Biologia, Bratislava, 59/4: 425—433, 2004
Chromosome numbers for some species of vascular
plants from Europe
Olga Rotreklová, Petr Bureš & Vít Grulich
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ–61137 Brno, Czech
Republic; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected].
ROTREKLOVÁ, O., BUREŠ, P. & GRULICH, V., Chromosome numbers for
some species of vascular plants from Europe. Biologia, Bratislava, 59: 425—
433, 2004; ISSN 0006-3088.
Chromosome numbers are given for 16 species and one interspecific hybrid
of vascular plants originating from the Czech Republic, Croatia, and Italy:
Artemisia annua (2n = 18), A. pancicii (2n = 54), A. repens (2n = 16), A.
scoparia (2n = 16), A. tournefortiana (2n = 18), A. verlotiorum (2n = 54),
Cirsium heterophyllum (2n = 34), C. oleraceum (2n = 34), C. palustre (2n =
34), C. oleraceum ×C. rivulare (2n = 34), Eleocharis acicularis (2n = 20), E.
ovata (2n = 10), E. quinqueflora (2n = ca.136), Senecio aquaticus (2n = 40),
S. erraticus (2n = 40), Triglochin maritima (2n = 48), and T. palustre
(2n = 24). Chromosome numbers of 15 of the species were recorded for the
first time from the Czech Republic. Chromosome numbers of the species from
Italy and Croatia were recorded for the first time from these countries.
Key words: karyology, monocotyledons, dicotyledons.
Introduction
During taxonomical investigation within the framework of the project Flora of the Czech Republic
we focused also upon the karyological research of
the studied taxa. We concentrated on taxa with
unknown chromosome counts from the Czech Republic (cf. MĚSÍČEK & JAROLÍMOVÁ, 1992). For
counting the chromosomes of some rare and endangered taxa, we used material from other countries (Croatia, Italy).
Material and methods
The plants were collected during the years 1996–2001
in their natural habitats and cultivated in pots in the
Botanical Garden of Masaryk University, Brno. Root
tip segments of mature plants (Artemisia sp., Cirsium
sp., Eleocharis sp., and Triglochin sp.) or germinating
seeds (Senecio sp.) were used for chromosome counts.
The material was pre-treated with a saturated water
solution of p-dichlorbenzene at room temperature for
2 hours, then fixed in a cold mixture of ethanol and
acetic acid (3 : 1) for 24 hours. The fixed material was
treated immediately. The root tips were macerated in
a mixture of ethanol and hydrochloric acid (1 : 1) for
2 min. at room temperature. Temporary slides were
made by squashing the segments and staining in lactopropionic orcein.
Voucher specimens are deposited in the herbarium of the Department of Botany of Masaryk University, Brno (BRNU).
Localities are ordered from north to south and
from west to east, in the list of localities abbreviation
Cz was used in plants from the Czech Republic.
Results and discussion
Artemisia annua L.
2n = 18
1. Cz, Brno: town district Staré Brno, waste place,
ca 200 m a.s.l., coll. V. GRULICH, July 1999.
425
The chromosomes of Artemisia annua have
not been previously counted in the Czech Republic. The chromosome number 2n = 18 was
recorded from Slovakia (FERÁKOVÁ in MÁJOVSKÝ et al., 1974), Hungary (PÓLYA, 1949), Bulgaria (KUZMANOV et al., 1986), Russia (VOLKOVA
& BOYKO, 1986), Spain (TORRELL & VALLÈS,
2001), and from botanical gardens in plants of
unknown origin (NAGL & EHRENDORFER, 1974).
The same count was also reported by WEINEDELLIEBAU (1928), SUZUKA (1952), ARANO (1964,
1968), VALLÈS XIRAU (1987), and TYAGI &
DUBEY (1990). In Slovakia, A. annua is often
found in fields as a weed, however in the Czech
Republic it prefers ruderal habitats.
