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The Japanese Attempt to Solve the Mongol Question in Manchuria

Brigham Young University
BYU ScholarsArchive
All Theses and Dissertations
1966-08-01
The Japanese Attempt to Solve the Mongol
Question in Manchuria, 1931-1945
Richard D. S. Kwak
Brigham Young University - Provo
Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd
Part of the Japanese Studies Commons, and the Mormon Studies Commons
BYU ScholarsArchive Citation
Kwak, Richard D. S., "The Japanese Attempt to Solve the Mongol Question in Manchuria, 1931-1945" (1966). All Theses and
Dissertations. Paper 4861.
This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses and Dissertations by an
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JAPANESE ATTEMPT
MONGOL QUESTION
SOLVE
MANCHURIA
9
1931 1945
19311945
thesis
presented
department
history
brigham young university
partial fulfillment
degree
requirements
master
richard D
august
arts
kwak
1966
thesis
form
fying
richard
department
D
history
thesis requirements
present
accepted
kwak
brigham young university
degree
thedegree
master
satis-
arts
tc
mang
chairman
Chair
mant
member
j
advlsoi
advisory
advisors committee
vlw ow committee
advtsycommlttee
adelw
1
ate
fte
lehat
typed
kerstin
H
kramer
rmlt
rolt
major depairtment
acknowledgements
ACKNOWLEDGE MENTS
express sincere gratitude
author wishes
dr paul
young
V
asian studies program
hyer chairman
university
appreciation
extended
assisting
work
professor Hor
hoc
luchi
tuchi
iuchi
horiuchi
extended
appreciation
final
thesis
farnsworth
translationsst appreciation
translation
japanese portion
tatsui sato
extended
kerstin kramer
typing
form
wife mildred
many
W
german
conrad kramer
warm
dr lee
helpful suggestions
horiuchi
N
brigham
inspiration
help
guidance
professor russell
adviser
hours spent
encouragement
kind assistance
preparation
thesis
interpretation
representation
author extends
deepest appreciation
errors
may
found
work
author alone
ill
lii
responsible
facts
TABLE
CONTENTS
lii
iii
ill
MENTS
ACKNOWLEDGE
acknowledgements
LIST
illustration
TABLES
v
CHAPTER
1I
11
II
introduction
historical
1
background
5
manchu mongol relations
chinese mongol relations
colonializafcion
colonialization
vationalism
rationalism
nationalisn
autonomous movement
manchurian incident
creation
manchulcuo
Manchu kuo
manchukuo
motive
objective
central government
provincial
local administrative units
conclusion
ili
111
III
EXTERNAL PROBLEMS RELATED
panye
pan lemongol
mongolism
longolism
ism
MONGOL QUESTION
35
MONGOL QUESTION
58
border incidents
Man
Han
manchuli
hanchuli
chuli conference
chull
ling sheng incident
manhan battle
IV
RELATED
INTERNAL PROBLEMS TRELATED
trie
tre
THIE
II sinan provinces
creation
office
hainan
hsinan affairs
provincial administration
aition
tkb4ii1stri neton
leton
ition
banner administration
1
japanese moncol
monrol program
lamaism
education
concordia association
economy
V
SUMMARY
industry
conclusion
89
bibliography
9
94
appendices
102
av
IV
1v
LIST
illustration
TABLES
page
1
government
2
map
3
comparison
4
administrative structure
5
banner administration
30
Manchu kuo
manchukuo
gac
gar
gacs
gars
nomonhan
monhan war
wart 1939
forces
51
&
0
0
&
0
0
0
0
0
&
msingan
hsingan
hsinfan provinces
0
v
0
0
0
&
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
55
0
62
0
68
CHAPTER 1I
introduction
mongo
mongollas
gollas
essentially three Mon
las
1940s
19401st
1930ts
1930s
mongolia
outer Mongol
chinas
las
lat cainas
pre eminence
preeminence
soviet Rus
dussias
russias
sias
eastern mongolia
mongolia
outer Mongo
liag
ilag
ilas inner mongolia
japans
inner mongolia
eastern mongolia
clarity
area
eastern mongolia
distinguished
mongels
inner mongols
manchurian
hurlan incident
successful Manc
following
Kwan tung army
japanese kwantung
found themselves occupying
vast expanse
3600000 square miles
5000000
estimates
number
ino reference
1931
1931t
north
north-
following year
mongols
mongels
gols
indigenous eastern Mon
lattimore
september 18
sustained drive
commenced
early part
western manchuria
compared
inner mongolia
outer mongolia
mongels
outer mongols
inhabited
Monggois
Mon
mongolst
mongels
goist
ols
hslngan
hsingan mongols
hsinfan
olst
mongols
Mon gols
eastern mongels
western
re-
people
western manchuria
Mon
mongels
Manc
gols
manchurian
hurlan mongols
ferred
referred
hslngan
hsingan region
hsinfan
barga
mongolia
goliat principally
eastern Mon
1500000
200000 square miles
covered
whole
mongols
mongels
japanese
manchuria
according
mongolian
Mon golias
mongolias
gollas
three mongollas
mongols
mongels
eastern mongolia
mongels
buryat mongols
bulyat
siberia
mongols
mongels within soviet russians
sphere
influence except those
russia
occupy
study
do
significant role
outer mongolia since
ver sity
versity
5
2oven
boven
owen Latti
latfclmore
lattimoret
moret
1962
p
mongol population
327
made
Lon dont
doni oxford unistudies
frontier history london
lattimore
reliable figures
2
2
evidently
boosted
japanese intervention
eastern
morale
western mongol nationalist leaders
chinese exploitation
soviet
example
pan mongol
mongolism
ism provided
portant phase
far
japanese troops
appearance
disturbing factor
soviet russia
mongols
mongels
1932
solve
im-
eastern mongolia
encouraging ones
china
analysis
concerned
situation in-
hsingan
hsinfan province
significance
cluding
attempt
3
question
mongol
although
aspiration
deep seated mongol
self
resolved
problem
hsingan
hsinfan province
creation
suppression
mongol lands
japanese
determination undoubtedly
then
eastern mongolia
1932
given
lattimore
regional mongol interest
recognition
means
important
hsingan
creation
hsinfan province
mongol subjects
two nations
instead
nationsl each treating
seemed expedient three nations
victims
auxiliaries
mon
power
now bidding
turn means
longer
gols
courted
thus
extent agents
choice
disposed
once
arbitrarily
must
certain
become
destiny until year ago
extinction under chinese rule
drastic social revolution under outer mongolia affiliated
least marsoviet russia now
even
bargaining power
gin
concerted action
profoundly effect
policies
minority
action
japan 4
strategic positions
russia china
own
mongol ism
promote pan mongolism
effort
soviet russia
learn
past
nor
pan mongol
mongolism
ism
neither
chinese policy
idea
intended
independence
capitalize
4
lattimore
op
cit
manchu dynasty
mongols
Mon gols
mongels
329
subsequent
1911
whole
japanese evidently
deep seated national
p
positive russian
earlier attempts
japanese
3since
since
fall
chinese republic
soon
major obstacle
3
rise
japanese
imbued
aware
spirit
3
direction
japanese militarists
militarisms
made
pan buddhism
name
tsarist
reality
soviet
long
left
power
spheres
mongol
chinals
chanas
chinas
ambitiously m-
soviet russia
including
forces
own
troops
within
outer
japanese promotion
pan mongol movement
aspiration
realized
outer mongolia
demonstrated
1935
state
japanese soviet confrontation along
influence
mongolian border
unchallenged
both japan
respective
obilized
pan mongolian
ideal
inner mongolia
power
soviet russian intervention ended
discussed later
shall
scheme
buddhist scholars
nomonhan
monhan war
dream
1939 proved
inner
counterpart
mongol autonomous government
hsingan
hsinfan provinces
internally
japanese tried
people steeped
hardly
tionalism
asia
japanese
therefore
perhaps
mainly
government
local people
key positions
Manchu kuo
again like manchukuo
merely facades
tradition
economy
autonomous
influenced
tools
etc
growing na-
advisors holding
autonomous hsingan
hsinfan
japanese alms
areas
sm
Lamal
lamaism
lamalsm
lamai
expediency
became
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo
japanese imperialism
realized
promotion
reforms
mon-
simply solve
pragmatism
ordinarily leaders
japanese
facets
establishment
noted
useful
education nedleal services
educationnedical
many
eastern mongolia did
institution
therefore
like
solve
neither did
mongol question
mongol
state
mere possession
gol question
region
autonomous
fulfillment
pan mongolian
dream
establishing
japanese succeeded
inner mongolia however
hsingan
hsinfan provinces
assigned
staffed
various
secondary positions
provincial administrations
4
paper
purpose
japanese program relative
sider
what
mongol
japanese promote
relative
mongol
react
solve
mongol
why
what
position
specific
mongol programs did
did
how
eastern mongolia
failures
con-
hsingan
hsinfan provinces
outer mongolia
three asiatic powers
question
questions
results
what
japans plans
successes
what
evaluate
between
japanese
key
russia react
china
view
why
what designs did
mongolia
question
relationship
Manchu kuo government
manchukuo
react
study
then
what
inner
why
how
did
results
how
did
period
japanese
mongols
mongels
overall
attempt
II
CHAPTER 11
historical
brief study
cluding
chinese mongol
manchu mongol
mongol autonomous movement
establishment
1930s
l930s
in-
reader
comprehend
mon-
edg
confronted
edt particularly
confront
japanese
1940s
l940s
very fact
emperor
japanese
reader
exception
references
both eastern
manchu mongol
aspiration
rise
incident
creation
question
1
therefore
Manchu
manchukuo
ves
vas
kuo wes
suppression
large part responsible
government
aa
1a regional handbook
following
significant
manchuria
move
mongols
mongels
aid
inner mongolia region compiled
russian institute university
195
19566 t p
manchu mongol
chinese colonization policy
manchus
danchus conquered china
1644
eastern
self
mongol
lat-
Mon gols
mongels
eastern mongols
western
bitter experiences
mongol
perhaps
priesthood
chinese mongol relations unlike those
record
relations
leyo
valley
vai
river Val
nonni
hereditary nobility
common among
shall soon
Mon
mongels
western mongols
gols
mongols
bagor
dagor mongels
group did
hsingan
hsinfan suggested
relations
manchu mongol
reminded
generally applicable
former manchu monarch
mongols
mongels
knowledge
observe
chosen
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo
japanese
HRAF
relations
manchurian incident
heliy
helly
help
should heip
Manchu kuo
manchukuo
gol question
ter
background
10
5
washington
seattle
far
new haven
6
manchuria
sovereignty
manchu
alliances
sions
privileges
various tribal groups
made
loyalty
retain
dynastic
given manchu princesses
tribal point
mongol
inevitably
2
manchu
view
prevent
manchus did
danchus
hesitate
tribal
call
tribal leadership
gence
national unity
being
mongol princes
tary
resur-
racial
semblance
case
therefore barred
nobles
civil careers within china
cal
appealed
preserve
taken
3
system
mongol
manchu
manchus took precautiondanchus
however
thing although steps
ary measures
take
position
career
same kind
highly born
rich
manchuria
princes tended increasingly
rather
conces-
manchu dynasty extended
princes
mongol
result
aspired
mongels
mongols
example
wives
accomplished
mongels
mongols
politi-
restricted
administrative careers within
own
frontier
miliregions
subsi-
given important honors
mongol became too creative
career
dies
power among
mongols
mongels too constructive
promoted
peking
kept
supervisory position
court
contact
him
tribal affairs
heirs grew
Man chus
danchus
peking manchus
inhibited
mongols
mongels
although
ties centrally
hands
4lattimore
jlattimore
autonomy
nobility
5
regard chinese policy during
same
except
mongols
mongels
monaols
op
017
012
1
1
p
3
creating separate provinces
manchurian
japanese occupation
generally preserved
cit
aa
5a regional handbook
Tand book
landbook
cit
eit
elt
sit
local level largely
problem
3aiso
baiso
aiso during
system
securing mongol loyal-
left
2owen
bowen
owen lattimore
p 69
union 1934 po
tribal
current
social ideas
coordination among
mainly interested
dynasty
generally
republic
