+"--!+,-",(')+"/-%'0!"!",
,-"'(+,."/","('"'-!'(--((",-'-
.-.+,0))+(!-!,(.-!+'%"&"-(
+0((05'"-,%(),,(.-!(-!
!!)","$)('+(,)"',. +)"''
$'((')"'(.%-+)"''0"-!,-'
%(' )+"(,(+(. !-+.%%2,-!%"
&-!,(&"'+,"' %2+2(/+-!%,-
-!(.,'2+,(+,("-))+,-(!/&(/
"'+(.'-!,",(%-)($-,(+0((,
(1)%"'0!2+0((",%-((&)-
0"-!,.!/+"-2(,,("-,"-",',,+2
-(1&"'"-,)!2,"(%( "%)(-'-"%!",)(
-'-"%",-+&"'2'.&+()("'-,
,)+(.-"(', +&"'-"(',%"' ,-%",!&'-/ --+)+(.-"('5++
,",-' +(0-!+,)(',-(,("%'.-+"'-,
-&)+-.+'&(",-,-+,,-(%+'-(
6(("' ',.,*.'-%%./"%)(,"-,+
,",-'-()-!( ','"',-,
,+,0'-+&"'+0(()+(.,
,"+%2+ .%+%2(/+&(,-("-,'-"+
+' !++,(&1)-"(',-(-!",!(0
/+"',(&)%,-!)+(.-"('",&.!
!/"+-!'"'(-!+,'-,(&)%,-!
)+'-(/"%,",!" !+-!'"'(-!+,
-(%%-2(%+'',(' "/,2(.
,(& '+%"(-!/+"-"('"',%%
(/+-!+' (+0((
$,)('"#)(&*)'!.,'
)!!(
*)#)!(*'++!(!$(!.))$)
%'(#$-%$("#'!($!##
%$()!).!().'(2$$$#,')((
!!""$'$'!(('#!,#$(
!#(.)(#(('.)$+"#'!($!
-%$((#$).)#)'!.!'*))+
#$!!))$)(*()())$#$'
"$'*#'(##)$"%$(#$'
#!.'('(%$#(!
)%'(#$
"#'!($!(,..$*)($"*$+$*(
'"#)$##'!.(*'++!#$'#($!
)).$*,$*!#$'"!!.),')'(#0)
2$$#.$*)'"#)$#*)(*'++!(
+'.%$$'
#)($!(()'!/.'')$#-
%'"#)!!.)(($##).!$)'$##
)"'$$'#("(#)($!#!*#)
*#'()'$.#)(($"
%!((!#'$,)"*"%'$+'
(1#)3)$#)'$$)(.()"'$"'
"$+!$)*##$)'"'$$'#("(
$",$' '(+(*())))((
"'!.*)$'!($#)'$##$)'
#*)'#)('$") !!($!"'$$'#("(
*))("()$")(,'($,($*!
-%))),$*!))#)("3).
##*)'#)
*),#*)'#)(#
)*!!.)'(%'(($##)(%')*!'
(($$#0))# ,#(')()$$'
((#)'(%$#(!).$)()$#*)'#)(
+#,#)'"#'!($!(+!!(
)$)#(#'$,)(*())$!!$,#
2$$#(!#(,!!#$)(*'++*#'#(
(%##(''&*')$!))!)#
($%##(#').,#!!
1'!#(!('$!'#($'.!$#
#)(!)(#(('.)(!#()$
(*'++
$'"%$')#)$!$!!.)#)(!).)$
%'$*(()!).$)',$$)$
(%'$*)#'.$*#("(($$'
"#)#+#)$*(*(!$)*()$+
)'$$)'$,#$$#.'$!(!#'
()%$#)0"(% #$
)$(("!!$'
"#)*(''.)$%$%$*)#.)#
%%#()$))'$,#)($
(+#.'$!)'"#.(%'$*)(#)$
$"*%'$")'$$)'$,##)(%')*
!'()"%)))'$*))(*%,
)# ,()2$$#$)(%')*!'("
%!())'$"($!'"#.$)(
*(' !!$"$,+'$#)#*)$
+!$%#'$,$*),)))'.'
(*%%'((#%').)'*!'2$,$
'$,)'*!)$'("$+#$,#))''$"
)'$,#
,#)((*%%!.$'$,)'*!
)$'((#)''*%).1'$'(#)((.
*))#))$%$3))')(*(' ##*%($$)(
##$)'-"%!($$)($'(%'$*)(().
'#'!!.''')$$"$*))'.'(
)')',(*)$,#)$" ,.$'
()$#$',.($*)$*' )'#
$)'.'(#$)!!)(%'$*)(,!!)
("(/$"(%'$*)(''*!!.$#)$
'$,$*)#
$#".) $3#
)*%,)#$)'$#
*)($")"(.$*
".$#!.+$#(%'$*)$'()*"%($"
)"(.$*".+),$)'$'$*'$#
')$##)$")*').(#-"%!$$,
).,$*!!$$ ##$)'$'.'(#
$#%')*!'()*)$#)',(*),)
()*"%#!))!$)(()!!'"##
),(*),)()*"%().*()$
*)#)(#(*(&*#))$)()
,$!'#!*#))()*"%,(*'#
#*"'$)"(%'(#)(%'$*)('#$)
)$'#!$#())+!$%,#))'
,(*)#)!)(.".($#
'.$'".).')')'.*))!()
($#'.(%'$*)())++!$%$!!$,
#)!()1'
! )$-%!#'$,'.'#(! )
$#)*'$$(,)# "#.$.$*
+(#+!$%)()')(,))',#)
(*'#$,#$'#*'#($",.$*
+)((%'$*)($"##
).)#
+!$%$'$#('!%'$$)"#)
*'$$((,')! #$*))'(
".*%)$)'$'$*')#")'
((%'$*)()##)*'#'#*'$'
*'#$,##.$*+#$)'((($#
$(%'$*)(')'$*#$#$)(
$,.$*".+$'(%'$*)(*)$
)$($'(%'$*)".$#!.),$$')'
-01-+#2'+#1-,*7-,#"#4#*-.#"-57-3
!,4'13*'8#5&#,**2&#0#12"'#-322&#,5#
&4#0',%-0$'070',%
.0-32',%',1-+#20##1'14#07.#01'12#,2,
-,#0#,-02&-$30#)5&'!&51*-%%#"
-01-7#01%-,"2&#,13 1#/3#,2*7"#4#*
-.#"$-0.1230#2&#1.0-321&4# ##,!32
0#.#2#"*7 322&#72'**.#01'122&#7&4# ##,
!32 !),3+ #0-$2'+#1 322&#7!-+#
!)%',321-+#123+.1"-,-21.0-32
&#0#'1123+.',2&21+#$0##57!*#0',%
2&2"'",-21.0-32,.022&'11.0-32',% '*
'27'10#*2#"2-2&#1'8#5&'!&',230,'10#*2#"
2-2&#%#-$2&#20##*+-12**2&#20##13,
"#0',!&#1',"'+#2#02*#121.0-32
'$2&#790#!32"-5, 32-,*7 -32
-$2&#
20##1,',#$##2,"-4#01.0-3222&#+-+#,2
5#0#,-2130#5&22&#.&71'-*-%'!*#6.*,
2'-,$-02&'1'1--,#&1#6+',#"'24#07
!*-1#*72-1##'$2&#7!,#6.*','2&#"'<#0
#,!# #25##,2&#%0-52&02#-$0#"5--"$0-+
1.0-321,"1##"*',%1'14#07+0)#"'$'25#0#
,-2$-02&#0.'" '*'27-$0#"5--"2-1.0-32
,"2&#,$-02&#13 1#/3#,20.'"%0-52&-$
2&#1.0-321'2'1&'%&*7"-3 2$3*5&#2&#00#"
5--"5-3*" #5'2&312-"72&#0#+7 #
1-+#0%3+#,22-2&2 322&#,2&',)!,
:,"/3'2# '2-$#4'"#,!#$-02&2122#+#,2
#"5--"'1.*,22&2'1#620#+#*71#,1'2'4#
2-2&#$#02'*'27-$2&#1-'*',5&'!&'2%0-51
!-+.0#-/3#*1-'*5&'!&'1$#02'*#**34'*
1-'*$0-+,2038,",')#,1-'*5&'!&
'1,',$#02'*#1-'*$0-+2&#'#007""',%
