Egypt. Poult. Sci. Vol (32) (IV): (725-733)
EFFECT OF EGG WEIGHT GRADES, POROSITY AND THEIR
INTERACTION ON SOME HATCHING TRAITS OF OSTRICH EGGS
By
S. A. El-Safty
Fac. of Agric., Poultry Production Dept., Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
Received: 24/10/2012
Accepted: 06/11/2012
ABSTRACT: This study aims to determine the effect of egg weight grades, eggshell pores
count and their interaction on some hatching traits (egg weight, egg weight loss, chick
weight, eggshell weight, shell thickness, pores count and eggshell area) of ostrich eggs. The
hatchability percent was calculated according to the egg weight classes (≤1350g, 13511450g and ≥1451g). The relationships between body weight of newly hatched chicks and
hatching traits according to egg weight classes were investigated. The current study was
carried out on ostrich eggs, which were collected from African Black Neck ostrich flock
located at Bia Valley project, Libya. A total of 1200 eggs collected from 1500 ostrich
females were incubated. Hatching results showed that heavier eggs had a lower
hatchability and vice versa. There was no significant effect of egg weight trait on pores
count per square centimeter of eggshell. Likewise, there was no significant effect of the
interaction between egg weight and pores count/cm2 of the shell on the characteristics of
chick weight, egg weight loss percent and eggshell surface. Results showed that for better
hatchability of ostrich eggs, it is recommended that the average weight of hatching eggs
should not be more than 1350 g.
INTRODUCTION
Breeding and management practices
of ostriches are requiring more efforts and
investigations to develop and sophisticate
the ostrich industry around the world. Egg
hatchability and chick quality upon
hatching have been used as hatchery
performance indicators. Factors associated
with low hatchability percentage in ostrich
eggs include prolonged pre-incubation
storage (up to 2 weeks), season, poor
breeder nutrition, breeder age, improper
egg handling, contamination, incubator or
hatcher malfunctions and humidity or
temperature problems (Nahm, 2001;
Cabassi et al., 2004; Hassan et al., 2004;
Ipek and Sahan, 2004 and Malecki et al.,
2005). One of the most influential egg
parameters that influence hatchability is
egg weight (King'ori, 2011), while fresh
egg weight is the most important factor
affecting chick weight at hatch (Brand et
al., 2009; Mahrose et al., 2009). In broiler
breeders, larger eggs and poor shell quality
with age increased early and late
embryonic mortality, in turn decline the
hatchability percent (Tona et al., 2004;
Joseph and Moran, 2005). In management
guides for commercial parents in chickens,
52 to 68 g may be specified as optimal
weight range for hatching eggs (Cavero et
al., 2011). There is evidence that size of
eggs had an effect on embryonic deaths and
hatchability of broiler chickens (Malago
and Baitilwake, 2009), quail (Petek and
Dikmen, 2004) and rock Partridges
(Caglayan et al., 2009). So far, in ostrich,
there is not a certain range of the optimal
egg weight for achieving optimal hatching
percentage. This research aims mainly to
S. A. El-Safty
detect the influence of egg weight and
eggshell pores count classes on some
hatching traits of ostrich. In addition, the
relationship between egg weight and
hatchability percent was considered.
candling was at 39 days to follow up the
development of the embryos.
Hatchability percentage
A total of 1200 eggs, collected from
1500 ostrich females, were set into the
incubator. The hatchability percent was
calculated according to the three egg
weight classes (≤1350g, 1351-1450g and
≥1451g). The hatchability percent was
computed as follow:
Hatchability%= (Total number of eggs that
hatched successfully/ Total number of eggs
laid)*100
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Birds, Husbandry and Egg Incubation
The current trial involved ostrich
eggs (throughout February and March,
2009) which were collected from African
Black Neck ostrich flock (9 to 11 yr of age)
located at Bia Valley project, north of
Libya. Birds were fed about 1.5 kg daily of
a pelleted ratite breeder ration (17.5% CP,
2650 kcal, ME/kg, 2.7% Ca, 0.95% av. P of
feed) and water was supplied ad libitum.