Artemisia pancicii (JANKA) RONN.
2n = 54
1. Cz, village of Pouzdřany: Nature reserve Pouzdřanská step, 300 m a.s.l., coll. V. GRULICH, June
1999 (Fig. 1a).
This first count from the Czech Republic confirms chromosome numbers published by EHRENDORFER (1964) from Austria (Lower Austria,
Bisamberg Hill by Wien and Burgenland, village
of Neusiedl am See, Kalvarienberg Hill) and Yugoslavia (Deliblat). It is one of the most rare Pannonian endemics and occurs in only 17–20 localities: three of them are in the Czech Republic
(South Moravia), one is in Yugoslavia (Vojvodina), and the others are in Austria (Lower Austria
and Burgenland). Hexaploid Artemisia pancicii is
morphologically and karyologically isolated from
the related diploid, Artemisia laciniata (cf. EHENDORFER, 1964).
Artemisia repens WILLD.
2n = 16
1. Cz, Praha: town district Strašnice in the SE
part of the city, cemetery, 245 m a.s.l., coll. V.
GRULICH, September 1999.
The chromosome number of Artemisia austriaca agg. was recorded for the first time from
the Czech Republic. This aggregate contains taxa
with two ploidy levels. FERÁKOVÁ (1997) predicted that plants from natural habitats in western
Pannonia (Slovakia, Austria and Hungary) have
hexaploid chromosome counts (2n = 48), and Central European plants from anthropogenic habitats
are diploid (2n = 16). Diploid plants are known
from Poland (URBAŃSKA in SKALIŃSKA et al.,
1959), Slovakia (FERÁKOVÁ, 1997), and also from
wild populations in Bulgaria (FERÁKOVÁ, 1997,
KUZMANOV et al., 1986). Diploid plants differ
from tetraploids by flower head diameter (FERÁ-
426
KOVÁ, 1997). The name Artemisia repens Willd.,
based on material from Russia, is proposed for
these diploid plants. All the studied herbarium
specimens collected in the Czech Republic (FERÁKOVÁ, 1997) resemble diploids morphologically.
Based on both geographical and morphological
differentiation, we recommend classifying the cytotypes as separate species. The tetraploid level
(2n = 32) was detected by LAVRENKO & SERDITOV (1991) in Russia (Autonomous Republic of
Komi). This count probably belongs to another
taxon from this aggregate. The tetraploid number
2n = 36, published by KAWATANI & OHNO (1964),
certainly refers to a related taxon with x = 9.
Artemisia scoparia W. & K.
2n = 16
1. Cz, distr. Havlíčkův Brod, village of Ledeč nad
Sázavou: rocks under the castle, 360 m a.s.l., coll.
V. GRULICH, June 1999 (Fig. 1e).
Our record is the first counting from the
Czech Republic and is in accordance with literary data reported by HINDÁKOVÁ in MÁJOVSKÝ
et al. (1976) from Slovakia, KUZMANOV et al.
(1986) from Bulgaria, KRASNIKOV & LOMONOSOVA (1990) and VOLKOVA & BOYKO (1986) from
Russia, MURÍN & CHAUDHRI (1970) from Iraq,
PODLECH & BADER (1974) from Afghanistan,
KHOSHOO & SOBTI (1958), MEHRA & REMANANDAN (1969) from India, and KAUL & BAKSHI (1984) from the Himalayas. The same numbers have been published by CHUKSANOVA et al.
(1968) and KAWATANI & OHNO (1964). On the
other hand, some authors give various different
counts: from plants cultivated in botanical gardens in Liège (Belgium), 2n = 18 (MENDELAK
& SCHWEITZER, 1986) and Vladivostok (Russia), 2n = 36 (KAWATANI & OHNO, 1964).
These counts probably belong to other related
species which have a basic chromosome number
x = 9, (e.g. to A. campestris). A. scoparia is
a rare and threatened species, classified in the
C1 category of critically threatened species of
the Czech flora (HOLUB & PROCHÁZKA, 2000).