,'20-%#,.&-1.&-031,".-211'3+22&#02#
-$.-3,"1.#0!0#2&'1'1-,2&2')#,
1-'*5#!,"-3 *#2&#%0-52&-$0#"5--"
-50#"5--"'150+!*'+2#.*,2,"
2#+.#0230#5'1#'25-3*" #+3!&&..'#0
!#,2#0#"0-3,",'#%-2&,0-3,"
30#)-3%*1:0-,2&#-2&#0&,"'1!--*
!*'+2#.*,2,"&..'#0$0-+30#),-02&
-,1'"#02&#0#1.-,1#-$0#"5--"1##"*',%1
2&25#0#%0-5,',2#+.#0230#!-,20-**#"
%0##,&-31#"-5,22&#*'$-0,',12'232#-$
#!&,-*-%7 7#,07-50"1,#51#6
.-1#"2-
"#%0##,'%&22&291!--*,'%&2
-0!-*",'%&20#*2'4#*71.#)',%,",-2&#0
2-50+,'%&2-$"#%0##1#"5--"!-,
2',3#12-%0-5 '%%#0," '%%#012&#2#+
.#0230#1',!0#1#0'%&23.2-
"#%0##1&#
1+#'1203#5&#0#5#&4#2&#50+,'%&2'2
"-#1,92%0-5/3'2#1 '%5'2&2&#50+,'%&2
1'2"-#15'2&2&#!--*,'%&2 32'2!-,2',3#1
2-%0-512&#2#+.#0230#1',!0#1#32
5&#,0#"5--"0#!&#1"-5,2-"#%0##1
2&#,'2(312!*-1#13.'++#"'2#*7,"12-.1
%0-5',%
&#0#5#90#"#*',%5'2&!--*,'%&215#:,"
2&2-3%*1:0+-0#-0*#11',!0#1#1'21
%0-52&',120'%&2*',#0#*2'-,1&'.$0-+
2- -32
,"2&#,2
12&#2#+.#0230#
'1',!0#1#"'2"0-.1-<1-'21/3'2# '2"'$
$#0#,2'2"-#1,92*')#2&#50+!*'+2#15#**
10#"5--","5&#0#5#%#2',2-2&#50+
,'%&22&#1+#0#*2'-,1&'.&-*"112&#2#+
.#0230#1',!0#1#3.2-
"#%0##1-3%*1:0
%0-52&',!0#1#1,"2&#,"0-.1-<2
"#
%0##1
&#0#1-,0#"5--"'1,-2*'4',%',-32&#0,
*'$-0,'5&#0#2&#323+,2#+.#0230#10#
..0-!&#"'1 #!31#'2!,,-25'2&12,"1-'*
+-'1230#120#11,"*1-&14#07.--0!-,20-*
-4#052#0*-11$0-+'21*#4#1-30-2&#0
!-+.0 *#1.#!'#12&2-$2#,%0-5',2&#
1+#0#2&20#"5--""-#1"-+',2#-,*7
5&#0#1-'*+-'1230#120#11,"#4.-02'-,
120#11'1+3!&&'%&#02&,2&22-*#02#" 7
0#"5--"23"'#1&4#1&-5,2&20#"5--"
1##"*',%113!!3+ #"#4#, #$-0#2&#1-'*&"
"0'#""-5,2-2&#.-',225&'!&1-+#;-5#01
,"-2&#0+-'1230#1#,1'2'4#.*,215'*2,2&#
123"'#12&#0#"5--"15'*2',%.-',2512
-321'6.#0!#,2+-'1230#!-,2#,2,"2
#'%&2.#0!#,22&#0#"5--"1**"'#"&#-2&#0
1##"*',%1123"'#"5&'2#:0',!#,1#!#"0.-,
"#0-1.',#,"#<0#7.',#5#0#,-2-,*7 *#
2-!-,2',3#2-0#+-4#1-'*+-'1230#$0-+2&#
1-'* 32',""'2'-,5#0# *#2-127*'4#$-0
!-,1'"#0 *7*-,%#0.#0'-"-$2'+#-,1'"#0
$-0#6+.*#2&#,3+ #0-$"71',5&'!&
-$2&#1##"*',%15#0#*'4#$2#0
"71
-$2&#5&'2#:05#0#12'***'4#$2#0 -32
"71-$2&#',!#,1#!#"05#0#12'***'4#
$2#0 -32"71-$2&#.-,"#0-1.',#
5#0#*'4#,"$2#0 -32"71-$2&#
'B4';2+0'9'4'56+..#.+8'766*'%1#564'&
911&&+'&$'(14'6*'9+.6+0)21+069#5
4'#%*'&
199'$'.+'8'6*#66*+5/1+5674'564'55+54'
52105+$.'+02#46#6.'#56(146*'52+-'61256*#6
51/#0;1(6*'1.&'464''5&+52.#;"'*#8'
$''0567&;+0)6*+52*'01/'01018'46*'.#56
5'8'4#.;'#45$769'*#8'(170&+6#$+6&+C
%7.6$'%#75'1(6*'&+56#0%'10'/756%.+/$72
6*'64''614'#%*6*'567&;#4'#"'*#8'
4+))'&@8'64''5+06*'1%-'('..'4418'1(
6*'7/$1.&6'&911&56#6'#4-9+6*27.
.';5516*#69'%#0*1+564+%-!#5';#
)4#&7#6'567&'06914-+0)9+6*/'104'&
911&'%1.1);#6.'#566916*+4&51(6*'9#;72
6*'64''$'(14'*'*#56156#46%.+/$+0)9+6*
52745#0&5#('6;$'.6':6;'#49'*12'61
*#8'.#&&'45/1706'&726*'5'64''56*'6#..
'561(9*+%*+0%+&'06#..;+5
(''6
196*'$+)64''5106*'#..78+#.A#65#4'$'6
6'4#$.'615614'72.#4)'81.7/'51(9#6'4+0
6*'+46470-5')+00+0)+070'10'@8'(116
&+#/'6'4
(1166#..64''*'.&417)*.;
)#..1051(9#6'416#-'%#4'1(#..6*''8#21
4#6+10564'556*417)*1766*'57//'46*'4'&
911&+5#22#4'06.;#$.'61&4#972106*+54'5
'481+4#0&$;'26'/$'49'@0&6*#6+6*#5
.156#$176)#..105*#6&1'50?6/'#0
6*#69#6'4*#50?6$''05722.+'&616*+54'5'4
81+46*417)*1766*'57//'4+6*#5$766*'
41165;56'/+50162#46+%7.#4.;'C%+'06+04'&
911&#0&+6%#0016-''2729+6*6*''8#214#
6+10564'55516*'5'.#4)'64''56*'06#-'#&
8#06#)'1(6*+54'5'481+4+6+5&'2.'6'&#0&
6*'04'@..'&#)#+0&74+0)6*'(#..9+06'4#0&
524+0)/106*5
0/#0;1(6*'#..78+#.A#659*'4'6*'/#:+
/7/5+<'+51$6#+0'&#5101.&4''-.#6+0
7/$1.&61706;6*'64''5#4'57$,'%6'&61
2'4+1&+%A11&+0)4'57.6+0)+05+.6&'215+65
51/'6+/'5#5/7%*#5(174(''66*+%-'&
911&+5#$.'6161.'4#6'6*+52'4+1&+%A11&+0)
#0&57$5'37'06$74+#.1(+6541165;56'/$;
A11&%#44+'&5'&+/'065$;5'0&+0)728'46+
%#..;14+'06'&41165+0616*'5'5'&+/'065#0&
6*'0.#6'45'0&+0)176#*14+<106#.41165;56'/
4+)*6$'.196*'574(#%'1(6*'&'215+6 0&'4
6*'5'%10&+6+105+056'#&1(41165$'+0)5'06
&1906*'411656740#4170&#0&)41972(
6'4#4#+0(14':#/2.';17%#0.+'106*'
)4170&+(;17#4'+0%.+0'&#0&;17%#0.11-
#.10)6*'574(#%'1(6*')4170&#0&;179+..