Each trio (one male and two females) was
housed in a fenced pen (25X15m.). Floors
were well covered with sand throughout the
trial and pens and were checked from two
to three times daily for the presence of
eggs. Eggs were washed and disinfected in
warm water containing CHEM-50 solution
(Iodine family). After sanitation, eggs were
stored for 4 days at 17°C and 80% relative
humidity (RH) in vertical position up to
incubation. The incubator and hatcher used
was Victoria type (1200 eggs capacity for
incubator and 576 eggs for the hatcher)
machine. The temperature of the incubator
ranged from 36.1- 36.3°C and 23- 30% RH,
whereas the hatcher was operated at 35°C
and 50% RH. Eggs were set into the
incubator racks vertically, with air sac
upside, and turned through an angle of 45°,
6 times daily for the first 39 days of
incubation. The eggs were then transferred
to the hatching unit in order to hatch. The
incubation time allowed for the ostrich
chicks to hatch was 44 day. All eggs were
candled three times during the incubation
using 150-watt candling lamp; the first time
at 10 days of incubation to eliminate the
checked eggshell or eggs which have fungi,
the second time at 21 days to detect the
fertile eggs from which the fertilized eggs
for the current trial were chosen. The last
Egg Weight, Egg Weight Loss and Chick
Weight
Eventually 100 fertilized eggs and
100 chicks of African Black Neck ostrich
were used. Individual eggs were identified
and weighed (±0.01 g) at set of incubation.
The eggs have been divided into three egg
weight grades; Large eggs [(≥1451g),
n=30], medium eggs [(1351- 1450), n=30]
and small eggs [(≤1350), n=40]. All
subsequent traits were determined based on
egg weight class. Egg weight loss (EWL),
in grams and percentages was determined,
with EWL percentage = (egg weight at first –
egg weight at end)/ egg weight at first X 100.
Chick weights were determined upon
hatching using an electronic pan balance
that was accurate to 0.01 g.
Eggshell Porosity, Eggshell Thickness
and Eggshell Surface Area
An estimate of an individual egg's
pores (small and large) was determined by
averaging pore counts obtained from
discretionary sampling at five independent
1 cm2 sites on an egg's surface. Four of the
sampling sites were approximately
equidistant along the equator, while one
site was at the center of the air-cell. To
better visualize and facilitate a more
accurate counting of egg's pores, each
selected site was dyed with KMnO4 dye. A
magnifying lens have been used to count
the number of pores. Pores count was
726
Ostrich, egg weight, pores count, egg weight loss, hatchability
divided into two classes; the first class,
pores count was ≤ 22 (ranged from 9-22
pore/cm2, n=40), in the second class, pores
count was ≥ 23 (ranged from 23- 35
pore/cm2, n=60). An estimate of overall
shell thickness was obtained by averaging
thickness measurements made at the same
preselected five shell sites. A digital
micrometer was used to make individual
thickness measurements to the nearest 0.01
mm. Eggshell surface area was also
estimated according to the following
equation by Paganelli et al. (1974):
Egg surface area (cm2) = 4.735W0.662,
where "W" is the weight of egg.
(EG*P) ij = interaction between egg weight
and porosity,
eijkl = experimental error.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of Egg Weight on Hatchability
Percentage
Unquestionably,
fertility
and
hatchability are two major parameters that
highly influence day-old chicks. It is
therefore very important to understand the
factors that influence fertility and
hatchability of eggs. The current results
revealed that the egg weight of ostrich
played an important role in hatchability
trait (Fig1). The highest hatching
percentage for fertile eggs (65%) was from
eggs, which weigh ≤1350g, followed by the
eggs weighting between 1351- 1450g,
(21%). The poorest hatching result (14%)
was for eggs weighting ≥1451g. the results
of this study thus showed that the best
hatching results were from eggs with
lighter weights if compared to the other two
egg weight classes. In management guides
for commercial parents in chicken, 52 to 68
g may be specified as optimal weight range
for hatching eggs (Cavero et al., 2011). Our
results corresponded with King'ori (2011),
who also reported that the most influential
egg parameters that influence hatchability
are; weight of egg, shell thickness and
porosity, shape and the consistency of the
contents.
