The Corbin Method
Michael Ball & Brent Jacks
Corbin Middle School
Social Studies
1
Mr. Ball and Mr. Jackson
Section 1
What is Civics?
Government
Of the People
By the People
For the People
Learning Targets
1. What is Civics?
2. What is a Government?
3. Compare and Contrast a Democracy with a
Dictatorship
4. Define and explain the 4 functions of Government
5. Define and explain the 3 levels of Government
Civics is the study of the rights and duties of citizens. The
concept of citizenship dates back more than 2,500 years to ancient Greece and Rome. In those days, only a few people were
considered citizens (Men who owned property). This elite group
helped govern the city and enjoyed other privileges that the
common people did not share.
Most people are citizens of the country in which they live. Citizens have certain rights and duties granted to them by the counties to which they belong. Citizens are members of a community that owe loyalty to the government and are entitled to protection from it. Thus Citizens are part of a country that share
a common history, common customs, and common values.
They also agree to follow the rules set by the government
and accept the government’s authority
What is a Government
A government is the ruling authority for a community. Any
organization that has the power to make and enforce laws and
decisions for its members acts as a government.
In the 1600‘s the English political thinker, Thomas Hobbes
wrote that without government life would be “ Solitary,
poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” He though that with out gov2
ernment fighting would be common, and survival would depend
on strength and cunning.
The 4 Functions of Government
Governments serve four basic functions. They keep order, provide security, provide public services, and guide the community.
How do governments keep order?
Governments make laws to help prevent conflicts and to settle
those conflicts that do arise
Governments have the power to enforce laws
How do governments provide security?
A public policy is a course of government action to
achieve community goals. Governments also guide the community by setting a budget. A budget is a plan for collecting
and spending the community's money.
The Levels of U.S. Government
There are 3 levels of our government, national, state, and
local.
National Government is centered in the nations' capital, Washington, D.C. They make and enforce the laws for the entire
country.
State Government specific to each state and decides matters
for the people in their state
They prevent crime and protect citizens from foreign attacks
What public services do governments provide?
Local Governments include the governing bodies of counties,
cities and towns
Provide libraries, schools, hospitals, parks, water and utilities
They also provide for the needy
How do governments guide the community?
They manage the economy and conduct foreign relations and
set Public Policy
What is public policy?
3
Democracy
Notorious Dictators
A Democracy is a kind of government in which the people rule. A Democracy is the opposite of a Dictatorship, a Dictatorship is a type of government in which the power is controlled by one person or a small
group of people.
The foundations of democracy are more than 2,500 years old. Democracy has its origins in ancient Athens Greece. Every citizen of Athens
had the right and responsibility to participate in the city’s government, and
all citizens had an equal voice. The difference between the democracy of
ancient athens Greece and modern democracies is that in Greece only
men who owned property could be citizens. Ancient Athens Greece’s form
of democracy is know as a Direct Democracy. A Direct Democracy is a
type of government in which all citizens meet together to: Discuss,
Debate and to Decide (Vote on) the issues facing the government.
The problem with a direct democracy is that it is not practical for a large
country. Thus most Direct Democracies become Representative Democracies over time. A Representative Democracy is a form of government
in which Citizens choice a smaller group to represent them, make
laws and govern on their behalf. Despite electing a smaller group to represent them the people still remain the main source of governmental
power in a Representative Government.
The United States is the oldest representative democracy in the world. For
more than 230 years, Americans have elected presidents, members of
congress, and other leaders to speak on their behalf, but the citizens still
Saddam Hussein from Iraq
G ALLERY 1.1 Ancient Athens Greece
The Greek Senate where the Citizens meet to Discus, Debate, and
decide the issues facing the government
4
Principles of American Fundamental Principles of
American
Democracy
Democracy
Abraham Lincoln, America’s 16th president, described our democracy as a
“Government of the people, by the people, for the people.” His words make
three important points first, the power of the government comes from the
citizens. Second, Americans themselves, acting through their representatives, run their government. Third, the Purpose of the government is to
make the United States better place for those who live here.