5''6*'.+66.'6+251(6*'41165*'5'*#8'
241$#$.;016)41901761(6*')4170&$76
241$#$.;)419072616*'574(#%'1(6*'
)4170&#0&6*'06*'4#+0*#59#5*'&1B#.+6
6.'$+61(6*'51+.':215+0)6*'6+25$76;17%#0
)14+)*6#.10)6*'6121(6*')4170&#0&2+%-
1B6*'6+251(6*'5'411656*#6#4')419+0)
564#+)*672#6'4#0'941165;56'/+5&'8'.
12'&4+)*6176,756$'.196*')4170&574(#%'
(41/6*'6470-"+6*'#%*=&'215+6>#0'9
41165;56'/+5(14/'&#%*10'1(6*'5'4116
5;56'/557$5'37'06.;&+'5#0&6*'4'+510.;
10'#%6+8'41165;56'/#6#6+/'
76@4561(#..9'*#8'6*'729#4&)4196*#0&
6*'06*'.+6'4#.)4196*014&'461567&;6*+5
8'46+%#.)4196*4'2.#%'/'062*'01/'0109'
&'%+&'&61$74;#07/$'41(41165;56'/5$;
$4+0)+0)+0/#6'4+#.9+6*&7/2647%-50'1(
6*'8#4+#$.'59'9#06'&61':#/+0'9#56*'
4'.#6+8'&'8'.12/'061(4116570&'45+.6#0&
)4#8'."'9'4'#$.'61$4+0)+010'6*4''(116
&'215+61()4#8'.*+5#2241#%**19'8'4
%#/'61#)4+0&+0)*#.69+6*6*'6*+4&$41-'0
#:.'+0(174&#;5*'4'9'4'647%-59'*#&
$14419'&(41/6*'#.+(140+#+8+5+101(
'#%*'5#0&#4-5118'4%1/'6*+5&+C%7.6
.1)+56+%5241$.'/94'#510'&6*#69'/+)*6$'
#$.'61%4'#6'6*'5#/''B'%6$;%4'#6+0)691
(1164116(4''.#;'4$;275*+0)1B6*'612691
(''61(51+.9+6*#$7..&1<'4#0&6*'02766+0)+6
$#%-+02.#%'*+59'&+&64'/18'&#2
241:+/#6'.;1(6*'(''&'441165;56'/
76$'(14'524'#&+0)6*'&+46$#%-+02.#%'9'
5'6176#07/$'41(911&'0(4#/'56*#6*#&
0'+6*'46125014$1661/5*'5'(4#/'5'0
#$.'&75615'2#4#6'6*'411656*#6)4'98'46+
%#..;729#4&(41/$'.19#0&6*'411656*#6
)4'9*14+<106#..;(41/6*'5+&'
"'(170&6*#69+6*+0(174;'#4#(6'44'/18#.
1(6*+541165;56'/6*#6+51(6*'(''&'4
41165;56'/#4'2.#%'/'0641165;56'/%1/
2#4#$.'616*'14+)+0#.10'*#&$''04')'0'4
#6'&$;8'46+%#.729#4&)4196*1(41165(41/
$'/&1*,*, *%'.$!&
, */*'-,*'',+(*-!'','
+'!$&
/ *'- $1!&
*'- $1
&!&
/ ! !+$'+&'- ,'
#,', '*!!&$+,-( !+!+*$$1)-!,
*%*#$ *,*!+,!#&'/'&'', *
($&,, , +, !+(!$!,1
&1', ($&,+, ,++'!,/!, *
/''*+&,*'%, $$-.!$6,+, ,
+-",,'(*!'!6''!& !+!+-$*$1
,', ,, ,, */''&,'$*,6''
!&/ !$%&1', *+(!+&&','*0
%($&*11'-&,&'#/+#!$$1
+!$,('+!,', *,1'-&'-$+5*
/+$+'#!$$1, ,+!$,('+!, *
/'''&, ', * &'+.*1/$$0(,
!&'&1*,*, $
6''+, *
/*&-%*'*/''+/ *+!$,!&
'-**&/ &/-(!,+*'-&
&-%*', ,*+/'-&, ,, *
/+'&+!*$%'-&,''*&!%,,*
', !+,1($!#(!$+'$'+-*!&, , +!$,',*%!&/ , *, -*!'*
&!%,,*!+*$$1*!,!$&$+','
,*%!&, *,'/ ! */''&,'$
*,6''!&/ .+,-($.&!2,&#+
-('&, 0'*,*#,*#$1&5$$
, %/!, +!$,*'%, /''!'&
&/($&,*/'',*+!&, +&
+'%', +,&#+/$+'-*!! ,
!& +''*&!%,,*'&+!+,!&'*/''
$.+&*& + &/$,, +*'/
'*,/'1*+-&,!$, *'',+ * , ',,'%+', +,&#+&, &/6''
$', +,&#+&!&',6'', ', *
$,, %'%&,/*!&, (*'++'
0%!&!&, *'',+1+,%+', +($&,+
!&+! '&', +,&#+*%
/'*#+', ,, *'',+/'-$&','$$(+
/ &/,''#, %'-,/+ $$, +'!$
*'%*'-&!,/*'',+*/!&'$$'/!&
, 6''!&',$$, ,!+!&1,-,/
&*('*,, ,*/''!+.*1,'$*&,'
6''!&&!&%&1/1+ .+$!#1'-4
0(,+/%(+(!+,' .,&+-*
.!..&/ &0,*%$1$'/)-&,!,!+'
'01&*(*+&,-*!'*&!%,,* +
&!& !!,!&7,', !&, 6''+'!$
&!&, -&6''+'!$
/''!+$+'*%*#$1,'$*&,'5*,+
, !#*#'7*+(*',,!'&*'%5*&!
, ,*!++*!'-+$1-*&!,&+(*'-,*'%
!,++*!%*$1, $.+&, ,/!+
*-*&'7!,&.$'(&/*'/&&
'&/ '$*, ,/+-*&'-,1*+
', +-*&,*+****,'+5*
'$-%&+& $$, !**& +#!$$&',
&++*!$1-*&'7-,,$+,#!$$1, 5*&!&&', **, ,/+'&$1-*&
, *1*+', ,*+ .$*1.$
'(&/*& + ,!(+*'/-(&/!$$
'.*, ,!(+.*1+ '*,$1&, ,!(
, -+, ,/!$$%#, &/,!(+,*,#
,('!&,/ *, *#/+, !#&'- ,'
(*',,, %!-%*'%, ,', 6%+
/''!+&',', *,'&10,&,1
(, '&+'*!&+,+,!+ '/.*', *
,'+'%0,&,1, *1+)-!**$/ ! !*
$+, ,*+'%!+,&#*'%, ,!(
,!+$+'+'%,!%+ .!$1*'/+3*
&!,!+'+!'&$$1,,#$!.!,'*
&',1*+/ '*!('7, *#,',,, %!-%$1*&, &'&*, 1/*
*$$1'!&.*1+*!'-+%&, (*
,!-$*'%(&1!&.'$./+!.&(*%!,,'
''-,&-,'/&'&, *('(-$,!'&
-,'$'!$$1&!%$+!&&*$*&',
.*1!%('*,&,(*,', '$'1'*
/''+
, ,', */'''%+%'+,$11/!&
, *'/-,/,*+"-+,$'+, !*$&
&$$'.* 1$$'.*/ &, *!+&',
.&*, '/!& &/'&+!*, !%%&++!2', +,*+, !%('*,&'
$&!+'.!'-+ !*!+(*'('*,!'&,$1
+%$$*'',+1+,%+&&',('++!$1 '$, %
-('&, 1'%-&$&&$&
!&,*+- +, !+&'&$1%!&,!&+
$'&+, ,*!+ $, 1&(*'-!&'(!
'-+%'-&,+'$$-$'+&$1, &&!,'*
*,'*, $&1$1!&$$-$'+'/&$'&
, -&*+!', $&/ ! !,'+!&*
+('&+,'*.!,,!'&$'*+'*0%($!
6,2 21&+1,1/""1%1%!0)&$%1)"+1,,+"
0&!"6,24,2)!9+!1%11%"/"&0!&0-/,-,/
1&,+1")6)/$"*,2+1,#4,,!"&+$)&!
