Statistical Mechanics of a Single Dopant Atom in Silicon
Si: (Ne) 3s2 3p2
P: (Ne) 3s2 3p3
Phosphorous
Dopant
in Si
Si
Crystal
Structure
Bohr model of
electron orbiting
P nucleus
Freeze-out of Dopant Carriers in Semiconductors at Low Temperature
From http://www.extremetemperatureelectronics.com/tutorial3.html