Honors Biology Spring Final Exam Study Guide
Helpful Information:
Exam has 100 multiple choice questions. Be ready with pencils and four-function calculator on the
day of the test. Review ALL reading notes, lecture notes, and labs
Topics included:
1. Karyotypes
a. Textbook Chapters/Notes: 8.3, 10.8, Karyotypes
b. Activities/Labs: Karyotypes & Genetic Disorders
2. Meiosis
a. Textbook Chapters/Notes: 9.1-9.4, Meiosis
b. Activities/Labs: Modeling Meiosis
3. Genetics & Pedigrees
a. Textbook Chapters/Notes: 10.3-10.6, 10.9-10.10, Genetics Introduction
b. Activities/Labs: Genetics Worksheets, Virtual Gel Electrophoresis
4. Ecology
a. Textbook Chapters/Notes: 35.1, 35.3-35.13, 36.1-36.2, 36.9-36.11, Populations
Lecture
b. Activities/Labs: Virtual Populations Lab, Human Populations, Yellowstone Wolves
(trophic cascade)
5. Classification (taxonomy)
a. Textbook Chapters/Notes: 15.1-15.9
b. Activities/Labs: Cladistics Lab (What does T Rex taste like?)
6. Evolution
a. Textbook Chapters/Notes: 14.4-14.6, 14.8-14.9, Darwin & Wallace, Mechanisms of
Evolution, Speciation
b. Videos/Activities/Labs: Making of a Theory video, Rock Pocket Mouse video,
Molecular Connection Lab, Beak of the Finch video & Data Analysis Lab
7. Microorganisms
a. Textbook Chapters/Notes: 16.3-16.10
b. Activities/Labs: Disease Transmission, Microorganism Lab, Rise of the Superbugs,
Viral lysis and budding
8. Animal Phyla and Vertebrate Systems
a. Textbook Chapters/Notes: 19.1-19.13 (Animals), 22.1-22.2 (Organization), 23.1-23.2
& 23.5-23.7 (Circulatory System), 24.1, 24.4 (Respiratory System), 25.1-25.3 & 25.8
(Digestive System), 26.2 & 26.4 (Urinary System)
b. Activities/Labs: Gel Electrophoresis, Fetal Pig Dissection
Karyotypes
1. How are karyotypes arranged?
2. What are the two types of chromosomes found in karyotypes?
3. How many autosomes are present in karyotypes?
4. What can be determined from a karyotype?
5. Give some examples of disorders caused by abnormal karyotypes?
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Meiosis
6. Why is the process of meiosis important for an organism?
7. What is crossing over and why is it important?
8. When does crossing over occur?
9. How many cells are produced during meiosis? Are the resulting daughter cells genetically
identical or different to the parent (original) cell?
10. Are diploid or haploid cells produced in the process of meiosis? _______________
11. If an organism has a haploid number of 8, how many chromosomes would it have in its diploid
cells?
12. What is the difference between our Somatic Cells and our Gamete Cells? Use correct biology
terms!!!
13. In humans, how many chromosomes does each of the daughter cells have after meiosis?
14. Draw, label, and describe all stages of Meiosis.
Genetics & Pedigrees
15. Who is considered to be the “father” of genetics?
16. What is an allele?
17. Define homozygous and heterozygous. Give an example of each.
18. Define genotype and phenotype. Give an example of each.
19. If Sally has dimples and is heterozygous, what can you conclude about dimples?
20. What is Incomplete dominance? Give an example.
21. What is codominance? Give an example.
22. If an apple tree has a genotype of RRYy, what are the possible gametes that plant may
produce?
23. Sex linked genes tend to be carried on what sex chromosome?
24. What can you learn from a karyotype?
25. What sex chromosomes does a male carry? Female?
26. Everyone in Squidward’s family has blue skin, which is the dominant trait. Squidward is
heterozygous for his blue skin. His wife has green skin.
27. Create a punnet square to show the possible genotypes of their children.
28. What are the possible genotypes?
29. What are the possible phenotypes?
30. What are the chances (percent) of a child with blue skin?
31. What are the chances (percent) of a child with green skin?
32. Give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
33. Below is a pedigree for an inherited lung disease. Add the roman numerals for generations.
Provide the genotypes of each of the individuals marked with lower case letters.
