Chapter
32
today’s issues
Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica
Gordon and Alick Pablo,
elders of the Wuthathi
Aboriginal people, bring
a 200-year-old skull of
an ancestor to be buried
in their homeland.
Essential Question
What are the relationships between the
people and the land in the region?
What You Will Learn
In this chapter you will see
how modern life is putting
stress on the region’s ancient cultures
and how industrialization is affecting the
environment there.
SECTION 1
Aboriginal Land
Claims
Section 2
Industrialization
Sparks Change
case study
Global
Environmental
Change
For more on these issues in Southeast
Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica . . .
CURRENT EVENTS
TAKING NOTES
Use the graphic
organizer online to
take notes on the
causes and effects of
the region’s issues.
726 Aboriginal Land Claims
Should native people be given back their ancestors’ land?
Main Ideas
• The Aboriginal people of
Australia lost their ancestral
lands to European colonists.
• Recently they have regained
some of that land through
court cases.
Places & Terms
A Human perspective In 1972, the Australian government denied
the claims of some Aboriginal people trying to regain ancestral lands.
In response, Aboriginal protesters erected a tent on the lawn of Old
Parliament House in Canberra and named it the Aboriginal Tent
Embassy. They called it an embassy to symbolize their treatment as foreigners in their own country. They chose a temporary shelter instead
of a building to symbolize that they had no permanent title to land.
Over the years, the Australian government tried to get rid of the tent
embassy by force, by legal action, and by ignoring it in the hope that it would disappear. But in the year 2000, the embassy still stood.
Protesters also set up a second tent embassy in Sydney during the
Olympics to inform the world of their ongoing struggle to regain land.
assimilation
Stolen Generation
Land Rights Act of 1976
Mabo Case
pastoral leases
Wik Case
Aboriginal People Lose Land
Traditionally, the Aboriginal people had a complex relationship with
land. They didn’t farm or herd animals but lived by hunting and gathering whatever was available for food. Because of this, they depended
completely on nature and saw many places as sacred.
british policy Because Aboriginal people did not use the land in the
way that Westerners did—by farming it, mining it, and building on it— British colonists believed that they had no ties to the land. British
authorities declared Australia to be Terra Nullius, a Latin term that
means empty land. Therefore, the British government decided it had
the right to take land without making treaties with Aboriginal leaders.
STOLEN LAND When Europeans began to settle Australia in 1788, they
chose the most fertile regions. Aboriginal people tried to fight what
Aboriginal Fight for Land, 1960-Present
Aboriginal people
become Australian
citizens.
Land Rights Act
allows Aboriginal
people to claim land
in Northern Territory.
1992
The ruling in the lawsuit
brought by Eddie Mabo
overturns doctrine of
Terra Nullius.
1972
1996
Protesters erect the
Aboriginal Tent Embassy.
The Wik case allows Aboriginal people to
claim land leased by farmers and ranchers.
Aboriginal Land Claims 727
SE Asia & OCEANIA
1976
1967
they saw as an invasion of their land, but they were defeated because
the Europeans had superior weapons. Some Aboriginal people were
forced to live on reserves, that is, tracts of less productive land set aside
for them. Others lived on the edges of settlements and adopted some
European ways, such as working on ranches.
STOLEN CHILDREN The Aboriginal people lost something even more
precious than land. Between 1909 and 1969, the Australian government took about 100,000 mixed-race children and gave them to white
families to promote assimilation. Assimilation occurs when a minority
group gives up its culture and adopts the majority group’s culture.
Today, Aboriginal people call those children the Stolen Generation
and feel great anger over their loss. Many Aboriginal people are fighting assimilation by passing their culture on to their children. And one
reason they are seeking to regain land is to preserve their way of life.
Seeing Patterns
If a group
assimilates, is it
more or less likely
to seek the return
of traditional
lands? Explain.
Land Claims
In recent decades, the Aboriginal people have made some progress in
winning their rights and regaining ownership of some of their land.