growth
4
main
away
DO
london george
1931 1945
19311945
ailen
alien
allen
mongol
71
70
7071
tho inner mongolia autonomous region
op
7
inhibit political integration
1940s
granted
political coalition
against
gols themselves
during
clining years
chinese colonists
especially
encourage I1
transfer
mongol land
assumed
great importance
together
generally
panese
dead
mutual
weaken
organization
relations
7
fact
manchu
letter
territorial
join
political unit
league
6
manchu mongol
relations
reason
perhaps
manchu emperor
desired
m-
control
soon
powerful
important exceptions
however
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chinese
problem
become
supra
ri local
supralocal
supri
become
chinese
earlier edict
titles
imperial government
situation
between mon
given area disparate groups
league
cause
chinese
western manchuria
despite
since local differences became
ties
directed
able
forbidding intermarriage became
1801
policy
steppes
mongols
mongels
manchus
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dynasty
governments
manchu dynasty period
peak
dynasty undertook
edict
manchu
dynasty
outlawed
manchu
autonomous
mongols
between mongels
mingling
prevented
igration
mongels
mongols
primary objective
however
19308
seif seeking policy
self
line
somewhat
step further
went
japanese policy
received
ja-
mongols
mongels
overlord
grol
crol relafo
mongol
relafc
i ons
chinese mon
relations
chinese period
during
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likelihood
6ibid
bibid
id
7owen
bowen
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pp
ap
movement
primarily
assimilate
offset
mongols
acono
mongels econo
34
3 4
latfcimore
mores
lattimorel
Latti
latel
morel studies
university press
trend
1962
p
334
frontier history london oxford
politically
mically culturally
failure
however
aspiration
autonomy led
ally under
barga region
movements
inner mongolia
manchuria
mongols
mongels
partitioned
1928
yuan
sulyman
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suiyuan
nanking government
lot
made
inner
Ning
ningshia
shia
difficult
difficultfor
made
provincial governments headed
gave
mongols
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unified political group
organize themselves
jurisdiction-
chinese provinces
therefore
chahar
mongolian
western
manchuria
chinese provincial governments
mongolia
satisfy
chinese republic
mongols
mongels
set
nonetheless
warlords
chinese war
lords
liked them
power
besides
unbearable under unscrupulous provincial
mongols
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governors
during
chinese colonization
peak
misery
velopment increased
intensifying
Mon
mongols
mongels
gols
C
1929 1930 railroad de19291930
mongels
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hatred
manchuria
thus further
chinese overlords
colonization
tories
claim mongol
terri-
lattimore
expressed
tendency
ordination
right
republic toward
attitude
mongol
assert
subdefinite principle
appear
chinese interestsbegan
interests began
chinese authorities estab-
1915
1914
early
mongol land belonged
theory
lished precedents
mongol tribe
mongol prince nor
chineither
mongols
nese nation
applied meant
mongels
theory
own tribal land
allowed
divide
private ownership
farmers
settle down
fanners 8
however
beset
government
april
ven
control
unable
scrupulous government
80wen
wen
1934
external strifes
strafes
stri fes
internal
warlords
lords
officials war
morer
mocel
morel
lattimore
Latti
210
exploitation
mongol
unstable chinese
mongol lands among un-
land speculators
destiny
manchoukuo
merchants
asia
XXIV
9
collaborating
mongol nobles
two land booms
thereby aggravated
increased
first
verted
republic undertook
modern
moreover
helpless
railways
nchuria
effect
railway construc-
belated adoption
able
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Mon
mongols
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gols
expropriation
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st
manchuria
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character
indubitably
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counteract
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coi
eol
ontal penetration
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tion
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competitive economic position
manchurian
need
world war 1I
farmlands
1916 18
191618
those
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warring nations
foodstuffs
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Mon
mongols1
Manc hurlan mongels
mongols
gols
gois
manchurian
28
1926
192628
mongols
mongels land
demand
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penetrate further
accustomed
primitive
mongol lands
ways
facilitated
con-
western ma-
chinese farmers
peking mukden railway
peking sulyman
pekins
suiyuan
sulyuan railway
western inner
manchuria
swarms
mongolia
chinese
followed immediately
staked
stakeo
lands within
jurisdiction
stakee
farmers
mongol leagues
chinese eastern railway
north
areas occupied
hsingan
crossed
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nan
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line pushing northwestward
tao
C
cheng chia t1un
land
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well
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gerim
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chinese
further colonization
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1929 emlaunched
hsinfan reclamation project
spearhead
ploying
extend
reclamation army
way
ao nan
vao
eventually
rao
solun
line
southern hsingan
chinese eastern
link
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construction
0
railway
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japanese seizure
period
during
thus
constructed railway
91bid
bid
10
citop
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citow
cit
p
po
p
railway
manchuria brought
pressed
end
1931
project
ge scale migration
lange
ladge
large
lar
mongol frontier almost
10
newly
hsingan
hsinfan
210
regional handbook
44
fall
built
inner mongolia autonomous region op
10
formerly
mountains
plain
far
mongol perimeter
part
ssupingkai
Hs inkling
inking
colonization
escaped
remoteness
nese eastern railway
relative less
how-
chinese
chi-
railway lines
number
region
running through
colonization pro-
brief then chinese railway construction
ject
jehol
dehol
full impact
russian interests
hsingan
hsinfan range
ever barga west
central
extended
alienating factors
became
mongol chinese
japanese imperialism
suitable time
never
situation
did
relations
probably
capitalize
1931
nationalism
budding
nationalism
mongol
chinese republic
establishment
before
essential roots
thought
found
terms
11yood
good
C
1
superior people
short
old days
12
influence
power
extended
mongol
mongols
mongels
great warriors
11
bril-
usually spoke
great leader
chingghis
ching
ghis khan
far
even
however
1911
self identity
world conquerors
themselves
liant organizers
political factor
gates
vienna
robert rupen
twelfth century
Ching
ghis khan continues
chingghis
political
represents
glorious past
factor throughout mongolia
mongolian influence
mongolia
unified
captured
day
spread through
world
many westerners
Mon
mongols
mongels
well
imagination
gols
name continually reappears
mongolian nationalist movemongolian areas
represents
ments
truly
memory
ilpaul
aul
1947
p
E
eckel
319
y
i120wen
owen lattimore
university 1962 p 336
far east since
studies
1500
new york
harcourt brace
frontier history london oxford
11
1 0
13
mongolian symbol
universal
peter
comments
hume
mongols
mongels
remind them
1931
Ching ghis khan
chingghis
idealization
past glory
hope
still
hsingan
hsinfan
another
uniting themselves
idea
becoming
ng once
becoming
enormous number
becom
see
great nation you
becomng
genghis khants head
mongols
them
mongels wearing buttons
symbol
day
fond belief
cen&ury
centi ury heights again 14
those thirteenth century
attain
khas
ehas
political nationalism
concepts
vague
exposure
1930ts under
1930s
during
however
them
made
encourage
probably
present regime
life
far
ruling
mongolian nationalism acceptable
16
1931
deterrents
mongol
life
period
made
nomadic
easy
collaborating
chinese colonization
nationalism
preferred
high lamas
mongol
high chinese officials
mpatriots
tho chinese government
ambitious educational program
development
ironically prior
largely
japanese educational program
him 153
available
undertook
hand
uneducated mongol
example
came
luxurious
co-
life
war
warlords
lords during
lattimore cites
de-
twenties
plo
plorable
rable situation
power passed
princes
manipulated
trimai
tribai
conwnership
enship
ership
chinese officials
land
tribal 0own
powerful
railways
these officials
trolled
general
became regular barons
controlled strip
corps
troops
do
railway
liked
mongol hinterland
even
best
relatively strong
prevent
prince
help
organizing
tribesmen
roberh
robert
13
13robert
rupen
zols
zois
indiana university 1964
14peter
rume
mongols under
mongels
hume
teter bume
bloomington
royal central asian society
15a
op
020
eib
elb
git
cit
sit
p
regional Hand
booi
bool
handbook
342
16jbid
ibid
century
twentieth Cent
urz part
urX
kMon
kmongols
knon
mongols
mongels
gols
XXVITI
XXVIII
p
I1
86
new orders
july 1941 249
journal
jon
region
inner mongolia autonomous Rep
don
12
always succeed
rebelling though
did
commission
receive chinese backing
rest
land deals
herded
mongols got nothing
mongels
together
diminished part
t sir tribal territory
1i 7
condition worse
american indians
reservations
profit then
aristocratic class
provincial leaders
nationalist
18
leadership
early rebellions
result
protesting
western manchuria
lack
how-
concerted movement
treated severely
mongols
mongels
further expropriation
lands subjected
war
warlords
lords
gain
chinese exploitation
face
ever these rebellions characterized
abortively
vanguard
lesser nobility deprived
reason
privileges
former power
ended
arrangement
everything
movement
vested interests
provided
speculators
mongolian aristocracy
difficult
mongol
collusion
slow
local rebellions
outburst
really nationalistic
though pro mongolian
almost impossible
determine whether these
mongels
rerebel leaders
followed them
those mongols
mongolian politiaspirations
motivated
bellion
supplied
piled
plied
sun
cal unity
foundation
incidents sup
19
nationalism
nationalism19
national ism 39
later development
manchurian incident
however
mongol autonomy became
order
170wen
owen
outer mongolia
lattimore
lat tiroref
december 1937
1 0
18
18during
during
affairs
japanese promoted mongol nationalism
counteract chinese national aspirations
sian imperialism
solicit
stronger
positive action toward
moreover
phantom
420
21
42021
manchu dynasty
manchuria
rus-
japanese sponsored mongol
mengkukuo
pacific affairs
X
regime
practice
mongol
support
ruling princes
administration
imperial decrees
ruling princes
enforcement
return
government
subsidized
territorial hegemony guaranteed
prevent national unity see regional handbook
object
Mont
mongolia
folia autonomous region op cit p 342
inner monc
19ibid
ibid
13
pan mongol
mongolisn
mongolian
ism
foster
nationalism
extend japanese hege-
device
asian continent
mony
major factor
chinese colonialism
mongols
Mon gols
mongels
deep animosity between
bred
numerous
Mon gols
mongols
mongels
chinese
animosity
expressions
local rebellions
oppression unjustice
course
unscrupulous profit seekers
collusions
com-
problem
pounded
essentially
mongol
alienation
plight
necessary
made
inability
support
positive chinese policy
lack
turn
mongols
mongels
guarantee
solve
mongold
mongolj
Mongo lJ
realistically