One of the basic principles of the American democracy is the idea of Majority rule. It is not a uniquely American idea, the principle is adapted from the
writings of the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau's
Principle of Majority rule is that citizens agree that when differences of opinion arise, we will abide by what most people want. At the same time, we insist on the respect for the rights of those in the minority.
There are five fundamental Principles of American Democracy. Rule
of Law, Limited Government, Consent of the Governed, Individual
Rights, and Representative Government
Rule of Law
All people, including those who
govern , are bound by the same
laws
Limited Government
Government is not all-powerful, it
may do only those things that the
people have given it the power to
do
Consent of the Governed
American citizens are the source
of all governmental power
Individual Rights
In the American democracy,
individual rights are protected by
the government
Representative Government
People elect government leaders
to make the laws and govern on
their behalf.
Click on link below for the Quizlet review of Chapter 1
http://quizlet.com/6204927/mr-ball-social-studies-ch1-sec-1-review-flash-car
ds/
Bell Ringer 1
Bell Ringer 2
Bell Ringer 3
Chapter 1 section 1 notes
Section 2
The Path to
American
Citizenship
Learning Targets
1. List and explain the six steps in the naturalization
process
2. Compare and contrast an Alien and an illegal
Alien
3. Define deportation
4. Define the Great Convergence
American Citizens
In Section 1 you learned that citizens are people with certain
rights and duties under a government and who owe allegiance
to that government. Every Country has rules about how people
gain citizenship. In the United States, the Fourteenth Amendment defines a U.S. Citizen as anyone “born or naturalized in
the United States. Therefore, the U.S. Constitution establishes
two ways to become a citizen: by birth or by a legal process
called naturalization.
Citizenship by Birth
If you were born in any of the 50 states or the District of Columbia, you automatically become an American Citizen at birth. The
same is true if you were born outside the country but in American territory, such as Puerto Rico or Guam or on a U.S. Military
base overseas. Even if you were born elsewhere, you could still
claim American Citizenship if your parents are both citizens or if
one is a citizen who has actually lived in the United States.
Children born on American soil to non-U.S. Citizens also acquire U.S. Citizenship at birth. An exception to this rule is made
for children born to foreign diplomats.
Under some circumstances, American may hold dual citizenship. This means that they enjoy rights in the United States and
in another country at the same time. For example a child born
7
abroad to american parents may be both a U.S. Citizen and a
citizen of the country of his or her birth.
The Naturalization Process
Several million non citizens, or Aliens live in the United States.
Aliens is defined as any non-citizen living in the United States.
(Not little Green Men). Some come to study, to work, or to visit
relatives. They remain citizens of their own countries and eventually return home. Other aliens, however, plan to settle here
and become naturalized citizens. More that half a million immigrants ( Immigrants are people who move permanently to a
new country) Gain American citizenship each year.
A Lifelong Privilege
Whether they are naturalized or native born, most americans
keep their citizenship forever. Only the federal Government can
grant citizenship and only the federal government can take it
away.
Naturalization
Aliens who want to become United States citizens must first
sign a statement called a Declaration of Intention that is filed
with the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. For most
aliens, the next step comes after living in the United states at
least five years. Unless they are married to an American citizen
then the wait is only 3 years. During this waiting period they
must learn English, U.S. History and Civics. They then must file
an application for citizenship, then meet with an immigration official. Then have a court date where they take the Oath of allegiance. Then they are a U.S. Citizen
Aliens in America
8
There are two types of Aliens found in America, Illegal Aliens
and Legal Aliens. An Illegal Alien in any foreign citizen that migrated to America with out the consent of the government.
Some come to the United States as temporary visitors but
never leave, other risk capture and arrest by illegally crossing
one of our borders. Legal Aliens are foreign citizens that have
entered the United States legally and lead lives much like those
of American citizens. Both Legal and illegal aliens may own
property, attend public schools, and receive other government
services. They pay taxes and are entitled to legal protections under the law.