!,4+,+1%10&!"4%& %&01, ,//" 1#,/1%"
)"+%&0&0&+/"0-,+0"1,1%"$/,41%02
01+ "0*,3&+$!,4+1%"1/""+!/"0-,+!&+$
1,$/3&11&,+)#,/ "0,+1%1#/0&!"
11%"*,*"+1#3,/1%"6"/1,6"/3/&
1&,+&+1"*-"/12/"0+"5-)+1&,+#,/1%"
3/&1&,+&+$/,41%/1",#1%"/"!4,,!/
0"6#3,/06"/1,6"/3/&1&,+&+"3-,
/1&3"01/"00"00+"5-)+1&,++!1%"/"80
0,*".2"01&,+01,4%,4&))4&+,218*1%"
*',/-/,#"00,/,41%"3"$"11&3"-11"/+,/
*,0& 1%1&+3,)3"0/"!4,,!+!,1%"/-)+10
&0!"1"/*&+"!&+-/161%"3/&,20"+3&/,+
*"+1)$/!&"+101%1"5&01&+1%"/"1&0!"
1"/*&+"!&+-/16!&;"/"+1&)&)&16,/
-%60&,),$& ) -&)&16,#1%"0-" &"01,1("
!3+1$",#1%&0"+3&/,+*"+1)$/!&"+1+!
&1&0!"1"/*&+"!&+-/16!&;"/"+1&)&)&16
,#1%"0-" &"0-/"0"+11,)1"/1%&0"+3&/,+
*"+1)$/!&"+1
,&))201/1"1%&0-,&+14,2)!)&("1, ,+
0&!"/%,4-)+100,/11%"*0")3"0,21),+$,+"
-/1& 2)/"+3&/,+*"+1)$/!&"+1+*6"5
*-)"1%""+3&/,+*"+1$/!&"+1&01%"*,2+1
,#3&))"0,&)*,&012/"&+2$201&+1%"
2*,)!1"!4,,!011"/(,40,&)
*,&012/"&+1%&0-/(!" /"0"04&1%")"31&,+
+1%&0-/1& 2)/ 0"&10-/&*/&)6#2+ 1&,+
,#0,&)!"-1%04"$,2-&+")"31&,+1%"
3&))"0,&)*,&012/"!" /"0"0,),+$1%&0
*,&012/"$/!&"+14"%3"0"$/"$1&,+,#1%"
3/&,200-" &"0+2$201&+1%"))23&):10
4%& %/"1#""1")"31&,+/,2$%)6,#
1%"1,1)*,&012/"%,)!&+$ - &16,#1%"0,&)
&03&))"11%"%&$%"/")"31&,+01%"/"&0
3"/6)&11)"*6",+",/14,-"/ "+13&))"
*,&012/"%&0&0*,&012/"$/!&"+11%-
-"+01%106,2&+ /"0"&+")"31&,+1%"/"&0
)"00*,&012/",41%"-)+10/")"1,9+!
1%&0,213"/6.2& ()6+!0,1%"60"$/"$1",21
),+$!&;"/"+1460,+0&!"/1%"".2,&
0"*-"/3&/"+01%0*&+&*2*3&))"
*,&012/"&+2$201,+0 )",#7"/,1,1
,3"/04&!"/+$",#*,&012/",4 12))6
,#/"!4,,!-/,)66,2/"01$/,3"4,2)!"
,1&+"!4&1%,21 ,*-"1&1&,+21,2$)09/
) (,(1+,(+!*!/,+"))/"#,2+!
4%"/"1%"3&))"*,&012/"&0)"001%+
+!1%"6))-"(,21-/"116 ),0"1,/,2+!
,/0,*"1%&+$,+1%1,/!"/,#*$+&12!"
#1%"/"4"/"+, ,*-"1&1&,+),+$1%&0"+3&
/,+*"+1)$/!&"+14%"/"!,6,21%&+(4"
4,2)!9+!1%"0"-)+10"4,2)!9+!1%"*
),+$1%""+1&/")"+$1%#/,*7"/,1,+!
-/,)6&10"01$/,41%4,2)!"#,2+!2-
4"))&1*&$%1+,1$,.2&1"1,21)*,01
1,+!-/,)6&10"01$/,41%4,2)!"
#,2+!0,*"4%"/"/,2+!+!1%"0*"
1%&+(&01/2"#,/1%") (,(1%"1+,(+!
1%"*!/,+"%",+)6-) "4"9+!1%"
&+ "+0" "!/),+$1%&0*,&012/"$/!&"+1&0
4%"/"&10.2&1"!/61%1&0,/)"00%&0
&0+81" 20"&+ "+0" "!/ ,2)!+81-/"#"/1,
$/,4")0"4%"/"&#1%"/"4"/"+, ,*-"1&1&,+
211%&0&04%"/"&10,/10,21),+$1%&0*,&0
12/"$/!&"+1&+/"0-,+0"1, ,*-"1&1&,+%"
,+)6-) "4"9+!1%"&$)"#*-)"&011%"
4"1"+!#/,*1,1-"(02-1%"/"
/,2+!0,+!&#1%"/"4"/"+, ,*-"1&1&,+
1%&+(4"*&$%19+!&$)"#*-)" ,*&+$
!,4+*6"1,21!,+811%&+(4"
4,2)!9+!&1,+1%"!/6"+!+"1%1&03"/6
&+1/&$2&+$1,*"&01%")&#,/+&61%0
14,-"(021&0+,1#,2+!&+"14""+"
9+!1%&01%"+2-,+1%"!/&"/0),-"04%"/"&1&0
)"1, ,*-"1"+!4"9+!&1!,4+,+1%"
3"/64"10),-"4%"/"&1&0)0,)"1, ,*-"1"
+!4"!,+819+!&1&+"14""+) ( ,11,+
4,,!)&("*-)", 2/0,+)62-11%"4"1
"+!+ ,*-"1&1&,+&10)"1,*&+1&+&10")#
1%"/"+7+&14,2)!"*2 %%--&"/&#&1
%!)&11)"&1,#*,&012/"3&))"1,&121
,*-"1&1&,+4&0"&10""+0%,3"!/&$%1!,4+
1,1%"!/&"01-/1,#1%&0-/1& 2)/"+3&/,+
*"+1)$/!&"+1
,41%")01-,&+14+11,1,2 %,+1,+&$%1
&0-/"0"/31&,+,#1%" ,01/"!4,,!0/"0"/
31&,+&0#&/)6"*,1&,+)02'" 11%"0"!60
+!1%"/"/"3/&"16,#,'" 1&3"04+11,
0-"(,211%/"",#1%"0",'" 1&3"01,+&$%1
+"4,2)!"1%"-/"0"/31&,+,#1%"&+!&3&!
2)1/""4%& %1%&+(&0)"$&1&*1",'" 1&3"
2.1)/&."*,-,0.#)() .",
1)))''/(#.3.3*-5&&!)%(.&%
!#()/..")(--*)%) ,&#,."#(%
."*,-,0.#)() ."-.3*-#-&!#.#'.
)$.#0(&-.) &&*,-,0.#)() ,
1))--)/,) &/',(&&/&)-(
."#(%.".."#-#-&-)&!#.#'.)$.#0
"&)&.).,.".,) --),%,-*)%
.)3)/)/.&-.1%1"#"),.)&, ,,
.)-&(',%1"("0#-#..",!#)(#(
1-(,,)1&3'#--3.")/.",(
#6#&,).,%1"(&#.",)0,-)
3,-!)1"#",&&3-'-#()(#0&
."-3-/.-0,&3,-!) .,'(3
3,-) #(..(.#)(."#.3 .",-#(&)
&.)')(,(1#.".""&.") ."#-
.,("0!)(.))(-#,&8),..).,3
(,-.),#.-0#.&#.3"3"0#(."#, ),.-#(-.&&-*,#(%&,-3-.'#(.".)*) ."#-.,1#."1"#"."3")*.)'#.."
0*),.#0-.,--(()1."3,.,3#(!.)
