CHAPTER TWO
1. What is the relationship between two organisms that live together and support each
other?
a. Bipedalism.
b. Symbiosis. *
c. Convergence.
d. Polygyny.
2. What important contribution to science did Miller and Urey make in the 1950’s?
a. Discovered that prokaryotes were the first organisms on the earth.
b. Formulated the theory of environmental determinism.
c. Formulated the doppler shift theory.
d. Created a model of the initial atmosphere of the earth that readily generated the
building blocks of life. *
3. ______________ is one of the oldest known hominid species.
a. Australopithecus afarensis.
b. Australopithecus anamensis.
c. Ardipithecus ramidus. *
d. Australopithecus robustus.
4. _____________ is the relationship when a male mates with numerous females.
a. Polygyny. *
b. Monogamy.
c. Polyandry.
d. Symbiosis.
5. The earth is approximately how many years old?
a. 1 billion.
b. 9 million.
c. 4.5 billion. *
d. 13.5 million.
6. Lucy was a member of which species?
a. Australopithecus aethiopicus.
b. Homo erectus.
c. Australopithecus afarensis.*
d. Homo habilis.
7. ___________ evolution occurs when similar changes occur in similar species.
a. Convergent.
b. Parallel. *
c. Opposite.
d. Forward.
8. Which hominid species was the first to migrate out of Africa?
a. Homo habilis.
b. Homo sapiens.
c. Homo erectus. *
d. Homo neanderthalensis.
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9. __________ is the condition where females are substantially different in size from
males.
a. Polymorphis.
b. Dwarfism.
c. Sexual dimorphism. *
d. Monogamy.
10. Which species was called “Handy man”?
a. Homo habilis. *
b. Homo erectus.
c. Homo sapiens.
d. Homo neanderthalensis.
11. The first life formed 4 billion years ago was:
a. Prokaryotic.
b. Eukaryotic.
c. Anaerobic.
d. Both a and c. *
12. __________ stars are moving away from the observer.
a. Red-shifted. *
b. Blue-shifted.
c. Radiometric.
d. Comet.
13. The __________________ theory holds that a point expanded to create everything,
even space itself.
a. Creation.
b. Doppler shift.
c. Collision.
d. Big bang. *
14. The eggs of ______________ have leathery coverings that allow the exchange of
gases, and do not require water to develop in.
a. Amphibians.
b. Mammals.
c. Reptiles.
*
d. Marsupials.
15. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a primate?
a. High visual sense.
b. Semi-erect posture to aid hands.
c. Mobility of digits.
d. Claws rather than nails. *
16. __________________ were the first hominids to use fire.
a. Homo erectus. *
b. Homo habilis.
c. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis.
d. Homo sapiens sapiens.
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17. 3.6 million years ago, hominids left footprints in volcanic ash, preserved as fossils in
present day.
a. Neander, Germany.
b. Laetoli, Tanzania. *
c. Altimira, Spain.
d. Darwin, Australia.
18. The fossil evidence indicates that one of the oldest known hominid species,
Ardipithecus ramidus, existed over_________ years ago.
a. 4.4 million. *
b. 1.8 million.
c. 2.4 million.
d. 1.5 million.
19. ________________ was the nickname of Homo habilis, because of the evidence of
stone tools found with him.
a. Peking man.
b. Handy man. *
c. Turkana boy.
d. Skeleton boy.
20. A _________________ is a bony ridge on top of the skull to which chewing muscles
attach.
a. Molar.
b. Brow ridge.
c. Sagittal crest. *
d. Jaw bone.
21. What is a frugivore?
a. An animal that eats primarily meat.
b. An animal that eats primarily fruit. *
c. A small African marsupial.
d. Both a & c.
22. In species that are primarily_______ , males and females are of similar size.
a. Polygamous.
b. Carnivorous.
c. Androgynous.
d. Monogamous. *
23. Homo erectus had a pronounced ___________.
a. Pelvic girdle.
b. Chest cavity.
c. Brow ridge. *
d. Chin.
24. Which process converts sunlight and carbon dioxide into energy while putting out
oxygen as a waste product?
a. Radiometric technique.
b. Symbiosis.
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c. Photosynthesis. *
d. Aestivation.
25. The first evidence of multicellular organisms is about _______ million years old.
a. 670. *
b. 25.
c. 100
d. 520.
26. 65 million years ago the _______ era ended and 65% of all living species became
extinct.
a. Industrial.
b. Mesozoic. *
c. Ice Age.
d. Cenozoic.
27. Who coined the term "Homo habilis"?
a. Darwin.
b. Hamilton.
c. Dubois.
d. Leakey. *
28. _____________ is the oldest known hominid.
a. Australopithecus afarensis.
b. Homo erectus.
c. Orrorin tungenensis. *
d. Australopithecus robustus.
29. Feathers evolved from scales for what purpose?
a. Swimming.
b. Flying.
c. Sexual selection.
d. Insulation. *
30. Which of the following is characteristic of polygyny?
a. One female with many males.
b. One male and one female.
c. Two females.
d. One male with many females. *
31. Because stars are fusion reactors, they convert Hydrogen into what gas?
a. Oxygen.
b. Nitrogen.
c. Carbon.
d. Helium. *
32. Which is the 1st ranking in Linnaeus’s System of Nature?
a. Primates. *
b. Reptiles.
c. Mitochondria.
d. Arthropods.
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33. Which species was the first to perform ritual burials?
a. Homo habilis.
b. Homo neanderthalensis. *
c. Australopithecus africanus.
d. Ardipithecus ramidus.
34. _____________ is the rare element used to validate the concept of an asteroid colliding
with Earth 65 million years ago.
a. Uranium.
b. Zinc.
c. Chromium.
d. Iridium.
35. What organisms did the ancestors of eukaryotes form a symbiotic relationship with
allowing for the adaptation to an oxygen rich atmosphere?
a. Prokaryotes.
b. Bacteria.
c. Amoeba.
d. Mitochondria. *
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9. The belief that traits evolve in order to achieve a goal is called
a. Neoteny.
b. Encephalization.
c. Teleological error. *
d. Paedomorphism.
.
10. ____________ studied evolved adaptations in social reasoning in humans by the use of
the Wason Selection Task test.
a. Tooby & Cosmide. *
b. Gall & Spurzheim.
c. Bergman & Allen.
d. None of the above.
11. _____________ are the most encephalized species on the planet.
a. Carnivores.
b. Primates. *
c. Both a and b.
d. None of the above.
12. Which area of the brain is involved in ballistic movements?
a. Occipital lobe.
b. Cerebral cortex.
c. Frontal lobe.
d. Cerebellum. *
13. ______________ states that members of a species living in a cold climate will be
physically larger.
a. Allen’s rule.
b. Bergman’s rule. *
c. Calvin’s rule.
d. Mendel’s rule.
14. __________________ states that a members of a species living in a cold climate will
have shorter extremities.
a. Allen’s rule. *
b. Bergman’s rule.
c. Calvin’s rule.
d. Mendle’s rule.
15. The ________________ theory is the idea that different areas of the brain performs
specific functions.
a. Hierarchical Brain.
b. Modular Brain. *
c. Modular Mind.
d. None of the above.
16. The ________________ theory posits the idea that the brain is controlled by the
homunculus.
a. Humanistic Brain.
b. Modular Brain.
c. Modular Mind.
d. None of the above. *
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17. ___________________ is the acceleration or deceleration in the timing of development
of a trait relative to the ancestral condition.
a. Heterochrony. *
b. Encephalization.
c. Teleological error.
d. Paedomorphosis.
18. Carnivores tend to have a larger brain than their prey because ________.
a. Their heads are larger.
b. They have higher protein content in their diets.
c. They must be able to anticipate the moves of their prey. *
d. None of the above.
19. _____ of our DNA is the same as that found in chimpanzees.
a. 34%
b. 98.6% *
c. 100%
d. 87.5%
20. The ________ is the brain region most involved in ballistic movements.
a. Cerebellum. *
b. Cerebrum.
c. Frontal lobe.
d. Occipital lobe
21. Which best describes the teleological error?
a. Belief that humans evolved from primates.
b. Belief that brain mass is relative to brain size.
c. Belief that traits evolve in order to achieve a future goal. *
d. Belief that adult traits develop during adolescence.
22. _________ occurs when an organism retains juvenile characteristics into adulthood.
a. Nihilism.
b. Neoten. *
c. Bergman’s rule.
d. Allen’s rule.
