Department of Botany
Board of Studies
Ordinary Meeting
held on 12.05.2008
Max Marks: 50
(Theory:40+Sessional:10)
.
B.Sc. (Hons.) I s t Year
COURSE I: (DIVERSITY & CLASSIFICATION OF THE PLANT KINGDOM)
UNIT-I (a) Plant Kingdom: Classification of living organisms and the
criteria (five kingdoms of living organisms) and the concept of
three domain classification system.
(b) Algae: General characters, an outline of algae, classification
and economic importance (in brief); important features and life
history
of
Chlorophyceae
(Chlamydomonas,
Volvox),
Xanthophyceae (Vaucheria), Phaeophyceae (Ectocarpus),
Rhodophyceae (Batrachospermum).
UNIT-II (a) Fungi: General characters, classification (Alexopolus & Mims
1979); important features (in brief) and life history of
Mastigomycotina (Phytophthora), Zygomycotina (Rhizopus),
Ascomycotina (Saccharomyces), Basidiomycotina (Puccinia),
Deuteromycotina (Colletotrichum).
(b) Br yophytes: Outline classification, comparative study of
morphology, anatomy, reproduction, broad interrelationships of
Hepaticopsida
(Riccia,
Marchantia),
Anthocerotopsida
(Anthoceros), Bryopsida (Funaria); economic importance of
bryophytes.
UNIT-III
Pteridophytes: Salient features of primary vascular plants;
outline classification. A general study of morphology, anatomy,
and
reproductive
structures
of
Psilopsida
(Psilotum),
Lycopsida
(Lycopodium),
Sphenopsida
(Equisetum),
Pteropsida (Dryopteris); heterospory, seed habit and stelar
evolution.
UNIT-IV
Gymnosperms:
Outline
classification
(Sporne),
salient
features and economic importance of gymnosperms, general
study of morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures of
Cycadales (Cycas), Coniferales (Pinus) and Gnetales
(Ephedra).
UNIT-V
Angiosperms: Identification, nomenclature & classification:
(a) Comparison of systems of classification (Bentham and Hooker,
Engler and Prantl); Brimitive and advance features; salient
features of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
(b) Diagnostic features of the following families with reference to
local flora and economic importance: Ranunculaceae,
Malvaceae, Brassicaceae, Papilionaceae, Caesalpinaceae,
Solanaceae, Asteraceae & Poaceae.
Department of Botany
Board of Studies
Ordinary Meeting
held on 23.08.2011
Max Marks: 50
(Theory:40+Sessional:10)
B.Sc. (Hons.) I s t Year
Course-II: Cell Biology and Basic Biochemistr y:
UNIT-I (a) Structure, properties and biological significance of water, pH
and its significance, pH metry, Henderson-Hasselbalch
equation, isoelectric point, buffers (inorganic and organic) and
their importance.
(b) Structure and function of other sub-cellular organelles:
Golgi
complex;
endoplasmic
reticulum,
lysosomes,
microbodies-peroxisomes and glyoxysomes; cytoskeleton.
UNIT-II
Energy flow and enzymology: Laws of thermodynamics,
concept of free energy, energy transfer and redox potential,
ATP- the energy currency; enzymes-nature, catalytic action,
prosthetic groups, cofactors, coenzymes and isoenzymes;
nomenclature and classification of enzymes, factors affecting
enzyme activity, effects of substrate concentration, enzyme
concentration, temperature, pH and inhibitors.
UNIT-III(a) The Cell: Historical background, cell theory, comparative
account of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; characteristics of
archaebacteria and mycoplasma.
(b) Cell division and its regulation: Mitosis and meiosis:
historical perspective and significance; various stages of cell
division; role of centromere, kinetochore and spindle
apparatus; mechanism of cell cycle control, apoptosis.
(c) Cell w all and cell membrane: Origin, ultra-structure,
chemical constituents and functions of cell wall; models of cell
membrane organization; role of various membrane proteins,
lipids and carbohydrates; role of ion channels and pumps in
cellular transport and signaling.
UNIT-IV(a) Nucleus and ribosomes: Ultra-structure, nuclear envelope
and nuclear pore complex; nuclear matrix and nucleoplasm;
nucleosome and higher level of organization; centromere and
telemores; ribosome structure, prokaryotic, eukaryotic and
organelle ribosomes and their functional significances.
(b) Mitochondrion and chloroplast: Origin of organelles,
organelle structure and biogenesis, organelle membranes and
organization of macromolecular complexes, variation in size,
shape, number and t ypes of plastids, organelle nuclearinteraction, organelle genome organization.