HARD-WON VICTORIES The Aboriginal people were not recognized
as full citizens of Australia until 1967. In that year, 91 percent of the
Australian people voted to allow the
Aboriginal Land Claims
federal government to pass special
laws about Aboriginal rights.
The Land Rights Act of 1976 gave
Native land determined by statute, consent, or litigation to exist
Extent of native claimant applications as of June 1, 2001
Aboriginal people the right to claim
Other
land in the Northern Territory. As a
Native title rights can exist and can be exercised alongside the rights
result, Aboriginal people gained ownof other people as coexistance.
Arafura Sea
ership of the reserves where they
Torres Str
10°S
a it
were living and some unoccupied
land that the government had
Gulf of
INDIAN
Coral
Carpentaria
OCEAN
Sea
owned.
THE MABO CASE In 1992, the High
20°S
NORTHERN
TERRITORY
Tropic of Capricorn
WESTERN
AUSTRALIA
QUEENSLAND
SOUTH
AUSTRALIA
30°S
NEW
SOUTH
WALES
Great Australian
Bight
0
40°S
500
0
500
Miller Projection
1,000 miles
1,000 kilometers
120°E
Tasman
Sea
E
W
130°E
VICTORIA
N
S
140°E
TASMANIA
150°E
SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps
LOCATION Some claims have been made by Torres Strait
Islanders. Where is the Torres Strait?
REGION If the Aboriginal people were to receive all their land
claims, roughly what percentage of Australia would they own?
728 CHAPTER 32
Court of Australia handed down a
decision that had a tremendous effect
on land claims. The case involved
Eddie Mabo, a Torres Strait Islander.
Mabo had been shocked to learn that
under Australian law, his family did
not own their traditional lands in the
Murray Islands. But because the
Mabos had worked the land for generations, the High Court upheld Eddie
Mabo’s claim. By reaching that decision in the Mabo Case, the Court recognized that Aboriginal people had
owned land before the British arrived.
So the Mabo case overturned the doctrine of Terra Nullius, by which
Britain originally took the land.
Making
Comparisons
How does the
Mabo decision
compare with
Britain’s original
view of Aboriginal
land ownership?
THE WIK CASE In 1996, the High Court decided another important
About 42 percent
of Australia is
subject to pastoral
leases.
Places & Terms
Identify these terms
and explain their
relationship to the
issue of land claims.
• assimilation
• Stolen Generation
• Land Rights Act of
1976
• Mabo Case
• pastoral leases
• Wik Case
Taking Notes
Main Ideas
HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT
INTERACTION Review the notes
you took for this section.
Causes
Effects
Issue 1:
Land Claims
• Why did the British believe they
could take Aboriginal land?
• How did Eddie Mabo prove his
family’s land ownership?
a. What was the doctrine of
Terra Nullius and how did
it affect land ownership?
b. What were reserves?
c. Why did the national
government amend the
Wik decision?
Geographic Thinking
Distinguishing Fact from
Opinion When Britain
declared Australia to be Terra
Nullius, was that a fact or an
opinion? Think about:
• the meaning of that term
• the Aboriginal relationship
to land
See Skillbuilder
Handbook, page R11.
MAKING COMPARISONS Research the Nunavut territory in Canada. Write a proposal for a
documentary that would compare the issue of Aboriginal land claims in Australia with Inuit land
claims in Canada. In the proposal, indicate the point of view the documentary would express
and the type of photographs and film footage it would use.
Aboriginal Land Claims 729
SE ASIA & OCEANIA
Background
case. The Wik people, an Aboriginal group, claimed land that some
ranchers and mining companies were using. The case involved two
issues that are unique to landholding in Australia.
• The government still owns huge chunks of Australia. Ranchers take
out pastoral leases, in effect renting the land from the government.
• In earlier cases, Aboriginal people had to prove their traditional relationship to a piece of land in order to claim it.
Aboriginal people could not use land that was taken up by farming
or ranching, so it was hard to prove they had a tie to such land. And
before 1996, white Australians assumed that pastoral leases wiped out
any native land claims. But in the Wik Case, the court ruled that
Aboriginal people could claim land held under a pastoral lease.