,#(!)/.."0&)*'(.) '),8
.#0,)).-3-.'3,).).#&&#(!(-))(
1)/&#'!#(."3"0&,3#(0-.-0
,&.")/-()&&,-#(."#-)*,.#)((
*,-)(&&3."#(%.".."#-#-+/#.$/-.#6)(
-#,#(!.""#-.),##'*),.() ."#-*,
.#/&,.,
)*,-,0,*,-(..#0-'*&-) ."# ,(.)''/(#.3.3*-) 1"#",1))#-
(#'*),.(.&'(.#-&-)!)#(!.),+/#,
)(-#,&8),.(')(3.."')
'(.(313)(). &#.1#&&(--,3.)
*/.-*,#(%&,-#(.".)*-) .",1)).,-
)(/&&,%&./.#.1#&&(--,3.)
)(.,)&)'*.#(!-*#-#.",1#."6,
1#."."21#.""#(-11#."/&&)4,
1#.""'#&-),1#.")'#(.#)() &&
."-)(-#,)% &&,,)0(,/&&
,%",,."-#&.*)-#.-& ./,#(!
&-.3,-7))",#-(/(,-.),3) .()%(.",#-.()%.".1-%#&&3
."#-*)-#.)1)(*,#)#7))#(!#-,
,-.(."#-#-."*&(.."')'(.
-)').",'.")1#&&,+/#,.)%*
.".()%(/(,-.),3)/!&-6,/(,
)(.,)& ."#-#-().)(-."-&,!.,-
&&(."3,,.#(&3!)#(!.) &&."3
1#&&,*&3'#2./,) .()%3
()/!&-6,)/!&-6,+/#%&3-#(
-#'#&,-.( )&&)1#(!.",.#)() (
)*(#(!3#!., &&#(!.)."!,)/(
(/(&---)'."#(!#-)(#.1#&&)(.#(/
.))'#(..".,%*#(!(3'),,
1))- ,)')'#(!#(#,)/&/-.)
*,0(.."#-.".#-#.",*,0(.#.),&#'#
(.)/!&-6,/..()%(.()%
-*,)/.-1)/&."(*,)&3)'#(-)3)/
"0.)/--)'."#(!).",."(6,)/5
"0.)/-"'#&-.)%*#./(,)(.,)&
().",#9/&.31 #(*,-,0#(!."
&&/0#&7.,1)))''/(#.3.3*#-."
0,3&#'#.#-.,#/.#)() !&--- 1
--/'(0,!&# -*() .)
3,-)/,"#&,(5-"#&,(5-"#&,(5-"#&
,(,!)#(!.)0#1#(!*,..3-),,3
-*.&/(&--1(!#(.)-.-#.)
3-)'3)/(!,!&---)-.) ."&&/
0#&7.-.".1"0-.#,#(.")&,
!&---(."31#&&!#(.),%/*
-)'.#'# ().1#."#(."(2.3,-
1#."#(."(2.3,-(1(-,#-
) *&(.-)'#(!/*.),*&."')1)(
."(),.",(&#'#.) ,1))-.)'#(.#(
.".*,.#/&,)''/(#.3.3*."#(%15&&
"0.)/--)'.3*) &.#0&)!!#(!-)-
.)#(,-."')/(.) ,1))#(."
-.(-",#-)/!&-6,1#."$/-. 1
,1))--..,.",)/!")/.(."#(%
1(1#."-&.#0&)!!#(!-3-.'#(,-
('#(.#(,1)).#.-(),.",(2.,'#
.#- ."."**(-.))/,-#,
)'#(.#(."*,.#/&,)''/(#.3,
1)).3*1"#"-*)%) ,&#,1"#"#-
'#2./,) ,1))"'&)%()/!&-6,
6,*,)..#)(**,-.)."(/',)(
,+/#,'(.-#)(&-*).&,#(!1#&&&-)
(--,3.)#(-/,+/.,1))-
&#(!-#(." /./,"-'.3*) '(!
'(.1#&&(.)**&#.).",1))
)''/(#.3.3*1"#")(-#-.-) '#2./,) ,1))"'&)%#.%-*,/)/!&-6,
(!,(6,
#,"-((#'*),.(. .),#(."0&
)*'(.) &&,1)))''/(#.3.3*-.".
*)/$)+$) .(%*- ' ( )//* .)*/
!*''*2#*2 1 -/#/$!2 )*2. /6- /*/# . /4+ ./# $-+- . -1/$*)2$'' ..0- *
($)/$)/# +*) -*.+$) ' ( )/$)/# 0)$,0 - 2***((0)$/42#$#'$ ..*0/#
*!$''$/.*).$ -' +- '$($)-4' -$)"
2$'' - ,0$- 0. ,0 )/# ($'.)
- !0''4*)/-*'' .+*/0-)$)")+-*'4
0. /*($)/$)+*) -*.+$) $)/#$.
/4+ *($)/$)/# .0"-+$) ' ( )/$)
./$'')*/# -- 2***((0)$/4/4+ .#*0'
)*/ +-/$0'-'4$80'/*( *)/-*'*!
/# *0"'.6-)/)*&2$'' ) ..-4
0//#$.) *(+'$.# 2$/##$).2
*-./0(+"-$) -*)5/&)*2$!4*051 ''
. )2#/./0(+"-$) -'**&.'$& 0/$/.
0)#*!.2./*" /# -/#/%0./"-$)/# ./0(+-$"#/*0/*!/# "-*0).*4*0)5/. $/)4(*- *$!4*0#1 #$).2./0(+
"-$) -)# ($'.4*0*0'($)/$)/#$.
/4+ 2$/#*0//**(0# 7*-/
/*.*'1 ''*0-1 " //$1 +- . -1/$*)+-*
' (.2$/#/*-#!/ )/# - $.%0./ )*0"#
/-0/#$)2#/# .4./**)1$) )*/*)'4
-/$). "( )/*!/# +0'$0//# +-&)
/# !*- ./($)$./-/*-.2 ''
/'.*(4 +*..$' /*0. 6- ./**'0/
$!.**)'4/*1 -4'$($/ 3/ )/*2/*
($)/$)/# &)**) +$) ' ( )/$)$/.
- 2***((0)$/4.$/ + -$*$-*./
0-)$)") *) !*''*2$)".0++- ..$*)*!
/# - " ) -/$1 +$/4*!/# -0.#+- 1$*0.++'$/$*)*!# ($'.2$''+-*'4 ) ..-4*($)/$)/# *0'/ -+$) 2#$#
- ! -- /* -'$ -$)$/.- 2***((0)$/4
/4+ 2$''- ,0$- -0.#' -$)"/# 0. *!
# ($'.)/# 0. *!.+*/)+ -#+.
-*./0-)$)"
ANSWER ''&)*2*!)*+-.$/$1$) .
$)/# - 2**- &)*2*!*) /#*0"#
/#/5.1 -40)*(!*-/' *) /#/5.+*$.*)
*&),0$/ *!/ )$)- 2**4*05''6)
+*$.*)*&/#/2$'' .$3*- $"#/$)# .$)
$( / -)2$''"*0+!*-*-! /)
$/* .)*/.!-.2 &)*2#1 )4$(+/
*)/# /- /''*-*0-'$( -.$/#.)
$(+/
) 1 -4. /#/&)*2*!+- . -1/$*)*!
.+ $6*((0)$/4/4+ .2$''- ,0$- *).$
-' 7*-/2#$#2$'')*/) ..-$'4 # +)$/$*)/-$) +-*! ..$*)'.2$''
) /*+')).0+ -1$. /# 2*-&
/-$) +-*! ..$*)'./#/2 #1 )*//-$) ) +-*' (/#/2 - '.*'- 4-0))$)"
$)/*$) '$)"2$/#+- . -1/$*)$./# +. 0*
.+ $'$./2#*$.' /**+ -/ *)'4 0. $/
/& ..*'*)"$)/#$./4+ *!2*-&/* / -($) 2# /# - -/$)/- /( )/#.#$ 1 /# .$- - .0'/*00.0''4*)*/6)/#//# .+ $'$./2.2-*)"0)/$''*)"!/ -# #.