essential
tional aspirations
attempt
too late 20
generous
object strongly
stress
juncture
mon
mongolian
ollan
many
social life
years
developing na-
lattimore asserts
mongols
mongels
japanese policy toward
influenced
y
them milijapanese experts
small body
tary officers
lived among
travelled
years knew
language knew
mongols
mongels
tribal
minutely
leading personalities
divisions
cross influences
religious
informed
tribal
Mon gols
mongols
mongels
cenprovincial
politics among
chinese
tral government politics among
cohering
prevented theoretical mongol nationalism
genuine national movement 222
C
having thus understood mongol aspirations
o
020
20lattimore
lattimore
sim-
21
familiar
japanese
relations
mongol
further colonization
immunity
Mon
mongols
mongels
gols
policy toward
exploitations
mongol problem
provincial authorities
besides
japanese
restrain
nanking government
provincial authorities further worsened chinese
ply china failed
alleviate
monp
mona
mion
nion gools
1
ois
21
ibid
22
lattimore studies
J
japanese militarisms
militarists
cinclhuria
churia
Vn churla
vnchuria
op
frontier history
1
cit
op
p
cit
30
9
0t
418
14
ready
pan mongol movement
promote
next
discussed
section
autonomous movement
fall
before
manchu dynasty
felt
self determination
mongolian leader-
segments
among
although inner mongolia
ship
genesis
mongol
outer mongolia
chinese sovereignty
C
growing feeling
1911
unrest against
independence move-
ment sprouted
inner mongolia
eastern mongolia
barga region
since
1906
taxes
new
tute
chinese troops
gradually
lastly
follows
introduced
introducedt
instituted land
general provinpost
tao
taotai
decided
insti-
chinese
settlement
administrative divisions
introduced
related
circumstance
customs dues
set aside
cial system
autonomy
movement
tai
tal
1911
barguss
barguts
schools
bargut
september
taught chinese
barbut national congress
troops
stop
withdraw
coloniza
colonize
chinese
called
023
aus
recognize local autonomy
autconomy
lonomy
tion
number
3
january
thus
spurred
chinese takeover
resulted
mongels revolted
barga mongols
dynasty
nese
1912
2
soldiers
officials
barga
new autonomous
inner mongolia
leadership
ended
besides
abortively
elusive sphere
influence
roberc
23
23robert
robert
rupen mongels
mongols
outer mongolia
1964
196tl
1912
japan reaffirming
tsarist
formers
batters
latters
lat
iatter
latter
ters
twentieth century part
73
op 72
7273
pron
14on olia
mongolia
outer
euter
friters
p0 218
21 3
213
honkins 199
baltimore johns hopkins
M
barga
rebellions
unconcerted planning
outer mongolia
indiana university
24 gerard
joining
japanese self interests frustrated bar
russian
secret agreement
russia concluded
chi-
removal
barga
urga
government
pan mongol movement
gut plans
bloomington
Holun bier
holunbier
manchu
ex
manchuria
1I
international position
24
15
set
meridian
peking
outer
vaguely
demarcation corresponding
mongol Hs
hsingan
ingan border
hsinfan
fall
following
manchu
nanchu empire
politico religious leader
khutukhtu
xhutukhtu
mongolia
mongels decided
barga mongols
solicit japanese intervention
slays
russiats
slats
siats
russias
tsarist Rus
russial
slas
sias
26
japans aid
before
negotiate
russian vice consul
princes
alb
att
alt
shubu
tasa shebu
armed
hailar conjectured
revolt tin
aiming
barga
october babojab
end
meantime
tokyo
necessary
make
strength babojab
show
ten japanese
sent
urga
barga union
inner mongolia
ants
support mongolian aspiration
refusal
armed men
opposition
respected inner mongolian prince told russia
Babo jab
babojab
uncertain terms
7900 well
hallar
95
25
union between barga
urga
seek
outer
emissary
autonomous government
1915
jebtsundamba
mongols
khalkha mongels
support
inclined
russia
1911
bargut
barbut leader
appointed sheng fu
him
bone
become
19303
contention
however
line
lieuten
assistance
27
moreover
babojab together
apparently
japanese
28
participate28
pate
partica
partici
participate
november 1915 china regained
gols
russia
treaty concluded
china
tral
government
republic
apparent
25 rupen
citt
op
pp
ap
04
I
1
p
72
26 t i
261bid
ibid
271bid
ibid
0
28
friters
op
awarded
chinese eastern railway
exercise sovereignty
ci
citt
p
225
barga
darga
bara
dara
influence
barga
russia desired
mon
cen-
16
teresta
terests
mian
Ylan
manchuria
north mlan
churla
relentless
babojab
separatist
1916
death
ultimately
merged
29
neisse gegen pan mongol movement
1920
Rus
alms
russias
like tsarist russia soviet dussias
russia
slas aims
sias
pan mongol movement particularly japans
kind
ese backing semenov
near
outer mongolia
bolshevik offensive
then
vs
successful negotiation
support
april
able
government
provisional govern
ment
Covern
driven back
semenova
Semeno
zhevchenko
shevchenko semenovs
semenovfs deputy
meanwhile
offensive
now
new
semonov
set
Sei
renov
seirenov
military
officered mainly
april
detachment strength
1918
russians
gerbs
serbs
buryats
burcats
mongols
mongels
chinese
koreans
50
50
semenov
vanguard
29
29rupen
rupen
op
30rupen
op
32
ibid
japanese hoped
fulfill
aspiration
sente
Sense nov
throughh semenov
throu
cit
cit
p
132
japanese broached
com-
2000 men Included
included32
includedi332
350
350
300
250
50
600
cossacks
311bid
ibid
semenovs
semenova
Semeno
vs
scattered nationality
officers
pan mongolian
31
may
russians
achs
Buryyacts
mongols
mongels
atts
guts Bur
ats
Bar
buryatts
gols barguss
barguts
buryats
bun
inner Mon
burcats
groups
arms 30
proclaim
transbalkal
transbaikal territory near chita
special manchurian detachment
prised
japan
operations
base
february 1918
chita
drive
japan
frus-
ambitious white russian leader made Man
manchull
manchuli
chull
chuli
matchull
border
launched
sent
chinese
movement continued
japanese sponsored semenov
trate
opposing
appeal
17
mo-
thought
win
ace
separate
effectively sepal
ate buryats
burcats
mongols
mongels
ngolian groups
simultaneously furthering larger japanese aims
alms
pan mon
ence
mongolia
oliall
oliell became
asian mainland
movement crystallized
slogan
dauria
33
JJ
february 1919
ference
february
Mon
mongols
mongels
gols
inner
olian
state
attendance34
attendance 34 then
february
embrace mongol
territories
proposed
tibet
manchuria
ballar
hallar
hailar
ngolia
movement
vs
semenov
Semeno
assumed
however
did support him
36f
E
inner mo-
admiral kolchak
siberia
moreover
two
symp-
kolchak
buryats
burcats
1919
support
refused
russian occupied
leading buryat
bulyat buddhists
national revolutionary socialist
april
adril
earlier
dauria government
movement
5 7
37
international
self determination
strenuously characterizing
kolchak protested strenously
japanese inspired
through
principle
accordance
however
baikal
state
paris peace conference appealed
delegation
ment
december
opposing
yats
Bur
buryats
burcats
people
state
failure
autonomous movement
buryat mongolia
bulyat
recognition
leadership
pan mongolian
idea
athetic toward
among
end
three
great mong-
28
influential khutukhtu
capital
barga
anti bolshevik
35
estan
eastern Turk
turkestan
neisse gegan
nominally headed
chita siberia
yats five barguss
buryats
barguts
Bar guts
six Bur
burcats
japanese major suzuki
semenov
con-
preparatory meeting
1919
25
russia
influ-
led
instrument
move-
japanese aggression
331bid
ibid
34
ibid
351
351bid
hid
bid
36
ibid
37 rupen
reason
135
160
479
idauriall
geographic location
dauria nor
indicate
ap 1329
see ibid pp
132
appellation dauria government
does
18
parts
paris
east asia Kol
chaks agents
kolchaks
C
I1
sal
380
C
dauria government
result
enovs
enois motive dared
futility
non support
cus
cussions
sions following japanese nonsupport
sem
eventually
japan-
reper-
support
withdrew
movement
besides
perhaps suspicious
dauria government
support
apropo
propo
recognized
panchen lama
jebtsundamba khutukhtu
ese seeing
side track
sidetrack
managed
1
rupen
given
gain international recognition
versailles
indigenous
inde genous support due
obtain substantial indegenous
mongolian
mongolias
led
outer Mon
nonparticipation
japanese
golias non
disparticipation
avow
those surrounding
connection
neisse gegen
sem
him
japanese army officers
claim
own
whole thing
enovs
undertaken
enois forces
knowledge
superiors
superko
superlo
initiative without
japanese support
japanese government withdrawal
barely suppressed opposing tendencies within
caused
mongels
movement quickly
break
violence inner mongols
manchu leader fusengge
buryats
Fusen gge
burcats fought openly
failure
failure
ignominously
ign
whole affair ended ignominiously
ominously
maimaicheng
cheng captured
Maimai
special
murdered
chinese garrison
nchurian detachment
january
01410
OMO
mediately shot neisse gegen
semenov himself escaped 397
too
barga
autonomy
barga
coerced
barguss
barguts
hellungkiang province
jurisdiction heilungkiang
moved
requesting incorporation
1923
august 1928
probably
revive barga autonomy
mongolian peopled
peoples party
revolt
however
inner asia
381
381bid
ibid
bid
391ibid
391bid
bid
40
eit
cit
lit
sit
p
47
young barga
japan
132
p
136
affiliate
past revolted against chinese suzerainty
soon suppressed
p
party yearning
another attempt
japanese lost prestige
1921
chinese
1
40
4
provincial system
im-
chinese government cancelled
troubled
1920
chinese
1920
twelve brigade commanders
urga
do forced labor
prisoners
sent 200
ma-
among
regional handbook
better equipped chinese troops
promoters
foreign powers
pan mongol
mongolisin
ism
demonstrated
op
innerylongolla
inner mongolia autonomous region od
L
19
InI
interest
int
terest
berest
mongol autonomy
leaders
before
urga
turned
saw mongols
mongels
Rus
russia
siats
slats
traditional obstacle
then too china
dream
mongol autonomy
form
pan mongolism
mongol ism
base
intervention shattered
barga mongol
inner mongol
turning
japan
mongol
affiliates
hope
1920s
active
kuomintang
looked forward
cial
under
autonomy
even
hope
principles laid
41
failed
another opportunity
ra-
kuomintang guided regional
san min chu 1I
down
until
manchurian incident
favorably con-
rule
mongol autonomous
sidered
si
incident
manchurian
Man
manchuria
manchuri
churl
churi
rusgo
russo japanese war
victory
relegated Rus
dussias
russias
sias sphere
manchuria
japans foothold
may 25
japanese treaty
moreover
territory
railways
terest
short japan
attack
north manchuria
military situation
41
antung
aftung
trade
secure position
launch
finalized
well
given
jurisdictional rights
therefore
military
residence
itself
tary administration
leased
mukden
sino japanese commercial treaties granted
japanese subjects rights
china
sino
japan
ninety nine year lease
south manchurian railway
addition
nchuria
established
treaty extended
liaoning
Liao ning peninsula
possession
barga region
influence
south manchuria
1915
japans entry
05 secured
1904
190405
tokyo
lattimore studies
treaty ports
ma-
advantages
mili-
south manchuria
japanese
south manchuria
thus threaten
russias
sias in-
chinas
cainas
Rus
dussias
confused politico
taking advantage
tung army
Kwan
kwantung
without
frontier history
op
cit
consent
p
417
20
civilian
instigated
government
september 18
resulted
1931
integral part
nchuria
moreover
chinese forces
china prompted
receptive audience
act
kwantna
antna army
Kw
tung
Kwan teng
kwantung
1I
conquest
grandiose plans
power 110 r
prestige wealth
promised
incorporate ma-
japan ultra
ultranationalists
nationalists
economic conditions worsened
found
korth
north ma-
overcome
chinese nationalist attempt
factors
doubt
night
mukden
immediate invasion
vestige
1932
nchuria
ncidentff
incident
empire
42
4
brief
incident itself reflected
schismatic character
japanese government
top branches
paralysis gripped
prevent
government
cabinet helpless
independent foreign policy
small
initiation
home
overseas clique aided
exhorted
various forces