Aliens do not have full political rights though, they may not vote
in elections or run for office. They may not serve on juries or
work in most government jobs. In addition unlike U.S. Citizens,
aliens must carry identification cards at all times.
9
10
Section 3
American Diversity
A Nation of Immigrants
!
On the back of every American coin, you find the words E
pluribus unum, which is latin for “Out of many, one.” This
phrase reminds us that the many diverse citizens of the United
States have joined together to create a single, strong nation.
That despite all our differences, we are linked by shared values
and experiences.
European Settlers
1. Define Migration
2. Describe the Great Convergence and list the
countries involved
3. Define culture
4. Compare and contrast “Melting Pot” and “Salad
Bowl”
!
Until the mid-1900s, most immigrants to America came
from Europe. The first Europeans to settle permanently in
North America arrived from Spain during the 1500s. They occupied territory in what is now Florida, California, and the Southwest, where their influences still lingers today.
!
Starting in the 1600s, people from France and England
came to North America. The French settled primarily in Canada,
but they also clustered around the Mississippi river. English immigrants settled mainly along the east coast of North America,
Creating the 13 original colonies that became the United
States. During the late 1600s and the 1700s, immigrants from
Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland, Scotland, and Sweden
joined these English Settlers. This led to a migration of a large
number of people from the “old world” to the “new world”. Migration- is the mass movement of one location to another.
11
!
After the United States gained its independence, it became known throughout Europe as a land of promise. The number of immigrants grew from 600,000 in the 1830s to more than
2 million by the 1850s. Between 1860 and 1890, more than 10
million Europeans- many of them from Denmark, Norway, and
Sweden- streamed into this country.
Another flood of immigrants (22 million) reached our shores between 1890 and 1924. Most of them came from southern and
eastern Europe, from countries such as Italy, Greece, Poland,
and Russia. During this era, the “new world” (North America) experienced a flood of cultures from the “old world”
(Europe) that is referred to as “The Great Convergence.”
There are many different reasons why so many flooded into
America at this time. These reasons can be broken into two major categories: Push and Pull factors of migration.
Push Factors of Migration
Pull Factors of Migration
War
Weather/climate
Disease/Plagues
Available Land
Lack of Jobs
Job opportunities
Famine
Freedom from Persecution
!
As people with different beliefs and backgrounds have
made lives for themselves in the United States, many of their
“Old Country” traditions have become part of the American culture. Culture - is defined as the way a group of people do the
things they do. Examples include the way a group of people
dress, talk, eat, worship, dance, and the music they enjoy.
Thus the American culture is a rich blend of a variety of influences. There are two ways to view this mixing of cultures. The
first and most popular is “Melting Pot.” Melting pot refers to the
mixing or blending of cultures into one unique American culture.
The other is referred to as the “Salad Bowl” theory. This states
that the various cultures act as salad ingredients, and do not
merge into a single culture but keep their own distinctive cultural identity.
Political Persecution
12
13
Road to American
Democray
2
The path America took to
reach its current form of
democracy is long and
winding. It Starts in Ancient
Athens Greece, travels
through Mid-evil England
and ending with the
Constitutional convention.
Section 1
English Roots
Learning Targets
1. Describe the events that led up to the signing of
the Magna Carta
English Influences
!
Many of the rights that American citizens enjoy today can
be traced back to the political and legal traditions of England.
When English people began settling here in the 1600s, they
brought with them a history of limited and representative government.
!
For centuries before the first English people arrived in
America, England was ruled by a Monarchy a form of government ruled by a king or a queen. However, noble families also
had considerable power. The Monarch gave them ownership
and control of vast lands in exchange for their loyalty, tax payments, and promises of military support.
2. Describe the English Parliament
3. List the first two permanent English settlements
in North America and describe how they chose to
govern themselves
4. Describe the Virginia House of Burgesses
5. Define the Mayflower Compact
The Magna Carta
!