Unit-V
Techniques in cell biology: Principles of light and electron
microscopy, phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy,
TEM and SEM, Cell fractionation (Homogenisation and
centrifugation),
principles
of
various
chromatography
techniques:
paper
chromatography,
TLC,
GLC
and
autoradiography and its applications, spectrophotometry.
Department of Botany
Board of Studies
Ordinary Meeting
held on 12.05.2008
Max Marks: 50
B.Sc. Is t Year
LAB- I: (COURSES I & II)
COURSE-I : DIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE PLANT KINGDOM:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Study of prokaryotic organism (permanent slides of bacteria) (Bacillus,
Coccus, Streptococcus ) and staining of bacteria (Gram’s staining).
Algae: Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ectocarpus, Batrachospermum and
Vaucheria).
Fungi : Rhizopus, Yeast, Puccinia, Phytophthora and Colletotrichum.
Study of morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures in Riccia,
Marchantia, Anthoceros and Funaria.
Study of morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures of Psilotum,
Lycopodium, Equisetum and Dryopteris.
Study of morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures in Cycas, Pinus
and Ephedra.
Study of the representative members of the following families of angiosperms
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
Ranunculaceae
Brassicaceae
Malvaceae
Papilionaceae
Caesalpinaceae
Asteraceae
Solanaceae
Poaceae
-
Ranunculus
Brassica or Alyssum
Hibiscus or Althea
Clitoria or Pisum
Cassia or Bauhinia
Helianthus or Ageratum
Petunia or Solanum
Triticum
COURSE-II CELL BIOLOGY AND BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Study of compound and dissecting microscope.
Demonstration of staining and mounting methods.
Comparative study of cell structure in Allium cepa (onion) and Spirogyra.
Study of various stages of mitosis using onion root tips.
Study of various stages of meiosis using onion flower buds.
Preparation of phosphate buffer of pH 7.
Measurement of pH of lemon and tomato juices.
Study of activity of catalase enzyme.
Study of activity of peroxidase enzymes.
Study of activity of alpha amylase enzyme.
Separation of photosynthetic pigments using paper chromatography.
Demonstration of pH metry.
Demonstration of centrifugation.
Demonstration of spectrophotometry.
Department of Botany
Board of Studies
Ordinary Meeting
held on 12.05.2008
Max Marks: 50
(Theory:40+Sessional:10)
B.Sc. (Hons.) II n d Year
Course-III: Plant Physiology and Ecology:
Unit-I:(a)
(b)
Plant water relations: Structure and properties of water,
elem entary idea of chem ical, water and osm otic potential,
diffusion, osm osis and im bibition, absorption of water by cell and
root, water transport through xylem, transpiration and its
significance, m echanism of stom atal movem ent, factors affecting
transpiration.
Mineral nutrition: Criteria of essentiality of elem ents, m acro and
m icronutrients, role of essential elem ents, m ineral deficienc y
sym ptom s and plant disorders, elem entary idea of nutrient uptake
and transport m echanism , role of cell m em brane, ion pum ps and
carriers.
Unit-II:(a)Photosynthesis: Electrom agnetic spectrum and light quality,
historical
background
and
significance,
structure
of
photosynthetic apparatus, photosynthetic pigm ents (Classification
and structure), reaction centre com plexes, photo-chem ical
reactions, electron transport pathways in chloroplast m embranes,
photophosphorylation, calvin cycle, C 4 cycle, Crassulacean acid
m etabolism , elem entary idea of photorespiration.
(b) Transport of organic substances: Physiological relationship
bet ween various com ponents of phloem , m echanism of food
translocation.
(c) Respiration: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, glycolysis, TCA
cycle,
electron
transport
in
m itochondrion,
oxidative
phosphorylation, pentose phosphate pathway, cyanide-resistant
respiration.
Unit-III:(a)Nitrogen metabolism: Biological nitrogen fixation, reduction of
dinitrogen into ammonia, nif genes, and amm onia assim ilation.
(b) Growth and development: Definition and phases of growth, seed
germ ination, photoperiodism , vernalisation, general aspects of
phytohorm ones (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and
ethylene) and their roles; plant m ovem ent, biological clock.
UNIT-IV: Ecological adaptations:
(a) Adaptations:
Concepts,
ecads,
ecotypes
and
ecoclines,
adaptations in relation to soil oligotrophy.
(b) Population: Concept, density patterns, population growth,
carrying capacity.
(c) Plant indicators and their role in environm ental m onitoring.
Ecological am plitude.
UNIT-V: Ecosystem development and energ y flow:
(a) Ecosystem: Concept and structure, energy flow, ecological
efficiencies, cycling of C, N and P. Biotic and abiotic component,
their
interrelationships,
Trophic
organization,
autotrophy,
hetetrophy, parasitism , detritus and decom position.