As a result, many white Australians feared having to pay Aboriginal
people for land use or even losing access to some land altogether. So the
national government amended the Wik decision to wipe out many
Aboriginal land claims. In response, Aboriginal groups threatened lawsuits. No one knows how the issue will be resolved. In Section 2, you
will read about industrialization, another issue related to land use.
PLACE This giant
outcropping, named
Ayers Rock by whites,
is called Uluru by the
Anangu people. They
consider it sacred. In
1985, the Anangu
regained ownership of
Uluru, but they let it be
part of a national park.
How does the
current arrangement
address the needs of
all Australians?
Industrialization
Sparks Change
How does industrialization affect cities?
A HuMAn PErsPECTIvE Some of the largest employers in Southeast Asia are makers of athletic shoes. They provide much-needed jobs for Southeast Asians, but many observers have accused the companies of abusing workers. For example, in 1995, Lap Nguyen began working at a shoe factory in Vietnam. In February 1996, she was promoted to team leader. A month later, she claimed that a manager who was upset about production hit her. Nguyen told a U.S. reporter about the incident.
In 1998, Nguyen talked to the press again, this time about low wages. Her managers were upset about the interview, and she eventually lost her job. The company said that she was a bad worker, but labor groups believe Nguyen lost her job for talking to reporters. As her story shows, growing industries create jobs but sometimes under harsh conditions.
Moving to Find Jobs
For many people struggling to escape poverty, any job—even one with long hours, low pay, and abusive managers—is better than none. For example, Deth Chrib of Cambodia works in a garment factory 16 hours a day, 7 days a week. She is glad she can support her family without resorting to illegal activities. Although her day is long, Deth Chrib says the job is “pretty easy, compared to working on a farm.” Across Southeast Asia, people are moving from farms to cities to find work.
Because of this, industrialization, or the growth of industry, and the growth of cities are closely linked. It is impossible to study industrialization without studying urban growth. People move to cities because of push-pull factors. Push factors are forces that push people out of their homelands, while pull factors pull them to a new place.
PusH FACTOrs Many forces drive rural people off their land. Push factors in Southeast Asia include the following:
• Lost Resources Rural areas are suffering soil erosion, deforesta- tion, and water overuse. For example, Thailand has a water shortage in farming areas because of overpumping. Scarce resources make it hard to earn a living.
730 chapter 32
Main Ideas
• The growth of industry in
Southeast Asia has produced
positive results such as new
jobs and higher wages.
• The growth of industry also
produced negative results
such as overcrowded cities
and pollution.
Places & Terms
industrialization
push-pull factors
PLACE These Cambodian
women work in a factory
that makes blue jeans for
export to the United States
and Europe.
Why do you suppose this
industry hires so many
women?
• Scarcity of Land In the Philippines, for example, 3 percent of the
country’s landowners hold 25 percent of the land. Sixty percent of
rural families don’t have enough land to earn a living by farming.
• Population Growth As populations grow, land shortages become
worse. Farmers who do own land often divide it among many heirs.
As a result, the plots become too small to support a family.
PULL FACTORS Equally powerful forces attract people to cities. In
Southeast Asia, pull factors include the following:
• Industry The opportunity to find a factory job is the biggest pull
factor. Many people move to the city temporarily to earn money to
send to relatives in rural areas. In 1993, workers in the Philippines
sent $2.2 billion home, while Thai workers sent $983 million home.
• Other Benefits People move to cities seeking other benefits besides
jobs, such as education and government services. However, the
desire for education is usually related to a desire for jobs.
As you learned
in Chapter 14,
particulates are
very small particles of liquids
or solids.
IMPACT ON CITIES As is true of cities all over the world, the cities of
Southeast Asia are having difficulty dealing with such large numbers of
immigrants. The availability of housing has not kept pace with the
growing city population. As a result, many new arrivals live in slums.
A larger population generates more pollution. Traffic has increased
because greater numbers of workers drive to jobs and greater numbers
of trucks transport goods. This causes more air pollution; high levels of
particulates are the most serious concern. In Bangkok, Thailand, an estimated 5,000 people a year die from breathing polluted air.
