Chapter 24 Introduction
Section 1 The Movement Begins
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
Chapter Objectives
Section 1: The Movement Begins
• Explain the origin of the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference. 
• Discuss the changing role of the federal
government in civil rights enforcement.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
continued
on next slide
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
After World War II, African Americans and other
supporters of civil rights challenged segregation
in the United States. 
Key Terms and Names
• separate-but-equal 
• Linda Brown 
• de facto segregation 
• Dr. Martin Luther
King, Jr. 
• NAACP 
• sit-in 
• Thurgood Marshall 
• Southern Christian
Leadership
Conference
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
The Origins of the Movement
• The African American civil rights
movement began after Rosa Parks
refused to give up her seat on a bus
to a white man. 
• An organized boycott of the bus
system was just the beginning as
African Americans demanded equal
rights.
(pages 746–748)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
The Origins of the Movement (cont.)
• In 1896 the Supreme Court had declared
segregation legal in Plessy v. Ferguson. 
• This ruling had established a separatebut-equal doctrine, making laws
segregating African Americans legal as
long as equal facilities were provided. 
• “Jim Crow” laws segregating African
Americans and whites were common in
the South after the Plessy v. Ferguson
decision.
(pages 746–748)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
The Origins of the Movement (cont.)
• In places without segregation laws, such
as in the North, there was de facto
segregation–segregation by custom
and tradition. 
• The National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP) had supported court cases
trying to overturn segregation since
1909. 
• It provided financial support and lawyers
to African Americans.
(pages 746–748)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
The Origins of the Movement (cont.)
• African Americans gained political power
as they migrated to Northern cities where
they could vote. 
• African Americans voted for politicians
who listened to their concerns on civil
rights issues, resulting in a strong
Democratic Party. 
• In Chicago in 1942, the Congress of
Racial Equality (CORE) was founded. 
• CORE used sit-ins as a form of protest
against segregation and discrimination.
(pages 746–748)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
The Origins of the Movement (cont.)
• In 1943 CORE used sit-ins to protest
segregation in restaurants. 
• These sit-ins resulted in the integration
of many restaurants, theaters, and
other public facilities in Chicago,
Detroit, Denver, and Syracuse.
(pages 746–748)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
The Origins of the Movement (cont.)
How did the NAACP and CORE challenge
the Supreme Court’s decision in Plessy v.
Ferguson?
(pages 746–748)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
The Origins of the Movement (cont.)
The NAACP supported court cases intended
to overturn segregation. It provided lawyers
to African Americans and helped cover the
costs of their cases. CORE used sit-ins as
a form of protest against segregation and
discrimination. In 1943 CORE used sit-ins
to protest segregation in restaurants. These
sit-ins resulted in the integration of many
restaurants, theaters, and other public
facilities in Chicago, Detroit, Denver, and
Syracuse.
(pages 746–748)
The Civil Rights Movement Begins
• When African Americans returned from
World War II, they had hoped for equality. 
• When this did not occur, the civil rights
movement began as African Americans
planned protests and marches to end
prejudice. 
• African American attorney and chief
counsel for the NAACP Thurgood
Marshall worked to end segregation
in public schools.
(pages 748–750)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
The Civil Rights Movement Begins
(cont.)
• In 1954 several Supreme Court cases
regarding segregation–including the case
of Linda Brown–were combined in one
ruling. 
• The girl had been denied admission to her
neighborhood school in Topeka, Kansas,
because she was African American. 
• In the Supreme Court case Brown v.
Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the
Court ruled that segregation in public
schools was unconstitutional and violated
the equal protection clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment.
(pages 748–750)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
The Civil Rights Movement Begins
(cont.)
• Brown v. Board of Education convinced
African Americans to challenge all forms
of segregation, but it also angered many
white Southerners who supported
segregation. 
• On the day Rosa Parks appeared in court,
the Women’s Political Council led African
Americans in a boycott against the
Montgomery bus system. 
• The Montgomery Improvement Association
was created to run the boycott and
negotiate with city leaders to end
segregation.
(pages 748–750)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
The Civil Rights Movement Begins
(cont.)
• Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., elected to
head the organization, called for a
nonviolent passive resistant approach
to end segregation and racism. 
• The boycott of the bus system continued
for over a year as African Americans
walked or participated in carpools. 
• In December 1956, the United States
Supreme Court declared Alabama’s laws
requiring segregation on buses to be
unconstitutional.
(pages 748–750)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
The Civil Rights Movement Begins
(cont.)
How did the Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of
Education of Topeka, Kansas, affect African
Americans and Southerners?
The ruling convinced many African Americans that
it was time to challenge other forms of segregation.
The ruling enraged many Southerners, who became
even more determined to defend segregation. In
1956 a group of 101 Southern members of Congress
signed the “Southern Manifesto” which denounced
the Supreme Court rulings and encouraged
Southerners to defy the Supreme Court by not
upholding the ruling to end segregation.
(pages 748–750)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
African American Churches
• African American churches played a key
role in the success of the boycott. 
• Churches became a place for forums,
planning meetings, and organizing
volunteers for civil rights campaigns. 
• The Southern Christian Leadership
Conference (SCLC), led by Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr., challenged the
segregation of public transportation,
housing, at the voting booths, and in
public accommodations.
(pages 750–751)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
African American Churches (cont.)
How did African American churches and
ministers help the civil rights movement?
African American churches served as
forums for many of the protests and
planning meetings. The churches also
mobilized many of the volunteers for
specific civil-rights campaigns. African
American ministers, led by Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr., established the SCLC,
which was set up to eliminate segregation
from American society and to encourage
African Americans to register to vote. (pages 750–751)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Eisenhower and Civil Rights
• President Eisenhower became the first
president since Reconstruction to send
federal troops into the South to protect
African Americans and their constitutional
rights. 
• In Little Rock, Arkansas, the governor
ordered the Arkansas National Guard to
prevent African American students from
entering the Little Rock high school. 
• President Eisenhower demanded that
the troops be removed.
(pages 751–752)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Eisenhower and Civil Rights (cont.)
• The governor withdrew the troops but left
the school to the angry mob. 
• Two African American reporters were
beaten, and many windows of the school
were broken. 
• Eisenhower ordered the United States
Army to surround the school, and the
students were escorted into the building. 
• The troops remained for the entire school
year.
(pages 751–752)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Eisenhower and Civil Rights (cont.)
• The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was
created to protect the right of African
Americans to vote. 
• It marked an important first step in
bringing the federal government into
the civil rights debate.
(pages 751–752)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the information.
Eisenhower and Civil Rights (cont.)
What did the SCLC do after the Civil Rights
Act of 1957 was passed?
The SCLC began a campaign to register
2 million new African American voters.
(pages 751–752)
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
A 1. doctrine established by the
1896 Supreme Court case
Plessy v. Ferguson that
permitted laws segregating
African Americans as long as
equal facilities were provided
__
C 2. a form of protest involving
occupying seats or sitting
down on the floor of an
establishment
__
B 3. segregation by custom and
tradition
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answers.
A. separate-butequal
B. de facto
segregation
C. sit-in
Checking for Understanding (cont.)
State the outcome of the Brown v. Board
of Education case.
Segregation in public schools
is unconstitutional.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Themes
Government and Democracy Why did
the role of the federal government in civil
rights enforcement change?
The role of the federal government
changed because its authority and
decisions were challenged by
individual states.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking
Interpreting Do you think the civil rights
movement would have been successful
in gaining civil rights for African
Americans without the help of the
NAACP and the SCLC? Explain.
The NAACP and the SCLC provided
financial support, leadership, and
organization to the civil rights movement.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.