23. Which part of the brain processes visual movement?
a. V-4.
b. V-8.
c. V-5. *
d. V-2.
24. Studies show that they are compartmentalized in their thinking:
a. Men. *
b. Women.
c. Apes.
d. Parrots.
25. Which part of the brain deals with language comprehension?
a. Brocca’s area.
b. Wernicke’s area. *
c. Visual cortex.
d. Somatosensory cortex.
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26. _____________ were the first to show that people have an internal mechanism to detect
rule violators in social contacts.
a. Tooby and Cosmides. *
b. Gall and Spurtzheim.
c. Zahavii and Calvin.
d. Darwin and Spencer.
27. _______________ occurs when a certain male characteristic becomes part of the female's
criteria to select a mate.
a. Male/male competition.
b. Social reasoning.
c. Runaway sexual selection. *
d. Pair-bonding.
28. _______________ is used to study social reasoning.
a. Wason Selection Task. *
b. Gender IQ test.
c. Machiavellian Intelligence.
d. Allen’s Rule.
29. Which part of the brain processes color vision?
a. V-4. *
b. V-8.
c. V-5.
d. V-2.
30. In primate species, as the size of the group increases there is a corresponding increase in
the size of the __________________.
a. Adrenal gland.
b. Neo cortex. *
c. Corpus callosum.
d. Hypothalamus.
31. The actions of this enzyme in utero may provide the proximate explanation for sex
differences in spatial and verbal abilities.
a. Aromatase. *
b. Lactase.
c. Proteinase.
d. Bromase.
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CHAPTER FOUR
1. Which nerve controls tongue movements?
a. Vagus.
b. Abducens.
c. Hypoglossal. *
d. None of the above.
2. What area of the brain primarily controls language?
a. Right hemisphere.
b. Left hemisphere. *
c. Cerebral cortex.
d. Cerebellum.
3. Who is credited for his work with the language of honey bees?
a. Lorenz.
b. Allen.
c. Von Frisch. *
d. Wason.
4. In a study of deaf children, the children who were most proficient in ASL, were those
that:
a. Learned ASL after age 12.
b. Were taught ASL by parents from birth. *
c. Learned ASL after age 2.
d. Learned ASL in schools.
5. Which of the following is a characteristic of communication?
a. Discreteness.
b. Arbitrariness.
c. Displacement.
d. All of the above. *
6. Broca’s aphasia results in:
a. Loss of speech. *
b. Loss of motor control.
c. Loss of sight.
d. Loss of hearing.
7. _____________ refers to the emotional aspects of speech.
a. Anomia.
b. Prosidy. *
c. Aggrematism.
d. None of the above.
8. Which characteristic of communication is unique to humans?
a. Displacement. *
b. Exchangeability.
c. Fluidity.
d. Monosyllabic.
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9. Which of the following pioneered a theory connecting the size of the primate neocortex
to group size, grooming and language evolution?
a. Steven Binker.
b. Robin Dunbar. *
c. Paul Broca.
d. Clever Hans.
10. ________________ argued that language acquisition must occur before puberty.
a. Lenneberg. *
b. Noam Chomsky.
c. Paul Broca.
d. Wernicke.
11. Which of the following is not one of Hockett’s design features of language?
a. Semanticity.
b. Displacement.
c. Productivity.
d. Synchronicity. *
12. The parrot who could identify complex concepts and respond verbally was:
a. Gua.
b. Vicki.
c. Alex. *
d. Koko.
13. Approximately how many different human languages are being spoken today?
a. 3,000.
b. 5,000. *
c. 2,000.
d. 750.
14. “Washoe”, the female chimp trained by Beatrix and Alan Gardner, was able to:
a. Produce many novel words.
b. Use complete verbal sentences.
c. Learn over 100 ASL signs. *
d. Do complicated mathematics.
15. The development of language from birth to 12 years of age, with a peak at age 2 to 3, is known as:
a. Inclusive fitness.
b. Prelinguistic vocalization.
c. The critical period. *
d. The holophrase stage.
16. The fact that phoneme discrimination is better at age 9 months than at age 12 months, is an example of:
a. Agrammatism.
b. Neural Darwinism. *
c. Reverse ontogeny.
d. The babbling stage.
17. An individual with Wernicke’s aphasia would exhibit which of the following symptoms?
a. Inability to speak.
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b. Inability to understand speech. *
c. Difficulty with syntax.
d. Anomia.
18. Which of these characteristics of language is unique to humans?
a. Interchangeability.
b. Productivity. *
c. Pragmatic function.
d. Semanticity.
19. Who listed feral children as a different species, with the name Homo loco ferus?
a. Broca.
b. Lenneberg.
c. Johnson and Newport.
d. Linnaeus. *
20. The majority of animal language studies have been done with:
a. Parrots.
b. Dolphins.
c. Great apes. *
d. Honeybees.
21. The nerve in the body that is very thick in humans, controls tongue movement, and
allows for better speech is the ______________________ nerve.
a. Hypoglossal. *
b. Spinal.
c. Central.
d. Cerebral.
22. Which of the following is not true of grooming?
a. It is an integral social process.
b. It forms alliances and builds group unity.
c. The more complex the social hierarchy, the more important it is.
d. Grooming can be shared with more that one at a time. *
23. The honey bee waggle dance communicates _______________.
a. Danger.
b. Distance and direction of food source. *
c. Mate selection.
d. Group grooming.
24. ____________ developed the theory of syntax for emphasizing social cognition.
a. Dunbar.
b. Pinker and Dax.
c. Calvin and Bickerton. *
d. Chomsky.
25. The developmental stage for language that exists in the 1st to 3rd months and consists of
gestures and facial expression is ______________.
a. Prelinguistic. *
b. Babbling.
16
c. Baby talk.
d. Phoneme discrimination.
26. At age ________, a child’s vocabulary greatly increases as about 50 new words are
learned a week.
a. 2 1/2 years. *
b. 3 years.
c. 4 1/2 years.
d. 1 years.
27. According to Linneburg, _______________ exist for language because brain
lateralization occurs at puberty.
a. Language evolution.
b. Infinite generativity.
c. Critical periods. *
d. Neurological connections.
28. All critical periods in human language development have completely ended by________
years.
a. 9
b. 16 *
c. 3
d. 5
29. At what age do children use 2-3 words of telegraphic speech, consisting of nouns and
verbs?
a. 6-11 months.
b. 1 _ - 2 years. *
c. 2 _ - 3 years.
d. 3 _ - 4 years.
30. Which monkey species has three distinct alarm vocalizations?
a. Chimpanzees.
b. Rhesus monkey.
c. Vervet monkey. *
d. None of the above.
31. The two characteristics of language shared only among humans are:
a. Sematicity and Pragmatic Function.
b. Displacement and Productivity. *
c. Interchangeability and Cultural Transmission.
d. Arbitrariness and Discreteness.
32. The origins of human language trace back approximately _____ years ago.
a. 400,000 *
b. 5,000
c. 10,000
d. 800,000
33. "Alex" could learn complex concepts and could respond verbally in English. What kind
of animal was "Alex"?
17
a.
b.
c.
d.
Bottle-nosed dolphin.
Chimpanzee.
Gray parrot. *
Sea lion.
34. Syntax involves the
a. Order of words to convey meaning. *
b. Pronunciation of words.
c. Verbalization of words.
d. Definition of words.
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CHAPTER FIVE
1. Women are the most concerned with ________ infidelity.
a. Sexual.
b. Emotional. *
c. Financial.
d. Chromosomal.
2. After testicle formation, which male hormone suppresses the growth of female
structures?
a. MIH. *
b. NPN.
c. Testosterone.
d. Estrogen.
3. The ideal waist-hip ratio in women based on the perceptions of men is:
a. .9
b. .5
c. .7 *
d. 1.0
4. How much gynoid fat must a woman have in order to ovulate?
a. 45 lbs.
b. 35 lbs. *
c. 5 lbs.
d. 20 lbs.
5. __________ is a fear and rage reaction fitted to protect, maintain, and prolong the
intimate association of love.
a. Runaway sexual selection.
b. Insecurity.
c. Jealousy. *
d. Possessiveness.
6. According to Thornhill and Gangestad, a female’s orgasm correlates positively with:
a. Symmetry of partner. *
b. Number of sexual encounters.
c. Amount of relationship with partner.
d. Male pheromones.