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Ecology
34. Define competition. When does it increase?
35. What happens to the nutrients within an organism when it dies?
36. What is a heterotroph? Give an example.
37. What is an autotroph? Give an example.
38. What are primary consumers?
39. What happens to the energy level as you go from one trophic level to the next?
40. What is the difference between logistic and exponential growth? Be able to identify a graph
that represents each type of growth model.
41. What is carrying capacity? What happens if it exceeded?
42. From largest to smallest, list the ecological organizations.
43. Define mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and predation
44. Describe the differences and similarities between human population pyramids for countries
that are experiencing increasing growth, declining growth, and no growth.
45. Use the graph below to answer the following questions.
a. What is the independent variable?
b. What is the dependent variable?
c. What day did the population reach its max?
d. Did the population reach a carrying capacity?
e. Why might the population begin to die off at Day 3?
f. What types of environmental factors affect population sizes?
g. Predict the future of the population.
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Yeast Culture incubated at 22 degrees C
Number of Organisms in Microscope
field of view
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Day
Classification (taxonomy)
46. List the 7 levels of classification in order from largest to smallest.
47. If two organisms have the same genus, what can you conclude about their family?
48. How does the number of organisms in each classification level change as you progress from
kingdom to species?
49. Which domains are prokaryotes? Eukaryotes?
50. Which kingdoms are multicellular? Unicellular?
Evolution
51. Define the following as they relate to science and evolution: theory, evolution, natural
selection, adaptation, and speciation.
52. Explain the four key ideas of Darwin’s theory of natural selection
53. List four types of evidence used to support the theory of evolution.
54. Describe the environment’s role in natural selection. What are the isolation mechanisms
that can cause speciation?
55. Use the cladogram below to answer the following questions.
a. What information can you learn from a cladogram?
b. Based on the cladogram, what do the Snapping Turtle and Monkey have in common?
c. Based on the cladogram, which organisms have mammary glands?
56. Can a single individual evolve? Why or why not?
57. List the 8 hierarchical taxonomical categories and know their order.
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Rhesus Monkey
Cladogram
Kangaroo
Human
Snapping
Turtle
Bullfrog
Placenta
Tuna
Foramen magnum
forward + short canine
teeth
Mammary glands
Lamprey
Amnion
Paired legs
Paired appendage + spinal column
Dorsal Nerve cord + notochord
Microorganisms
58. Diagram and label both the Lytic and Lysogenic cycles.
59. Compare, identifying both similarities and differences, Archaea with Bacteria.
60. What are the different shapes of bacteria? Draw and label each.
61. What are the different types of viruses?
62. What does a virus need to have in order to reproduce and continue to exist?
63. What are the two types of reproduction for bacteria (sexual and asexual)? Diagram each.
64. What are the different shapes of bacteria? Draw and label each.
65. What are the 3 different types of archaebacteria? Where do they live?
Animals
66. What are the characteristics of the kingdom Animalia (see Table 15.1)?
67. What are the 9 general features of animals (see Table 19.1)?
68. What are the 3 types of symmetry with respect to organisms?
69. Describe the differences between coelomates, acoelomates, and pseudocoelomates.
70. What are the 11 major animal phyla. Give an example of each and list key characteristics
(see Table 19.2).
71. What are the 4 descriptions used for top, bottom, front, and back for a bilaterally
symmetrical animal?
72. Describe body structures and systems found in animals
a. Support system:
b. Respiratory System:
c. Circulatory System:
d. Digestive System:
e. Nervous System:
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Body Systems
73. What are the functions of the following digestive system parts: mouth, salivary glands,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, liver, gall bladder, and
pancreas.
74. Define mechanical and chemical digestion.
75. How do the mouth and stomach chemically digest food?
76. What structures/traits cause the small intestine to perform its job so well? How do they
work?
77. If a person is taking heavy antibiotics, how might their digestion of food be altered? Why?
78. What are the functions of the following urinary system parts: kidney, ureters, bladder,
urethra.
79. How does the loop of Henle assist in water conservation? (how does it work basically)
80. How might the loop of Henle differ in a desert animal compared to an animal that lives in an
environment with available water?
81. What are the functions of the following respiratory system parts: larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, alveoli, blood vessels
82. Why does decreased elasticity (stretchiness) in the lungs decrease the efficiency of gas
exchange?
83. How do we breathe (what causes you to inhale/exhale)?
84. Label each part of the digestive system and describe the function of each part. (Don’t worry
about the numbers, label all parts you know)
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85. Label all parts of the heart and be able to describe the flow of blood.
86. Label and list the functions of the parts of the urinary system.
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