Another problem is the disposal of human waste. Most Southeast
Asian cities do not have facilities to treat all their sewage. Untreated
sewage, in turn, contaminates water supplies.
Other Results of Industrialization
The growth of industry in Southeast Asia has done more than
create rapidly growing cities. It has also affected the economy and the
environment.
Industrialization Sparks Change 731
SE ASIA & OCEANIA
Background
MOVEMENT Many
rapidly growing
Southeast Asian cities
are overcrowded.
That is one of several
factors creating slums,
such as this one in
Jakarta, Indonesia.
Why would high rates
of migration to cities
cause overcrowding?
ECONOMIC EFFECTS Several Southeast Asian countries have had
rapid industrial growth since the 1960s. (See Chapter 31.) One result of
this has been an increase in trade and exports.
As industry has grown, the region has seen higher incomes for some
citizens. In many Southeast Asian countries, the middle class is expanding. But the income gap between rich and poor remains high. This has the
potential to cause social unrest because crime rates often rise in societies
in which a few people have wealth while high numbers of people live in
poverty. You learned about income gaps in Unit 3.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS Population growth is not the only cause
of increased air and water pollution. Industry can also damage the environment. Factories can pollute the air by burning fossil fuels, and the
water and soil by carelessly disposing of toxic materials.
The nature of industry in Southeast Asia makes it hard to control
such pollution. A single city may contain thousands of factories and
shops. Many of these industries are very small, but together they create
a great deal of waste. For example, 30,000 factories in Jakarta,
Indonesia, discharge pollutants into the waterways.
Industry has also harmed the environment by using up valuable
resources such as water and trees. For instance, textile companies in
Bandung, Indonesia, have built illegal wells that deplete water supplies.
As a result, some neighborhoods in that city have no water.
In the future, Southeast Asia must reduce the negative effects of
industrialization while promoting the positive effects. Cities need to
find ways to provide housing and services for all residents. Southeast
Asian nations must continue to grow economically, so their citizens will
have increased opportunities. The region as a whole must preserve its
environment, or industries may abandon the region once its resources
are gone. In the Case Study that follows, you will read about environmental changes such as global warming and the hole in the ozone layer.
Places & Terms
Identify these terms
and explain their
relationship to recent
events in Southeast
Asia.
• industrialization
• push-pull factors
Taking Notes
MOVEMENT Review the notes
you took for this section.
Causes Effects
Issue 2:
Industrialization
• Why does industrialization often
lead to urbanization?
Main Ideas
a. What are good and bad
aspects of factory work?
b. What are the environmental effects of
industrialization?
c. What are the economic
effects of industrialization?
Making
Comparisons
Would it be
harder to monitor
the pollution
created by a few
large factories
or many small
factories? Why?
Geographic Thinking
Drawing Conclusions If
industries in Southeast Asia
continue to use up the
region’s resources, how
might that affect urban
growth? Think about:
• the push factors that drive
people out of rural areas
• What factors push people out of
rural areas?
RESEARCH WEB LINKS
ASKING GEOGRAPHIC QUESTIONS Study the cartogram of industrial output on page 733.
Write three geographic questions about it, such as “What geographic factors enable Thailand
to have more industrial output than its neighbors?” Choose one of your questions, do
research to find the answer, and write a report about what you learn.
732 CHAPTER 32
Interpreting a Cartogram
Even though Southeast Asia has been experiencing industrial growth as a region,
not all Southeast Asian nations have prospered equally. A table listing the value of
industrial output for the ten countries would give this information in numerical form.
A cartogram shows the information visually.
The Language of MaPS A cartogram is a special type of map that conveys
a set ofLAOS
data, such as population or GDP. The sizes of the nations on the map are
adjusted to reflect the amounts of data each one has. The cartogram below shows
the value of industrial output for the nations of Southeast Asia.