fear uncertainty
high
counseled
given moral support
still
officials surrounding
4
43
solution
find
thus under
conditions
dominant force
external
creation
emperor himself
cabinet
Kwan tung army came
kwantung
prominence
internal affairs
manchuria
Manchu
kuo
manchukuo
motive
moriye
motiye
aru
j0016
objective
basic reasons
vital interest
rich
world power
survival
1905
manchuria
r
42 hugh
p
321
43
interest
time
Rus
russians
russiats
russia
siats
slats
exploiting
jaoans miod
japans
ern century
modern
centum
borton ja2ans
robert
scalapino democracy
japan berkeley university
first
natural resources essential
since taking
japan lost
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo
manchurian incident fundamentally
important sphere
considered
manchuria
government
creation
period before
traced
1955
throne
california press
new york
party
1953
position
manchuria
japans
south
resources
ronald press
movement
p 240
prewar
21
1931 considerable headway
by1931
area
accelerating japard
japants
japars threat
strategic area
commanded
another world power
against possible invasion
vast perimeter confronting siberia outer
lives
false assumption
treasure
blood
discussed later
however
important
bulwark
david
50
45
N
rowe
ben dorman
september
1934
450
nee
ne
modern china neg
7
jersey
manclwrian incident
manchurian
recognized
japan
newly acquired sphere
territorial
c11
possible shut off outer mongolia
base
region
stumbling block
apprehensive
renew
hsingan
hsinfan
state
moreover japan
communism
russian
D
47
communism
van nostrand
1959
harpers
CLXT
CLXI
1931
11
461bid
ibid
47 M
coloni ali
japan colonialism
aziz janants
ail sm
nijhoff
martinue
1955t p 30
anti
niehoff 1955
arti
artl nue nnijhoff
T
1 11
in-
acquisition
menace
hsingan
hsinfan
44
become
another opportunity
mongolia
otia
otla
olla
sovietized outer mong
inner asia
46
them
politico military significance
operations
perhaps
manchuria
ofmanchuria
pan mongolism
mongol ism
another attempt
influence
051
1904051
1904
190405
vast region soon
easternmongolia
eastorn
eastern mongolia here
effort
sino japanese war
japanese militarists
militarisms
vital concern
Hs
coan
ingan
hsingan
Hsin
loan
hsinloan
insan
hsinfan
tremendous loss
cost
region
manchurian incident
since
crea singly
creasingly
finally
result
tren
Iw
trec
ar
russo japanese wac
ren
rec
itar
tar
japan
right
even
1894 05
189405
aroused
45
11
manchurian soi
soil
ll
wealth
month
lack adequate security unless
japan
Lall
completely dominated Manchur
manchuria
serve
growing stronger month
russia
felt
japanese militarisms
militarists
natural barrier
regard manchuria
doubt
excellent buffer
p
second manchuria
inner mongolia thus serving ideally
mongolia
aims
44
ylas
y
heavy industry
thus
alas
rius
rias
industr
made
indonesia
hague
22
having thus forcefully acquired manchuria
asia
retain possession
therefore
tung army
Kwan
kwantung
chose
independence move-
facade
soon undertaken
ment
government guiding board
foster
Kwan tung army headquarters
kwantung
auspices
under
following
occupation
independence movement
activities
foothold throughout manchuria
te sal
sai
pet
pel lo
pei
mu
conference
gerim
jerim leggan
leggau
governors
support
independent
mongol
grant them autonomy
china
52
48f
C
international affairs
49Q
pp
ibid
lbldt ap
50jones
51
52
moko
jones
op
1949
21
cit
balkan
taikan
talkan op
op
02
cit
p
63
moko
p
cit
21
mukden
next day
1931
51
rule
chinese
london royal
21
Kalz osha
balkan
taikan
talkan tokyo kalzosha
declara
issued
agreed
Hs
hsinking
renamed heinking
inking
jones manchuria since
met
northeastern supreme
18
meeting
changchun later
republic
autonomous
february
organized
independence
convention
japanese unlike
leaders hoped
council
creation
eastern mongolian banners
general expression
time
mukden 50
mayor
1932
18
representatives
chenchiatung tel
chenchlatung
Tel
Tei
katon
teikaton
telkaton
tei
stage
february
Manchu
kuo
manchukuo
mo
pro japanese
important
mongols
mongels
chi
mongols
barga mongels
present
three northeastern provinces
apparently
lys
lyt
Apparent
tion
representing
49
respectively
pro-
attended
mukden
kuehu
kuefu mongol princes
get
able
established
local boards
17
february 16
1617
vinces
japanese
soon
chinese
actually directed
japanese officials
48
board
mukden
yu chunghan
Chun ghan
chungchan
headed
board members comprising
self
set
establish
new
capital
institute
1938
p
241
23
pu
yi
manchu emperor
plu
refusal
initial refu
sals pu
sais
salt
customary
accepted
time
edg
itheadt
Ithe
edt
adt
head
march
years later
siderable
sid erable
Mon gols
mongols
mongels
numbers
little
itthere
thene
especially
chief
merely
con-
doubt
barga region favored
chief executive butas
legal aspect
formal precedent
two
emperor
pu yi
reinstatement
Kwan tung army elevated
kwantung
day
woodhead comments
G
W
54
1154454
11544
however
16443
9
peking
status
yi
republic
exact anniversary
coincide
same month
pu
executive
53
chief executive
manchu dynasty
establishment
port arthur
residing
state
new
timed
1
1932
11
yi
pu
ptu
atu yi
inauguration
following
chief executive
demonstrated
emperor
1635
time
gobi desert acliving south
gave him
manchu ruler
cepted suzerainty
state
former yuan mongol emperors
seal
act
overlordship
recognized him
legitimate heir
mongols
mongels
genghis khan 56
ming dynasty
overthrow
pally through alliance
latter
reason
mutual partners
mutual
owen
manchus
danchus
1644
mongols
mongels
accomplished princi-
western manchuria
never considered themselves
lattimore
comments
traditional
inferiors
manchu mongol
relations
manchus
danchus
Mon gols
mongols
mongels
lineage
equal
obvious leaders
status
right
531bid
ibid
541
abide
bid
ibide
55 H
1932
p
G
po
p
40
woodhead
89
56 jones
op
cit
visit
manchuria
ghais mercury press
shanghais
Shan
shanghai
55
24
glance
manchu emperor
allegiance
Alle
alliance under
biance
alie
aile
mon
problem under
manchu empire
solve
gols never regarded themselves
conquered subject
birth
manchus made impossidanchus
independent mongol power yet
rise
ble
true
allies
people
mongol privileges
granted
made them
bal autonomy
own
superior
manchus
danchus
bells
charles
chinese
estimation
57
prince
interview
tripeers
degree
honors
te
wang
mongol
different view regarding pu yl
inner mongolia gives
leader
emperor
bell writes
1I
asked him whether
emperor
manchoukub
manchoukuo
emperor
somewhat
welcome
Mon gols maybe
mongols
mongels
shadowy sovereign
grams
self government
emperors
emperor
Empe
good
rort
de
pro-
interfere
wang replied
emperor should
mongol
Man
chus tf588
manchus
connected very closely
danchus
following
however
mongol
touch
proclamation
resuit many
result
results
loyalty
devotion
emperor kang tev
te
tes
yi
keen awareness
korea
ation
Kwan tung army
kwantung
preferable
ment
elucidating
c
57
57lattimore
lattimore
KQ
58
journal
studies
1934
1934t
adopting
instead
annexgovern-
dynastic form
realized
acceptable
mongols
mongels
manchus
danchus
dynastic form decreed
dynasty lattimore makes
1
forcefully implemented
historical orientation
manchuria
sent tributes
59
him
march
east asian historical experience
japan
toward monarchism
demise
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo
observation
torzy
torys
frontier history
torzs
op
cl
cit
ap
t pp
334
335
334335
mongolia
reprinted
struggle
charles bell
1937
royal central asian sochet
society XXIV january 19370
societ
59
development
hsiao hsin chen thedevelopment
mongolia
mengchlang
mengchiang
kengchiang
chiang
chieng
ia Meng
inner mong
ministration
brigham
aham
dri gham
thesis bri
young
university
yi kept
Kwan tung army experts
kwantung
undertaken
korean experience
them
manchu empire
Manchu
kuo
manchukuo
pu
Manchu
kuo
manchukuo
princes
letters expressing
pu
emperor
reinstatement
1966
p
transition
1930
58
54
public ad1945
masters
25
imperial forms modeled
careful resurrection
old dynastic ideas
china
turn
empire
closely related
dynasty
ideas
japan indicates
genuine
deliberate
follow
korea
intention
korean precedent
time
necessity
annexation japan
genuine korean dynasty
deal
fact
already
long
existence
survived
6
focus
resistance against japanese policy 60
Kwan tung army endeavored
kwantung
thus
thuss
thust
accomplish
order
imperial
Mon gols
manchurianmongols
mongels
gois
manchurian mongols
tering
manchukuo
alle-
minority groups rendering
manchu emperor kang
plu yi
P
te pyu
concept
japan relations
thereby bet-
imperial
erial
gimp
tImp
timperial
way
ex-
confucian classics
tracted
represents
force
rules
0
cious benevolence
righto
right
contrasted
te
peror kang
upright sage
confucian ideal
grapersuasive effect
way
realm
within
pa yao
tao
principle
transference
f
62
vfr
governs
revolt
virtually
empowered
T
621bid
ibid
em-
Kwan
tung army
kwantung
reveal
mencius theory
cencius
subjects
prerogative
ja-
political philosophy foreign
undoubtedly challenge
Kwan tung armys
kwantung
ardys dream
latt
status
Kwan tung army never attempted
kwantung
tyrannical ruler
600wen
owen
oven
lattimore
imoret
imaret
1933
p 307
61
accordance
grand design
suited
panese dynastic concept
61
imperial
confucian political philosophy
facet
overthrow
might
fl flimperial wayt
way
confirm
obvious reasons
right
way
virtuous ruler
tothe
t1the
heaven
cmillan
encourage
device designed
way
chinese
loyalty
giance
Manchu
kuo
manchukuo
japanese empire
extension
dream
wangtao
Wang
yangtao
tao
wan&taot
true design
conceal
therefore threaten
expansionism
cradle
bisson japan
conflict rev
china
new
ed
new
york macmillan
york ma1938
p
372
26
concordia association
organ
governments plans
smoothing
ease
relations
imperial
program
unofficial propaganda
role
whose primary
government
promoted
nyowa
kyowa kai
kal
kat
execution
63
races
raees
several racestf
among
way
central government
two
protocols
september
second
independent
terests
1932
15
state
64
inhabitants
Inhabitantst
ese forces
65
03
choukuolf
choulcuo
reciprocation
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo
jurisdiction
1932
1
free
recognized japanese in-
m-
second protocol
stipulation
necessary
purpose
japan-
stationed
shall
power japan
position
thus
lt
government
Manchu kuo
japan recognized manchukuo
accordance
national defense
may
march
organized
rights within
utual agreement
able
man
extend
continent
influence
transition
japans
government
stabilize
intended
seen
analysis
hegemony
prototype
republic
Manchu
kuo
manchukuo
japanese imperial system
hance
first
first
firsts
outward appearance
least
machinery
effected
en-
examine
governmental structure
nature
under
organic law
manchu empire
throne
completely centralized
66
imperial household
aides
1934
19349
emperor
manchu emperors
committee
state
entourage
imperial house
63
631bid
ibid
64
64quoted
quoted
aziz
65
65quoted
quoted
hugh byas
september
1934
521
cp
02
elt
eit
cit
cidot
citot
rift
po 32
war clouds
66south
south manchurian railway sixth report
p 8
1939 tokyo herald press 1939
asia
asla
asias
asiat
progress
XXXIV
manchuria
27
privy seal
office
hold law
judicial
emperor
like
turn
ministers
67
ministers
serve
executives
executive
legisla-
did nothing without
japan
japanese vice
controlled
tung army made
Kwan
kwantung
manchu emperor
certain
puppet
usefulness
emperor
addition
entourage
legislative council
state council
invariably non
emperors vested powers
japanese officials
advice
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aldes
aides ddecamp
ministers ofthese
these officers
privy council
tive
d
office
justice
Just icey
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courts
state council virtually
pervi sory council
pervisory
administrative af
affairs
fairst
sucharge
cabinet
prime minister
headed
controlled
civil affairs foreign
