CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
The Muslim Empires
World Civilizations, The Global Experience
AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert
*AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board,
which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders
II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids
III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India!
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders!
Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks
Period of warfare between those fleeing the Mongols, and other Turkish people in search of booty!
Ottomans emerge as dominant force!
Into Balkans, 14th, 15th centuries advance through Asia Minor and into Europe!
1453, take Constantinople!
Expansion !
Middle East, north Africa, Europe!
Dominate Mediterranean
risen to become the protectors of the Islamic heartlands!
A.  A State Geared to Warfare
Military dominated the state as well as the economy
Warrior Aristocracy, granted control over land and peasant producers in certain areas!
Turkic horsemen become warrior nobility!
Janissary infantry!
Conscripted youth from conquered peoples
opportunities for advancement
legally slaves, given schooling , converted to Islam
controlled the artillery and firearms, most powerful component of Ottoman military
try and get political influence !
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
I.  The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders !
B. The Sultans and their Court
Absolute Monarchs, successful by using factions against each other
as empire grew, Sultan grew more distant from his empire !
Vizier!
Oversees large bureaucracy and day-to day activities
often holds more real power than the Sultan!
Succession !
No clear rules meant constant civil strife about succession!
C. Constantinople Restored and the
Flowering of Ottoman Culture
Hagia Sophia converted into a mosque!
Suleymaniye mosque, 16th century
among the largest in the world, characteristic of Ottoman architecture that was different from their counterpa !
Commercial center, Constantinople’s great bazaars
pivotal to social life and played a role in cultural life!
Government control of trade, crafts!
Artisan guilds
set standards, mediated disputes, provided financial assistance for members !
Turkish language prevails in government, poetry and history
Arabic used in law and religion!
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
I. 
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders!
D. The Problem of Ottoman Decline!
Strong until late 1600s, endure for almost 600 years! !
Decline!
Extended too large to maintain
decline of the effectiveness of the administrative system, corruption!
Infrastructure insufficient!
Dependent on conquest!
End of conquest brings deficiencies
insufficient artillery !
!
!
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders!
!
E. Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat!
Janissaries!
Conservative, did not want to lose their power !
Stop military, technological reform=fell further behind other European powers!
Lepanto, 1571!
Defeated by Spain, Venice end their dominance on the seas!
Turks lose control of eastern Mediterranean!
Portuguese outflank Middle East trade!
Sail around Africa into Indian Ocean!
Victories over Muslim navies
European powers no longer travel through Muslim ports !
Inflation!
Caused by New World bullion/silver mines!
Comes at same time as loss of revenue from control of trade
Continue to fall further and further behind other European countries in scientific, technology and commerical
most critical in trade and warfare !
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids, Ottomans are Sunnis !
Safavid family
rose to prominance as the frontier warrior champions of a highly militant strain of Islam, much like Ottomans!
Sufi preachers, mystics (Who?)!
Sail al-Din!
Leads revival, led militant campaign to purify and reform Islam
gained increasing support during the chaos of Mongol collapse
also enemies !
1501, Ismâ'il takes Tabriz !
Named shah after several Safavid leaders perish
conquer most of Persia
conflict with Ottoman rulers!
Chaldiran, 1514 (most fateful battles in Islamic history)
clash between the champions of the Shi’a and Sunni variants
demonstrated the importance of muskets and field cannon in the gunpowder age!
Safavids defeated by Ottomans
but, could not follow up with conquests that would put an end to their Safavid rivals
regroup and reoccupy most of area that had been conquered, no more moving west.
Outcome determined that Shi’ism would be concentrated mainly in Persia or present day Iran.
!
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
The Safavid Empire
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids
A. Politics and War under the Safavid Shahs!
Tahmasp I !
Becomes shah after Ismail struggles
restores the power of the dynasty, warrior nobility!
Abbas I (1587--1629) Abbas the Great
made the greatest use of the youths who were captured in Russia !
Persians as bureaucrats!