(b) Succession and Energ y flow: Types and m echanism of
succession, clim ax, ecological pyram ids, food chains, food webs,
and productivity concept.
(c) Community: Characteristics and their m easurem ent, niche
concept, species diversity (alpha, beta and gamm a.)
Department of Botany
Board of Studies
Ordinary Meeting
held on 12.05.2008
Max Marks: 50
(Theory:40+Sessional:10)
B.Sc. (Hons.) II n d Year
COURSE IV: DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS AND THEIR UTILIZATION
UNIT- I :
ORG ANIS ATION OF HIGHER PLANT BODY
Organization of shoot and root systems in flowering plants,
variation in habit and longevity (Annual-Maize as monocot,
mustard as dicot, Hydrilla as aquatic, Cucurbita as mesophyte,
Nerium as xerophyte, Bryophyllum as succulent, Asparagus
as climber, Ipomoea palmata as twiner, Cuscuta as parasite),
Environmental influence (xero-meso-, hydro-,halophytes).
UNIT- II:
MERISTEMS AND DEVELOPMENT:
(a) - Shoot apical meristems, root apical meristems (theories,
structure and functions), origin of lateral meristems (vascular
cambium and cork cambium).
(b) - SECONDARY BODY OF THE PLANTS: Vascular cambium
(structure, function and periodicity), cambial derivatives (basic
structure of secondary wood and secondary phloem), structure
and functions of periderm.
UNIT-III:
(a)
RANGE OF FORMS AND STRUCTURE OF STEM, LE AF AND
ROOT:
Range of forms (in carrot, radish, onion, garlic, turnip, potato
etc.), tissue systems and their functions in stems of maize and
Helianthus, leaf of Sugarcane, Roots of Maize and Ficus.
(b)(i) A concise account of the natural rubber (Havea brasiliensis),
essential
oils
(Rose,
lemen-grass
and
Eucalyptus),
insecticides (Neem and Pyrethrum) and dyes (Mehndi, Saffron
and turmeric).
(ii) Familiarity with local seasonal and perennial ornamental plants
(Marigold, Poppy , Balsam and Jasmine).
UNIT-IV(a) A general account of distribution, botany, cultivation and uses
of wheat, rice, maize, potato and sugarcane.
(b) A general account of distribution, botany, cultivation and uses
of Legumes: Chickpea (Bengel gram), and Red gram (Arhar).
(c) A brief account of botany and uses of Vegetable oil sources:
Mustard, Groundnut and soyabean.
UNIT-V(a) A brief account of botany, extraction and uses of plant fibres:
Cotton, Jute and Coir.
(b) Timber and firewood species: A general account of uses and
properties of wood of Tectona, Dalbergia, Shorea , Kail, Chir,
Accacia and Mangifera.
(c) A brief account of the important plant drugs and their chief
constituents used in indigenous and allopathic systems of
medicine-(Opium poppy, Rauvolfia, Garlic, Catharanthus,
Belladonna, Quinine, Emblica.
Department of Botany
Board of Studies
Ordinary Meeting
held on 12.05.2008
Max Marks: 50
B. Sc. II n d Year
LAB-II : (COURSES III & IV)
COURSE-III: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
1.
To study and compare diffusion and osmosis using KMno4 crystals and potatoosmoscope respectively.
2.
To study the phenomenon of imbition using gram seeds.
3.
To study that ascent of sap takes place through lumen of the xylem.
4.
To study opening and closing of stomata by impression method.
5.
To study frequency of stomata and rate of transpiration from two sides of a leaf.
6.
To study transpiration pull in leaf cuttings using mercury.
7.
To study mineral nutrient deficiency symptoms in plants.
8.
To study the phenomenon of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis in living algal cell.
9.
To extract and separate chloroplast pigments by paper chromatography.
10.
To study that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis using variegated
leaves.
11.
To study that light and CO2 are necessary for photosynthesis..
12.
To study anaerobic respiration in germinating gram seeds using mercury
13.
To study aerobic respiration with the help of a retort.
14.
To study bacteroids and leghaemoglobin in root-nodules of leguminous plants.
15.
To study the percentage of germination of seeds and effect of light and shade on
growth of seedlings.
16.
To study the degree of retention of water in sand, sandy loam clay-loam soils.
17.
Working and use of instruments for the measurement of temperature, wind
(velocity and direction), light intensity and rainfall.
18.
To determine the minimum area of sampling unit (minimum quadrat size) for the
study of grassland community.
19.