affairs defense finance industry communications justice education
mongolian affairs 68
department
following nine departments
theministers
ministers
complete reorganization
1937
organ
69
effected
justice
courts
latter
leaving three
eliminated
six
reduced
industry finance
commerce
rhese
these
department
agricultural development
abolished
aziz
68
1942
ap
1942t pp
69
department
OP
02
manchoukuo
cit
p
P
157
public peace peoples welfare
justice
however
same time
established
1937
latter
31
year book
156 157
156157
ibid
hsingan
hsinfan
nine
number
created
affairs
mongolian affairs
created
foreign affairs
67
then too
june 1940
industry
replaced
supervisory council
communications
department
offices
state council
four independent branches
executive council
departments
national administrative
1942
Hs
heinking
hsinking
inking manchoukuo year book
coorde
coordi
28
nate matters concerning
administration
purpose
prime minister
order
facilitate
standardization
industrial development
order 4
local governments
local governments
facilitate plans
7
improve plans
8
military
unify
3
central
functions
consolidate
evils
eradicate
supervision
improve public peace
order
communication between
expand
follows
1937
administrative structure
consolidate
70
administrative departments
abolish
merge
2
police organizations
5
july
reorganization
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subject
1
Mon gols
mongols
mongels
6
economic
attaining racial
harmony71
harmony 71
operation
study
revealing
control
japanese officials
government
key
masters
examples
example
general affairs board under
administrator
invariably held
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respective bureau heads under
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authority
nature
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without question
general
director generals
lq
council
Counci
state councilq
councile
respect
72
reality
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real director
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controller
appointed
dismissed officials
activities
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budget
prepared
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kwantung
cer
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steel
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frame
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stronghold
board
Manchu kuo
manchukuo
each
minister
70
ibid
government
ministries
each
p
159
71ib1d
bid
72
72jones
jones
op
020
080
obe
cit
p 25
po
japanese internal control
make assurance doubly sure
departments
japanese
vice
own general affairs bureau
heads
japanese
29
controlling personnel
japanese73
Japanese 73
secretariat
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unquestionable administrative author-
thus observed
ity
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responsible
theory
ters
emperor
pu
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respective japanformer role
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gave
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kwantung
practice responsible
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manchurian afcontrol
section
preferred
enactments
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then
vice minister
acray
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approved
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nister
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exercised
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itself
held
Japan
japanese
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3
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under
IV
Manchu
kuo
manchukuo
likewise
73
shall observe
what
administration
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case
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hsingan
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said
quoted 1I n aciz
aziz
administrative control
subjected
ibid
74
vice minister
decision maker inasmuch
vice ministers
cies created
government
facade
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2
mi-
distinction
1
op
02
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75
Hs
naan
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hsingan
Hsi
hsinaan
hsinfan
south
reorganization
central government
chu
tricts
essence
turn
provinces
population
each
vice governor
governor
discussion
chapter
discussed
76
76jones
jones
op
02
cit
pro-
development
well populated
developed
secretariat
fol-
public works
these provinces
especially
ingan
hsingan
east Hs
hsinfan
IV
p
26
hsingan
banner system
hsinfan provinces
roughly equivalent
chinese hsien
however
dis-
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police affairs public welfare industry
75
75a
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leadership composition
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77
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af-
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villages
provinces
76
77
districts77
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counties
subdivided
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inking
Hs
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theoretically administered
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Hs
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ingan
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hsinfan
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technically
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number
45
years 1937
193745
mongol provinces
autonomous
ingan
north msingan
provinces
added during
five
teen four
new
ap-
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Liao ning kirin
three provinces
february 1934 subdivided
nineteen
local
local administrative research commission
administrative units
pointed
provincial
reorganization
thorough program
retained
32
two
tvo
dvo
lasttwo
heiho
helho province
felho
sparsely populated northern frontier
general affairs police
administrative system
favored position
directly
terms
privilege extended
under
contr 01
direct control
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therussian
russlan position
russian
territorial
provinces
chukuro
chukuo
hsingan
hsinfan affairs
others
strategi-
hsingan
hsinfan provinces
national
Mon gols
mongols
mongels
outer mongolia
provinces
78
78jones
jones
op
79
7
79lattimore
example
officers
appointees
provinces
lattimore cradle
p
Hs
hsinlcing
hsinking
heinking
central govern-
judicial office
exercise
27
C onf1i
onfri c t
conflict
op
02
cit
collected
inking
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lifetime
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cito
cita
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same time
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concerned
gans
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hsingan
including Hs
ingan
Hsin
gant troops
hsinfan
troops posted
central government
ment
hsingan
hsinfan
case
expansion
controlled
tmanchukuoll
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo
79
7
eventually penetrate inner mongolia
plans
diciary
ministries
office
japanese militarisms
cally vital
far
militarists
ciously extending certain amount
privileges
ese hoped
dealt
communication
provinces
readily understood since
undermine
hsingan
hsi ngan prohsinfan
Hs
heinking
hsinking
passing
inking bypassing
privy council
provinces
branches
highest officials
lattimore
given
vinces
public welfare
78
7
provincial government
according
special
district offices serving
hsien
well
sections
less developed provinces
eliminated
boards
named
pp
ap
141 42
14142
33
80
provinces
aside
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polities
palities
ties
capital city
each having
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1
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state
prime
fourteen cities outside
status
autonomous
councilor system
local administrative system
later established
super-
under
mongols
mongels yere
vere given
since
chinese
japanese writer
inking
prime minister
municipal system affected
hsingan
hsinfan perimeter
har-
81
Hs
hsinking
heinking
special municipality
provincial governor
minister
however
abolished
harbin
hand
central
control
under
jurisdiction
under
city council
provincial jurisdiction
unit
hand
vision
harbin
special municipality
assimilated
bin
eche
ethe
independent
1937
special minici
two
Hs inking
since both municipalities
picked
july
nineteen provinces
tche
describing
system
said
politically divided
manchouruo
manchouluo
many
bancalled counties
local administrative units
every office
bho
bhe county magistrate
tho
banner
ners
attached japanese councillor whose duty
chief
manchu unit administrator
rengive counsel
every possible way83
der assistance
conclusion
establishment
short
OA
80
jones
pi
81s
nno
rno
fio
82
2op
mo
M
ro
R
cit
op
0t
p
citf
cief
cit
regional
onai handbook
rei
rel onal
government
manchoukuo
27
p
0
6
northeast china compiled
eastern
russian institute university
p 328
HRAF
1956
1956f
83
83md
ibid P 338
washington
seattle
par
rec
red
fec
far
fer
new havent
havens
haven
34
although
merely
facade
lowing
short period
nominally
scenes
monarchical system suited
collaboration
hands
how
japanese design
Mon gols
mongols
mongels
central provincial
authorized japanese officials
insignificant
considered valid without
appropriate japanese adviser
841bidog
ap
ibid pp
winning
since both
toward chinese monarchism
actual practice
38
336
33638
84
fol-
Kwan tung army
kwantung
men
manchus
danchus
historical orientation
monarchy
representative government
experimentation
real manipulators behind
switch
constitutional
local powers
act regardless
signature
counter
countersignature
III
lit
itt
CHIAPTER 111
CHAPTER
EKTERNAL PROBLEMS
EXTERNAL
RELATED
MONIGOL QUESTION
MONGOL
19401s
1940s
1930ts
1930s
directly
power perhaps
humiliated japans imperialistic aims
frustrated
soviet russia
china
japanese aggression
impotent
militarily
thus japans attempt
military confrontation
tide
stem
outer
soviet russia did along
inner mongolia
mongol hsingan
hsinfan border
inner asia
solve
soviet russia
mongol
question
serious mistake
pan mongol
ism
mongolism
apparently
ing
pan mongol movement
forgery
sidered
same year
basis
cognizant
japanese
tanaka
use
mongols
mongels
1
frustrating
russian aims
asia
frustration
frustratin chinese
dismissing
possibility
concerted japanese effort toward
pan mongolian
state supported
military authorities
willing
1franz
michaei
michael
chael
franz H lillii111
new york henry holt
2
p
japan
william
11
effect
according
consent
E
p
chamberlain japan
35
chamberlain
detachment
george
61
exclusion
japanese
far
gone
1956
felt
japanese officers
however
mongolian2
Mongolia
outer mongolia2
bolshevism
1939
sino japanese agreement
japanese attempt
pan mongol movement
world
although con-
1915
memorandum
japanese statements
illustrates
promot
pramot
advantages
taylor
312
ganchou
Man chou
manchou
far east
asia boston
little
modern
modem
brown
36
odthe
ofthe
mongolian provinces lying west
hsingan
hsinfan
course
mountains provided
japanese influence
3
jtmongolj
emongoll
goll
goil
new state Emon
unchallenged
assured
kuo
nonetheless
favorable position
japanese
1931
allies against future confrontation
mongols
mongels
perhaps
takeover
sub-
1931
following year
eastern mongolia
sequent occupation
soviet russia
china
september 18
manchuria
use
given
C
pan mongolian
dream
militarisms
militarists another opportunity
fulfill
Manchu kuo
obviously
thus extend