King John, who inherited the throne in 1199, treated the nobles harshly. They rebelled in 1215 and forced the king to sign
and agreement called the Magna Carta . Magna Carta is latin
for the Great Charter and is the document that severely limited
the Kings Power. This document also protected the nobles’
privileges and upheld the authority. It also granted certain rights
to all land holding English citizens. These rights eventually
came to apply to all English citizens. These rights included
equal treatment under the law and trial by one’s peers. The
15
Magna Carta was a contract that limited the power of the monarch by guaranteeing that no one would be above the law, not
even the king or queen.
Parliament
!
Henry III, the king who followed John, met fairly regularly
with a group of nobles and church officials, who advised him
and helped the king govern the realm. Over the years, the
group grew in size and power, expanding to include representatives of the common people. By the late 1300s, the group had
developed into a Legislature or a lawmaking body- known as
Parliament.
!
For the next few centuries, the English monarch cooperated with Parliament. In the mid-1600s, However, serious
power struggles began. Eventually, in 1688, Parliament removed King James II from the throne and invited his daughter
Mary and her husband William to rule instead. In doing so, Parliament demonstrated that it was now stronger than the monarchy.
!
This peaceful transfer of power, known as the Glorious
Revolution, changed the idea of government in England. From
that time on, no ruler would have more power than the legislature.
!
To Clarify the new relationship, Parliament drew up the
English Bill of Rights in 1689. This document stated that the
Monarch could not suspend Parliament’s laws; nor could the
monarch create special courts, impose taxes or raise an army
without parliament’s consent. The English Bill of Rights also declared that members of Parliament would be freely elected and
guaranteed free speech during meetings, that every citizen
would have the right to a fair trail by jury in court cases and that
cruel and unusual punishments would be banned.
America’s English Heritage
!
In the 1600s and the 1700s, England was busy establishing colonies in North America. A colony is a group of people in
one place who are ruled by a parent country elsewhere.
!
Although the Early colonist made their lives far from home,
they remained loyal subjects of England, with a strong sense of
English political traditions. They accepted the rule of law and believed that the government should work for the people. They
also expected to have a voice in government and other basic
rights.
Jamestown and the Virginia House of Burgesses
!
The first permanent English settlement in North America
was Jamestown, in what is modern day Virginia. Jamestown
was founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company, a group of mer16
chants from London, with a charter from King James I. A Charter is a written document granting land and the authority to set
up colonial governments, The Virginia company’s charter also
promised the colonist “All liberties as if they were living or had
been born in England.”
!
The Mayflower Compact stated that the government would
make “just and equal laws... For the general good of the colony.” The signers pledged to obey those laws. The Mayflower
Compact set up a direct democracy, in which all men would
vote and the majority would rule.
!
At first the Jamestown colony was managed by a governor
and council appointed by the Virginia Company. In 1619, however the colonist chose two representatives from each county to
meet with the governor and his council. These 22 men were
called burgesses, and they formed the House of Burgesses, the
First representative assembly, or legislature in the English colonies. The House of Burgesses marked the beginning of selfgovernment in colonial America
Talk about direct and representative government here. 3D’s
ect.....
The Mayflower Compact
!
In 1620, shortly after the House of Burgesses was formed,
a new group of colonists, known as the Pilgrims, arrived in
America. They built a settlement called Plymouth hundreds of
miles north of Virginia. Today this area is in the state of Massachusetts.
!
Even before their ship, the Mayflower, reached America
the Pilgrims realized they needed rules to govern themselves if
they were to survive in the new land. They drew up a written
plan for government called the Mayflower compact and had all
41 men aboard sign the document.
Early Colonial Governments
The success of the Jamestown and Plymouth colonies led to
the formation of other settlements in America. By 1733, 13 English colonies stretched from Massachusetts in the north to Georgia in the south. Following the examples of the House of Burgesses and the Mayflower Compact, each new colony set up its
own government.
!
Although there were differences among them, there were
many similarities as well. Each colony had a governor, who was
either elected by the colonists or appointed by the English king.