To study the morphological adaptations in selected hydrophytes and xerophytes
(Duckweeds, Marsillea, Nymphea, Opuntia, Euphorbia hirta Euphorbia
thymifolia).
20.
To study the anatomical adaptations in selected hydrophytes and xerophytes
using hand cut sections and permanent slides (Leaves of Nerium, Sugarcane
and Bryophyllum, Hydrilla stem and Nymphea-petiole).
Department of Botany
Board of Studies
Ordinary Meeting
held on 12.05.2008
B. Sc. II n d Year
LAB-II (Contd.)
COURSE- IV: DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS AND THEIR UTILIZATION
1.
Role and organization of apical meristem in shoot and root using
(a) Whole amount of shoot tip of Hydrilla,
(b) V.S. of Coleus or Bryophyllum shoot apices
(c) Whole mount of root tips of Saevinia or in any duckweed or V.S. of root
tips of onion and maize
(d) Aerial, roots of Ficus benghalensis or Tinospora cordifolia.
2.
Hand sanctioning: T.S. of stems of maize, sorghum, bajra, wheat and rice,
Epidermal structure in sugarcane leaf (V.S. of leaf and its peel), V.S. of
Nerium leaf and T.S. of Nymphea petiole, and Cucurbita stem
3.
Study of vascular cambium and secondary growth in Helianthus stem or in
a woody tree.
4.
Study of vegetative and reproductive morphology of wheat, rice, maize,
groundnut, arhar, chickpea, mustard, potato and sugarcane. Study of
starch grains in wheat, rice, maize and potato (qualitative test only).
5.
Morphology of stems, roots and leaves with special reference to sweet
potato, carrot, radish, onion, garlic, turnip, potato and Asparagus.
6.
Study of whole plants (live or herbarium specimens) used as resources of
drugs, viz Opium poppy, Rauvolfia, Cinchona, Emblica officinals, Allium
sativum and Catharanthus rosesus.
7.
Study and field identification of porous and non-porous woods of teak,
shisham, sal, chir, kail, mango and Accacia.
8.
Study of neem, turmeric and Gossypium from live specimens.
9.
Sources of dyes (turmeric and menhdi).
10.
Familiarization with whole plants (live or herbarium specimens of
Cymbopogon flexuosus, Eucalyptus, Jasminum, Rosa and marigold.
11. (a) Enlisting of 10 common trees/shrubs each with specific diagrams,
common names, botanical names, family, season of flowering brief
description and their utility as ornamental/avenue plants(with special
reference to trees and shrubs of the University campus.)
(b)
Enlisting of the 10 common seasonals (flowering plants) grown in beds
and pots.
12.
Study in the field of a large variety of herbaceous annuals and perennials
(both monocots and dicots), hydrophytes, mesophytes, xerophytes,
succulents, climbers, twiners, parasites etc.
Note:
Field diary for the exercises numbers 10, 11, and 12 will be prepared. The
descriptions may be supported with hand prepared diagram, photographs,
printed pictures of the flowers etc. The field diary and practical note books
shall be evaluated as part of annual examination.
Department of Botany
Board of Studies
Ordinary Meeting
held on 12.05.2008
Max Marks: 50
(Theory:40+Sessional:10)
B.Sc. (Hons.) III r d Year
COURSE V: BIOLOGY OF CRYPTOG AMS:
Unit-I:
Algae : Occurrence and distribution, thallus organization and
evolutionary tendencies, ultrastructure of algal cell, criteria for
classification and typical life histories of algae belonging to
various classes.
Chlorophyceae-Chlamydomonas & Volvox
Cyanophyceae-Nostoc
Xanthophyceae-Vaucheria
Charophyceae-Chara
Rhodophyceae-Batrachospermum
Phaeophyceae-Ectocarpus
Role of algae in human welfare
UNIT-II:
Fungi : Occurrence and distribution; ultrastructure of fungal
cell; cell wall composition, modern concept in the classification
of fungi (Vilgalys et al.1993), nutrition, reproduction, t ypes of
fungal spores and mode of their liberation; role of fungi in
human welfare.
UNIT-III:
Fungal Plant Diseases: Symptoms and management of major
plant diseases: blast of rice; stem rust and loose smut of
wheat, downy mildew and green ear disease of bajra, white
rust of crucifers, late blight of potato, wilt of pigeon pea, Tikka
disease of groundnut, powdery mildews of cucurbits, red-rot of
sugarcane.
UNIT-IV:
Br yophytes: Comparative account of morphology, anatomy
and reproduction in Riccia, Marchantia, Anthoceros, Funaria;
Evolution of sporophyte and gametophyte; classification;
ecological aspects and economic importance.