It prefers somewhat anthropogenic vegetation; its
occurrence in natural sites is very rare (e.g. in
Podyjí National Park, Southern Moravia). It probably belongs to the archaeophytes of Central Europe.
Artemisia tournefortiana RCHB.
2n = 18
1. Cz, Brno: Nové sady Street in the central part
of the town, waste place, ca. 200 m a.s.l., coll. V.
GRULICH, July 1999 (Fig. 1f).
Fig. 1. Somatic metaphases: a: Artemisia pancici (Janka) Ronn., 2n = 54, Pouzdřanská step (Cz). – b: Triglochin
maritima L., loc. 1, 2n = 48, Novi Grad (Croatia). – c: T. palustre L., 2n = 12, Hluboká (Cz). – d: Eleocharis
ovata (Roth) R. et Sch., Vodná (Cz), 2n = 10. – e: Artemisia scoparia W. et K., 2n = 16, Ledeč nad Sázavou
(Cz). – f: A. txournefortiana Rchb., 2n = 18, Brno (Cz). (Scale bars = 10 µm; a, b, c = drawings; d, e, f =
microphotographs).
427
This chromosome number is the first record
from the Czech Republic for this species and confirms those given from Afghanistan (PODLECH &
DIETERLE, 1969) and the NW Himalayas (KAUL
& BAKSHI, 1984). The same number was also published by KHOSHOO & SOBTI (1958), KAWATANI
& OHNO (1964), KOUL (1964), VALLÈS XIRAU
(1987) and TORRELL & VALLÈS (2001). According to GRÜLL (1972), A. tournefortiana was first
found in the Czech Republic at Doudleby nad Orlicí in 1964 and consequently in Frýdek-Místek
(1966) and Brno in 1969. Southern Moravia is
the center of its recent distribution in this country. GRÜLL (1972) considered this species to have
been introduced with wool from Central Asia. In
the BRNU herbarium it is documented in Brno
from many places to which it expanded during
the eighties. It also spreads 25 km south along the
banks of the river Svratka during the last years of
the 20th century (VYMYSLICKÝ, 2001).
Artemisia verlotiorum LAMOTTE
2n = 54
1. Cz, Praha: town district Strašnice, rubble heap,
245 m a.s.l., coll. V. GRULICH, September 1999. 2.
Cz, town of Choceň: rubble heap, 290 m a.s.l., coll.
P. FILIPPOV, September 1999.
This chromosome number was recorded from
the Czech Republic for the first time. Varied
counts for A. verlotiorum have been previously
published. The same number (2n = 54, hexaploid
from x = 9) was recorded by VIGNOLI (1945),
SOKOLOVSKAYA (1960), KAWATANI & OHNO
(1964), LIPPERT & HEUBL (1988) and JAMES et
al. (2000). Hypohexaploid numbers of 2n = 52,
50, and 48 have been published by JAMES et
al. (2000); the latter number was also mentioned
by VALLÈS XIRAU (1987). The diploid number
(2n = 18) was counted by KAWATANI & OHNO
(1964).
A diploid chromosome number of 2n = 16
based on x = 8 was published by KAWATANI &
OHNO (1964) and OLIVA BRAÑAS & VALLÈS XIRAU (1991). These counts probably belong to another species, related to A. vulgaris.
Cirsium heterophyllum (L.) HILL
2n = 34
1. Cz, Žďárské vrchy Hills, village of Sklené: in the
valley of the Světnovský potok Brook on the forest
margin 1.2 km NW of the village, 710 m a.s.l., coll.
P. BUREŠ, 28 July 1999.
This first record from the Czech Republic confirmed data reported in the surveys of
published chromosome numbers (FEDOROV, 1969,
428
MOORE, 1973, 1977, GOLDBLATT, 1981, 1985,
1988, GOLDBLATT & JOHNSON, 1994, 1998).