THAILAND
MYANMAR
VIETNAM
PHILIPPINES
Industrial output of Southeast
asia
CAMBODIA
LAOS
THAILAND
MYANMAR
MYANMAR
VIETNAM
LAOS
PHILIPPINES
300
400
600
600 Mi.
900 Km.
P H IL
CAMBODIA
IP P IN
ES
N
VIE TN AM
o
na
Minda
M A L AY S I A
0
200
0
300
400
600
600 Mi.
900 Km.
CAMBODIA
SINGAPORE
MALAYS IA
INDONESIA
MYANMAR
BRUNEI
LAOS
MAL AYS IA
SINGAPORE
Luzon
Celebes
CAMBODIA
IP P IN
ES
na
Minda
o
Java
SINGAPORE 100-200
Copyright by Rand McNally & Co.
MALAYS IA
10-100
200+
Each square equals 2 billion
I N D O$US
NESIA
BRUNEI
MAL AYS IA
SINGAPORE
100-200
10-100
200+
Each square equals 2 billion $US
New
Celebes
According to the cartogram, how
much industrial output does
Thailand have?
Sumatra
The key of this cartogram
helps you to intrepret the value
of industrial output in two ways. It tellsI Nyou
E S I A each small
D O N that
square equals 2 billion U.S. dollars. Java
It also identifies the
colors that the cartogram uses to identify ranges of output.
Which country or countries seem
to have a small industrial output
compared to their actual size?
ea
Copyright by Rand McNally & Co.
Cartograms adjust the sizes of countries to convey relative
quantities. The countries’ shapes are altered because a
cartogram uses squares or straight lines.
2. Drawing Conclusions
Guin
Borneo
Comparing a cartogram to a conventional map can show
which countries have more or less of the data under study
than you would expect from looking at their size alone.
1. analyzing Data
N
VIE TN AM
INDONESIA
M A L AY S I A
ea
Guin
P H IL
THAILAND
BRUNEI
0-10
New
Borneo
Sumatra
0-10
200
0
Luzon
THAILAND
BRUNEI
0
3. Drawing Conclusions
Which country or countries seem
to have a large industrial output
compared to their actual size?
Interpreting a Cartogram 733
AL
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
CHANGE
A
s you have read in other units, many
human activities harm the environment.
Among these are the burning of fossil
fuels and the use of chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in aerosol cans. Many scientists fear these activities are changing the
environment in ways that affect the whole world.
Damage to the Environment
Scientists believe that the use of fossil fuels has
begun to heat the climate, and the use of chemicals has damaged the ozone layer.
GLOBAL WARMING The burning of fossil fuels
releases carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse
gases—gases that trap the sun’s heat. Greenhouse
gases serve the useful function of preventing the
escape of all the sun’s energy into space. Without
them, the earth would be cold and lifeless.
Most scientists fear that the atmosphere now
has too many greenhouse gases. CO2 emissions
have increased 50 percent since the 1970s.
Scientists believe that the increase in CO2 levels causes the atmosphere
to trap too much heat, so temperatures have been gradually rising.
Some people disagree with the theory of global warming and say
the temperature rise is due to natural processes. Other people say that
temperatures fall within a normal range.
How have people
changed the
atmosphere?
Some people fear
that global warming
might cause an
increase in violent
weather.
OZONE HOLE Another change is damage to the ozone layer, which exists
high in the atmosphere. It absorbs most of the sun’s damaging ultraviolet rays. In the 1970s, scientists discovered a thinning of the ozone layer
over Antarctica, often called a hole in the ozone layer. Chemicals such
as the chlorine found in CFCs react with ozone and destroy it. Many
governments have restricted the use of such chemicals, but others have
delayed passing such laws because they are costly for industry.
Looking Toward the Future
Scientists fear that many problems may result from these changes to
the environment. Because of that, many people and nations around the
world are trying to halt the damage before it is too late.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS One fear about global warming is that even
small temperature increases could melt the world’s ice caps. This would
cause a rise in sea levels that might swamp coastal cities and islands.
For example, the low islands of Oceania might disappear.
734 CHAPTER 32
SEE
PRIMARY SOURCE D
SEE
PRIMARY SOURCE A
Some people predict that global warming might change patterns of
evaporation and precipitation. This could make violent storms such as
typhoons and droughts more common. The location of climate zones
and agricultural regions might shift, upsetting the world’s economy.