continental power beyond manchukuo
state
mongols
mongels
eastjapanese policy
limit japans hegemony
ern mongolia
itself
enormous leverage
japanese
them
4
china
very fact
mongolian
besides
reported
antithesis
move
however
surrender eastern mongolia
fisher
pan
1936
heard near
japanese agents
mongol tribes urging
princes
inner mongolia rumors
mongolia independent
fell
tho rumors
japanese sponsored
cording
handsome gift
ready
make them
kuo
nearly
pan
idea
condone
writer related
among
autonomous
policy
china
possible japanese willingness
state
established
suggestive
state under japanese control
russian aims
mongolian
policy toward either russia
japanese
eastern mongolia
mongol provinces
give
mongolia
include
aim
territory
borders
riding
declare inner
project ac-
state
manchu
form
entire western
mongols already live under
Hs ingan where many mongels
province
urma
mees
mets
meiS
run
much
Cun
uimameis
cunnamed
tokyo official
japanese domination
did
uima
named
5t
fourth
own
merely confirm
certainly
31bid
bid
pp
ap
rumor
rumo
readly
Manchu
1anchulcuo
manchukuo
kuo stands ready
11
time
hand
62
61
6162
40wen
owen lattimore
union 1934 p 139
iongols
Ion gols
mongols
mongels
rols
rois
manchuria
5gerard
lgerard
gerard M friters outer mongolia
baltimore johns hopkins 1949 p 234
london george allen
ailen
alien
international position
37
serve
hsingan
hsinfan
independent mongolia
affirmed
mlon
government
mongol
alon
ol provinces
Dro
drovinces
vinces never
ob-
C
government
Manchu kuo
integral
manchukuo
inte
ral
rai part
separate
paratte under mongol prince
quite se
administration
conveniently
painlessly detached
made
necessary time
state
independent mongolian
inner mongolia
much
outer mongolia
c
those Mmongol populations must
ought
include
should come
buryat
bulyat republic
siberia
ma-
inevitably drawn
gnetism
independent regime
inner mongolia
6
now
mongols
mongels
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo
living
liberated
anese created
jad
japanese
Jao
lattimore asserts
independent mongol nation
eastern mongolia
made
established
mongolia
pan mongol movement
outer mongolia
conquest
aiming
hsingan
hsinfan area
Meng chiang
mengchiang
kengchiang
mongolian
ollan regime
inner Monla
autonomous
government
short
found
did
encourage
reaction
mongols
mongels
E
times april
5
fisher
1936
japanese
power
course
charles bell gives
matter
position
opinion
orinion
p
real
situation
disillusionment
inner
japanese policy
terms
result
favorable image
mongol
tho rity gave me
thority
6hH
ah
9
separate
hsingan
hsinfan
merely puppets
japanese
hands
pan
1180
established
very much within
unite
instead
counterparts
learn
soon
mongols
mongels
however
basis
mongols dreamed
mongels
mongol empire
7
did
1937
mengkukuo
form
chinese inner
training ground
mlengkukuo
mengkukuo
Kwan tung army overran inner mongolia
kwantung
region
mengkukuo
jadan
russia faces japan
high au-
know
mongols
mongels
manchoukuo
vast asian front
new
5
pabers
lattimore studies
frontier history collected papers
p 404
london oxford university press 1962
70wen
owen
oven
1958
p
8fF
af
jones manchuria
mancliur
ria
lla since
lia
international Affa
irsil 1949 p 66
affairs
9ibid
bibid
bid
C
york
1931
london royal
institute
1928
38
nese
better off under
led
puts
believe
position
nonetheless
shortsighted
pan mongolian
failed
failed
1
Mon gols
mongels
mongols
arbitrary
bound
besides
follow-
pan mongolian
realization
mongols
serious border incidents between soviet outer mongels
outer mongolian border
mongols along
hsingan
hsinfan mongels
ese invasion
north china
japan
russia
1937
Kwan tung army
kwantung
demise
4
battle
states
state
japanese
1935 1936
19351936
nomonhan
monhan
3
itself
japanese policy
aspirations
comprehend
ing occurrences hampered seriously
part
state
materialize
paternalistic
administration
japanese what
opinion
nutshell
dream
japanese militarists
militarisms
under th e chi-
japanese
receiving
receive
10
1
japan-
2
between soviet
1945
border incidents
japanese
1931
nchuria
became
past
occupyingC
eastern mongolia
hallar
hailar
tarize rallar
border
establish
autonomous
deterring
russia did
10
aims
conveniently mili-
100 miles
pan mongolian
state
outer mongolian
japanese mili
mongol region
eastern mo-
siberia eastern mongolia
exception
soviet threat
military installations
journal
facilitate japanese imperialistic
prelude
now
western manchuria
mongol domain
eastern mongolia
ngolia
aid
C3
Kwan tung army
japanese kwantung
second
tarista
tarists
important strategic area
vast
favorably
first
inner asia
vitally
ma-
occupation
occupa74
eastern mongolia following
probably
important japanese industrial
south manchuria
19301s indicative
early 1930s
military unreadiness soviet
ewan
Kw
armys
Kwan
challenge
tung argys
antun
kwantun
armyfs sweeping drive
kwantung
kwartun
north
mongolia
struggle
reprinted
charles bell
royal central asian society XXIV january 1937
1I
59
39
J
manchuria following
incident
chinese eastern railway
sale
soviet russia
chukuro
chukuo
moreover
mukden
1935
japanese puppet regime
sphere
abandoned north manchuria
sovietized outer mongolia russia
man
influence
inter-
defend
determined
ests
following
result
politically
serious problem
12
again
march 12
event
military attack
tion
contracting parties
longer tolerate
interests
outer mongolia
outer mongolia
military installations
T
hailar
correspondent
steele
least
hailar
division
partner
incidents
17
12
op
1
cit
eastern mongolia
1936
observation
p
143
mammoth
occurred
yve
hc
rve
source
hive
done without securing
friters
made
become
inthis
ilthis
131bi
id
ibid
rapid mobilization
military base
quartered
japanese troons
broons
move against
prepared
short notice
brief
highly mechanized
adjacent frontiers where
border
unmistakably
actions
noticeable indications
1936
render each
previous retreating posi-
contrast
north manchuria
jeopardize
130
1
including military assistance
soviet russia
meant
both agreeing
mutual assistance
every assistance
1936
outer mongolia con-
increased border incidents soviet russia
protocol
con-
peoples republic
mongolian
military alliance
cluded
occasional
gentlemants
gentle mants agreement
gentleman
1934
november 27
cluded between soviet russia
amounted
1932
outer mongol border became
minor incidents along
1935
eastern mongolia
occupation
consent
sanguinary
unending
china
CER
11
40
friction
14
neighbors
between manchoukuo
following report
snow made
edgar
al
zl
1936
while
ways
telegraphs
immense base suitable
tung army extends
Kwan
kwantung
frontier
quiescent
army
mongol red army15
said
fully equal
equipped
bean
erected
air force
mongol
dred planes
moreover
soviet outer
Manchu kuo
manchukuo
tween
twoo
parent ly
parently
T
gravity
soviet
central area
0
dispute
each party
oi1
question
outer
border
follows
part
japanese considered lake bul
dul nor
dui
khalkha river
natural boundary beapouter mongolian maps
countries f
hov
hox
naps
rcver
raver included
however
khalkha
soviet maps
steele
mongol border
asia
XXVI
august
1936
495
repeopled
plets revolutionary army
former mongolian Peo
11
see peter
tang russian
soviet policy
191
igi
1931 durham duke university press
19111931
outer mongolia 1911
1930
red army
manchuria
p
t
estimated between 60000
fringe
dui nor located
dul
lake bul
1935
claim
demarcation
1959
mongol troops
193519
mongol hsingan
hsinfan border
named
romes
modern aird
airdromes
19
36
1935
1936
19351936
january
15
hunthree
16
military installations indicated
japanese relations
14
well armed well
troops motor roads
comprise
several
based
00017
100000
1001
ioos
loos
0
probably largely russian flown
rumored
increase
leaders
asiatic
radio
frontiers telegraphic
much developed fortifications
extended
communication
hailar builds
mongolian operations
ulan bator
rail-
roads
1
1 1
2
395
16
january
edgar snow
1936
17
japan
gates
red mongolia
13
asia
XXXVI
correspondent sterling fisher gives
overall comparison
japanese military preparedness
soviet
asia
russia unquestionably
abundant supplied resources
larger trained land forces
stronger fortifications
standing army
side
equipment
1300000 against japans 230000
air force 3500 planes
sase
250000 troops
sast
said
japans 1446
easl
far dase
protected
elaborate
siberian manchukuoan frontier
maginot line guarding france
network
small concrete forts like
germany
800
900 airplanes east
600
700 tanks
likewise
Manchu kuo less
il
manchukuo
opposite
hand
fanchukuo
japan
lake baikal
90000 japanese soldiers
relatively raw nasmaller number
few tanks
airplanes
border forts fisher op
tive troops
ibid
1
1 1
cit
41
territory
dul nor within
dui
bui
lake dut
river
peoples republic 18
short
tche
ese insisted
japan
japanese
hsingan
hsinfan perimeter
mongolian
dispute
area
within
tche
argued
ued otherwise
aed
russians arc
Y
january
early border encounter
1935
reports
snow
ja
january
occurred
panese led Man
churr troops encountered
churl
chull
manchu
red mongol patrol
Manc
barga district
near lake doir west
manchuria
hurias
mongol commander
Hs
ingan
hsingan
comi nander
soldier
killed
hsinfan
Manchu kuo side
manchukuo
while slight casualties
inflicted 0
first serious clash
C
I1
exchanged 19
oro tests
protests
mutual dro
clashes
number
106
amounted
20
two
first
serious ones
several
mongels
cuter mongols
skirmishes between outer
secretary
state
reported
alleged involvement
january
23
occasional
dispatch
tokyo ambassador joseph grew
1936
mongels
hundred outer mongols
january
border clashes
create animosity
twenty
1936
hsingan
Mon
mongols
gols
hsinfan mongels
encounters between mongol troops
tended
three months
seems apparent
these
mongels
manchurian mongols
sterling fisher
reported
alone
1935
among blood
outer
brothers
8
15
17
16
21
11singan
hsingan
hsinfan mongol
mongol
grew makes
rele-
vant observation
apparent
these clashes
clear
mionlgols nor manchurian mongels
mongols
mongols
outer mongels
neither
whom
support
hsingan
confident
hsinfan province each
tche japanese
present
jep anese respectively
jen
soviets
Jan
ve
show
sign
willing
willingness
weakness
akness
willi naness
willinaness
cause
corm
compromise
promise
ip
18
119
22
friters
op
cit
cit
20 fishery OP
cit
cit
fisher
fishet
21
snow
op
p
p
foreign relations
11
ton government printing office
22
ibid
235
united states
195
19566
p
123
1936
vol
TV
IV
washingwashin-
42
peculiar situation
perhaps
similar relationship
sideration
north
south
torial
civil
american
border incidents
sum
even between
1950
war
japanese
symptomatic
ambition
confident
overconfident
initial victories
jehol
dehol
japanese military
january
soviet outer
provocation
might cause
mongol troop
sult
north manchuria
lake buir
bair nor perimeter
concessions
stiff
them
thoughts
then
thed afterthoughts
resistance however gave them
tion between
mongels
outer mongols
russians
addition
protest regarding
closer coordinapreferred rus-
japanese takeover
border incidents reflected Rus
russians
sias
slas determination
over
pre eminent position
preeminent
outer mongolia
tolerated japans intrusions
offered
country
russian troops
in-flux
influx
re-
border defenses
outer mongolia
sian occupation
russo outer
cuter
chinese government
1936
terri-
thought perhaps
1935
mongol troops
marq
mare
snake
inake
make
russia
con-
existed between north koreans
war
korean var
south koreans following
take
more-
defend
past
siberia
far
9
23
chinese soil
Man chuli conference
manchuli
june
der incidents
result
1935
3
conference
held
outer mongol
monl
conl oi border
near
1
settle
immediately
mounting seriousness
Man
manchull
manchuli
matchull
chull
chuli
foothold
23
knopf
lawrence
1953
Mlong olia
outer mongolia
oila
p
K
101
10
lot
loi
t
rosinger
rosingfr
Rosing
fr
others
means
outer
desired primarily