Cirsium oleraceum (L.) SCOP.
2n = 34
1. Cz, Žďárské vrchy Hills, village of Studnice: in
the ditch along the road 1 km N of the village, 645
m a.s.l., coll. P. BUREŠ, 28 July 1999.
Our finding is the first chromosome count
from the Czech Republic and is in accordance with
data reported in the surveys of published chromosome numbers (FEDOROV, 1969, MOORE, 1973,
1977, GOLDBLATT, 1981, 1985, GOLDBLATT &
JOHNSON, 1994).
Cirsium palustre (L.) SCOP.
2n = 34
1. Cz, Žďárské vrchy Hills, village of Mariánská
Huť (near the village of Herálec): meadow NW of
the crossroads in the village, 680 m a.s.l., coll. P.
BUREŠ , 29 July 1999.
This first record from the Czech Republic confirmed data reported in the surveys of
published chromosome numbers (FEDOROV, 1969,
ORDNUFF, 1969, MOORE, 1977, GOLDBLATT,
1981, 1984, GOLDBLATT & JOHNSON, 1990, 1994,
1998).
Cirsium oleraceum × C. rivulare (C. × erucagineum DC.)
2n = 34
1. Cz, Žďárské vrchy Hills, village of Mariánská
Huť (near the village of Herálec): meadow NW of
the crossroads in the village, 680 m a.s.l., coll. P.
BUREŠ, 29 July 1999.
This is the first chromosome number record
for this interspecific hybrid; the same number was
reported by LAVRENKO et al. (1991) for the hybrid of C. heterophyllum and C. oleraceum. Hybrids of diploid (2n = 34) species of the genus Cirsium generally have the same chromosome number as the parental species; this was detected in
many samples using flow cytometry (BUREŠ, 2003
in press).
Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & SCH.
2n = 20
1. Cz, distr. Břeclav, village of Lanžhot: meadow
NW of forester’s house Dúbravka 4 km SW of the
village, 150 m a.s.l., coll. V. ŘEHOŘEK, August
1996.
The chromosome number 2n = 20 is in agreement with records published from the Czech Republic (JAVŮRKOVÁ-JAROLÍMOVÁ in MĚSÍČEK &
JAROLÍMOVÁ, 1992) and with many other counts
in surveys of published chromosome numbers (FEDOROV, 1969, MOORE, 1973, GOLDBLATT, 1981,
1984, 1985, GOLDBLATT & JOHNSON, 1991).
Chromosome counts 2n = 56 (36–38, 50–58) published by HICKS (1929) are unique among many
literature records and belong probably to another
taxon of the genus Eleocharis.
Eleocharis ovata (ROTH) R. & SCH.
2n = 10
1. Cz, distr. Český Krumlov, village of Chvalšiny:
pond SW of the village, 560 m a.s.l. 2. Cz,
distr. Česká Lípa, village of Stvolinky: Nebeský
Pond 750 m NE of the chapel in the village,
270 m a.s.l. 3. Cz, distr. Pelhřimov, village of
Vodná: Vlčetinský Pond SW of the village, 530
m a.s.l. (fig. 1d). 4. Cz, distr. Strakonice, village
of Uzeničky: Hliběnský Pond 1.4 km NNE of the
church in the village, 520 m a.s.l. Plants from all
localities coll. P. BUREŠ & I. BUREŠOVÁ, July
1993.
This chromosome number is reported for the
first time from the Czech Republic and is in accordance with published records from India (SANYAL
& SHARMA, 1972). The same chromosome counts
were also published by STRANDHEDE (1966) in
plants of unknown origin from the botanical gardens in Lvov and Bucharest and from the Botanical Institute in Strasbourg.
Eleocharis quinqueora (F. X. HARTMANN) O.
SCHWARZ
2n = ca.136
1. Cz, distr. Havlíčkův Brod, village of Hluboká:
wet meadows on the SE shore of Řeka Pond, 560
m a.s.l., coll. P. BUREŠ, June 1997.