B. State and Religion!
Adopt Persian after Chaldiran replaces turkish in court and bureaucracy!
Shi'ism modified as it becomes a major pillar of dynasty and empire!
Spreads to entire empire
not only provides ideological and institutional support but also cam to be an integral part of Iranian identity!
C. Elite Affluence and Artistic Splendor
Abbas I supports international trade, Islamic culture!
Building projects
network of roads, rest houses built, strove to make merchants and travelers safe !
Isfahan (capital) devoted special attention to
Mosques built=glory of his reign (page 470)!
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids!
D. Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons
Commonalities!
Warrior aristocracies, absolute monarchs!
Move to rural estates after conquest!
Threat to central power!
Imperial workshops!
Artisans patronized!
International trade encouraged!
Women lose freedom!
Subordinate to fathers, husband
did not have political or religious power!
E. The Rapid Demise of the Safavid Empire
Abbas I!
Removes heirs!
Weak grandson inherits!
Decline begins
Factional disputes and rebellions
Ottoman and Mughal armies reduce territory!
Internecine conflict, outside threats!
1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis
over 80,000 die of starvation and disease!
Nadir Khan Afshar
Shah, 1736
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India!
Babur, traces his descent from Mongol khan!
Driven from Afghanistan, motives for conquest had little to do with religion !
Invades India, 1526 to gain booty
attempting to win back his lost kingdom of Ferghana
after years of defeat he is forced to give up dream and focuses on Northern India
Conquers large portions of Indus and Ganges plains (foundations for dynasty would last more than 300 yrs)
1530, death!
Succeeded by Humayn, son
signal for enemies to attack from all sides!
Flees to Persia when armies are shattered !
Mughal rule restored by Humayn by 1556 and he dies shortly after !
A. Akbar and the Basis for a Lasting Empire
Akbar!
Humayn's 13-year-old son, proved to be one of the greatest leaders
fine military commander
vision to unite India under his rule
carried out social reforms and invented a universalistic religion!
Reconciliation with Hindus
encouraged intermarriage, abolished head tax or jizya
promoted Hindus to high ranks in govt. !
New religion, Din-i-Ilahi!
Blend of Islam and Hinduism!
Toleration!
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
The Growth of the Mughal Empire from Akbar to Aurangzeb
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India !
B. Social Reform and Social Change
Women!
Position improved!
Widows encouraged to remarry!
Child marriages discouraged!
Sati prohibited!
Seclusion undermined by women's market days!
C. Mughal Splendor and Early European Contacts
Death of Akbar
lonely, discouraged and challenged by his sons !
Reforms don't survive!
Empire strong, reaches its peak without much growth territorial
major destination for European traders in late 17th Century
!
Cotton textiles to Europe!
Especially among laboring and middle classes!
D. Artistic Achievement in the Mughal Era
Jahangir and Shah Jahan, 17th century!
Continue toleration and maintain alliances with Hindu princes!
Less energetic, not interested in conquest and politics rather enjoying the “good” life!
Support arts!
Taj Mahal built
Mughal architecture blend of Persian and Hindu!
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India!
E. Court Politics and the Position of Elite and Ordinary Women
Left day to day tasks largely in hands of subordinate
Nur Jahan!
Wife of Jahangir!
Head of powerful faction, placed male relatives in courts
defeated by her roles as a wife and mother, giving birth to 19th child!
Mumtaz Mahal!
Wife of Shah Jahan!
Also powerful, but known more for love and devotion
buried in Taj Mahal!
Ordinary women!
Position declines!
Sati spreads among upper classes!
Other of Akbar's reforms die out!
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 21:The Muslim Empires
III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in Indi
F. The Beginnings of Imperial Decline
Aurangzeb!
Succeeds Shah Jahan!
Programs!
Rule all India!
Cleanse Islam of Hindu taint!
1707, controls most of India
Expensive, distracting!
Other developments disregarded!
Revolt!
Autonomy of local leaders!
Hindus exluded from high office!
Non-Muslims taxed!
Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007