Statistical Analysis
Data were subjected to two-way
analysis of variance with egg weight and
porosity as main effects and their
interaction using the General Linear Model
(GLM) procedure of SAS User’s Guide,
(1998). Percentage data were transformed
to arc sine and reanalyzed. Correlation
coefficients between chick weight and
some egg traits according to egg weight
classes were computed using the PROC
CORR procedure. The following model
was used;
Yijk=  + EGi + Pj + (EG*P) ij + eijk
Where;
 = overall mean,
EGi= egg weight effect (i =1, 2, 3),
Pj = porosity effect (j =1, 2),
727
S. A. El-Safty
Figure (1): Effect of egg weight grades on hatchability percent.
eggs (about 19% and 1.9mm, respectively).
These results were in agreement with the
findings of Di Meo et al. (2003) and
Mahrose (2007). Logically, the larger egg
weight class had the larger eggshell surface
followed by medium and small egg weight
classes, respectively. The difference among
the three groups in eggshell surface trait
was highly significant. Regardless of egg
weight class, the eggshell surface was in the
normal range of ostrich egg surfaces (ranged
from 540 to 600cm2). The previous result
was in good agreement with Superchi et al.
(2002). Egg weight had no significant effect
on pore count per square centimeter of
eggshell, with 26.9, 25.4 and 27.1 pore/cm2
for small, medium and large egg weight,
respectively. This is slightly higher than the
22 pore/cm2 reported by Cloete Jr et al.
(2006). The results showed that there was
no notable significant interaction between
egg weight and eggshell pores count per
square centimeter on chick weight, egg
weight loss percent and eggshell surface.
However, the significant effect was
observed on the shell weight trait.
Chick Weight and Some Egg Traits as
Affected by Ostrich Egg Weight
As reported by Wilson (1991), there
is a strong positive correlation between the
weight of an egg and the weight of the
hatched chick. Table 1 shows that heavier
eggs produced heavier chicks, with also a
significant difference between the three
different egg weight classes (P≤0.01). Egg
weight class did not affect chick weight,
presented as a percentage of total egg
weight. Chick percentage was in the normal
range (about 63%). Wilson et al. (1997)
and Gonzalez et al. (1999) reported that the
ostrich chick weight as a percent of initial
egg weight ranged from 53 to 70%. Egg
weight class had no effect on the amount of
water loss during the incubation. The
corresponding value was almost 15% and it
was in accordance with the results of (Ar,
1991; Deeming, 1993; More, 1996).
Eggshell weight for eggs in larger egg
weight group was significantly heavier if
compared to the other two egg groups.
Regardless of the egg weight class, the
percent of eggshell and shell thickness
traits were in the normal range of ostrich
728
Ostrich, egg weight, pores count, egg weight loss, hatchability
Table (1): Effect of egg weight category on chick weight and some egg traits.
Egg weight class, g
Trait
Small
Medium
Large
≤ 1350
1351- 1450
≥ 1451
Chick weight, g
820.5c±37.4 882.8b±42.6 945.7a±36.6
Chick %
63.6±2.46
63.2±2.6
63.1±1.6
Egg weight loss %
15.0±0.41
14.9±0.02
14.9±0.31
Shell weight, g
248.7b±27.4 268.3b±34.4 290.0a±29.4
Shell %
19.2±1.9
19.3±2.6
19.4±1.7
Shell thickness, mm
1.90±0.12
1.92±0.12
1.88±0.07
2
c
b
Eggshell surface, cm
543.3 ±1.4
572.3 ±1.52 598.8a±4.50
Pores Count /cm2
26.9±5.03
25.4±6.71
27.1±5.93
a,b,c
Means within a row with no common superscript differ significantly.
Prob.