Each colony also had a legislature, with representatives elected
by the free adult males. Many of the colonial legislatures were
modeled after the English Parliament.
!
As years passed, the colonial governments took on more
power and responsibility while the king and Parliament were preoccupied with matters at home in Great Britain. The colonists in
17
America soon grew used to making their own decisions. They
build towns and roads. They organized their own churches,
schools, hospitals, and fire departments. They build a thriving
economy and felt comfortable solving problems without help
from Britain.
18
Section 2
The Birth of a
Nation
Learning Targets
Colonial Rebellion
!
The First Continental Congress assembled because American began to demand more rights. Separated from Great Britain by more than 3,000 miles of ocean and left largely to their
own devices, the American colonist gained valuable experience
in self-government. They took on more power and responsibility. They learned how to manage their own affairs, and they
liked having local control. By the mid 1700s, however, the British government began to tighten its grasp on the American colonies.
1. Define Mercantilism
2. Describe the colonial boycott
3. Define the Stamp Act
4. Describe the effects of the Intolerable Acts on the
colonists.
5. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence
6. What was the purpose of the Declaration of
Independence
!
After 1760, when George III took the throne, the British
adopted a policy called mercantilism in which they tried to
squeeze as much wealth as possible out of the British colonies
in America and from other colonies around the world. Mercantilism is the theory that a country should sell more goods to other
countries than it buys. For mercantilism to be successful, Great
Britain needed the colonies to be a source of cheap, raw materials. Parliament required the American colonies to sell raw materials, such as cotton and lumber to Great Britain at low prices.
The colonists also had to buy British products at higher prices.
As a result, colonial businesses suffered.
!
The situation worsened after 1763. Great Britain had
fought a long, costly war against France- the French and Indian
war - Winning French territory in North America. To cover the
19
costs of ruling these new lands and to pay off its heavy war
debts, Britain placed steep taxes on the American colonies. In
1765, for example, Parliament passed the Stamp Act, which required colonists to attach expensive tax stamps to all newspapers and legal documents.
!
The colonists resented the British taxes. Because they
had no representatives in Parliament, as people living in Great
Britain did, the colonists believed that parliament had no right to
tax them. They summed up their feelings with the slogan “ No
taxation without representation!”
!
In protest, many colonists decided to boycott, or refuse to
buy, British goods. Rebellious colonists began using homespun
cloth and drinking coffee instead of British tea. The boycott had
its intended effect; Parliament agreed to repeal, or cancel, the
Stamp Act and other taxes.
!
Parliament, however, soon passed new tax laws to replace
the Stamp Act. The same day it repealed the Stamp Act, Parliament passed the Declaratory Act of 1766, which stated that Parliament had the right to tax and make decisions for the American colonies “in all cases.” Then, in 1776, Parliament passed a
set of laws that came to be known as the Townshend Acts.
These laws levied new taxes on goods imported to the colonies. The taxed goods included basic items, like glass, tea, paper and lead, that the colonist needed because they did not produce them. These new laws further angered the colonists. The
colonists responded by bringing back the boycott that they had
used against the Stamp Act.
!
Relations between Great Britain and the colonists worsened. In 1773 Parliament passed another measure. The Tea
Act gave the British East India Company the right to ship tea to
the colonies without paying most of the taxes usually placed on
tea. The act also allowed the company to bypass colonial merchants and sell tea directly to shopkeepers at low prices. This
made the East India Company tea cheaper than any other tea
in the colonies, giving the British company a very favorable advantage over colonial merchants.
Colonist immediately condemned the Tea act as just another attempt to crush their liberty. Colonists blocked all East India Company ships from colonial ports, with the exception of the ships
that arrived at the Boston port.
!
In 1773 a group of colonists dressed as Native Americans
dumped 342 chests of British tea into Boston Harbor. The colonists did this to protest further taxes on tea. In reaction to this
protest, known as the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed the
Coercive Acts, which Americans called the Intolerable Acts.