People worry about the ozone layer hole because more ultraviolet
rays will reach earth. Ultraviolet rays are linked to such problems as
skin cancer, eye damage, and crop damage. Because it lies close to
Antarctica, New Zealand may be at higher risk than other regions.
TAKING ACTION In 1992, the UN held the Earth Summit, a conference
to discuss ways to pursue economic development while protecting the
environment. Representatives of 178 nations attended.
In 1997, the UN held a convention in Kyoto, Japan, to discuss climate
change. The conference wrote the Kyoto Protocol, guidelines for developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In time, 165 nations
signed the treaty. The United States signed the treaty, but the Senate didn’t
ratify it—fearing that the guidelines might harm U.S. businesses.
On the next two pages are primary sources expressing different views
about environmental problems. Use them to form your own opinion.
Predicted Impact of Global Warming
NORTHERN
MARIANA IS.
(U.S.)
P h il ippine
Sea
Impact of Climate Change
and Rising Sea Level
GUAM (U.S.)
PHILIPPINES
PALAU
PACIFIC
OCEAN
MARSHALL
ISLANDS
FEDERATED STATES
OF MICRONESIA
Limited disruption
2-4°C
6-8°C
4-6°C
VANUATU
0-2°C
0
Source: Cultural Atlas of Australia, New Zealand
and the South Pacific, 1996
K I R I B AT I
SOLOMON
ISLANDS
N
TOKELAU (N.Z.)
TUVALU
WALLIS AND
FUTUNA (Fr.)
FIJI
E
W
SAMOA AMERICAN
FRENCH
POLYNESIA (Fr.)
SAMOA (U.S.)
COOK
ISLANDS
(N.Z.)
TONGA
S
20°S
NIUE
(N.Z.)
NEW
CALEDONIA (Fr.)
Tropic of Capricorn
More than 8°C
Equator
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Coral Sea
Islands uninhabitable
or below sea level
Widespread disruption
Localized disruption
NAURU
I N D O N E S I A
Possible Temperature
(°C) Increase
PITCAIRN I. (U.K.)
AUSTRALIA
PACIFIC
Tasman Sea
160°E
800 miles
40°S
180°
160°W
140°W
120°W
SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps
PLACE Where are the greatest temperature increases expected to occur?
MapQuest.Com, Inc.
PLACE What places in Oceania are expected to experience the least disruption?
McDougal-Littell, World Geography Program
Unit 10 /Map 19 - wgp-1032cs-01m-as
Regional Global
Warming
Global Environmental
Change
735
Vital Information Area (per page): 43p6 wide X 29p0 deep
Mask Area (per page): 52p6 wide x 35p0 deep
SE ASIA & OCEANIA
140°E
400
0
400 800 kilometers
Miller Projection
NEW
ZEALAND
INDIAN OCEAN
120°E
0
OCEAN
Political Cartoon
Primary sources A to E on
these two pages present
differing opinions on global
environmental change. Use
these sources and your
own research to create a
political cartoon expressing
your opinion. You might use
the Internet and the library
for research.
RESEARCH WEB LINKS
Suggested Steps
1. Use the sources here and your own
research to decide if you believe that
global warming and the ozone hole
are problems.
2. Draw a pencil sketch of a cartoon
expressing your opinion about global
environmental change. As you decide
what to draw, consider the following
questions.
• Do you think that the theories about
environmental change are wrong? If
so, why are people so concerned
about the issue?
• Do you think environmental change
poses a threat to the world’s
climate? If so, what should be done?
PRIMARY SOURCE A
Educational Pamphlet In 1994, the United
Nations Environment Programme and the
World Meteorological Organization
published a pamphlet called Beginners Guide
to the Convention to help people understand
the Kyoto Protocol and the reasons for it.
Human beings seem to be changing the global
climate. The results are uncertain, but if current
predictions prove correct, the climatic changes over
the coming century will be larger than any since the
dawn of human civilization.