7. ____________ are more prone to get fetishes.
a. Women.
b. Men. *
c. Chimpanzee.
d. Dogs.
8. A parallel relationship has been found between limerence and __________________.
a. Drug addiction. *
b. Child abuse.
c. Sperm count.
d. Homosexual relationships.
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9. ______________ have the largest testicles so they can manufacture large amounts of
sperm to engage in the Sperm Wars.
a. Humans.
b. Gorillas.
c. Chimpanzees. *
d. Baboons.
10. Mating with someone other than the supposed pair-bonded partner is known as:
a. Extra pair copulation. *
b. Mate guarding.
c. Handicapping principle.
d. Fluctuating encounters.
11. Women’s peak level of mate guarding is directly related to the partner’s:
a. Intelligence.
b. Ambition. *
c. Understanding.
d. Physical attractiveness.
12. In a homosexual’s brain, the Anterior Commissure is _____________ when compared to
a woman’s brain.
a. Larger.
b. Smaller.
c. The same size. *
d. Separated.
13. ______________ occurs when a group of female mice are grouped together and exposed
to male pheromones that cause them all to go into heat about the same time.
a. Runaway sexual selection.
b. Sperm wars.
c. Whitten effect. *
d. Mate guarding.
14. What type of sperm blocks and attacks sperm from other males?
a. Warrior sperm.
b. Whale sperm.
c. Defensive sperm.
d. Kamikaze sperm. *
15. Females that are exposed to __________ in utero are more likely to display homosexual
behavior.
a. TDF.
b. Estrogen.
c. Diethylstilbestrol. *
d. Copulins.
16. What will occur if the primordial gonads are exposed to TDF?
a. Testes produced. *
b. Sterile offspring.
c. Ovaries produced.
d. Homosexual tendencies.
20
17. A positive correlation exists between male mate guarding and a female’s
a. Ambition.
b. Resources.
c. Intelligence.
d. Age. *
18. In long-term relationships, males prefer
a. Intelligence.
b. Kindness.
c. Understanding.
d. All of the above. *
19. The ideal waist-hip ratio for men based upon the perceptions of women is
a. .7 *
b. .9
c. .6
d. .3
20. ______________ cause a surge in the testosterone levels of males.
a. Android fats.
b. Diethylstilbestrol.
c. Androstenones.
d. Copulins. *
21. Sperm Wars relate to:
a. Males competing for females.
b. Females competing for males.
c. Sperm competing to fertilize an egg. *
d. Physically fighting for a mate.
22. Limerence evolved to facilitate ____________________.
a. Long-term pair-bonding.
b. The avoidance of pair-bonding.
c. Short term pair-bonding. *
d. None of the above.
23. In a relationship, when males feel threatened of losing their mate they tend to:
a. Sometimes resort to physical violence.
b. Increase their display of resources.
c. Use submission.
d. All of the above. *
24. The two categories of sexual selection are _________________ and
___________________.
a. Male-female competition; male mate choice.
b. Female-female competition; male mate choice.
c. Male-male competition; female mate choice. *
d. Male-female competition; female mate choice.
21
25. Females engage in short-term mating strategies in order to __________.
a. Attain immediate resources for short-term matings.
b. Improve genetic qualities of offspring.
c. Hone skills for acquiring and keeping a long-term mate.
d. All of the above. *
26. Females rank ____________ as more important when selecting a short-term mate.
a. Tendencies in personality.
b. Health.
c. Characteristics that exhibit fidelity.
d. Status and wealth. *
27. When women engage in extra pair copulation, they are more likely to _______________.
a. Choose a more attractive partner than their mate
b. Be ovulating.
c. Be infertile.
d. a & b. *
28. Females have _____________ in hips, thighs, and gluteus maximus that serve as an
energy source for pregnancy and one year of lactation.
a. Android fat.
b. Gynoid fat. *
c. Cellulose.
d. Muscles
29. _______________ are biochemicals produced by a member of a species to influence
behaviors of others in that species.
a. Hormones.
b. Pheromones. *
c. Secretions.
d. None of the above.
30. _____________ is the pheromone that makes menstrual cycles more regular.
a. Androstenone. *
b. Male essence.
c. Testosterone.
d. Female essence.
31. _____________ found that symmetry correlates positively with the number of life time
partners.
a. Bellis and Baker.
b. Thornhill and Gangested. *
c. Whitten.
d. Zahavi.
32. On average, __________ percent of sexual orientation in the sexual population can be
homosexual in nature.
a. Ten.
b. Five. *
c. Three.
d. Twenty.
22
33. The ____________ is the critical period in women effecting sexual orientation of male
offspring.
a. 1st trimester.
b. 2nd trimester. *
c. 3rd trimester.
d. 4th trimester.
34. Which of the following is not a characteristic that females look for in a long-term mate?
a. Ambitiousness.
b. Provision of resources.
c. Younger in age than the female. *
d. Provision of protection.
35. In a study conducted by Thornhill and Gangested, body symmetry:
a. Correlated highly with number of sex partners.
b. Correlated highly with female orgasms.
c. Is an indicator of developmental precision.
d. All of the above. *
36. Women are ____ times as likely to insist on pair bonding (i.e. marriage) than men are.
a. 2 *
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
37. When men rated drawings of women, they preferred a waist to hip ratio of _____.
a. .6
b. .7 *
c. .8
d. .9
38. What percentage of sperm is capable of fertilization?
a. 1 *
b. 5
c. 10
d. 100
39. ___________ are female pheromones that are secreted during ovulation.
a. Testosterone.
b. Estrogen.
c. Aesthetics.
d. Copulins. *
40. Which accessory olfactory system was recently determined to be active in humans?
a. Pineal gland.
b. Vomeronasal organ. *
c. Olfactory bulb.
d. Vagus nerve.
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41. Women feel that the masculine ideal includes all of the following except:
a. Symmetry.
b. Status.
c. Waist-hip ratio of .7 *
d. Fidelity.
42. Which of the following is not evidence for the function of pheromones in humans?
a. Menstrual synchronicity.
b. MHC preferences.
c. Oxytocin release during orgasm. *
d. Male testosterone surge in response to copulins.
43. When males look for a mate for long-term bonding, which of the following is not a
preference?
a. Fidelity .
b. Nurturance.
c. Good parenting skills.
d. Promiscuity. *
44. Regarding sexual selection, who developed the handicapping principle?
a. Buss.
b. Hrdy.
c. Trivers.
d. Zahavi. *
45. In Buss’s study of 37 cultures, which of the following is not a common mate preference
of both males and females?
a. Youth. *
b. Intelligence.
c. Kindness.
d. Understanding.
46. Who was the first to discover pheromones by studying the emperor moth?
a. John calhoun.
b. Jean fabre. *
c. Pasteur.
d. Hrdy.
47. Who proposed that males court and females choose, because females are the limited resource?
a. Trivers.*
b. Zahavi.
c. Fischer.
d. Linnaeus.
48. Regarding females who opt for extra pair copulation (EPC) which of the following is not true?
a. The EPC male could function as a backup.
b. The female is only interested in obtaining immediate resources. *
c. The female is attempting to improve the genetic quality of her offspring.
d. The female is more likely to have an EPC around the time of ovulation.
24
49. Limerence addicts are addicted to:
a. Sex.
b. Falling in love. *
c. Spending money.
d. Reading limericks.
50. The divorce rate peaks at ______ years after marriage.
a. 2
b. 4 *
c. 6
d. 10
51. Baker’s study revealed that when men were separated from their wives for several days
the ejaculate volume:
a. Did not change.
b. Increased 3x. *
c. Went down 20%.
d. Increased 10x.
52. Masculinization of the male brain requires:
a. An XX genotype.
b. A thick corpus callosum.
c. A father image during early childhood.
d. Conversion of testosterone to estradiol in the brain. *
53. Mate-guarding in human males is associated with:
a. An attempt to prevent paternity uncertainty.
b. A positive correlation with the partner’s physical attractiveness.
c. Threats of violence and physical intimidation.
d. All of the above. *
54. Which of the following primates has the largest penis?
a. Human. *
b. Gorilla.
c. Chimpanzee.
d. Orangutan.
55. In females, the primordial gonads develop into:
a. Fallopian tubes.
b. Ovaries. *
c. Estrogens.
d. Androgens.