0.01
NS
NS
0.01
NS
NS
0.01
NS
of small and medium eggs. A significantly
negative relationship was observed
between egg weight loss and pores count in
medium
eggs
only,
where
the
corresponding value was intermediate (r = 0.34). This result suggest that medium
weight eggs might loss more weight
compared to either small or large eggs. As
a result of this relationship the hatchability
of medium eggs was low (21%) compared
to small eggs (65%). Davis et al. (1988)
reported that the excessive egg weight loss
during incubation causes early depletion of
allantoic fluids, which results in the
subsequent dehydration of the embryo and
extends the period of osmotic stress and in
turn low hatchability. For small eggs, the
results showed a positive and significant
relationship was realized between shell
weight and pores count (r= 0.43). On the
other hand, a positive and significant
relationship existed between shell thickness
and pores count only in medium weight of
eggs, but the corresponding value was
weak (r = 0.22).
Influence of Pores Count on Chick
Weight, Percent and Egg Weight Loss
Total pores count (≤ 22 or ≥ 23) had
no impact on chick weight and percent and
total egg weight loss during the incubation
period (Tables 2, 3). Although, there was a
variation in pores number between the two
classes, the chick percent and total egg
weight loss were in the normal range (about
63% and 15%, respectively). This could
mean that the number of pores may be
influenced by the size of the pores in order
to produce a relative normal chick weight
regardless egg weight or pores count.
The relationship between egg
weight (small, medium and large) and
chick weight, egg weight loss, shell weight,
shell thickness, egg surface and pores count
are presented in Table 4. The significantly
negative relationship was observed
between chick weight and shell weight in
both small (r = - 0.21) and medium eggs
(r = - 0.88). In large eggs, moderate and
positive correlation was realized between
chick weight and shell thickness. While,
this relationship was almost null in the case
729
S. A. El-Safty
Table (2): Effect of pores count on chick weight, percentage and egg weight loss.
Pores count per cm2
≤22
839.5±9.6
63.9±0.29
15.04±0.09
Trait
Chick weight, g
Chick %
Egg weight loss %
≥23
845.3±5.3
63.5±0.38
14.88±0.06
Table (3): Analysis of variance of egg weight (EW) and porosity (P) and their
interaction on chick weight and some egg traits.
Trait
Chick weight
S.O.V.
Significance
Egg weight
***
Porosity
NS
EW*P
NS
Egg weight loss %
Egg weight
NS
Porosity
NS
EW*P
NS
Eggshell surface
Egg weight
***
Porosity
NS
EW*P
NS
Shell weight
Egg weight
***
Porosity
NS
EW*P
*
NS= Not Significant *= Significant at P≤0.05 ***= Significant at P≤0.001
Table (4): Phenotypic correlation coefficients between chick weight and some egg traits
according to egg weight class.
Trait
Chick Wt (Y)
EWL (Y1)
Shell
(Y2)
weight
Y
-
Y1
-0.24
-0.34
-0.25
-
Y2
-0.21***
-0.88***
-0.04
-0.17
0.23
0.12
-
Shell Thickness
(Y3)
Egg
(Y4)
Pores
(Y5)
Y3
-0.03
0.02
0.39*
-0.03
0.06
0.41
0.09
-0.08
-0.28
-
surface
count
*= Significant at P≤0.05 ***= Significant at P≤0.001
730
Y4
0.21***
0.39
0.77
-0.10
-0.17
-0.06
0.01
-0.37
0.57
0.04
0.27
0.39
-
Y5
0.54
0.63
0.77
-0.18
-0.34*
-0.06
0.43*
-0.21
0.57
-0.17
0.22*
-0.38
0.35
0.43
0.91
-
Egg class
Small
Medium
Large
Small
Medium
Large
Small
Medium
Large
Small
Medium
Large
Small
Medium
Large
Small
Medium
Large
Ostrich, egg weight, pores count, egg weight loss, hatchability
egg weight classes. The current results
suggest that increased hatchability may be
achieved if ostrich eggs weighing no more
than 1350 g are used.
CONCLUSION
In general, there is a lack of
information dealing with the effects of
eggshell characteristics on the ostrich chick
weight and the relationships among them.