The principal change to date is in the earth’s
atmosphere. . . . We have changed, and are continuing
to change, the balance of gases that form the
atmosphere. This is especially true of such key
“greenhouse gases” as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
(CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). (Water vapour is the
most important greenhouse gas, but human activities
do not affect it directly.) . . . Greenhouse gases are
vital because they act like a blanket around the earth.
Without this natural blanket the earth’s surface would
be some 30°C colder than it is today.
The problem is that human activity is making the
blanket “thicker.” . . . The most direct result, says the
scientific consensus, is likely to be a “global warming”
of 1.5 to 4.5°C over the next 100 years.
736 CHAPTER 32
3. Show the sketch to a friend to see if
you have conveyed your point. Use
your friend’s feedback to make your
cartoon more effective.
4. Create your final cartoon. You may
wish to draw it lightly in pencil and
then ink over the pencil marks. Post
the cartoon in class.
Materials and Supplies
• Samples of political cartoons
• Drawing paper
• Pencils and erasers
• Felt-tip markers
• Computer
• Internet access
PRIMARY SOURCE B
Political Commentary The American
Policy Center is a conservative group that
wants to promote free enterprise and
reduce government regulations. It opposed
the Kyoto Protocol and published the
article “There is No Global Warming.”
There is no global warming. Period.
You can’t find a real scientist anywhere in the
world who can look you in the eye and, without
hesitation, . . . say “yes, global warming is with us.”
There is no evidence whatsoever to support such
claims. Anyone who tells you that scientific research shows
warming trends . . . is wrong. There is no global warming.
Scientific research through U.S. Government satellite and
balloon measurements shows that the temperature is actually
cooling—very slightly—.037 degrees Celsius.
A little research into modern-day temperature trends bears
this out. For example, in 1936 the Midwest of the United
States experienced 49 consecutive days of temperatures over
90 degrees. There were another 49 consecutive days in 1955.
But in 1992 there was only one day over 90 degrees and in
1997 only 5 days.
PRIMARY SOURCE C
Data The National Climatic Data Center collects
data on temperature and precipitation. In the
graph below, the line at zero represents the
average annual world temperature for the period
PRIMARY SOURCE D
News Article On October 10, 2000, the New
York Times published the article “Record Ozone
Hole Refuels Debate on Climate” by Andrew C.
Revkin. The article appeared in the science
section of the paper.
The hole that opens in the ozone layer over
Antarctica each southern spring formed earlier
and grew bigger this year than at any time since
satellites have been monitoring the polar
atmosphere, scientists have reported.
The finding renewed suspicions among
atmospheric scientists that global warming
could be indirectly abetting the chemical
reactions that destroy ozone, but many still say
the growth of the hole could also be the result
of natural . . . variations in Antarctic weather and
other conditions. . . .
The hole is closely watched because the
stratosphere’s . . . layer of ozone . . . absorbs
ultraviolet rays, which could contribute to skin
cancers and cataracts and threaten agriculture
and ecosystems if they reached the surface.
1880 to 2000. The bars show how much the
average temperatures for individual years were
higher or lower than the average. Scientists use
this graph to spot climate trends.
PRIMARY SOURCE E
Satellite Images Satellites took these images of
ozone over Antarctica. The color blue represents
areas with an extremely low concentration of
ozone, while red shows a high concentration.
Have I . . .
researched opinions on global
environmental change?
formed my own opinion based on
evidence about the issue?
created an interesting cartoon that
clearly expresses that opinion?
created a cartoon that is neat
enough to print in a newspaper?
Global Environmental Change 737
Reviewing Places & Terms
today’s issues in southeast
asia, oceania, and antarctica
aboriginal Land claims
• When the British first arrived in
Australia, British authorities declared
the continent to be empty. They
decided they had the right to take the
land without making treaties.
• Aboriginal people lost much of their
land and had to live on reserves.
• Recent court cases have provided the
grounds for Aboriginal people to
make land claims. However, the
Australian government took steps
to limit those land claims.
industrialization sparks change
• The growth of industry often leads to
rapid urban growth. People move to
cities because of push-pull factors.