56. Which of the following was a factor in the evolution of jealousy in humans?
a. Group living.
b. Pair-bonding.
c. Gender-based division of labor.
d. All of the above. *
57. The term coined by Tennov for short-term pair bonding is _____________.
a. Mate-guarding.
25
b. Sperm wars.
c. Endorphin.
d. Limerence. *
58. Which of the following best describes the action of kamikaze sperm?
a. Attack defective eggs.
*
b. Provide better orgasms.
c. Attack sperm of other males.
d. Destroy the cervical plug.
59. Which of the following species have the largest testicles?
a. Humans.
b. Apes.
c. Chimpanzees. *
d. Orangutans.
60. Which of the following brain structures are different in homosexual and heterosexual
men?
a. Anterior commissure.
b. Hypothalum interstitial nucleus 3.
c. a & b. *
d. There is no difference in brain structure.
61. In relationships, when it comes to jealousy, women are more concerned with?
a. Social status.
b. Money.
c. Emotional infidelity. *
d. Sexual infidelity.
62. In relationships, when it comes to jealousy, men are more concerned with:
a. Social status.
b. Money.
c. Emotional infidelity.
d. Sexual infidelity. *
63. ______________ pioneered and developed the theory of ‘runaway sexual selection’:
a. R.A. Fisher. *
b. Robert Trivers.
c. Buss.
d. Hrdy.
64. _____________ added the ‘Handicapping Principle’ to the runaway sexual selection
theory:
a. R.A. Fisher.
b. Zahakis. *
c. Robert Trivers.
d. Herdy.
65. ___________ the FA score, then __________ the attraction.
a. Higher, higher.
b. Lower, lower.
26
c. Higher, lower. *
d. Lower, higher.
66. Hormone released during the female orgasm, which is thought to play a role in pair
bonding:
a. Testosterone.
b. Oxytocin. *
c. Estrogen.
d. None on the above.
67. Across the rage women prefer a WHR (waist-hip ratio) in men of approximately:
a. .9 - 1.0 *
b. .7 - .8
c. .6 - .7
d. .5 - .6
68. Across cultures men prefer a WHR (waist-hip ratio) in women of approximately:
a. .1
b. .7 *
c. .5
d. .3
69. What accessory olfactory system is thought to be used to detect pheromones:
a. Major histocompatibility complex.
b. Copulins.
c. Vomeronasal organ. *
d. None of the above.
70. Which is the male pheromone?
a. Copulin.
b. Vomeronasal.
c. Estrogen.
d. Adrostenone. *
71. Masculinization of the male brain requires:
a. An XX genotype.
b. A thick corpus callosum. *
c. A father image during early childhood.
d. Conversion of testosterone to estradiol in the brain.
72. Mate-guarding in human males is associated with:
a. An attempt to prevent paternity uncertainty.
b. A positive correlation with the partner’s physical attractiveness.
c. Threats of violence and physical intimidation.
d. All of the above. *
73. In females, the primordial gonads develop into:
a. Fallopian tubes.
b. Ovaries. *
c. Estrogens.
d. Androgens.
27
74. Which of the following was a factor in the evolution of jealousy in humans?
a. Group living.
b. Pair-bonding.
c. Gender-based division of labor.
d. All of the above. *
75. The term coined by Tennov for short-term pair bonding is _____________.
a. Mate-guarding.
b. Sperm wars.
c. Endorphins.
d. Limerence. *
76. Which of the following would NOT be an advantage in male-male competition?
a. Antlers and horns.
b. Gaudy plumage. *
c. Larger muscles.
d. Cunning brains.
77. ____________ was the biologist who postulated the idea of runaway sexual selection.
a. Fisher. *
b. Darwin.
c. Trivers.
d. Zahavi.
78. In the handicapping principle, the reason females animals would choose a mate with
exaggerated characteristics would be:
a. That it was a sign of breeding potential.
b. That it was a sign of parental investment.
c. That it was a sign of genetic quality. *
d. That it was a sign of strength of character.
79. Men seem to value ___________________ more in a short-term mate than in along-term
mate.
a. Physical attractiveness. *
b. Creativity.
c. Intelligence.
d. Good health.
80. In a survey of the characteristics men and women would prefer in a long term mate, both
agreed the number one characteristic was ____________________.
a. Good health.
b. Exciting personality.
c. Kindness and understanding. *
d. Intelligence.
81. Though men can produce over 12 million sperm in just an hour, the number of
reproductive cells that can be produced by women is fixed at around ________ in her life
time.
a. 40
b. 400 *
28
c. 4000
d. 40,000
82. While Western social scientists assert that cultural influences strongly determine what
people find attractive in a mate, evolutionary psychologists predict that attractiveness is
more a product of _____________________.
a. Runaway mate selection.
b. Gender bias.
c. Genetic mutation.
d. Natural selection. *
83. Organisms with high levels of ______________ are thought to be indicative of high
levels of developmental precision, possessing good genes, and resistant to parasites.
a. Symmetry. *
b. Testosterone.
c. Cognitive development.
d. Androgens.
84. ______________ is the steroid compound found in the sweat of males, demonstrated to
act as male pheromone in many species.
a. Androstenone. *
b. Testosterone.
c. Oxytocin.
d. Vasopressin.
85. In an age before DNA testing, ______________ can be seen in males as an evolutionary
guard against the uncertainty of paternity.
a. Physical attractiveness.
b. Depression.
c. Genetic resemblance.
d. Jealousy. *
86. The percent of sperm released that is actually capable of fertilization is about _________.
a. 1 percent. *
b. 5 percent.
c. 1 0 percent.
d. 15 percent.
87. When quizzed about the pregnancy, mothers of homosexual offspring reported at least
one severe stressful experience during the _____________ trimester.
a. First.
b. Second. *
c. Third.
d. No stressful experience was reported.
88. __________ coined the word limerence to describe the state of that has been called
“falling in love”.
a. Tennov. *
b. Davis.
c. Westermark.
d. Whitten.
29
89. Limerence usually does not last more than __________, also the most common time for
marriage to end in divorce.
a. 5 months.
b. 1 year.
c. 4 years. *
d. 8 years.
90. ___________ individuals seem to be more predisposed to form short-term pair bonding,
while ______________ people seem predisposed to form a long-term pair bond.
a. Younger, older. *
b. Older, younger.
c. Intellectual, non intellectual.
d. Introverted, extroverted.
91. ____________ argues that runaway sexual selection in humans can account for almost all
unique qualities in the human mind, such as deception and creativity.
a. Robert Trivers.
b. Ronald Fisher.
c. Geoffrey Miller. *
d. Amotz Zahavi.
30
CHAPTER SIX
1. __________ discovered the mammalian ovum.
a. Konrad Lorens.
b. Karl von Baer. *
c. E. O. Wilson.
d. Ernst Haeckel.
2. Haekel's Biogenetic Law states that ontogeny recapitulates
a. Phylogeny. *
b. Psychology.
c. Biology.
d. Ethology.
3. Profet hypothesized that morning sickness has what function?
a. To protect the mother from fetus blood contamination.
b. To protect the fetus from eating too many calories.
c. To protect the fetus from ingestion of toxic substances by the mother. *
d. To protect the mother from eating too many calories.
4. The ________ is more assertive and ambitious.
a. First Born. *
b. Second Born.
c. Third Born.
d. Fourth Born.
5. Steven Pinker believes that one of the few weapons an infant possesses to survive is
a. Crying.
b. Eating.
c. Cuteness. *
d. Ugliness.
6. _______ can have an important effect on overall health and cognitive potential.
a. Crying.
b. Breast milk. *
c. Temper tantrums.
d. Laughing.
7. Young girls reared by mothers with no single long-term partner tend to
a. Enter puberty earlier.
b. Become sexually active later.
c. Have more sexual partners than other girls.
d. All of the above. *
8. The sequences of DNA that orchestrate the turning on and turning off of other sequences
of DNA are referred to as
a. HOB genes.
b. HOD genes.
c. HOT genes.
d. Regulator genes. *
31
9. The offspring of mating between close family members contains _____ of each parent's
genes instead of the usual fifty percent.
a. 75% *
b. 45%
c. 90%
d. 80%
10. According to Sulloway, which of these would play a critical role in shaping personality?
a. Culture.
b. Birth order. *
c. Gender.
d. Ethnicity.
11. Cognitive performance, or intelligence, may be enhanced by all of the following except:
a. Good nutrition.
b. Impoverished environment. *
c. Nurturing and caring parents.
d. Interaction with adult caregiver.