Further investigations on the relationships
between ostrich chick weight and eggshell
traits are suggested to ensure their effects
on chick weight at hatching and at latter
weights. It is important to note that the
better hatchability was observed from the
small eggs (≤ 1350) compared to the other
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to Bia Valley Project
Administration for allowing me to take
those valuable data on the ostrich flock.
Also, many thanks to Mr. Ramy King for
his valuable efforts throughout the data
collection.
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732
‫‪Ostrich, egg weight, pores count, egg weight loss, hatchability‬‬
‫الولخص العربي‬
‫تأثير أقسام وزى البيض والوساهيت والتداخل بيٌهوا على بعض صفاث الفقس لبيض الٌعام‬
‫صالح الديي عبد الرحوي الصفتي‬
‫كليت السراعت‪ -‬قسن إًتاج الدواجي‪ -‬جاهعت عيي شوس‪ -‬القاهرة‪ ،‬هصر‬
‫حٓدف ْذِ اندراست إنى حقدٌز حأرٍز أقسبو ٔسٌ انبٍض‪ٔ ،‬عدد رغٕر قشزة انبٍضت‪ٔ ،‬انخداخم بًٍُٓب عهى بعض‬
‫صفبث انفقس ( ٔسٌ انبٍضت‪ ،‬انفقد فً ٔسٌ انبٍضت‪ٔ ،‬سٌ انكخكٕث‪ٔ ،‬سٌ قشزة انبٍضت‪ ،‬سًُك انقشزة‪ ،‬عدد انزغٕر‪،‬‬
‫ٔيسبحة سطخ انقشزة ) نبٍض انُعبو ‪ .‬حى دسبة َسبت انفقس طبقب ً نفئبث ٔسٌ انبٍض (أصغز يٍ أٔ ٌسبٔي ‪ 1350‬جى‪،‬‬
‫انعالق بٍٍ ٔسٌ انكخبكٍج ددٌزت انفقس ٔبعض‬
‫ة‬
‫يٍ ‪ 1450 -1351‬جى‪ ،‬أكبز يٍ أٔ ٌسبٔي ‪ 1451‬جى)‪ .‬حى أٌضب ً حقدٌز‬
‫صفبث انفقس طبقبً نهفئبث انٕسٍَت نهبٍض ‪ .‬أجزٌج اندراست انذبنٍت عهى بٍض انُعبو األفزٌقً أسٕد انزقبت بًشزٔع ٔادي‬
‫بٍب‪ -‬نٍبٍب‪ ،‬دٍذ حى حذضٍٍ عدد ‪ 1200‬بٍضت َعبو َبحجت يٍ قطٍع ٌبهغ عددِ ‪َ 1500‬عبيت ببنغت‪ .‬أظٓزث َخبئج انفقس أٌ‬
‫انبٍض األدقم ٔسَب ً اَنفضج بّ َسبت انفقس ٔانعكس كبٌ صذٍذب ً ‪ ،‬كًب ال ٌٕجد حأرٍزاً يعٌُٕب ً نٕسٌ انبٍض عهى عدد‬
‫انزغٕر فً سى‪ 2‬يٍ سطخ قشزة انبٍضت‪ٔ ،‬ال ٌٕجد أٌضب ً حأرٍزاً يعٌ اً‬
‫ٔي نهخداخم بٍٍ ٔسٌ انبٍض ٔعدد انزغٕر عهى كم يٍ‬
‫ٔسٌ انكخكٕث‪ُ ٔ ،‬يعدل انفقد فً ٔسٌ انبٍضت‪ٔ ،‬يسبدت سطخ انقشزة‪ٔ .‬عهٍّ فإٌ َخبئج اندراست انذبنٍت قد خهصج إنى أَّ‬
‫نهذصٕل عهى ُيعدالث فقس ُيزرٍت نبٍض انُعبو‪ ،‬فإَّ ٌٕصى بأٌ ال ٌشٌد ُو حٕسظ ٔسٌ بٍض انخفزٌخ عٍ ‪ 1350‬جى‪.‬‬
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