)0-$ )+0/24)+-/$0'-(
*) -) 2$/#/# 6- )/#0.$./2#*$.- 4
*+- . -1 .*0- *!- 2**'0( -)
''0'*. $.- ''4- '/$1 '4.$(+' /.&*(
+- 2$/#/# +- . -1/$*)*!.+ $6- 2***((0)$/4/4+ . - !*- 3(+' $.
#*2#$"#'4+-*0/$1 .$/ ++ - $(( $
/ '4!*''*2$)"0//$)"$) - $.2#/
/# .$/ '**& '$& -'$ -/#$.4 -#$.$.
2#//# .$/ .#*0''**&'$& *0/
)
/#$.$.2#//# .$/ .#*0''**&'$& 4/# 4 -
Questions and Answers
QUESTION4.&*0/1$) ./#/
"-*20+/# - 2***/# 4/.+-.$/ *-*/# 4&$''/# . .
QUESTION*0%0./( )/$*) !*".
'$(/$!/*-2#$#$.*!/ )-*0"#/0+$)
'$/ -/0- !$/* .!0)/$*).'$(/$!
/*-$.$/0 /*/# !//#/$/''*2./# /- /*($)/$)$/.(*$./0- $)*/# -2*-. - . /# 1+*-/$*)
ANSWER ''/# - $.6) ') # - #/$./# - 2**$.1 -4$) 8$ )/$)/&
$)"0+(*$./0- !-*(/# .*$'/#.-**/.4.
/ (/#/* .)5/*/#$.1 -42 ''**1 -
'*)"+ -$**!/$( $/#. *( - ./-$/ /*
- .2# - /#$.* .)5/(// -1 -4(0#*
2#/4*0" /$.$/*0--$)"$)!*"- $)
+-/0/$/"-*2.*0/.$ /# !*"- /**
( )/#$.$.)*/).*'0/ '$) *$/"-*2.
*0/.$ 4*)$/0/$!/# - 5./**(0#1 -4
./-*)" 1+*-/$1 ./- ..*)/# /*+*!/# -)+11%"+&10+,1)"1,-& (2-"+,2$%
*,&012/"#/,*1%"0,&)1,)+ "1%&0+!0,
1%"+&1!&"01%&+(0,*",#1%"0")/$"/"!
4,,!0%3"1%&01+(":" 1,//"0"/3,&/":" 1
1%1%")-0,21.2&1"&1
QUESTION,6,2%3",1%"/4601, 21
!,4+"3-,/1&,+1,,
&+$%"/"'201 ,*-"1&1&,+2&1",#1"+ ),0"1,
1%" ,016,28+!1%"&0%,--&+"+!6,2
!,+718+!1%"/"!4,,!1))2106,2$,
)&11)"&+)+!6,27))8+!,1%/"!4,,!+!
&0%,--&+",$&+1%&0 ,*-"1&1&,+1%1
!"-"+!0,+1%""+3&/,+*"+1)$/!&"+1+,1
+" "00/&)6*,&012/"$/!&"+121,+"1%14"
%3"+71*"02/"!6"1,+61&*"6,2 ,*"1,
+/"4%"/"1%"/"70/"!4,,!+!1%"/"70+,1
/"!4,,!&1*6"3"/6 ,*-)& 1"!1%&+$
1%1%--"+"!1%,20+!,/14,1%,20+!
6"/0$,"!4,,!&0%,)!&+$,+-"/%-0
,+)6" 20"&10)"1,0-/,213"/6,+ "&+
4%&)"*6""3"/6,/6"/01%"/"&0
+!".21"0""!"!,/+,1%"/ ,*&+1&,+
,#,1%"/ &/ 2*01+ "002 %1%11%"0""! +
$"/*&+1"+!01/1$/,4&+$4"))+!6,2$"1
/"!4,,! ,*&+$),+$21&1%01,%3"1%&0
,*&+1&,+,# &/ 2*01+ "0+!&1%0
$,,! %+ ",#/" %&+$1%"0"" 20"&1%0
1%&0),+$)&#"!2"1,1%"0-/,2100""+,/"
0,+4%60,*",#1%,0"0-/,210 ,2)!+71"
6"/0,)!1%1&01%"$"/*
-)0*+646
ANSWER103"/6&+"; &"+11/""1
!,"0+71!,1%&04"))1))
QUESTION,4!,6,2*"02/"1%"
*,2+1,#41"/
QUESTION,4),4 +1%1/"0"/3,&/
$"1
ANSWER6"&1%"/ )&*&+$2-1%"1/"",/
!/,--&+$1%"1/""+!1%"+1(&+$0*-)"0
1%1&01(&+$ 12)4,,!0*-)"0"1("
,/"+!1%"+!&3&!"1%&02-+!!/61%"*,&0
12/",:&++,3"++!8+!,211%"4"&$%1,#
),00
QUESTION+6,2$,&+1,1%"1+(":" 1
&+)&11)"*,/"!"1&)
ANSWER"))&10'2011%11%"/"70/,2$%)6
$)),+0,#41"/&+,+",#1%,0"1/""0
+!1%"1/""&0)"1,!/4,+1%141"/
1%/,2$%,211%"02**"/*,+1%01!/40&1
!,4+1,/,2$%)6
$)),+0,&10"%&+!
$)),+0,#41"/#/,*0,/-1&,+#/,*
1%"/,,10,&#6,2%3"1%&0,++))23&)91
+!6,2%!%&$%"3-,/1&3"01/"0011%"
1,-,#1%"1/""6,2*&$%1")"1,$"146
%"!,#1%"/,,10,/-1&,++!6,2*&$%1
"5 ""!1%"01,/$" - &16,#1%"1/""+!
1%"+6,24,2)!$"1!"1%,#1%"1/"""1%&+(
4%14"/"$"11&+$%"/"&+*+6 0"0&01%"
0-&("1,-4%"+1%&0, 2/0
ANSWER" ,))" 1"!!1,+1%&0)01
02**"/!,+71/"))6(+,44%11%"-"/ "+1
$"4,2)!"10!&:"/"+1&+1%"%"/14,,!
+!&+1%"0-4,,!!,+71%3"1%"0)&!"%"/"
1,0%,46,21%"-"/ "+1$"021&#6,27!)&("
1,!/,-!,4+1,1%",; "4"7))!&$&1,21
QUESTION#1"/),$$&+$,21%,4),+$
4,2)!&11("1,/"-&/1"/*&+)#,/"01
QUESTION,2/*-,#1%"2/"(/"
0%,4"!1%"/"!4,,! 211&+$&+)+!%6!,+71
1%"6$/,4),+$1%" ,01
ANSWER"))6,27))%3"1,1"))*"4%1
6,21%&+(1"/*&+)#,/"01&0
ANSWER"))002*"1%"/"70+2*"/
,#1%&+$0&+3,)3"!%"/"%"+6,2"3)21"
4%6/"!4,,!&0$/,4&+$4%"/"&1!,"06,2
/"))6%3"1,$, (1,1%",-"/1&,+)"+3&
/,+*"+111%"1&*"/"!4,,!40"01)&0%"!
1%"/"4%& %*&$%1%3"""+1%,20+!6"/0
$,,1%"/"*6%3"""+0,*"# 1,/1
1%11&*",-"/)"1%1!&!+,1)),4&11,"0
1)&0% ),0"1,1%" ,01/6,2*6"0""
ANSWER"))1%&+(-/,)61%"1"/*&0
20"!),,0")621-/,)64%1-",-)"%3"&+
*&+!4%"+1%"60-"(,#1"/*&+)#,/"01&+
+))23&)91++))23&)911%"1/""0
1%"/"/"+64%"/"#/,*1,6"/0,)!