These laws restricted the colonists’ rights, including the right to
trial by jury. The intolerable Acts also allowed British soldiers to
search and even move into colonists’ homes.
Desire for Independence
20
!
The colonial governments banded together to fight the Intolerable Acts. In September 1774, 12 of the colonies sent delegates, or representatives, to Philadelphia to discuss their concerns. These representatives from every colony except Georgia, wanted to establish a political body to represent American
interests and challenge British control.
The Second Continental Congress
The First Continental Congress
!
In May 1775, colonial leaders convened the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Not every member of the Congress favored independence. Some believed the colonists
could never win a war against Great Britain. Others were still
loyal to their home country. The Congress spent many months
debating over the best course of action.
!
The meeting in Philadelphia, known as the First Continental Congress, lasted seven weeks. During that time, the delegates sent a document to King George III demanding that the
rights of the colonists be restored. They also made plans to extend the boycott of British goods. When the Congress ended,
the delegates vowed to hold another meeting if their demands
were not met by the following year.
!
Meanwhile, support for independence grew. In January of
1776, an American colonist named Thomas Paine inspired
many other colonists by publishing a pamphlet titled Common
Sense. In it Paine called for complete independence from Britain. He argued that it was simply “common sense” to stop following the “royal brute,” King George III. Paine called the colonists’s actions a struggle for freedom.
!
King George responded with force. In April 1775, two battles between British and colonial soldiers took place in Massachusetts at Lexington and Concord. These became the first battles of the Revolutionary War. Until this time, most colonists still
though of themselves as loyal subjects of Great Britain. Now,
with British soldiers shooting at American, many colonists began to question their attachment to Britain. People began talking about independence, or self reliance and freedom from outside control.
!
By 1776 more than half of the delegates of the Second
Continental Congress agreed with Paine that the colonies must
break away from Britain.
The Declaration of Independence
!
The Congress, acting now as a government for the colonies, appointed a committee to write a document that would officially announce the independence of the United States. Thomas Jefferson, however, did almost all the work. His draft of
21
the Declaration of Independence explained why the United
States should be a free nation.
!
The Declaration argued that the British government did not
look after the interests of the colonists. The authors included a
long list of abuses by King George III and called him a
“Tyrant...unfit to be the Ruler of a free People.” The document
was much more than a list of complaints, though.
Democratic Ideas
!
!
The second paragraph of the Declaration of Independence set forth the colonial beliefs about the rights of individuals.
It said:
!
!
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men
are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with
certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty,
and the pursuit of Happiness.”
In other words, the purpose of the government is to protect the
rights of the people. Moreover, government is based on the
consent of the people. The people are entitled to change or
overthrow a government if it disregards their rights or their will.
!
These ideas were not new. Thomas Jefferson was particularly influenced by John Locke, a seventeenth-century English
philosopher, and a later philosopher, William Blackstone. In his
Second Treatise of Government, published in 1690, Locke
wrote that good government is based on a social contract between people and the rulers. The people agree to give up
some of their freedom and abide by the decisions of their government. In return, the government promises to protect the
lives, property, and liberty of the people. If the government misuses its power, the people should rebel. Locke also wrote that
all people should equally enjoy the rights to life, liberty, and
property.
An Uncertain Future
The paragraph went on to say:
!
!
“That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of
the governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to
alter or abolish it, and to institute new Government.”
!
The Second Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence, with a few changes, on July 4, 1776.
The American colonies were now independent states--at least
in theory. True freedom, though, would not come until the war
ended and Great Britain officially recognized the United States
as a rightfully independent nation.
!
22
!
23
Articles of Confederation
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Census
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Checks and Balances
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Congress
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Constitution
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Declare acts/laws unconstitutional
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George Washington
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Override
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Preamble
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Pro-Con-Pre-Post
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Shay's Rebellion
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The 3 Branches of Government
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The Great Compromise
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The Levels of Government
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The Two countires that most influnced our system of government
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Veto
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