12. The phrase “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” is most closely associated with:
a. Von Baer’s Law.
b. Haeckel’s biogenetic Law. *
c. Darwin’s theory of natural selection.
d. Tabula rasa.
13. The sequence of DNA that orchestrates the turning on and turning off of other sequences
of DNA are referred to as:
a. Essential genes.
b. Ontogeny.
c. TDF genes.
d. Regulator genes. *
14. Which of the following is an evolved mechanism for preventing the expression of recessive genes?
a. Kin selection.
b. Incest avoidance. *
c. Menopause.
d. Morning sickness.
15. The offspring of mating between close family members contain _________of each
parent’s genes instead of the usual _____________.
a. 50%, 75%
b. 75%, 50% *
c. 50%, 25%
d. 75%, 25%
16. Human infants begin smiling shortly after birth as a result of:
a. Happy moods.
b. cephalocaudal development.
c. Seeing their mother.
d. Spontaneous CNS activity. *
32
17. The evolved arms race between the different sets of genes in a pregnant female is
sometimes referred to as:
a. Red Queen Hypothesis. *
b. Von Baer’s Law.
c. Red King Hypothesis.
d. Appeasement.
18. In the blue-headed wrasse, a coral fish, a contingency mechanism has evolved such that if
the male dies, then:
a. The females will also die.
b. The alpha female will become male. *
c. A rival male will take his place.
d. The alpha female will remain female.
19. Which of the following hormones, released during pregnancy, help prove that there is
competition between mother and fetus?
a. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
b. Human placental lactogen (hPL).
c. Testes determining factor (TDF).
d. Both a & b. *
20. Adult reproductive strategies are different for females reared in single parent homes and
those in two-parent homes; what is the reproductive strategy of a female reared in a twoparent home:
a. Delayed menarche.
b. Limited number of sexual partners.
c. Strong pair bond to one individual.
d. All of the above. *
21. Which group of infants had the highest I.Q. ranking when tested between the ages of 7-8:
a. Feed breast milk. *
b. Feed enriched formula milk.
c. Feed standard formula milk.
d. There was no difference.
22. By _____ months of age, infants can laugh out loud when stimulated by an adult.
a. 1
b. 4 *
c. 12
d. 10
23. ____________ found data to support the theory that birth order is critical in individual
personalities.
a. Darwin.
b. Lyell.
c. Sulloway. *
d. Ciurier.
24. Infantile characteristics, such as _________, tend to be very appealing to humans and
other species that invest heavily in the rearing of their young.
33
a.
b.
c.
d.
Large eyes.
Fat cheeks.
Large head.
All of the above. *
25. First born children are more likely than their later born siblings to _________.
a. Embrace new ideas.
b. Identify strongly with power and authority. *
c. Be concerned with fairness and equality.
d. Question the status quo.
26. Since embryonic development is continuous and cumulative, any change or mutation
occurring in an early stage will have ________ consequences than a change at a later
stage.
a. Lesser.
b. Greater. *
c. Faster
d. Both a& c.
27. ___________ are sequences of DNA that control the turning on and turning off of other
DNA sequences.
a. Mutations.
b. Alkaloid compounds.
c. Regulator genes. *
d. Alternator genes.
28. In vertebrate animals, aspects of body differentiation are controlled by an interrelated
group of genes called _______ genes.
a. HOM.
b. HOX. *
c. Phylogenic genes.
d. None of the above.
29. The "arms race" between mother and fetus has been referred to as the ___________.
a. Red Queen hypothesis. *
b. Haeckel's Biogenetic law.
c. Von’s law.
d. Niacin deficiency hypothesis.
30. Maternal insulin resistance during late pregnancy is caused by the placental release of
____________.
a. hCG.
b. HOM.
c. Regulator genes.
d. hPL . *
34
CHAPTER SEVEN
1. When a SSRI is given to a Vervet monkey, it will:
a. Move up in rank. *
b. Move down in rank.
c. Become impulsive.
d. Become vigilant.
2. Altruistic behavior between members of a species that share many of the same genes is:
a. Uniquely human.
b. Ontogeny.
c. Due to inclusive fitness. *
d. Caused by low Serotonin level.
3. What is Hamilton’s formula for the selection of kin?
a. K>r
b. K>1/r *
c. K=r-1/r
d. K<1/r x 100
4. Which of the following can affect the level of Serotonin?
a. Genetic factors.
b. Proximate factors.
c. Ontogenetic factors.
d. All of the above. *
5. Who said that dominance relationships have to be learned from the results of previous aggressive
encounters?
a. Bernstein. *
b. Hecker.
c. Trivors.
d. Von Baer.
6. What may have been the most important factor leading to the reemergence of dominant hierarchies in
humans?
a. Compassion.
b. Stress hormones.
c. Agriculture. *
d. Democracy.
7. Which of the following does not have a social structure with dominance hierarchies?
a. Monkey.
b. Crawfish.
c. Honeybee. *
d. Wolf.
8. In animals with dominant hierarchies, as rank increases the level of Serotonin ______________.
a. Decreases.
b. Increases. *
35
c. Remains the same.
d. Is inversely proportional to the level of testosterone.
.
9. A viable explanation for the evolution of compassion includes:
a. Maternal behavior.
b. Reciprocal altruism.
c. Kin selection.
d. All of the above. *
10. Humans ability to rapidly and logically detect “cheaters”, has evolved as a result of:
a. Dominance hierarchies.
b. Stress hormones.
c. The new morality.
d. Reciprocal altruism. *
11. Which of the following do not have a dominance hierarchy in their society?
a. Humans.
b. Monkeys.
c. Chickens.
d. Worker bees. *
12. In a dominance hierarchy, the highest ranking male is called the:
a. Alpha male. *
b. Beta male.
c. Omega male.
d. None of the above.
13. Which of the following best describes an egalitarian society?
a. Dictatorship.
b. 3 distinct classes.
c. Monarchy.
d. Everyone is equal. *
14. In humans, low levels of serotonin make us feel:
a. Depression.
b. Impulsive.
c. Anxious.
d. All of the above. *
15. Which of the following factors affect human serotonin levels?
a. Proximate factors.
b. Ontogenetic factors.
c. Genetic factors.
d. All of the above. *
16. Which of the following are directly or indirectly affected by status or rank:
a. Serotonin.
b. Testosterone.
c. Stress hormones.
d. All of the above. *
36
17. What chemical regulates motor tempo?
a. Testosterone.
b. Serotonin. *
c. Stress hormones.
d. Estrogen.
18. In a dominance hierarchy, when rank __________, then serotonin levels __________.
a. Increases, increase. *
b. Increases, decrease.
c. Decreases, increase.
d. There is no relationship.
19. Which of the following are physiological affects of stress hormones?
a. Inhibited immune system.
b. Inhibited digestive system.
c. Neuron death.
d. All of the above. *
20. Which of the following chemicals help prepare an individual for successful aggressive
encounters?
a. Estrogen.
b. Stress hormones.
c. Testosterone. *
d. None of the above.
21. ___________ have an influence on serotonin levels.
a. Genetics.
b. Proximate factors.
c. Ontogenetic factors.
d. All of the above. *
22. Which of the following is not a function of testosterone?
a. Increasing muscle size and strength.
b. Elevating spermatogenesis.
c. Producing ova (eggs). *
d. Preparing the body for aggressive encounters.
23. Agriculture emerged between _______ years ago.
a. 1-5,000
b. 5-10,000 *
c. 10-20,000
d. 15-25,000
24. ___________ stated that human hierarchies are unique among primates in their
complexity.
a. Von Baer.
b. Hamilton.
c. Ertyl & Whitten. *
d. Trivers.
25. In a dominance hierarchy, the __________ animal has a regal carriage.
37
a.
b.
c.
d.
Omega.
Proximate.
Alpha. *
Subordinate.
26. The _______________ evolved to help the body overcome a physical emergency.
a. Altruistic response.
b. Aggressive response.
c. Serotonin reuptake system.
d. Fight or flight. *
27. As an animal’s rank in a hierarchy goes up, so does its ____________.
a. Serotonin levels. *
b. Tendency towards impulsiveness.
c. Level of vigilance.
d. Estrogen levels.
28. Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft are all examples of ______________.
a. Sex hormones.
b. Corticosteroids.
c. Both a & b.
d. SSRI’s (serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors). *
29. Serotonin is an ancient _________ found in all kinds of diverse animals.
a. Neurotransmitter. *
b. Corticosteroid.
c. Antibiotic.
d. Sex hormone.