japanese
n delegate among
leading
amons
lead
russians
conference
boundary demarcation along
mongol hsingan
hsinfan border
establish
lisingan
ingan province
hsingan
lis
north ils
hsinfan
soviet objective
question
bor-
gaining concessions
hsingan
fsingan
hsinfan mongol officials
state
asia
new
york
43
ling sheng
salto
saito
kanki
north hsingan
hsinfan province
governor
leading
Kwan
tung army
kwanfcung
kwantung
sakurai
entourage
japanese delegates
vice minister
bowa
Sam
sambowa
sambola
outer
war accompanied
mongol
russian offi-
24
cials
hsingan
hsinfan mongol delegates
merely
following
makes
behind
men
japanese officials
william
H
yjanchull
Man
manchuli
chuli
chull conference
observer during
chamberlain
outer mongol
actual
facade
respective russian
scenes
sessions
appearance
emphasized here
should
comment
present
carried
short time during
these conaway
impression
diplomatic
ferences
feren ces
MOSCOW vigorously pulling
puppet show
tokyo
manchoukuo
strings
outer mongolian
controlled
railway cars surrounded
delegates
delegates lived
unwatchful Russi
zin advisers
inaccessible
russian
grand lama
communicative
japanese diptibet
manchoukuo foreign office
lomat attached
moving spirit
manchoukuo delegation 25
1I
fin
questionable
boundary delimitation concerning
urgent
hsingan
outer mongol hsin
hsinfan border
C
D
kuo
maintain
2
construct
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo
ngolian
aims
military mission
gaz
gal
gain n
activities
espionage
oty
oly
aly
comply
nly
refusal
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo
3
7 f
26
however
soviet outer mobatters
latters
lat
latter
iatter
ters
vnanose
jnanose
tnnnnese proposal frustrated
vith
outer mongolia
f f
24
snow
25
OP
22
cit
5n
chamberlain
chamberla
26 snow
op
2n
cit
p
111
1
ci t
cit
op
p
12
1
J
steele
see
p
63
op
02
cit
obviously
far
ulan bator
foothold
concerned
manchu
ulan bator
0outer
telegraph line between ouner
ulter mongolia
alter
japanese
Ja Danese intention
setting
open door
relations between outer mongolia
open diplomatic
1
japanese
far
issue
primarily interested
japanese
concerned
policy
1
vaguely marked
p
494
4144
1
teheie futile
indicative
following
lusso outer
follo winIg russo
reconciliation
ques
communiques
comuniques
comuni
iol coirriuniques
1
further occupation
way
militariam
milit ariam
militarize
arise
militarise
reckless investigators
however
28f
necks
new
N
nee
ew
27
japanese
risky adventures
morge
moz
mor
moze
undertakes
border incidents
territory
our
Man
manchuli
chuli
recent events prove
nl
mongol
avoid peaceful settlement
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo wishes
prepare
attempts
happen
may
these adventures
break
Y ork times
T i lne
york
ire
lre
spokesinnan
responsible spokesman
japanese foreign
japanese government apconceal
office did
fact
proved
efforts t open outer mongolia r e repeated
mengo
Mongo
now knocking
Manchu kuo
mongolians
golias
manchukuo
mongolian
mongolias
knock ins
outer Mon
lians door
1858 implying
same result
japans door
in29
I1
1
evitable
reviewing
issues
Man chuli conference
manchuli
close
pri
airily
primarily
arily interested
delimiting
boundary dispute
evidently
trying
discussed
japanese open door policy
issue
manclhukluo
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo
nanchu
27
new
nev
new york mrnes
ernes
times
28
L
quoted
p
T
230
29
new york
official
kanki
times
new
nevw york
31
bisson
referred
1935
7
N
.19
19
jy
p
ason
janan
sson annan
ja
disson
bisson
innann
china
caina
zeober
ct ober 22 1935
october
bistry
japanese ministry
nistry
1
1
1 1
nev
now
new
east t nov
zast
7far
ir gas
ccit
it
p
15
231
1935
935
matters
course
october
2
japanese vice
border
7
B
times june
japanese
31
114
yssia
i
ovi ot rRuss
assia
J dallin soviet
press 198
r0
25
1948
30
30
ficq stated candidly
foreign
cf fice
for1
fora
fori n office
july
settlement
demanding
zogar
sogar
edgar snow chaehi
chashi
chashl
personal interview
minister
inister
however
outer mongolia
policy again became
open door
border
bordar
bordsr
question
evade
interest should
mutual
june 3rd
ard
ve find
1935
ryols
mionryols
mongols
mongels
ulon
soviet outer Mion
session
cessation
led
pD
6
new york
macmillan
1936
responsible spokesman
foreign affairs see david
haven yale university
45
question
incidental
wider implication
issue
tas merely preliminary
Man chuli conference
manchuli
pry open mongolia
benefit
country
determined attempt
enforce
world
cuter
stubborn soviet outer
euler mongol resistance
futility
japanese efforts
tary buildup
build
33
aware
potential might
conference
stalemate neither
november
1935 ended
question
solution
russo outer
mili-
unlikely
time
reasons
among
frontier nor
mongol
cung
tung army experts
4wantung
Kvan
kvantung
kwan
war
Man
manchuli
chuli
1936
1
provocation
sho
short
rt
besides
substantial soviet outer
outer
cuter mongolia
each side recognized
32
border revealed
conference table
earlier
pointed
open door
our empire
conanon
coinmon
coincon
much
regarded
mongol1 acquiescence
delimitation
open
japanese flopen
floden
proposals
door
july conference
adjournment
alleged rumor referring
mongol
bitter
calling
Japan
Gsa
japanese
puppets
lr relative
thel
thet
ed slaves
red
consider
charges
plausible
5
34
words between
T
perhaps
north
panmonjom
panmoniom
ling sheng incident
april
tung army arrested
kwantung
wantunp
K
Kwan
32 snow
op
snows
snowl 01
33 new
34 snow
consequence
1935
19361
13
tat9
cit
york Ttimos
es
times
OP
cit
Man chull
manchuli
manchull
matchull
chuli conference
pParnce
rnce
n sheng
ce Lling
CL
mongol governor
I
p
12
january
27
outer
latter re
counter charges
conference table
south koreans
thene
tere
mongels bitterly denounced
outer
cuter mongols
euter
11singan
hsingan
hsinfan mongol delegates
hsingan
hsin
hsinfan mongol delegates
plied
exchange
Man
manchull
manchuli
chuli
chull
matchull
1935
p
8
north
46
hsingan
hsinfan province
otting
ivi
idl
ivlotting
plotting
Ivl
several
elney mili
giving
vithj gl
wa
w1
governor ling sreng
soviet russia
stiens
mon
armyvs
armys
mongol
01
ol argys
ardys chief 0 staff
chief
entourage
nto urage
police
J
sent
inking
Hs
11sinking
sinking
hailar
aremys
arnrys
armys
found
capital
11
guilty
outer
relations
considered
1
among
delegates might
mongol
ol
avon
leon
1von
ggravest
ravest
bravest
U
forms
plotting
C
looked
respect
reason
treason
relson
charges
occasional
assumed
japa
weg
japanose
japanese
mose
jacvoc
nose
voc
Jacwog
suspicion
much
brought
aan delegate
1sinloan
chief Ihsingan
hsinfan
capacity
russian
gov-
360
governor Lingy
linsy
ling sheng
noted governorlingy
conversations
police
chief
md executed
Man chuli conference
manchuli
including
accused
staff
chief
tried
Manchu
riu kuo
manchukuo
lanc riukuo
shortly thereafter
court martial
upon
alleged charges
officials
35
among whom
trial
opi
321
111
yukuo
Manchu
iukuo
kuo
subversive movements against manchukuo
manci
mancl
tary information
ernor
high mongol
japanese
37
secession
barga
japanese further declared
ling
established connections
connextions
USSR
1929
bed
led hailar
punitive exinvaded
soviet troops invar
pedi tion against
rig
ainest chang
chan hseh 11
always
liang
llang
pedition
ainst
chans
secretly working 38
while professing
russians
try
irlmanchukuo
Manchu kuo
anchuzluoll
buo
huo
loyalty
sheng
1
riz
tiz
C
111
russians
sheng
clonic
flatly
lonic
fl itly ionic
howe
hove
however
vcr
affiliation
having
ling
39
30
T
integrity
35
36
steele
new york times
april
1943
1948
leyl
Stee
lesl
lell
steele
steelell
3
30
jones
oo
00
ibid
ibid9
p
op
cit
cit
ct
610
68
p
360
350
p
acknowledges him
possibility
13
1936
rms
da 1 tin
david dallin
qia
lin soviet rus
russia
sla
sia
37
aq
ling sheng
dismiss
does
university press
3q
39
met
jones
iones
494
apo
67
nn
dpo 57
676
57556
p
op
man
played
4
far east
cit
p
67
new haven
yale
47
both sides
what terms
however
steele
withstanding steele comments
say
venture
does
not-
mongol opportunism
character
though reprehensible
occidental stantene Mlong
Mon
phenomenon
mlongolias
mongolian
mongolias
golias
ruling
olias where
opportunism
dards
pawns
pa
princes
palsLs international intrigue since
genghis khan 1I
mighty empire erected
collapse
just
zust
hsinfan province
lust completed journey through hsingan
manchou
northwestern ganchou
chinese inner mongolia
hallar
hailar
yunn
everywhere I1
suiyung
suiyunn
suiyuan
Sui
kuo
northwestern china
sul yuan
much
same mood 40
found mongol leaders
japanese military alleged
insure security
desire
war between outer
hinis
hiris
himself
eif ane
elf
yolla
Mon
mongolia
hyer
japanese officers
always
scapegoat
byor
byer
iyer
1
111
ling sheng
ling sheng
actually framed
outer
tokyo
russian agents concealed
appearance
give
allies
powerful
japanese generals
41
1963
dr paul
possibility
affairs asserts
Kemp
kempeitai
kempert
kempeit
al secret military police ambitious
eitai
Mon
mongols
mongels
use ling sheng
gois
gols
suspicious
monools
ools sought
related
way
event
mongolian
student
promotion
motivated
people
manchoulkuo
manchoukuo
interview
V
ling sheng
mongol
sheng
absolve ling shen
difficult
coup
ascertain
1
whether
execution
charges
ulan bator
pan mongol movement tends
F1s
hile
bile hsingan
11onols
bhe
enols
ols
ois
onols
hsinfan
1
1
42
sheele
incident steele
reaction
turning point
plotted
ch
shortlyy thereafter
short
leaders shore
lreafter
having plotted
weapons
makes
following
lowina conclusion
foi
fol
wisingan
ingan mongol
jaranese
hsingan
jatanese
1oro1 catanese
Ja ranese
Tanese relations
hsinfan
kis
ils
wis
ngs
tidings
every mongol
vone
vene soon
vore
vere
tilc event wore
tongue
fon
mtongols
1on 07
0
mongels
fo
high rank
polifour
fout mongols
execution
1aon
execl
manchoulcuo government may bolster
manchoukuo
tense against
fonse
ninst
dinst
tical offense
r o d rna
clod japanese
rairn1 cled
mongol respect
guide
ida
ldaidl
1
0
40
ibid
41 1 b d
ibid
429
personal interview
vieh
interviei wl
vith
wihh dr paul
V
hyer july
19
1966
48
destinies
stimulate
young
433
affection
mongol
scarcely calculated
natural
unusual reaction
te
cteristic
people
group
foreign occupation whether
incident
itself
side
nomonhan
monhan war
face
however
serious anti japanese reaction
revolt particularly
terms
chara-
kind
justified
motives
generate
did
own
human
opportunity later
possible
made
defeat
regard
F
C
jones
points
commentators took
failure
assuming
assumin rather too
di
cation
dication
han
event ling sheng
japans
soviet forces
large scale revolt
nity
w
occur 44
however did
hands
ba atie
battle
dattie
dattle
ttie
policy
hostilities
much
ch
culminated
1939
mongol
nomonhan
monhan
primarily defensive
although
1
ivi
ivl
changkufeng
policy
19391
1939
merely
10
1-
o
1935
1936
19351936
russia
defend outer mongolia
am
Kious
anxious
nomonhan
monhan
future buffer
1
extend
soviet union
perimeter
influence
myong
Mlong
having inner nyong
mongolia
olia
furthercne
me
satis-
newly japanese acquired Hs
ingan
hsingan
hsinfan
china nor
japanese
embarrass
japanese forces
possible japanese invasion
prevent
borders
annihilate
1937
northeast asia vas
withhold japanese attacks
able
outer mongol hsingan
hsinfan border
along
fied
nomon
severe japanese defeat
might
opportuMon gols
mongols
manchurian mongels
1939 Rus
period 1931
19311939
russians
slas
sias position
more
in-
buffer against developing chinese
nationalism
japanese militarisms
militarists
militarist
43
ibid
ra
44
44jones
jones
op
cit
hand
plans
own
49
soviet russia
decades ago
militarisms
militarists
mind
greater mongolian stace
state
abortive attempt
remembered
stumbling block then
throuph
asian continent through
ded
crushing
soviets
pan mongol
J
dominant position
recounted earlier
tween
lateral
agreement
tung army took