UNIT-V:
Pteridophytes:
Primary vascular
plants:
classification,
comparative account of morphology, anatomy and reproduction
in Rhynia, Lycopodium, Selaginella, Equisetum, Marsilea,
Pteris; teleome theory, stelar evolution, heterospory and seed
habit.
Department of Botany
Board of Studies
Ordinary Meeting
held on 12.05.2008
Max Marks: 50
(Theory:40+Sessional:10)
B.Sc. (Hons.) III r d Year
COURSE VI: BIOLOGY OF SEED PLANTS
Unit-I: (a) Gymnosperms:
General
characters,
ovule
and
megasporogenesis, female gametophyte, pollination, formation
of pollen tube and fertilization, embryology and maturation of
seed.
(b) The living Cycads: Distribution, vegetative organography and
anatomy, reproductive cycle, sporophytes and sporangia,
gametophytes,
fertilization,
embryogeny
and
seed
development with special reference to Cycas.
Unit-II:(a) The Coniferales: General organography and anatomy, foliage
leaves, strobili and sporangia, reproductive cycle –
sporogenesis, gametophytes, fertilization, embryogeny and
seed development with special reference to Pinus.
(b) The Gnetales. Habit and distribution, vegetative organography
and anatomy; reproductive cycle-the strobili, sporogenesis,
male and female gametophytes; pollination, fertilization and
embryogeny with special reference to Ephedra.
Unit-III:(a) Phanerogams,
The
seed
characteristics and types.
bearing
plants:
General
(b) Angiosperms: Organography and anatomy, leaf morphology,
histology venation; nodal and wood anatomy, general concepts
of floral anatomy.
Unit-IV:(a) Alternatives for Reproduction: Vegetative
reproduction; transition from vegetative to
development.
and sexual
reproductive
(b) Flow er: Evolution, concept of flower as a modified
determinate shoot, genetic control of floral organs; functions
of flower.
(c) Structure of Anther: Microsporogenesis: formation of pollen
grains (male gametophyte); pollen germination; pollen tube
growth.
Unit V:(a) Structure of Pistil: Ovules, megasporogenesis, development
of embryo sac (female gametophyte).
(b) Mechanisms and Agencies of Pollination: Pollen stigma
interaction; self-incompatibility; double fertilization; apomixis.
(c) Seed and Fruit: Development of endosperm and embryo in
monocotyledons and dicot yledons; storage of reserve
materials and desiccation in seeds; dormancy and seed
germination; fruit maturation, ripening and dispersal.
Department of Botany
Board of Studies
Ordinary Meeting
held on 12.05.2008
Max Marks: 50
(Theory:40+Sessional:10)
B.Sc. (Hons.) III r d Year
COURSE VII: MICROBIOLOGY AND PLANT P ATHOLOGY
Unit-I: (a) Discover y of microorganisms: Systematic position of microorganisms in biological world as proposed by W hittaker.
Characteristic features of fungi and bacteria. Classification of
fungi (Alexopoulas and Mims) and bacteria (Bergey’s Manual
of Determinative Bacteriology, 1974).
(b) Ultra-structure of Microorganisms: Prokaryotic microorganisms, Bacteria and Blue green algae, fine structure of
prokaryotic cell; Eukaryotic micro- organisms; Diatoms virusproperties and classification, characteristic features of host
virus interaction, bacteriophage T4, Tobacco mosaic virus,
general account of viriods, mycoplasma and actinomycetes.
Unit-II: (a) Genetic
recombination in prokaryotics:
Conjugation,
transformation and transduction. Role of microorganisms in
biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen and carbon, biological N 2
fixation.
(b) Industrial application of micro-organisms: Organic acids,
alcohol, Preservation of foods, milk products, antibiotics and
biopesticides.
Unit-III:(a) Methods in microbiology: Basic principles of microscopy,
micrometry, staining (fungi and bacteria), sterilization methods
in Plant Pathology, population estimations (Fungi and
bacteria).
(b) General account of plant pathogens: Historical development
in Plant Pathology, general account of diseases (Symptoms
and management) caused by plant pathogens e.g. Little Leaf
of brinjal, tobacco mosaic virus, Citrus-Canker, Ear-cockle of
wheat, Root-knot of okra, Early blight of potato, Stem gall of
coriander.
Unit-IV:
Pathogen attack and defence mechanism: Physical and
biochemical
aspects.
Plant
disease
epidemiology;
Transmission and disease cycles, spread of plant pathogens
and
disease
forecasting.
Plant
disease management:
Chemical, biological, IPM system. Elementary idea of
transgenics.