30. ______________ proposed the theory of reciprocal altruism.
a. W. D. Hamilton.
b. R. L. Trivers. *
c. E. O. Wilson.
d. R. D. Alexander.
31. In an Egalitarian society, everyone is
a. Equal. *
b. Ranked.
c. Uneducated.
d. Impulsive.
32. Serotonin levels are a result of all of the following except:
a. Genetic factors.
b. Ontogenetic factors.
c. Primate factors. *
d. Proximate factors.
33. ___________ originally evolved to regulate the motor tempo.
a. Testosterone.
b. Serotonin. *
c. Stress hormones.
38
d. Copulins.
34. A fight or flight response involves the release of:
a. Testosterone.
b. Sex drives.
c. Stress Hormones. *
d. Serotonin.
35. ___________ demonstrates how individuals can enhance their own reproductive success
by protecting family members.
a. Kin Selection. *
b. Reciprocal Altruism.
c. Dominance Hierarchies.
d. Compassion.
36. As social rank increases, the serotonin level:
a. Decreases.
b. Increases. *
c. Stays the Same.
d. Diminishes.
37. _____________ found that dominance hierarchies are established by a learning process.
a. Bernstein. *
b. Hamilton.
c. Trivers.
d. Darwin.
38. The computer game that demonstrates one of the best strategies to use in the “Prisoners
Dilemma” is:
a. Cooperative Strategies.
b. Fight or Flight.
c. Tit-for-tat. *
d. Alliances.
39. Women’s testosterone levels are _____________ than men.
a. Lower. *
b. Higher.
c. The same as.
d. Better.
40. According to the dominance hierarchy in monkeys, the alpha male:
a. Is highly regarded by other monkeys.
b. Receives the least grooming.
c. Has first access to resources like food and mating opportunities.
d. Both a & c. *
41. Testosterone, a sex hormone:
a. Is related to dominance rank.
b. Elevates spermatogenesis.
c. Prepares an individual for successful aggressive encounters.
d. All of the above. *
39
42. An egalitarian society is one in which everyone:
a. Is given a social rank at birth.
b. Is equal in the society.
c. The surplus of resources is shared among all individuals.
d. Both b and c. *
43. The formula for kin selection was formulated by:
a. Trivers.
b. Hamilton. *
c. Von Baer.
d. Haeckel.
44. A subordinate animal may indicate acquiescence by
a. Forming social groups for protection.
b. Averting the eyes and barring teeth in a frightened grimace. *
c. Performing a frightening display.
d. Acting as though it were a higher status individual.
45. Pride and shame are believed to be mediated at the ________________ level by the
orbitofrontal cortex.
a. Proximate. *
b. Functional.
c. Ontogenetic.
d. Altruistic.
46. Levels of serotonin and testosterone are __________________ to feelings of pride or
dominance.
a. Negatively correlated.
b. Positively correlated. *
c. Not correlated.
d. Inversely proportional.
47. The ability to perceive hierarchical rank:
a. Is not necessary for more advanced animals.
b. May give rise to the ability to perform logical transitive inference. *
c. Cannot account for genetic diversity.
d. Is evidence of cholinergic insensitivity.
48. Lower status primates have higher levels of________________ than higher ranked
primates.
a. Adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol. *
b. Testosterone.
c. Antidiuretic hormone.
d. Tryptophan and glycine.
40
CHAPTER EIGHT
1. A particular pattern of behaviors prevailing across time and situations that differentiates
one person from another defines:
a. Emotion.
b. Intelligence.
c. Personality. *
d. Mood.
2. Individual personality traits can be viewed in terms of their adaptive significance because
they influence:
a. Survival.
b. Mating.
c. Fitness.
d. All of the above. *
3. Francis Galton believed that individual differences in behavior were partly or largely due
to:
a. Heredity. *
b. Morality.
c. Nutrition.
d. None of the above.
4. Most contemporary approaches to investigating personality are based on a statistical
technique called:
a. Somatotyping.
b. Factor analysis. *
c. Chi square.
d. Data cipher.
5. H. J. Eysenck determined that personality could be factored into:
a. Neuroticism.
b. Extraversion.
c. Psychoticism.
d. All of the above. *
6. People who score high on it tend to be aggressive, cold, egocentric, impulsive and tough
minded.
a. Neuroticism.
b. Extraversion.
c. Psychoticism. *
d. All of the above.
7. People who score high on this factor tend to be emotionally changeable. They are
predisposed to anxiety and worry, to bodily aches, depression, and strong emotional
reactions.
a. Neuroticism. *
b. Extraversion.
c. Psychoticism.
d. All of the above.
41
8. The Five-Factor model splits the variance of psychoticism into two statistically
independent factors of:
a. Conscientiousness & agreeableness. *
b. Neuroticism & extraversion.
c. Openness to experience & extraversion.
d. Conscientiousness & openness to experience.
9. The long allele for dopamine D4 receptors (DRD4) has been linked to the traits of:
a. Altruism and compassion.
b. Novelty seeking and hyperactivity. *
c. Fear and avoidant behavior.
d. None of the above.
10. The ontogenetic precursor to personality is referred to as:
a. Proto-personality.
b. Infant personality.
c. Paedo-traits.
d. Temperament. *
11. John Bowlby was a Freudian psychologist who recognized the process of human
_____________as an elaborate evolutionary adaptation essential to survival.
a. Repression of traumatic experiences.
b. Dreaming.
c. Mother–infant attachment. *
d. Male-female pair bonding.
12. The “season of birth” effect coupled with antibody studies links schizophrenia to:
a. A viral infection. *
b. Malaria.
c. HIV.
d. Poor parenting.
13. The serontonergic systems in the raphe nuclei of the brain evolved to regulate:
a. Blood filtering.
b. Motor tempo. *
c. Sex drive.
d. None of the above.
14. The serotonergic systems of the raphe that control depression are also involved in:
a. Cheater detection.
b. Blood filtering.
c. Sex drive.
d. Anxiety. *
15. An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the
expectations of the individual’s culture, is rigid and pervasive, is stable over time and
leads to distress or impairment defines:
a. Emotion disorder.
b. Intelligence disorder.
c. Personality disorder. *
d. Mood disorder.
42
16. Sociopathy can be explained by____________.
a. Genetics.
b. Ontogeny.
c. Proximate environmental factors.
d. All of the above. *
17. Sociopathy can be maintained in human society only if it is limited in scope because:
a. It is a cheater strategy. *
b. It carries lethal genes.
c. It creates too much remorse.
d. None of the above.
18. The occurrence of sociopathy reaches its highest percentage:
a. In desert environments.
b. In arctic environments.
c. During social upheavel and war. *
d. During peacetime.
19. Harpending and Sobus (1987) have argued that ________ females are employing a
cheating strategy that is equivalent to that of sociopathic males.
a. Narcissitic.
b. Histrionic. *
c. Obsessive-compulsive.
d. Schizophrenic.
20. This personality disorder is characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness,
perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility,
openness, and efficiency.
a. Narcissitic.
b. Histrionic.
c. Obsessive-compulsive. *
d. Schizophrenic.
21. Stevens and Price (1996) describe people with this disorder as being motivated by a fear
of losing control and attracting criticism from authority figures in the social hierarchy.
a. Narcissitic.
b. Histrionic.
c. Obsessive-compulsive. *
d. Schizophrenic.
22. When performing a factor analysis, mathematical constructs that are not statistically
independent are referred to as __________, while statistically independent (orthogonal)
constructs are referred to as _________.
a. Analytical commons / analytical individuals.
b. Analytical individuals / analytical commons.
c. First-order factors / second-order factors. *
d. Second-order factors / first-order factors.
23. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors originally proposed in H. J. Eysenck’s
Three-Factor Model of Personality?
a. Extroversion.
43
b. Neuroticism.
c. Psychoticism.
d. Hysteria. *
24. An early emerging, stable pattern of behavior that forms the scaffolding for the more
complex stable patterns of behavior, referred to as personality, would be the definition of:
a. Temperament. *
b. Instinct.
c. Primal characteristics.
d. Pre-personality.
25. According to John Bolwlby’s attachment theory:
a. Attachment does not develop in situations of neglect and severe abuse.
b. Attachment still develops in situations of neglect and severe abuse. *
c. Attachment does not develop in mammals.
d. Both a & c.