The first counting of this genus was made by
STRANDHEDE (in ANONYMUS, 1962) who found
the number 2n = 132 in Sweden. The number
2n = 136 was published by SAUNTE (in JÖRGENSEN et al., 1958) from Denmark, as well as
later by THIÉBAUD (1970) from Switzerland on
the basis of meiotic metaphase. Similar numbers
n = 66, 67 were detected by STRANDHEDE (in
WEIMARCK, 1963, in HYLANDER, 1966) and by
STRANDHEDE & DAHLGREN (1968). Chromosome
numbers n = 23 + 0 − 3B, published by MEHRA
& SACHDEVA (1975) from the W Himalayas, and
2n = 20, published by DAVIES (1956) undoubtedly
belong to another taxon of the genus Eleocharis.
The chromosome number 2n = ca.100 was
published by KNABEN (1950) from Norway and
2n = 80 − 100 by LÖVE (1954) and LÖVE &
LÖVE (1956) from Iceland. These chromosome
numbers resemble published chromosome counts
for morphologically similar Trichophorum caespitosum (the chromosome count 2n = 104 was reported by GOLDBLATT, 1981, 1984).
Senecio aquaticus HILL
2n = 40
1. Cz, town of Příbram, village of Višňová: valley
of the brook 1 km S of the church, 420 m a.s.l.,
1999. 2. Cz, SW margin of the city of Praha, village of Šeberov: meadow 0.8 km S of the S margin, 290 m a.s.l., 2000. 3. Cz, town of Vysoké
Mýto, village of Horní Jelení: wet-meadow on the
S margin of the village, 300 m a.s.l., 2001. 4.
Cz, Žďárské vrchy Hills, town of Nové Město na
Moravě: meadow between the Klečkovec and Cihelna Ponds in the NW part of town, 600 m a.s.l.,
1999. 5. Cz, Žďárské vrchy Hills, town of Nové
Město na Moravě: meadow along the road to the
village of Pohledec, 0.8 km SW of the church, 580
m a.s.l., 2000. All plants coll. S. VYLÍČILOVÁ.
Our findings confirmed data published earlier
from many countries (FEDOROV, 1969, MOORE,
1973, GOLDBLATT, 1981, 1988) and from the
Czech Republic (ZELENÝ, 1975).
Senecio erraticus BERTOL.
2n = 40
1. Cz, distr. Břeclav, village of Milovice: along the
road to the Nature Reserve Křivé jezero, 1.2 km
ENE of the church, 165 m a.s.l., 2000. 2. Cz, distr.
Břeclav, village of Sedlec: meadow on the W margin of the Nesyt Pond, E of the village, 160 m
a.s.l., 1999. 3. Cz, distr. Břeclav, village of Lednice na Moravě: salt meadow on the W margin of
the Hlohovecký Pond, 4.5 km SW of the church,
170 m a.s.l., 2001. 4. Cz, distr. Břeclav, village of
Charvátská Nová Ves: meadow on the SE margin
of the village, 160 m a.s.l., 2000. All plants coll. S.
VYLÍČILOVÁ.
This first record from the Czech Republic
confirmed literature data reported in the surveys
of published chromosome counts (FEDOROV, 1969,
MOORE, 1973, GOLDBLATT, 1981).
Triglochin maritima L.