Unit-V:
Genetics of resistance and susceptibility: Genes for
virulence and avirulence, induced resistance (immunization).
Elementary idea about the structure of nematode, importance
of nematodes as agricultural pest. S ymptoms caused by microorganisms.
Department of Botany
Board of Studies
Ordinary Meeting
held on 12.05.2008
Max Marks: 50
(Theory:40+Sessional:10)
B.Sc. (Hons.) III r d Year
COURSE VIII: GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
Unit-I:
Mendel’s experiments and principles of inheritance:
backcross and test cross; gene interactions and modified
dihybrid rations; complementry, supplementary, duplicate and
epistatic factors.
Multiple allelism: Multiple alleles in Drosophila (eye colour),
man (blood groups) and plants (self-incompatibility).
Quantitative genetics: Quantitative traits and quantitative
genetics,
the
multiple
factor
hypothesies:
descriptive
statistics.
Unit-II:
Linkage and recombination : Coupling and repulsion phases;
two and three point test crosses with their significance in
chromosome mapping; interference and co-efficient of
coincidence.
Alterations in genetic makeup : Changes in chromosome
structure : Origin types and effects of duplications, deletions,
inversions
and
translocations,
meiosis
in
structural
heterozygotes.
Unit-III:
Sex chrosomes in Drosophila, Man and Melandrium:
Balance concept of sex determination in Drosophila,
mechanisms of sex determination, sex linked inheritance in
Drosophila and man, sex limited characters.
Maternal influence: Shell coiling in snails and kappa particles
in
Paramaecium,
cytoplasmic
inheritance
in
yeast
(mitochondria) and Mirabilis jalapa (Plastids).
Unit-IV:
Types of plant reproduction: Vegetative, sexual and
apomixs, their effects on generating and fixing genotypic
variation.
Mathods of plant improvement: Pureline and mass selection,
hybridization-types, techniques and importance; introduction
and acclimatization, hybrid vigour.
Unit-V:
Alterations in the genetic makeup changes at genetic
level: Spontameous and induced mutations, mutagens-types
and mode of action, transitions and transversions, and frameshift mutations.
Alterations in the genetic makeup-changes in chromosome
number: Origin, types and effects of auto and allopolyploidy.
Applications of mutations and polyploidy in crop improvement.
Department of Botany
Board of Studies
Ordinary Meeting
held on 12.05.2008
Max Marks: 50
(Theory:40+Sessional:10)
B.Sc. (Hons.) III r d Year
COURSE-IX: BIOCHEMISTRY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Unit-I:
Nucleic acids: Composition of nucleic acids and synthesis of
nucleotides; DNA structure A, B, and Z forms of DNA; different
forms of RNA and their roles.
Unit-II:
Amino
acid
and
protein
metabolism:
structure,
characteristics and classification of amino acid protein and
non- protein amino acids, amino acid biosynthesis; GS/GOGAT
cycle; transamination; peptide bond and polypeptide chain;
primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of
proteins; protein biosynthesis and its regulation; post
translational modification of proteins; protein targetting;
protein degradation.
Unit-III:
Carbohydrate metabolism: Classification: structure of some
representative examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides,
polysaccharides; stereoisomers, enantiomers and epimers;
biosynthesis of sucrose and starch.
Lipid metabolism: Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids,
fatty acid biosynt hesis; oxidation of fatty acids; glyoxylate
cycle.
Unit-IV:(a) Gene
structure
expression
and
regulation:
Gene
organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; operon concept;
gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; inducible,
repressible positive and negative gene regulation; interrupted
genes in eularyotes; RNA splicing; mRNA stability.
Recombinant DNA technology: Restriction endonucleases;
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cloning vectors, genomic and cDNA
libraries, Southern and Northern analysis, various techniques
of gene mapping and DNA fingerprinting (RFLP, RAPD, AFLP):
chromosome walking; polymerase chain reaction; DNA
sequencing.
Unit-V:
Plant Biotechnology : Cellular differentiation and totipotency:
organogenesis and embryogenesis; protoplast isolation and
culture; somatic hybridization; clonal propagation; genetic
engineering of plants; vectors for gene delivery; selectable
markers and reporter genes; methods of gene delivery;
Agrobacterium
the
natural
genetic
engineer;
salient
achievements in crop biotechnology.
Department of Botany
Board of Studies
Ordinary Meeting
held on 12.05.2008
Max Marks: 50
(Theory:40+Sessional:10)
B.Sc. (Hons.) III r d Year
COURSE-X : SYSTEMATICS OF ANGIOSPERMS AND ENVIROMENTAL
BIOLOGY
Unit-I: (a) Introduction:
Aims
and
components
of
systematic,
introduction, identification, nomenclature and classification.