26. The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with this neurotransmitter:
a. Serotonin.
b. Dopamine. *
c. Epinephrine.
d. Norepinephrine.
27. The five-factor model of personality split the variance of psychoticism into the two new
variables of conscientiousness and agreeablenes, and also added the new dimension of:
a. Good naturedness.
b. Openness to experience. *
c. Cantankerousness.
d. Athleticism.
28. Which personality trait is associated with increased criminality:
a. Neuroticism.
b. Extraversion.
c. Psychoticism. *
d. Openness to experience.
29. Darwin’s cousin who was one of the first to investigate personality empirically was:
a. Sigmund Freud.
b. Sir Francis Galton. *
c. B. F. Skinner.
d. Carl Rogers.
30. Which one of theses is NOT component of Eysenck’s Three-Factor Model of?
a. Neuroticism.
b. Psychoticism.
c. Agreeableness. *
d. Extraversion.
31. “To describe as much of personality as is possible with as few traits as is possible is a
goal of?
a. Factor analysis.
44
b. Case studies.
c. Correlations.
d. Trait theory. *
32. The proportion of variance in a particular trait that is due to the contributions of multiple
genes is termed?
a. Hereditability. *
b. Psychopathology.
c. Phylogeny.
d. Personality.
33. Which of the following is description of a slow-to-warm-up child?
a. Does not conform to daily routines and tends to cry a great deal and react
negatively to new experiences.
b. Quickly adapts to regular routines in infancy, is tolerant of new experiences, and
is generally cheerful.
c. Fairly inactive and exhibits mild or slightly negative reactions to environmental
stimuli. *
d. Has a diverse mixture of traits that are not easily classified.
34. The chances of a monozygotic twin sharing schizophrenia are?
a. 30%
b. 10%
c. 50% *
d. 70%
35. A slightly less-severe form of depression is called?
a. Borderline disorder.
b. Dysthymic disorder. *
c. Hypomania.
d. Histrionic disorder.
36. “Quickly adapts to regular routines in infancy is tolerant of new experiences” describes?
a. Slow-to-warm-up child.
b. Easy child. *
c. Difficult child.
d. Adaptable child.
37. Males are more likely to become ____________, whereas females are likely to become
_________________?
a. Sociopathic, histrionic. *
b. Histrionic, sociopathic.
c. Depressed, sociopathic.
d. Borderline, psychotic.
38. “They often usurp special privileges and extra resources that they believe they deserve
because they are so special” best describes?
a. Narcissistic personality disorder. *
b. Borderline personality disorder.
c. Paranoid personality disorder.
d. Antisocial personality disorder.
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CHAPTER NINE
1. Tool-use behavior in many invertebrate species demonstrates:
a. Intelligence.
b. Planning.
c. Genetically hardwired albeit complex behavior patterns. *
d. None of the above.
2. Among non-primate species of mammals, the only ones reported to repeatedly use tools
in different instances are:
a. African and Asian elephants.
b. The polar bear.
c. The sea otter.
d. All of the above. *
3. The oldest known hominid stone tools date to:
a. 2.5 million years in age. *
b. 5 million years in age.
c. 500 thousand years.
d. 10 thousand years.
4. Most archeologists believe ______________ was the creator and user of the Oldowan
tools.
a. Homo erectus.
b. Homo habilus. *
c. Homo sapien neanderthalensis.
d. Homo sapien sapien.
5. Most archeologists believe _______ was the creator and user of the Acheulean tools.
a. Homo erectus. *
b. Homo habilus.
c. Homo sapien neanderthalensis.
d. Homo sapien sapien.
6. The quintessential Acheulean tool is the:
a. Hand axe. *
b. Spear thrower.
c. Pebble tool.
d. Bow and arrow.
7. What sets true artistic expression apart from the behavior of an animal, such as a
bowerbird that decorates its’ nest in order to attract a mate, is that artistic expression
requires:
a. Aesthetic sense. *
b. Good manipulative skills.
c. Higher-order consciousness.
d. All of the above.
8. Ellen Dissanayake (1989, 1992) has argued that the adaptive significance of art comes
from:
46
a.
b.
c.
d.
Its’ ability to distract us from day to day stress.
Its’ ability to cement societies together. *
Its’ ability to lower blood pressure.
All of the above.
9. The German scientist, Jacob Von Uexkull, used the term _____ to describe the
perceptional world that is experienced by different species.
a. Sauerkraut.
b. Umwelt. *
c. Berliner.
d. Hoggendaz.
10. Consistent evidence of artwork does not appear before:
a. 50,000 years ago. *
b. 300,000 years ago.
c. 10,000 years ago.
d. 5,000 years ago.
11. Self-awareness has been demonstrated through mirror self-recognition in:
a. Great apes.
b. Bottlenose dolphins.
c. All old world primates.
d. Both a & b. *
12. According to Schiller’s and Kohler’s assessment of tool use behavior, which of the
following is possibly true?
a. All that is needed to account for tool-using behavior it that it is innate and
naturally determined in an animal.
b. It is a completely learned behavior.
c. These animals are predisposed to certain tool-using behaviors, but to use these
behaviors to solve problems related to survival requires higher cognitive
functioning. *
d. Although tool use requires cognitive functioning, it’s influence is only minimal
compared to that of learning.
13. Within the species of primates, which animal seems to exhibit tool use regularly and
consistently?
a. The gorilla.
b. The common chimpanzee. *
c. The New World capuchin monkey.
d. The orangutan.
14. According to the text book, the earliest stone tools date back over __________ years ago.
a. 1.5 million.
b. 1.7 million.
c. 2 million.
d. 2.5 million. *
15. The most common tool associated with the Acheulean stone-tool industry is the:
a. Clevers.
b. Picks.
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c. Hand axe. *
d. Serrated blades.
16. What is one of the oldest non-utilitarian objects found?
a. Kiln fired ceramic objects.
b. A bone flute. *
c. A Sumerian decorative amulet.
d. Egyptian tomb paintings.
17. According to Ellen Dissanayake what is the adaptive significance of art?
a. To increase fitness by enhancing attractiveness to mating partners.
b. To cement societies together into unified wholes as a means of providing
enhanced survival potential for individuals living within those groups. *
c. To confirm a special communicative function facilitating social interaction.
d. None of the above.
18. According to the authors, what was the most probable original function of clothing?
a. To enhance foraging efficiency.
b. To protect individuals from the external environment.
c. As a constant reminder of the social hierarchy within a group.
d. Purely as a form of artistic expression. *
19. How did art directly increase fitness?
a. By enhancing attractiveness to prospective mating partners. *
b. By allowing an individual to express himself through art, he gained social status.
c. By bonding members of the group together therefore enabling them to perform
group actions more successfully.
d. By allowing group members to be focused on something outside of hunting and
gathering.
20. What sets true artistic expression apart from the behavior of an animal?
a. Simply, it allows others to share an awareness of an experiential world.
b. It enhances a system of cross-referencing across different sense modalities.
c. It requires higher-order consciousness. *
d. It makes obvious individual differences and allows others to experience these
differences.
21. By what age is it assumed that normal children possess a fully developed theory of mind?
a. 4 years old. *
b. 3 years old.
c. 6 years old.
d. 8 years old.
True/False
1. ____ The most sophisticated non-human tool-use is displayed by invertebrates. T
2. ____ In modern human populations, about 90% of all people are dominantly right
handed with the remaining 10% being left handed. T
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3. ____ Naturalistic studies of chimpanzees indicate that about 90% of all these animals
employ the right hand when engaged in nut-cracking behavior. F
4. ____ The study of stone artifacts suggests that the bias in right handedness extends back
to 3.6 million years. F
5. ____ The archaeological fossil record suggests that tool use preceded the development
of complex language ability by millions of years. T
6. ____ The most common subjects depicted in the Paleolithic paintings are humans. F
7. ____ A human child engages in play because they believe that they are developing skills that
will serve them in their adult life. F
8. ____ David Povinelli has confirmed Premack’s earlier findings of theory of mind in
chimpanzees. F
9. ____ By age two, the theory of mind concept is well developed in human children. F
10. ____ The drawings produced by autistic visual artists typically have an extremely realistic,
photographic quality. T
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CHAPTER TEN
1. We have an appetite for sodium salt and our body has specialized physiological
mechanisms for retaining it because:
a. It is essential to life.
b. It was a rare commodity in the environment of our ancestors.
c. We are taught to eat it as children.
d. Both a & b. *
2. Our bodies’ lack specialized physiological mechanisms for retaining potassium because:
a. It is not essential to life.
b. Is commonly found in plant foods, particularly fruits. *
c. Is commonly found in meat.
d. Both a & b.