2n = 48
1. Croatia, Istria Peninsula, town of Novi Grad:
seashore, Antenal Bay, 0 m a.s.l., coll. P. BUREŠ,
10 August 1996 (Fig. 1b).
Various chromosome numbers corresponding
to different ploidy levels have been reported in
T. maritimum agg. The most frequent chromosome number of Triglochin maritima s. s. in Europe is probably octoploid 2n = 48, which is reported from Slovakia (VÁCHOVÁ in MÁJOVSKÝ
429
et al., 1978), Poland (SKALIŚKA et al., 1961,
BOHDANOWICZ & DABROWSKA, 1997), Rumania (TARNAVSCHI, 1948), France (LEVEQUE &
GORENFLOT, 1969), Great Britain (LUQUE in
DAVY & BISHOP, 1991, MONTGOMERY et al.,
1997), the Netherlands (GADELLA & KLIPHUIS,
1973), Sweden (2n = ca.48, HEDBERG & HEDBERG, 1964), Scandinavia (LÖVE & LÖVE, 1942),
Finland (AROHONKA, 1982), Iceland (LÖVE &
LÖVE, 1956), and Schleswig-Holstein in Germany
(WULFF, 1939). We found the same number in
plants from the population at Antenal Bay, as the
first chromosome record of this species in Croatia.
The diploid chromosome number 2n = 12
was reported from Rumania (TARNAVSCHI, 1938),
and the tetraploid 2n = 24 from Spain (LAGO
& CASTROVIEJO, 1993), France (LEVEQUE &
GORENFLOT, 1969), and Poland (SKALIŃSKA et
al., 1961). SKALIŃSKA et al. (1961) also found
the pentaploid number 2n = 30 in Poland. The
hexaploid number 2n = 36 was reported from
France (LABADIE, 1976).
From the extra-European regions, octoploid
with 2n = 48 was also reported from Asia
(HARADA, 1956, UCHIYAMA et al., 1989, KRASNIKOV, 1991) and North America (HEDBERG,
1967, VICKERY, 1970, MULLIGAN & CODY, 1973,
LÖVE & LÖVE, 1981, POJAR, 1973). The hexaploid number 2n = 36 was found in Asia
(ZHUKOVA, 1982).
From the East Asia and North America there
are also Triglochin maritimum chromosome numbers which correspond to high polyploidy levels: 2n = 80 from Primorskii kraj (PROBATOVA
& SOKOLOVSKAYA, 1984) and near Novosibirsk
(KRASNIKOV, 1991), 2n = 96 from the Queen
Charlotte Islands (TAYLOR & MULLIGAN, 1968),
and 2n = 100 (UCHIYAMA et al., 1989) and 2n =
120 (HARADA, 1956) from W Japan. It is not clear
if these high polyploids belong to the same taxon
of Triglochin maritimum s. l. as European octoploids.
Triglochin palustre L.
2n = 24
1. Cz, Žďárské vrchy Hills, village of Hluboká:
Řeka Pond, 550 m a.s.l., coll. P. BUREŠ, 27 June
1996 (Fig. 1c). 2. Italy, Dolomite Mts.: lake near
the road between Lago di Misurina Lake and Tre
Cime di Lavaredo Mt, 1760 m a.s.l., coll. P. BUREŠ, 16 July 1996.
Chromosome numbers were recorded for the
first time from the Czech Republic and Italy and
are in accordance with numerous counts from
many countries reported by FEDOROV (1969),
430
MOORE (1973, 1974), GOLDBLATT (1981, 1984,
1985, 1988), and GOLDBLATT & JOHNSON (1990,
1991, 1994, 1996) in surveys of published chromosome counts. Different counts are relatively rare –
hexaploid 2n = 36 and tetraploid 2n = 24 were
detected by TAYLOR & MULLIGAN (1968) in the
Queen Charlotte Islands.
Acknowledgements
The authors are indebted to I. BUREŠOVÁ, P. FILIPPOV, and V. ŘEHOŘEK, who collected plants. Our
thanks belong to Simona VYLÍČILOVÁ, who collected
and counted chromosome numbers in two species of the
genus Senecio and to Sierra Dawn Stoneberg HOLT
who did language corrections. This study was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Czech
Republic (research project MSM 143100010 Spatial
and Temporal Biodiversity Dynamics in Ecosystems of
Central Europe) and by the Grant Agency of the Czech
Republic (project 206/98/1545 Flora of the Czech Republic Vol. 7).