(b) Systematics in practice: Importance of herbarium specimens
and their preparation; role of herbaria and botanical gardens.
(c) Taxonomic hierarchy: Taxonomic category, taxonomic
groups, concepts of species.
Unit-II: (a) Botanical nomenclature: Principles and rules ranks and
names, t ype method, principle of priority and its limitations.
(b) Systems of classification: Bentham and Hooker’s system,
Engler and Prantl’s system.
(c) Modern taxonom y: Supporting evidence inputs for taxonomy,
taxonomy in relation to embryology and ecology.
Unit-III:
Study of the following families with special reference to local
flora and plants of economic value.
(a) Dicot:
Ranunculaceae,
Papaveraceae,
Capparidaceae,
Caryophyllaceae,
Malvaceae,
Rutaceae,
Cucurbitaceae,
Apiaceae,
Rubiaceae,
Apocynaceae,
Asclepiadaceae,
Convolvulaceae,
Solanaceae,
Acanthaceae,
Lamiaceae,
Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae.
(b) Monocot-Liliaceae, Arecaceae, Poaceae.
Unit-IV:(a) Introduction: Interrelationship between the living world and
environment, the components and dynamism, homeostasis,
relevance to man.
(b) Earth as a system and the environment: The biosphere, the
atmosphere and the lithosphere, components within biosphere
(Biomes); parameters delimiting individual biomes; Soilgeneral account
and adaptations; the atmosphere-general
account and adaptations. The living world-biotic components
of environment, types of biotic interactions.
(c) Organismal ecology/biotic components: Individuals species,
populations (population, regulation; r & k their characteristics
Unit-V: (a) Concept of ecosystem and their types, structure and
organisation of ecosystem, functions of ecosystem and
processes within ecosystem.
(b) Transfer of energy and minerals via
grazing and detritus
chains and role of micro-organisms, productivity, cycles
(hydrologic, gaseous), role of human in maintaining
biogeochemical cycles.
(c) Human ecology and ecological management: The human
population, renewable and non-renewable resources and their
management. Conservation of biodiversity, endangered
species.
Department of Botany
Board of Studies
Ordinary Meeting
held on 12.05.2008
Max Marks: 50
B.Sc. IIIrd Year
LAB- III: (COURSES V & VI)
COURSE-V: BIOLOGY OF CRYPTOGAMS
1.
2.
3.
4.
Comparative study of algal genera (Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Nostoc, Vaucharia,
Chara, Ectocarpus and Batrachospermum).
Study of symptoms of fungal plants diseases and preparation of lectophenol
mounts of the following: loose smut of wheat, late blight of potato, powdery mildew
of cucurbits, white rust of crucifers, stem rust of wheat, Tikka disease of groundnut,
red –rot of sugarcane and Green ear disease of bajra.
Comparative study of morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures in
Marchantia, Anthoceros and Funaria.
Comparative study of morphology. anatomy and reproductive structure of
representative pteriodophytes available Rhynia, Lycopodium, Selaginella,
Equisetum, Marsilea, Pteris.
COURSE VI: BIOLOGY OF SEED PLANTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Comparative anatomical structures of stem: Cycas, Pinus, Ephedra and mango
with the help of permanent slides.
Comparative anatomical structures of leaf of Cycas, Pinus needle, maize and
Nerium with the help of hand cut sections.
Comparative structures of male and females cones of Cycas, Pinus and Ephedra
and flowers of Nymphea and Dillenia.
Diversity in pollen grain structures among Cycas, Pinus, Ephedra and angiosperms
with reference to size, exine sculpturing, germpore number, number of constituent
cells and pollen fertility.
Study of microsporogenesis and male gametophyte development in angiosperms
with the help of acetocarmine squash technique.
Study of pollen grain germination with the help of hanging –drop technique in
impatiens, Catharenthus roseus or other available plant species.
Study of diversity in the structure of stigma, style, stigmatic papillae and
transmitting tissue of style.
Study of various stages of development of embryo in tomato and Datura seeds
using microdissecion techniques.
Department of Botany
Board of Studies
Ordinary Meeting
held on 12.05.2008
Max Marks: 50
B.Sc. IIIrd Year
LAB-IV: (COURSES VII AND IX)
COURSE-VII: MICROBIOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY
1. Calibration of microscope: Determination of dimensions of micro-organisms
(suggested model organisms: Yeast Lactobacilli/Cyanobacteria.)
2. Demonstration of culture media for micro-organisms (mineral media, Richard’s
Medium, complex media, PDA nutrient Agar media), cleaning of glasswares and
sterilization of glasswares and soil.
