Chapter 3: Matter—Properties and Changes
Section 1:
Section 2:
Section 3:
Section 4:
Properties of Matter
Changes in Matter
Mixtures of Matter
Elements and Compounds
Big Idea: Everything is made of matter.
Vocabulary Review:
density
New Vocabulary:
states of matter
solid
liquid
gas
vapor
physical property
extensive property
observation
substance
proportion
intensive property
chemical property
physical change
phase change
chemical change
law of conservation of mass
mixture
heterogeneous mixture
homogeneous mixture
solution
filtration
distillation
crystallization
sublimation
chromatography
element
periodic table
compound
law of definite proportions
percent by mass
law of multiple proportions
Section 1: Most common substances exist as solids, liquids, and gases, which have diverse physical and chemical
properties.
Substances
__________________ is anything that has mass and takes up space. Matter is everything around us. Matter with a _______________
____________________________________ is a substance. Much of your chemistry course will be __________________ on the composition
of substances and how they interact with one another.
States of Matter
The physical forms of matter, either ______________________________________________________ , are called the __________________.
Solids are a form of matter that have ______________________________________________________
Liquids are a form of matter that have ______________________________________________________
Gases have ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Vapor refers to the gaseous state of a substance that is ________________________________________________________________________
Physical Properties of Matter
A _________________________ is a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the __________________________
__________________ properties, such as mass, length, and volume, are dependent on _______________________________________________
____________________________________, such as density, are dependent on what the substance is not how much there is.
Chemical Properties of Matter
The ability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more other substances is called a __________________________
Examples include: Iron forming ____________________________________ Copper ____________________________________
Observing Properties of Matter
A substance can ____________________________________ —an important concept in chemistry. Both physical and chemical
properties can change with ________________________________________________________________________
Review - Essential Questions
What characteristics identify a substance? __________________________________________________________________________________________
What distinguishes physical properties from chemical properties? _______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
How do the properties of the physical states of matter differ? _____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Section 2: Matter can undergo physical and chemical changes.
Physical Changes
A __________________ that alters a substance without changing its composition is known as a ____________________________________.
A ____________________________________ is a transition of matter from one state to another. ____________________________________, and
condensing all describe phase changes in chemistry.
Chemical Changes
A change that involves one or more substances turning ____________________________________ is called a __________________ change.
Decomposing, ______________________________________________________, or oxidizing are all terms that describe chemical changes.
Law of Conservation of Mass
The ______________________________________________________ states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction, it is conserved. The mass of the reactants ____________________________________ mass of the products.
____________________________________ = ____________________________________
Problem
In an experiment, 10.00 g of red mercury(II) oxide powder is placed in an open flask and heated until it is converted to
liquid mercury and oxygen gas. The liquid mercury has a mass of 9.26 g. What is the mass of oxygen formed in the
reaction? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Show work here:
Review - Essential Questions
What is a physical change and what are several common examples? ____________________________________________________________
What defines a chemical change? How can you recognize a chemical change? __________________________________________________
How does the law of conservation of mass apply to chemical reactions? ________________________________________________________
Section 3: Most everyday matter occurs as mixtures—combinations of two or more substances.
Mixtures
A __________________ is a combination of two or more pure substances in which each pure substance retains its individual
chemical properties.
A ____________________________________ is a mixture where the composition is constant throughout. Homogeneous mixtures are
also called solutions. Ex: ______________________________________________________
A ____________________________________ is a mixture where the individual substances remain distinct. Ex: _________________________
Separating Mixtures
__________________ is a technique that uses a _____________________ to separate a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture.
__________________ is a separation technique for homogeneous mixtures that is based on the differences in __________________
of substances.
__________________ is a separation technique for homogenous mixtures that results in the formation of pure solid particles
from a ____________________________________ containing the dissolved substance.
____________________________________ is the process of a solid changing directly to a gas, which can be used to separate
mixtures of solids when one sublimates and the other does not.
__________________ is a technique that separates the components of a mixture on the basis of tendency of each to _____________
across the ______________________________________________________.
Review - Essential Questions
How do mixtures and substances differ? ____________________________________________________________________________________________
Why are some mixtures classified as homogeneous, while others are classified as heterogeneous? ___________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
What are several techniques used to separate mixtures? __________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Section 4: A compound is a combination of two or more elements.
Elements
An __________________ is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means.
__________________ elements occur naturally on Earth.
Each element has a unique __________________ and a ____________________________________-letter symbol.
The periodic table organizes the elements into a grid of horizontal rows called __________________ and vertical columns
called __________________.
Elements in the same group have ________________________________________________________________________
The table is called _______________________ because the pattern of ________________________________ repeats from period to period.
Compounds
A compound is a made up of two or more elements ______________________________________________________
Most of the matter in the universe exists as __________________
________________________________________________________________________ are compounds.
Unlike elements, compounds can be broken into smaller components by ______________________________________________________
Separating a compounds into its elements often requires ____________________________________ such as __________________ or
electricity. This figure shows electrolysis of water to form hydrogen and oxygen gas.
Law of Definite Proportions
The ______________________________________________________ states that a compound is __________________ composed of the
____________________________________ in the ____________________________________ by mass, no matter how large or small the sample.
Example: Water is always composed of 2 Hydrogen to 1 Oxygen
The relative amounts are expressed as ____________________________________, the ratio of the mass of each element to the total
mass of the compound expressed as a percentage.
Percent by mass (%) = ------------------------------- x
This table demonstrates that the percentages of elements in sucrose remain the same despite differences in sample
amount.
Law of Multiple Proportions
The ________________________________________________________________________ states that when __________________________________________
are formed by a combination of the __________________ elements, different masses of one element combine with the same
relative mass of the other element in ____________________________________
Example: Peroxide, H2O2, and water, H2O
Different compounds formed from the ____________________________________
___________________________________ the same in both compounds but _________________________ is a 2:1 ratio in peroxide to water.
Review - Essential Questions
What distinguishes elements from compounds? ___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
How is the periodic table organized? _________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
What are the laws of definite and multiple proportions and why are they important? __________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________