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Received April 2, 2003
Accepted April 27, 2004
FLORISTICAL NOTE
Biologia, Bratislava, 59/4: 433—434, 2004
Cladonia metacorallifera (lichenized Ascomycota,
Cladoniaceae) new to Poland and additional record
from Slovakia
Agnieszka Kowalewska & Martin Kukwa
Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Al. Legionów 9, PL–
80-441 Gdańsk, Poland, tel. +48 58 341 03 60, fax: +48 58 341 20 16, e-mails: [email protected],
[email protected].
Cladonia metacorallifera ASAHINA is red-fruited lichen
with largely corticated podetia producing squamules.
The cups are at least at the tops decorticated and
blacked. The thallus is yellow-tinged and contains
usnic, squamatic and didymic acids in a typical
chemotype. In the second chemotype (= var. reagens
ASAHINA), squamatic acid is replaced by thamnolic
acid (e.g. TØNSBERG, 1975).
The species was described by ASAHINA (1939)
from Japan. Later, it was recorded from Alaska and
Southern America. In 1975 the species was found for
the first time in Europe from Austria and Norway (see
TØNSBERG, 1975 and literature cited therein). Now
it is known also from Estonia (RANDLANE & SAAG,
1999), Finland (VITIKAINEN et al., 1997), Germany
(SCHOLZ, 2000), Great Britain (PURVIS & JAMES,
1992), Slovakia (PIŠÚT 1997), Sweden (SANTESSON,
1993), United States and Canada (e.g. ESSLINGER
& EGAN, 1995). For Austria and Norway see also
HAFELLNER & TÜRK (2001) and SANTESSON (1993).
During the revision of some Cladonia specimens
deposited in the lichen herbarium of Gdańsk University we found two collections from Poland and Slovakia,
which appeared to be C. metacorallifera. Both specimens represent typical chemotype. The species has not
been previously known from Poland and is reported
here for the first time for this country. In Slovakia
it was earlier known from only one locality in Velick
dolina valley in High Tatra Mts (PIŠÚT 1997).
Cladonia metacorallifera was found only in mountain situations at altitudes ca. 1250–1400 m (Fig. 1).
Polish specimen was growing on soil, while Slovakian,
including that reported by PIŠÚT (1997), on rocks.
Probably the species is restricted to high mountains
in Poland and Slovakia and might be more common in
both countries as there are many available localities.
It might also occur in Polish part of Tatra Mts as well
as in Czech part of Karkonosze Mts.
433
References
Fig. 1. Known localities of Cladonia metacorallifera in
Poland and Slovakia; • – new; ◦ – reported by PIŠÚT
(1997).
The species can be mistaken for very similar
Cladonia borealis STENROOS and C. coccifera (L.)
Willd., but C. metacorallifera has podetia blackening
at the tops (sometimes almost entire cups have blackish medulla) and microsquamulose surface, even in the
cups. There is also difference in the chemistry between
these three taxa. All of them produce usnic acid, but
C. borealis additionally contains barbatic acid, C. coccifera zeorin, whereas C. metacorallifera didymic and
suaqmatic (or thamnolic) acids (e.g. STENROOS, 1989;
PURVIS & JAMES, 1992).
Specimens examined: Poland. Karkonosze Mts,
Karkonoski National Park, ca. 0.5 km SE of tourist resort ‘Pod Śnieżk˛a’, W of Śnieżka Mt, near the boundaries with the Czech Republic, alt. ca. 1400 m, open
and sunny area, on soil, 07.09.2001, leg. M. KUKWA
1176 (UGDA-L-8150); Slovakia Vysoké Tatry Mts,
Tatra National Park, Bielovodská dolina valley, S of
Lysá Poľana, alt. ca. 1250 m, on stone, 17.8.1999, leg.
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Received Jan. 8, 2004
Accepted April 27, 2004
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