3. Demonstration of isolation of micro-organisms: Streaking on agar plate/pour plate
method.
4. Mechanical inoculation
5. Observation on virus infected plants (symptoms)
6. Study of the morphology of viruses with the help of electron micrograph.
7. Demonstration of yeast fermentation using glucose.
8. Study of symptoms of diseases (little leaf of brinjal, TMV, citrus canker, ear-cockle
of wheat, root-knot of okra, early blight of potato).
9. Demonstration of Koch’s postulates.
10. Study of the effect of different concentration of antibiotics on growth of bacteria in
milk (methylene-blue reductase test).
11. Section cutting of the infected plant materials-Early blight of potato, stem gall of
coriander and root-knot of vegetables.
12. Study of gross morphology of plant parasitic nematodes.
COURSE IX: BIOCHEMISTRY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Determination of reducing sugars by the Nelson Somogyi method/Fehling’s test.
Determination of non-reducing sugars (sucrose)
Determination of total carbohydrate by anthrone reagent.
Determination of starch by anthrone reagent.
Estimation of free fatty acids.
Determination of peroxide value of fats/oils
Determination of proteins (biuret reaction/ninhydrin test/sulphur test).
Separation of amino acids by thin layer chromatography (TLC).
Estimation of total free amino acids ninhydrin.
Extraction and estimation of proteins by Folin’s reagent.
Preparation of tissue culture media (MS medium).
Sterilization of medium, instruments and glasswere.
Demonstration of surface sterilization of given seeds and inoculation into culture
medium.
14. Demonstration of wheat embryo excision and inoculation into culture medium.
Department of Botany
Board of Studies
Ordinary Meeting
held on 12.05.2008
Max Marks: 50
B.Sc. IIIrd Year
LAB V: (COURSES VIII & X)
COURSE VIII:- GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
1.
Preparation of temporary mounts to study stages of meiosis in onion/wheat
anthers.
2.
Preparation of temporary mounts to study stages of mitosis in onion / wheat root
tips.
3.
Detection of anomalies in chromosome pairing and disjunction caused by mutant
genes and structural alterations of chromosomes.
4.
Correlation of floral structures with pollination system (Salvia, Sisamum, Pea,
Lathyrus, wheat, rice, maize, Ricinus).
5.
Field exploration for detection of male sterile plants and estimation of their pollen
fertility in locally grown crop plants, e.g. Sorghum, tomato and Linum.
6.
Emasculation and bagging of flowers of Brassicaceae, Poaceae, Paplionaceae,
Malvaceae and Linaceae (pollinating them manually and estimating fruit and seed
set).
COURSE X: SYSTEMATICS OF ANGIOSPERMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
Description of the locally available species of the following families & genera:
1. Ranunculaceae
: Ranunculus, Delphinium
2. Capparidaceae
: Capparis, Cleome
3. Papaveraceae
: Argemone/ Papaver
4. Caryophyllaceae
: Dianthus, Stellaria, Spergula
5. Rutaceae
: Citrus, Murraya
6. Malvaceae
: Hibiscus
7. Cucurbitaceae
: Luffa, Coccinia
8. Apiaceae
: Coriandrum, Anethum
9. Rubiaceae
: Hamelia, Mussaenda
10. Convolvulaceae
: Ipomoea/ Convolvulus
11. Apocyanaceae
: Vinca, Thevetia, Narium
12. Asclepiadaccae
: Calotropis, Asclepias
13. Solanaceae
: Solanum, Lycopersicum, Petunia
14. Acanthaceae
: Ruellia / Justicia
15. Lamiaceae
: Ocimum, Anisomelos, Salvia
16. Moraceae
: Morus/ Ficus
17. Euphorbiaceae
: Euphorbia, Phyllanthus, Jatropha
18. Liliaccae
: Asphodelus, Allium
19. Poaceae
: Triticum / Hordeum
20. Determination of soil porosity and density by sand and pit method
21. Titrimetric estimation of total carbonates of soil samples.
22. Quantitative determination of soil organic matter by Walkley and Black’s rapid
titration method.
23. Analysis of the herbaceous vegetation for frequency, density and abundance.
24. Study of the height spectrum of herbaceous vegetation by line transect method.
25. Effect of tree canopy on the distribution of herbaceous vegetation
26. Estimation of biomass of aerial parts of herbaceous plants (Fresh weight and dry
weight).
27. Analyses of different water samples for pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide (titrimetric
estimation), turbidity and temperature.
28. Field visit: Field visits to places of ecological/environmental interest. Students are
required to submit a detailed report of the visit in the form of field diary in the Final
practical examination for evaluation.