Draguesku/Storino
Virus & Bacteria 0212
Name: _________________
Period:____________
VIRUS AND BACTERIA
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VIRUSES
Page 210 in the text for reference
So how large is a cell?
Characteristics
 Tiny (smaller than cells)
 Non living ????
 Multiply or replicate (copy)
 Does NOT reproduce!
Replicates inside a HOST
PARASITE because it Destroys the
host!
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Structure of Viruses
1. Bacteriophage
MEANS TO EAT
This virus “eats” (INFECTS)
Bacteria
.
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2.
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Infects plants
3. Influenza virus
Outer
membrane
proteins
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OF A VIRUS
 PROTEIN COAT (CAPSID)
Functions for protection and
enables the virus to enter the
host cell
 Inner core of genetic material
(DNA OR RNA)
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Virus proteins fit into only CERTAIN
membrane (cell) proteins
This is called LOCK AND KEY THEORY
Example: a cold virus infects
cells in the respiratory system
and not the digestive system
http://video.pbs.org/video/1487943618/ 1918 flu
VIRAL MULTIPLICATION
AKA
INFECTION
Viruses DO NOT reproduce!! They only
multiply
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LYTIC
KEY WORD:
(ACTIVE)
QUICK
types of viral infection
(multiplication)
LYSOGENIC
(HIDDEN)
KEY WORD:
INCORPORATES GENETIC
MATERIAL...
SLOWER
Both types use
HOST CELLS
Host cells:
Cells that provide a source of
energy for a virus
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1. LYTIC CYCLE (ACTIVE INFECTION)
(www.PHSchool.com web code cep-1021)
Follows this sequence:
1.Attachment, 2.injection,
3.production, 4.assembly, 5. release
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LYTIC INFECTION CYCLE
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2. LYSOGENIC CYCLE (HIDDEN INFECTION)
Follows this sequence:
1.Attach, 2.inject, 3.absorbs/incorporates,
4.separation, 5.production/assembly, 6.release
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Notice where the
virus’s genetic material
is!!! **IMPORTANT**
Virus is INACTIVE
Separation occurs due
to a “trigger”
VIRUS IS NOW ACTIVE!
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RELEASE OF
NEW VIRUSES!
***VIRUSES MULTIPLY AND REPLICATE
THEY DO NOT REPRODUCE!!!***
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Lysogenic Infection cycle
1.
Example of LYSOGENIC Virus: Cold
sores, HIV/AIDS,
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Viruses and Disease
 Direct Contact with contaminated
objects
 Bites of infected animals

example: rabies
 Airborn (tiny
droplets)
 Contact with body
fluids
Example: Aids & Hepetitis
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NO TREATMENT for most viruses
The only “treatment” is REST,
EATING BALANCED DIET, AND DRINK
FLUIDS to help with symptoms
Some Anti-viral medication now.
Ex: Tamiflu
 Vaccines
 Good nutrition, exercise and SLEEP!
 Hand washing
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BACTERIA CELL
. PROKARYOTE
NO DEFINED
NUCLEUS
 Genetic material (DNA) is a
tangled mass (no nuclear
membrane!)
 Has cell wall
 Has cell membrane
 Cytoplasm
 Pili (for attachment)
 Flagella (or Flagellum)
For movement or locomotion
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If no flagellum then movement occurs
by being carried from place to place.
Bacteria can be carried by
–Air
-H2O
-Animals or objects
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 Shape (both individual and groups)
 Size
 Mode of nutrition
 Respiration
1. Round
(spherical)
Called:COCCUS
(Cocci)--plural
Causes: Strep throat
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(Streptococcus)
2. Rod
Called: BACILLUS
(Bacilli)—plural
3. Spiral
Called: Spirillum (can be loose or tight
corkscrew shape)
4. Group shape
 PAIRS= prefix “Diplo” (2)
2 coccus together =Diplococci
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2
round
2 bacillus together= Diplobacilli
2
rods
 CHAINS= prefix “Strepto”
Chains of cocci = Streptococci
Chains of bacilli= Streptobacilli
 CLUSTERS= Prefix “Staphlo”
(like grapes)
Only in cocci
Example: Staphlococci
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Staphlococcus aureus
2.
3. 0.5 to 1 micrometer
4. Micrometer = 1/millionth of a meter
3
Autotrophs
 Some use the sun
 Some use Chemical Energy from
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their environment
 Some release
atmosphere
O2
into
the
Ex: cyanobacteria
Heterotrophs
 Consume other organisms
 Consume the food that other
organisms make
Example: milk, meat, & yogurt
AEROBES
 These organisms
break down food
NEED
O2
to
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ANAEROBES
 These organisms do NOT need O2
to break down food
 These bacteria DIE if O2 is
present
Reproduction of Bacteria
Reproduction
Asexual
Binary Fission
Sexual
Conjugation
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Under the right
conditions
(temperature, and plenty of food)
bacteria THRIVE and reproduce
 Population doubles every 20
minutes!
1.
BINARY FISSION
One parent; Offspring identical
 Cell duplicates genetic
material and then divides
into 2 separate daughter
cells
Binary fission
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2.
CONJUGATION
Two parents; results in NEW
COMBINATION of genetic
material
 One bacterium
TRANSFERS genetic
material to another
bacterium using a
THREAD LIKE BRIDGE
 Does
NOT
increase the number of
bacteria
Bacterial conjugation
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3.
 Small rounded thick walled
resting cell that forms inside
a bacterial cell
 Occurs when conditions are
not optimal (good)
 Allows bacteria to Survive
heat, freezing, and drying
 Endospores can be carried
by the wind to allow for
spreading of bacteria
Bacterial endospores
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USES FOR BACTERIA
1.
Cyanobacteria (Earth’s atmosphere)
2.
Yogurt & cheese
Definiton:
Pasteurization: heating food to a temperature
high enough to kill bacteria but not harm food
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3.
 Bacteria break down LARGE
chemicals in dead organisms into
SMALLER chemicals
o Composting
o Nitrogen fixing bacteria
(Remember the Nitrogen Cycle??)
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4.
Bacteria that eat oil etc.
5.
o Insulin
o Normally occurring bacteria in the
Body (E.coli etc.)
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