3. Because of their consumption of ___________ Paleolithic peoples had, on average, a
much higher dietary intake of calcium than modern Westerners:
a. Green leafy vegetables. *
b. Meat.
c. Milk.
d. Ice cream.
4. Napoleon Chagnon (1988, 1992), discovered in his data analysis of the Yonomamo, that
superior fighting skills and aggressive tendencies __________ in these people.
a. Result in early death.
b. Enhance reproductive fitness. *
c. Enhance reaction time.
d. Result in frequent nightmares.
5. Patriotism can be viewed as one consequence of:
a. Our inherent nobility.
b. Our evolved capacity for indoctrination. *
c. Our capacity to be mesmerized by flags.
d. Colors that don’t run.
6. All drugs with abuse potential stimulate:
a. The brain’s reinforcement centers. *
b. The autonomic nervous system.
c. The sex organs.
d. The appetite.
7. Jared Diamond ‘s (1992) theory for the prevalence of drug use among people during their
peak reproductive years is a variation of:
a. Jellineck’s regression principle.
b. Zahavi’s handicapping principle. *
c. Abner’s parsimony principle.
d. Geldner’s storm and stress theory.
8. The first genetically engineered product to be approved for human use was ______made
in bacteria.
50
a.
b.
c.
d.
Haemoglobin.
Human insulin. *
Human growth hormone.
Testosterone.
9. The term __________ refers to drugs that have the capacity to enhance cognitive
performance.
a. ionotropic
b. heliotropic
c. metabotropic
d. nootropic *
10. The key difference between natural selection and selective breeding is that selective
breeding is:
a. Dangerous.
b. Always based on value judgments. *
c. Energy intensive.
d. None of the above.
11. Genetic engineering modifications of this type are not passed on to the subject’s
offspring.
a. Germ line.
b. Somatic. *
c. Incidental.
d. Peripheral.
12. Genetic engineering modifications of this type are passed on to the subject’s offspring.
a. Germ line. *
b. Somatic.
c. Incidental.
d. Peripheral.
13. Genetically engineered human “designer babies”are:
a. A scientific impossibility.
b. A highly probable in the near future. *
c. Unlikely to occur in this millennium.
d. Will not have souls.
14. On Sept. 14, 1990 ____________ became the first country to allow new genes to be
introduced into human beings.
a. France.
b. Canada.
c. Russia.
d. United States. *
15. The fight/flight response is associated with the release of stress hormones that:
a. Promote the production of acetylcholine and promotes faster muscle movement
in times of stress.
b. Promote the production of new glucose and break down body fat. *
c. Decrease the production of acetylcholine and inhibits muscle movement.
d. Decrease the production of new glucose and recycle body fat.
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16. The constant triggering of the stress response without an appropriate physical outlet has
the potential to:
a. Have positive effects on the body causing invigoration.
b. Have negative effects on others because of lack of an anger release.
c. Have deleterious effects upon the body causing heart disease, stomach ulcers,
high blood pressure and chronic illness. *
d. Have deleterious effects upon the body with the proven potential to cause cancer.
17. One form of depression, called seasonal affective disorder (SAD) most likely:
a. Represents an adaptation of the pattern of conserving resources during the winter
months. *
b. Represents one’s brain reacting slower during the winter months.
c. Represents an adaptation of using more resources during the winter months.
d. Represent an adaptation of the pattern of using fewer resources during the
summer months.
18. The war technique called the Nomohori, while vicious by our standards is practiced by
what tribe?
a. The San people.
b. The Fore New Guinea tribe.
c. The Yonomamo people. *
d. The Anasazi.
19. In order to maintain survival enhancing behaviors, the brain has reinforcement centers.
The neurons in this area use the neurotransmitter:
a. Serotonin. *
b. Dopamine.
c. GABA.
d. Monoamine oxidase.
20. All drugs such as crack cocaine that have abuse potential either directly or indirectly:
a. Stimulate serotonin circuits and reinforcement centers in the brain.
b. Inhibit dopamine circuits and reinforcement centers in the brain.
c. Stimulate dopamine circuits and reinforcement centers in the brain. *
d. Stimulate serotonin circuits and reinforcement centers in the brain.
21. For modern Westerners, the primary causes of death are: heart disease, cancer and stroke.
What is the primary risk factor linked to all three?
a. Tobacco smoking. *
b. Too much starch in the diet.
c. Not enough exercise.
d. Genetics and heredity factors.
22. The selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors:
a. Opens the serotonin pump so that serotonin is inhibited.
b. Block the serotonin re-uptake pump so that serotonin stays in the synapse. *
c. Electively inhibits serotonin production.
d. Promotes the uptake of inhibitors that produce serotonin.
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23. Anti-psychotic medications used to treat schizophrenia work by:
a. Promoting the re-uptake of dopamine.
b. Promoting the re-uptake of serotonin.
c. Blocking the re-uptake of serotonin.
d. Blocking the re-uptake of dopamine. *
24. Anxiolytics are medications that:
a. Reduce symptoms of anxiety. *
b. Reduce symptoms of depression.
c. Reduce symptoms of altruism.
d. Reduce symptoms of hypo-manic behavior.
25. Which is the most probable cause of the shift to agriculture?
a. The discovery of basic horticulture skills.
b. Large-scale depletion of game animals. *
c. Changes to a hunter-gatherer lifestyle.
d. Division of labor between the sexes.
26. What was a major factor for the increase in human populations?
a. A large stable base of calories. *
b. The hunter-gatherer societies.
c. Reduction of common diseases.
d. Access to better medical care.
27. Hunter-gatherers mostly obtained their carbohydrate calories from which source?
a. Fruits and vegetables. *
b. Refined sugars and flours.
c. Grains and cereals.
d. Game animals.
28. Why have we not adapted a physiological mechanism to conserve potassium within the
body?
a. We are physically unable to adapt.
b. Potassium is not necessary for survival.
c. It is commonly found in plant foods. *
d. We have enough in our body naturally.
29. Which of the following are not associated with the fight/ flight response?
a. Increased heart rate.
b. Constriction of the blood vessels.
c. Facilitated digestion. *
d. Dilated pupils.
30. What type of depression represents an adaptation to conserve resources during the
winter?
a. Major depressive disorder.
b. Dysthymia.
c. Anhedonia.
d. SAD. *
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31. What is the treatment for seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?
a. Medication.
b. Psychotherapy.
c. Exposure to artificial light. *
d. Hypnosis.
32. What gland is associated with seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?
a. Pineal gland. *
b. Hypothalamus.
c. Amygdala.
d. thymus gland.
33. Why is it in a Yonomamo male’s genetic best interest to engage in killing enemy
tribesmen?
a. It makes the tribe safer for everyone.
b. It allows him to create one harmonious tribe.
c. It increases his reproductive success. *
d. It increases the probability that his offspring will live to reproductive age.
34. Which of the following is not a reason that psychotropic drugs have become more
prescribed in recent years?
a. Fewer side effects.
b. Decreased risk of overdose.
c. Decreased stigma of mental illness.
d. They provide cures for many types of mental disorders. *
True/False
1. ____ Some cultures have an aversion to salts and sugars. F
2. ____ Young human males engage in rough and tumble play much more so than females. T
3. ____ The skeletal remains of people living during the last ice age (fifteen thousand to thirty
thousand years ago) indicate that these individuals were smaller on average than modern humans
and less healthy. F
4. ____ The five thousand year old “iceman” who was found freeze-dried in a glacier in the Swiss
Alps showed no signs of atherosclerosis. F
5. ____ Most foraging peoples work for 40 plus hours per week. F
6. ____ Great apes are passive, peace-loving creatures consistent with Jean Jacques Rousseau's
ideal of the novel savage. T
7. ____ Traditional rites of passage, although less harsh, often share characteristics with full
brainwashing techniques. T
8. ____ For modern Westerners the primary causes of death are accidents and infection. F
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9. ____ Only humans have the potential for addiction and substance abuse. F
10. ____It is logical to assume that if a machine (artificial intelligence) somehow developed selfawareness and higher-order consciousness it would be empathetic, compassionate and
benevolent. F
55