,*"1&*"01%"0"/",#*,/",/)"00"3"+$"
1%1&0))"&+$/,2+!,/
6"/0,#
$",*"1&*"06,24&))8+!1%"/"*6"
1%/""$" )00"0&+1%"/"%"0"$" )00"0
QUESTION73"%"/!1%&01"/*
.*( /$( .- '*. '4- '/ /*8**$)"*-
.$'/$)"$)/# +.//#$)&2 *0'/& 4*0)".4"**! -/$' 8/)2 *0'
+0.#/# . /- .'*)"1 -4-+$'4)
2*0'.4/#/$)#0)- 4 -.2 *0'
-/$)'4" /./)2# - 2 2 - '$)"
2$/#/- ..$3! /$)$( / -0//#$.2*0'
/& ()" ( )/*02*0')6/%0./ 3+ /
)4*'- /**/#$.*06#1 /*/#$)/# - .*/#/4*0*0'+0//# "-*2/#*)! 2
/- .*0($"#/#1 /# .( /*/'"-*2/#*)
/- .2# - /# 46''1 -" *0/(4 /2*! /$)$( / -0/$!4*0*) )/-/ /#/"-*2/#*).*/- ./# )4*0($"#/" /
/# (0+/*.*! /$)$( / -*/#$)&
2$/#/# /**'.1$'' /*0./*42 *0'
/& .*( 4*0)""-*2/#1 -44*0)""-*2/#
+0.#$/'*)",0$/ -+$'4)2 *0'" /-$
*!/# *'./0(+.4"-$)$)")/#$)&2 2*0' ' *1 -+ -$**!/$( /# )/*
#1 1$'' !*-/# +0'$./)./#/- 4 -.*'4 -.*'4 -.
/#$)&2 ) '$//' $/(*- '
'01$'8//#)2 #1 /*4)!//#$)&
2 ) ''/# ''01$'8//#//# - $./*
*(+'$.#/#$.0/6()*/.0- /#//#$.$.
- .*)' .*-/*!/#$)"/**(+'$.#
ANSWER '')4/$( 4*0*+ )0+
./)*!- 2**.*/#//# - 6.'*/.*!'$"#/
) /#4*0#1 ''&$).*!+')/./#/2)/
/*" /$)/# - )''&$).*!+')/./#/- '- 4$)/# - - 4/*"-*2!4*0#1 )
''01$'8//# - + / 8**$)"#.+- //4
2 ''& +//# 0) -"-*2/#*0/*$!*) *!
/#*. ./).- *+ ) 0+4*0#1 $)
. ). '(*./+0- ./)*!- 2***0*
)*/#1 .0++'4/# )*!*0"'.7-. -*++$)".$)/# - *0#1 '(*./''+0- - 2**. -*++$)".2$/#*0/)4*(+ /$
/$*)# )*) *!/#*. $"8** - .- *+ ) 0+$/*( .&$)/*- 2**.0/
0+*)/# .'*+ *-.*( +' 0+*)8//#/
#.)*/ )8** 4*0#1 )0) -
"-*2/#*).$./$)"*!1-$ /4*!/- .)
-0.#.+ $ .+ )/#/0+)$/2$'')*/"*
/*- 2**. '$)".
QUESTION2*0''$& /*.&%0./ 3/'4
2#/4*0) !*-- +-*0/$*)4. *0
( )/$*) .*( /#$)"*0/($) -'.*$'
ANSWER*-*+/$(0(*)$/$*).*!- 2***-*+/$(0("-*2/#*!- 2**/# - 2*0' ,0$/ $/*!'$"#/+' )/4*!(*$.
/0- /# )*/# -/#$)".*0'. $)-*0)$/
.*/#//# - 2**2*0')*/ ' /*. $)#/6.,0$/ *-- /*0. $!4*0/**&
# ('*&$/). $)*)$/.*2)'*".*4*0
)/& ./)*!# ('*&)7-*0"'.
7-)- 2**)$!4*0' //#$."*'*)"
)*0"#/# )4*02$''"-0''4(*1 /*# (
'*& 0. # ('*&.1 -4/*' -)//- )$/2$''"*$)/*# ('*&!/#$.$.2#/4*0
2)/ /#/6.2#/4*05*0'*0/4*0
+-*'42)/''/# /$( /*& +/# - 2**$).'*)".$/..+-*0/$)")$/.' /*
($)/$)$/. '!0/4*0. !/ -/# . /- .
- #/# " *!
*-4 -.*-4 -.
/# )/# 4))*'*)" -.+-*0/.*"-0''4
/#-*0"#/#$.+-* ..4*0)- 0 /# )0(
-*!- 2**$)/# '))7)''4 '$($
)/ /# (
ANSWER ''4*0#1 /*" /*($)
/$*)2# - 4*0*#1 ($) -'.*$'#$.'
'*2.!*-" -($)/$*)*!/# . '$)")'.*
!*- -'4.0-1$1'++- )/'4*/# -2$. 4*0" /
+-*' (2$/#!0)"0.#$.$.*) +*$)/
)/# )4*0#1 /*#1 $/'$"#/ )*0"#!*-
/# . /- ./**)/$)0 /*"-*2*2.0++*.
$)"4*0#/# ($) -'.*$'0//# )$)*/
#1 /# . .*0- /#/4 -0/4*0#
2#*' '*/*!*0"'.7-**0"'.7-2*0'
. $)2#$' /# - 2**$)*/)/# - !*- /# *0"'.7-2*0'/& *1 -*0. /#$.$.*($)/$*)*!$-0(./) .* .
/#/).2 -4*0-,0 ./$*)
QUESTION ''+-/'40/#)*/$ .*( /#$)"*0//# 7-++- )/'4$/./$ 0+
2$/#/# (*0)/*!'$"#/1$'' QUESTION) -*+/$(0(*)$/$*).
/# )!*-- 2**.4*02$'')*/" /) 2.0
..$*)2$''4*0
ANSWER*22$/4*0"*/( *0
'*& ( *)*/# ).*)/#/*) QUESTION*-*+/$(0(*)$/$*).!*-
- 2**
QUESTION()$$)$*!)+)'
,$$)'())$$$')"
ANSWER$.$*"#()$$)$*!)
+)'$*#)
QUESTION$*)! $*)!$
!)$
ANSWER!!))#()))'!$()
$$%')$)('$$)(.()",))$*)'#
2!'$$'$#)##)#)!$()
#$)'$$%')$)($$)(.()",#).
2-)' .",. *%
#()))'$)$#!.(!))!)$)(
'$$)(.()"!)$,,),)$*))(
,())'$"$*'()*(,$*#)),
$*!'#')#,'$$)(.()"+'.
&* !.$$''$$)(.()".*))#
)$4#($,)# .$*$"%)
($!$'-"%!'$)$)!!#")+'.
4)+,.$'#')#))'$$)(.()"
$,,)'.$*($*!$)(+'..'
'#')#,'$$)(.()")($#1)
#$,
QUESTION$,'()#$.$*'(
*(($#'.$*,'$#'#,)%'
('+#',$$).%(,)''$'-"
%!)$)',$$#)(*'%##1)
*#'()#-)!.,).$*,')'.#)$$
'.$*#)'()#%'('+#),$!
$!$!()*%$')'.#)$"#)#)'
,$$(#())($"%))$#
ANSWER$''#*"'$).%(
))+'(#('(*!)$)(#)'%!.
)($!$!#)'%!.$,,1+$"*%$#
)(##)# )('+'.(#)#
).%(#)# ,$*))$%'('+("%!(
$$#$)().%($,.$*#)%'
('+)(.*()()## #%*))#
#'$*#)*(!!00 #($#(
') #%!$,$*!! )$%'('+
))+0%')*!').%$,$*!! )$+
(!))!(*'%##)!))!)$',$$#
)!))!)$2'#0*)!,.(,#))$
%$"(*'%##!,.( %($"
2'#!,.( %($"',$$
QUESTION.$*#$)#,),$*!
%%#',$$,$*!(%%'
ANSWER$,#$)#)'')
)',,$*!%'$!.+',$$$'
!$#%'$$)"#)#'*!!.),$*!
',$$#$*!(2'((,)
)# $)#,,$*!*()#*%,)
',$$$*!(2',(##)'()#
).%*))'1(#,*!!$)$)
QUESTION#)($)',$$
%$#'$(%#,$*!))$)$',$$$'
ANSWER),$*!$)$',$$
$*!(2')# *#!((,$($")#
$*)))1!!'$%$*)%#(#)'(
'(*!)$2'#)%()*)$..$*%*)
"))$))$.),$*!) )%#')
$*)) )$*!(2'')$*)(')
',$$!))!))#),$*!$" )$',$$#2'1"(% #(%(*$
(%!().$**#'()#))
QUESTION.$*#$)##)!$#
'*#)%$#'$(%#,$*!(%%'
ANSWER())1('))')#!.,!!