• Industrialization creates higher incomes
for many, but in Southeast Asia the
income gap remains high. This has the
potential to cause social unrest.
• Because of the use of fossil fuels and
careless waste disposal, industrialization often causes pollution.
Global environmental change
• Many scientists believe that increases
in carbon dioxide emission have
caused global temperatures to rise; it
is feared that global warming might
lead to flooding and an increase in
droughts and violent weather.
• The use of chemicals such as CFCs has
been linked to a thinning of the protective ozone layer. The hole in the ozone
layer may let more ultraviolet rays reach
the earth and cause cancer, eye
damage, and crop damage.
738 chapter 32
A. Briefly explain the importance of each of the following.
1. assimilation
5. pastoral leases
2. Stolen Generation
6. Wik Case
3. Land Rights Act of 1976
7. industrialization
4. Mabo Case
8. push-pull factors
B. Answer the questions about vocabulary in complete sentences.
9. What is the relationship between the terms assimilation and
Stolen Generation?
10. Who owned the Australian lands that were held by pastoral
leases?
11. Which of the above terms is a pull factor leading to urban growth?
12. To which Australian territory did the Land Rights Act of 1976
apply?
13. What was the main decision in the Mabo Case?
14. What was the main decision in the Wik Case?
15. How would you apply the term push factors to the experience of
the Aboriginal people in Australia?
Main Ideas
Aboriginal Land Claims (pp. 727-729)
1. What does the Aboriginal Tent Embassy symbolize?
2. When the Aboriginal people fought European settlement, what
enabled the Europeans to win?
3. How did Eddie Mabo prove his family’s land ownership?
4. Why did white Australians fear the Wik decision?
Industrialization Sparks Change (pp. 730-733)
5. Why do many people in Southeast Asia move temporarily to cities?
6. How has industrialization affected cities?
7. What effect has industrial growth had on trade and exports?
Global Environmental Change (pp. 734-737)
8. What are greenhouse gases?
9. What are the arguments against the theory of global warming?
10. What health problems may increase because of the hole in the
ozone layer?
Critical Thinking
1. Using Your Notes
Use your completed chart to answer these questions.
Causes
3. Identifying Themes
Consider what you have learned about Aboriginal land
claims, industrialization, and global environmental change.
Which of the five geographic themes relate to all three
issues? Explain.
Effects
Issue 1: Land Claims
Issue 2: Industrialization
4. Determining Cause and Effect
How did the Australian government’s policy of taking
mixed-race children from their families affect the desire
of the Aboriginal people to reclaim lands? Explain.
a. What caused the hole in the ozone layer?
b. In what way are some of these issues linked?
Explain.
5. Drawing Conclusions
Overall, do you think industrialization is a positive or
negative development for Southeast Asia? Explain.
2. Geographic Themes
a. HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION How has
industrialization affected Southeast Asia’s water
supplies?
b. MOVEMENT What impact might global warming
have upon the movement of people?
TEST PRACTICE
INTERACTIVE
MAP
Interpreting Graphs
Research the industrial production
growth rate for another Southeast
Asian country. Copy this graph on
your own paper and add the
information for the country you
researched.
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
1996
1997
Indonesia*
1998
Malaysia
1999
Philippines
2000
Thailand
*2000 data for Indonesia were unavailable.
SOURCE: Asia Recovery Information Center online, 2001
MULTIMEDIA ACTIVITY
Use the links at hmhsocialstudies.com to do research
about global warming. Look for additional evidence that
either supports or refutes the theory.
Creating a Database Compile statistics that either
support or refute the theory of global warming. Present
these statistics in tables, charts, or graphs.
Today’s issues 739
SE ASIA & OCEANIA
Annual Industrial Production Growth Rate
Use the graph to answer the following
questions.
1. PLACE For which country were statistics for
the year 2000 not available?
2. PLACE How would you describe the pattern
of industrial growth in Thailand?
3. REGION In which year did Southeast Asia as
a whole experience economic problems?
How can you tell?
Percentage Change in Industrial Production
Geographic Skills:
For Additional Test Practice