*(),!!#$)'#')*#')$*
!(2'$*!(2'("$+##)'+'.
'%!.
#)',$$(#1)'#')#)
!!$+')'*))1!!().)'!$#)"(
(%'$*)('!/))($"%$%!!$$ )
',$$("$()!.(('!''$")!
!*+!3)*),$*!! )$!$$ ))"#
!))!'$'(#(
QUESTION*%%$(.$*+'('+
()$#$#$#$)(!!*+!3)(#.$*
'),#!!($'!!('$"")*').$.$*
)(%'$*)#'$")()'(
!!$',!).,!!)*!!.
)*'#*%"#*''#(,!!)*'#*%
#($")"(.$*)# .$*+#,
'$,)*)$#($"$)()'(.$*2#
))))(.$*+(%'$*)(#$#$)
'($)".$*$#1)$,($"$)(
)'(.$*+)$'!/")*'#
)$(!)#,#).!!$+'.$*$#1)
()#)!'$$)'$,#)!!
#)()#
$#$)'($#(.$*+!$,#*"'
$(%'$*)()'$($")"(.("#.
)"(#$
QUESTION$!*3%0$,.+0!0%+*+2!.
*1)!.+"5!./5+1+1( ,+//%(5!(%)%*0!
0$!/,.+10%*#,+0!*0%(+"5.! 3++
ANSWER!((%"5+1+1( '!!,%0(%2!1,
0+0$!,+%*03$!.!%0+1( *+(+*#!./,.+10
5!/*+0$!.3+. //0$!5#!0+( !.* +( !.
0$!58*((5#!00+0$!,+%*00$00$!5 +*70
/,.+10+%"5+1'!!,0$!)%"5+1*+4
0$!)(+*#1*0%(0$!5#!01,0+
5!./+"
#!+.5!./5+1/!!0$!*0$!53+*0
/,.+10$!*3$!*0$!5(("(( +3*5+172!
3%,! +105+1./0* $%/%/0$!/+.0+"0$%*#
5+1+1( +*!+"0$!,.+(!)/+",.!/!.
20%+*+"0$%/05,!%0#+!/.0$!./(+3(5* 5
+1.0%)!/(!3!.!&1/0(++'%*#0/)((
,%!!+"%0100$%*'3!$2!0+(++'0%0
".+)0$!,+%*0+"2%!30$03!3*00+)%*
0%*0$%/"+.0$+1/* 5!./* 0+ +0$0
3!$2!0+ +(+0)+.!0$*&1/0/0* '
* !0%0/% !0&1/03+*03+.'!(/+
$2!0+/!0%0/% !0$+1#$
QUESTION+3 % %0!2!.#!00+0$%/0+
5%"0$!.! 3++ /.! 5%*#+10* "((%*#
+3*".+)+( #!
ANSWER$05+1$2!%/+)%*0%+*
+"!*2%.+*)!*0/0$0$2!,!./%/0! %*0$!,/0
* 5+172!+)!1,+*0$!/!*!0+*!,.
0%1(.0%)!+1)!1,+*0$!/!*!.!((5
3$!*0$!.!3!.!.!/+"2%.#%*
.! 3++ * 0$07/(+0+".! 3++ * *+35+17.! +3*0+0$!,+%*00$05+1,.+
(5$2!+10
.!/+"+( #.+30$
10+"0$0
.!/5+1,.+(5$2!
+100$0.!2%.#%*+3$03!72!
+*!%/0'!** 10 +3*0.!)!* +1/
)+1*0+"0$!.! 3++ 10%*/,%0!+"0$0
3!$2!*70.! 1! 0$!.*#!,.+(55)+.!
0$*.!/* 0$07/)!.!(5%*(!.
%*#$!0$%*#&1/0'!!,/.%#$0+*/,.+10%*#
$03! % 3!)!1,+*0$!/!*!0
,.0%1(.0%)!+30$%/0.!!3%((+*0%*1!0+
/,.+10!.0%*,!.!*0#!+"0$!/!0.!!/3%((
+*0%*1!0+/,.+10/+.! 3++ %/(!0+)%*
0%*%0/!(""+.)+*#,!.%+ +"0%)!$0
5+17.!/'%*#%/3$5 % *70%03%,!%0/!("+10!
"+.!3!)!$!.!* )5*/3!.%/3! +*70
'*+33$00$!+,!.0%+*(!*2%.+*)!*03/0
0$!0%)!%0!)!!/0(%/$! * 3!)5!
&1/0+*0$!0%(!* +"0$%/.!(%* 3!7.!&1/0
/!!%*#0$!0%(!* +"%0* %")*$ !!*
$!.!*+0$!.5!./!.(%!.3!)%#$0$2!
!!*(!0+!(%)%*0!%00&1/0 !,!* /3$!.!
5+1.!%*0$%/,%01.!* 0$%*'%"3!3*0
0$!%#+( 0.!!/* 0$%*'0$%/%/0$!/+.0+"
0$%*#(+0/+"1/3+1( (%'!0+$2!%"3!3*0
0$!/!+* %/,(5"+.0$!,1(%3!$2!0+ +
/+)!0$%*#+10%0!$2!0+/0.0#!00%*#
/+)!5+1*#!.#!(//!/* 3!$2!0+/0.0
3+.'%*#%./0+"((5+172!#+00+/!00$!)
/% !$!*5+172!#+00+3+.'+*0$!)
QUESTION!(%2!%**.!3$!.!0$!.!7/
/!+* #.+30$.! 3++ * 3!3!.!0+( 0$0
0$!+.%#%*(0.!!/0$!.!0$!2%.#%*0.!!/3!.!
10 +3*+10+30$!/!+* #.+30$
0$!.!%/7 !/0%)0!+10"!!00((* +10"!!0%* %)!0!.+!/0$0/+1* .!
/+*(!
ANSWER0/+1* /2!.5.!/+*(!* $ 5+1#+*!%** 0$%**! %05+1,.+(5
3+1( $2!0$!)1,0+"+1.* $("+.82!
"!!0+*0$0/%0!%"%07/0$0,.+ 10%2!
QUESTION$!57.!#.+3%*#0$.!!* "+1.
.+1* 0$!+.%#%*(/01),/$!+.%#%*(
/01),/.!+10!%#$00++."!!0%* %
)!0!.
ANSWER!/!((0$%/%/*)6%*#0.!!
*/+)!+"0$!/!((12%(90/%0$/0.!)!*
+1/#.+30$
QUESTION$07/,.!005.,% #.+30$
ANSWER!/$07/3$00$%/0.!!%/,
(!+"$%/%/+*!+"0$!*%!0$%*#/+1/!!
.%#$0*+30+ 50$!.!7/(+0+"/!+* #.+30$
0$07/!%*#(+##! $!.!7//+)!!10%"1(
(* +*0$!'/+*00!+.!/0$!.!3/
/+)!2%.#%*(!"0+*0$003/"%.(5,++.
-1(%052%.#%*10#++ ,.0+"0$03/
/!+* #.+30$".+)0$!+( /,!.(1)!.
+),*5$!.!.!/+)!!10%"1(/0* /
QUESTION$!57((*!2!.#!0)503!(2!
.!/$!*0$!5+*0.+(0$!9++ %*#$+3.!
3!/0%((#+%*#0+#!00$! !,+/%0%+*+"0$%/
ANSWER)!##&%#
"#"$!'!&#$
#!$""###""#!#&(#
#
QUESTION
$#%!"!$
!&!"!!#&#!
#"#!&
ANSWER##!("#
!#$!#"#"#&#!#"
"$#!"&#!#)"&"#"
&#!#!)"%!($!$"#
!("#!##&#
"#"&#)"#!"###
&!##&!($%%!(
!#"($#%#"#+$#
####!&#
##"!"$""##(
#!$""$#"#$#!##
#"%!(!"#"%!(!#
""##!&!!##
#!($%"#"""##
!&$#!#"#!$""%!(
!(#!&"##"#
"#"%!#"!"#"&
($! $"#!!#
"
$"*!#"!$!&#
#!&#&$
)#&
$"#!!$"##(""
$#"$##
(!#$!!&#"#$(
&#!!!#!
##
($$#