thereafter
hint
result
same
soviet korean border
first
D
between russians
Ius
lus sias
slas
attributed
china
overrun
russians
adversaries
dallin
46
meribeth cameron
york ronald press
cameron
cit
op
02
1952
op
cit
reds
p
retreat
japanese failed
considerably heartened
47
27
others china japan
p
1937
rather disappointing japanese
worry
45
settlement
full scale offensive against china
opening
source
led
following
both sides 46
troops
relative difference
1938
russian held islands
japanese forces
withdrawal
stalin
severe japanese attack
russians evacuated
russians defeated
calling
year
juncture
near
invading china russia
leading military leaders
soviet nation
river encounter
47
kwan
fewer border incidents
great purge engineered
internal crisis
marshal tukachevesky
drive
russia
attack
japanese forces
1937
denuding
victory
event
bi-
45
undergoing
year
though
1936
uncertain terms
outer mongolia
however
amur
outer mongolia
mutual assistance pact signed be-
simply indicated
defense
come
exten-
strategy without first
mongolian peopled
peoples republic
russia
doubt
japanese empire
extension
two
407
powers
new
50
spite
set back
japanese
preparations
making
major
outer mongolia
thrust
without question
years
japanese
heinking
hsinking
direct railway line connecting Hs
inking
thrust
traversing
hsingan
hsinfan mountain range
facilitate
course
july
moreover
preparing
japanese general
outer mongolia
49
goal
timate
result
1936
troops
deployment
1938
invasion
staff
48
nomonhan
monhan
unproximity
inproximity
proximity
made
preliminary plans
soviet baikal irkutsk
ulnor-
japanese 23rd infantry division
hallar
hailar
rallar
transferred
thern kyushu
completed
Halun arshan
halunarshan
100 mile
distance north
nomonhan
monhan 50
past
disputed area
guards along
area east
border included
thought otherwise 51
post border
located
1935 1936
19351936
outer mongolian
khalkha river whereas
reality
disputed area
japanese
vital signific-
alonggAts peripheric
peripheria
alongats
aion
visible fortifications alon
ance
capt
cept
disputed area
russians insisted
river
khalkha
both sides
disputed nomonhan
monhan area
lake duir nor
few miles southeast
east
practice
numerous border outposts
iofficial japanese publication
48jones
cit
op
p
52
1932
however
revealed
sem-
map
disputed oasis area
111
49
49testimony
ataman semenov
testimony
larry moses
cited
gol
goi
unpublished manuscript indianapolis
Khali
khallchin
thin got
khalithin
khalkhin
nomonhan khail
university
1966
50
moses
xogun
kogun
bogun
japanese army
association 1959
cited
51 moses
mosess op
52
ibid
ibid9
p
battle
indiana
44
p
cit
43
op
cit
saburo hayashi
pael
pacl
paci
pacific
fic war virginia
p
ex
42
alvin
D
cox
coxs
marine corps
51
NOMONHAN WAR
wars
wart 1939
py
ZI
ira
ilailk
IA
0
r
soviet russia
1948
yale university press 1949
ballino
david jo
dallln
J dallino
far east
new haven
52
bank
east
eastbank
tween nomonhan
monhan
khalkha
mongolian Peo
peoples
plets republic 53
liberty
taken
patrol
posts observing
may 11
sizeable numbers
attacked
outer
50 man
56
crossed
outer mongolia
set forth
challenge
ment
later
few days
virtue
rmon us
becs mmon
concluded between
T
od ay
hodax
todax
53cited
cited
abidog
ibidog
ibid p
T
T omorrow
tomorrow
19 31 1932
1931
19311932
54
54testlmony
testimony
op
0P
55
55moses
moses
op
ap
561bidt
ibid
p
57
57testimony
testimony
p 46
citt
aitt
cit
violation
mo-
promise
keep
japanese
supreme soviet
supromesoviet
borders
mongolian
mutual assistance treaty
USSR
vigor
defended
osaka
japans rights
manchuria
osaka Mal
mainichl
malnichi
malaichi
nichi publishing
tedin
ci
cited
citedin moses
citerin
op
02
japan
1932
cit
cit
45
major
E
57
border
direct warning
42
ogisu
rippel ogise
orders
russo outer mongol forces retaliated
may 31
peopled republic
peoples
import
japanese hsingan
hsinfan cavalry
soviet union
give warning
1I
test
platoon
following declaration before
molotov made
however
soviet russia
mutual agreement
according
killed
great
east bank
eastbank
consequently occupied
khal-
1936
soon repulsed
limitation set forth
patrol near
large scale penetration
lieutenant rykov
may 22
200 men
actually intended
mongol mutual pact
khalkha
latter
mongol
first
japanese
disappointment
55
mongols
outer mongels
result
soviet outer
both sides
outer mongol
unusually
unusualy
attackers soon retreated
border
patrols
lisingan
japanese hsingan
hsinfan calvary unit
east
side
eastside
kha
border
respective comrades
54
area
1939
oasis
crossed
mongol
oasis
routine
patrol
border guards
moreover
within
bykov
cited
imfte
imite
moses
mosess
53
bously
ously
shall defend our
depth
crucial battles
centered
briefly
battle
growing
july
latter part
soviet outer
both sides did
took
mongol
major part
action
outer mongolian
june
june
source
ca
c3
acknowledged
what
latest
efficiency
dispatch
58
59
dallin
citp
cipp
cifa
cifc
op
02
60
60moses
moses
op
61
611bid4
ibid
po
p 48
nev
62new
new york
63
63moses
moses
p
cit
p
times june
op
2jp
cit
how
however
evers
evert
p
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo
rely
difficult
both sides
able
635
models 665
however
hallar
hailar
bomb
heavily
discloses
through
day
bombing
soviet aircraft
39
far east
buss
claude
artillery
raids
butic
hallar
hailar
vicinity
raids did occur
60
japanese admitted
17
probably attempted
doubt soviet planes
hailar
hallar
fortified ballar
tremendous drive
combat overhead
series
russian planes began
each side reported incredible victories
test
finally
forces
aerial duels
61
feol
feet
feel
japanese began
ground forces including tanks
shy
these terms
large scale offensive
6
manchuruoan forces
japanese manchukuoan
use
besides
much
perimeter
august soviet outer mongol forces began
completely routed
whichcompletely
59
characterized
thereafter
japanese favor
favors
strength
Momonhan
monhan
initial drive until
generally
full scale
sixty kilo
soon developed
22
fifty
battle line extending
twenty
twenty
twentyfive
five kilometers
kilometerst
modern war
meters
borders
won
may 11
skirmishes
cp
58
new
york MacMil
lang
macmillan
lant 1955
41
25
48
p 28
1939
1939t
p
335
62f
54
ranged eastward bombing communications centers near
least four fresh
cr
creators
eaters thirty five miles south
bomb
reason
pilots
Hs sinking
inking
11
long before
russian sponsored air force
three battles
forty outer
first
august
week
japanese
22
shot
down
compos-
front
23rd division
follows
part
inner
koreans
three heavy artillery regi-
three hsingan
hsinfan regiments
Manchu
manchurians
rians
geu
got desget
beginning
whole manchurian mixed brigade
7th
ath division
chart
august
Halun
arshan sixty miles
halunarshan
hurriedly deployed
reinforcements
ist
anti tank batteries
entire antitank
time soviet forces
far superior
ment
knew
ff
21 66
perate reinforcements
Mon gols
mongols
mongels
65
mongol planes
five
border
august
ition
incident japanese
nomonhan
monhan
dispatch disclosed
border
japanese trained outer
russians unlike
mongols
outer mongels
hailar
64
0
Chang miao
five others near changmiao
mongols
mongels
hailar
hallar
infantry division
07
67
modern weaponry
2
august 20
russians opened
superb russian military strategy
strate sy
64 new york
times
65
livans
tang
66
new
cit
OP
york
T imes
times
67
67testimony
july
p
14
31 68
according
tactics including
1939
p
ended
support
moses
su
9
397
august 22
ogisu
rimpei ogise
rippei
rippel
testimony
68
august
japanese forces
defeat
tremendous drive
1939
199
p
6
tute cites
TTTE
11
IMFTE
moses
op
02
cit
p
52
tokyo tho
18000 casualties
tha japanese suffered
probably less
entire war russian casualties although unknown
according
op cit
dallin 22
p
39
55
CHART 2
comparison
FORCES
pane e manchukuo sovi
jJapanese
et mongol
soviet
infantry battalion
25
35
cavalry squadrons
17
20
medium machine guns
1283
2255
light
guns
man
75 mm
ran
above
135
266
guns
45
below
142
286
motors
60
40
tanks
120
498
data
346
mm
armored cars
attack planes
311
light
bombers
181
heavy bombers
23
total planes
cited
303
source
N
moses
op
F
Kuss
kuis nian
kuzman
cit
p
53
suraghe
na nuraghe
mirnogo truda
surazhe mltnogo
515
1921
1940
19211940
56
pedi
peci
armored vehicles
peri
perior
air
armyo
Kwan tung army
kwantung
signed
truce
september
following day
monhan war
onslaught
depressing
however
togo
15
august
face
having
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo became ever
soviet offensive
moscow
thought
perhaps
moreover
japanese re-
time
egression pact signed
soviet non agression
late august
69
tactics
CD
news shocking
23rd
defeat
instrumental
wore
vore
vere employing world war 1I
generally voce
japanese forces
treat
power
molotov thus ending
perhaps
welcomed news
both sides
extending
japan soviet russia saw
non
nonaggression
aggression pact
despite
advantage
apprehensive
fight
having
difficult task
blunder
militarisms
militarists
involved
realized
nomonhan
monhan
forces
signing
two
nomonhan
monhan
front war
nomon
distance
come
learn
soon japan
humiliating defeat
made
necessity
convinced
negotiate
truce
conclusion nomonhan
monhan
patron
recapture
Kwan tung army
1twantung
kwantung
far
mongolia
hope
dimmed
japan
logistics
logistics
china
han
victory
fighting
effect
still
germany
front war
two
spite
same problem
japan too
war
promoter
ended
mongol pan mongol
mongolism
ism
japan
japans
monhan succeeded
soviet russia nomonhan
69
moses
op
eream
ream
dream
japanese empire
further extension
cit
p
59
concerned
Mon gols
mongels
mongols
raon
14on
greater laon
mongolia
olia
spirit
1945 ended
mongols
mongels
image
able
crushing defeat
greater mongolian state
asian continent
weeping
keeping outer mongolia
isolated
57
manchurian mongolia 70 moreover
chinese inner mongolia
divided
outer mongolia
monhan revealed
authors opinion nomonhan
longer
Hs ingan
insan
11
strategy
war
japanese expansion thus relegat-
pathway
Kwan tung army
kwantung
ing
secondary position
finally
concerned
border demarcation settlement along
japanese militarists
militarisms
ings elsewhere
ratification
pendent state
hope
mongolia
monhan made
possible
outer mongol hsingan
hsinfan border
long delayed
aft er preliminary
boundary dispute
agreement took place
7cioreover
moreover
future japanese
far
mixed border demarcation met
question
yalta agreement
1945
pan mongol movement
never condone
settled
71
status
Nobu
sade shimomura director
nobusade
nobusada
po
Manchu kuo
eign office manchukuo
ever
impracticable
take place sovietized
Soviet zed outer
sovietzed
became governor
1942 Hs inking 1933
book
book1942
1942
later
72 rupen
72rupen
op
02
city
cita
cic
cit
cit1 p
political affairs
man
1
p
366
266
however
made
tu councillor
11singan
east hsingan
hsinfan province
yen
1941
inde-
august 1941
preliminary meetings
11singan
following leading hsingan
japanese officials
hsinfan mongol
C
meet-
may 1942 72
71in
C
move
october
harbin
moscow
granting outer mongolia
C
way
bureau
chita
present
forhsingan
hsinfan office
manchoukuo
year
CHAPTER IV
MONGOL QUESTION
INTERNAL PROBLEMS RELATED
previous experience under
unlike
administration
mongels
eastern mongols
foreign
japanese realized
power
granted autonomy under
order
mongol regions
power
fluence
collaboration
even russian
chinese
extend
japans in-
outer mongolia
inner
mongol autonomy under
facade
modern
beneficence
advantage
hsingan
hsin
esin
hsinfan provinces
creation
february
following
march
august
organization
name
lmoko
laoko
moko balkan
talkan
taikan
p 241
year
same
1932
ranged
cange
range
hsingan
hsinfan range3
named
shortly thereafter
responsi-
change
20
north manchuria
takeover
hsingan
hsinfan province
made
hsingan
hsinfan general office
renamed
bureau
3
Hsing
king
hsingking
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo government
state council
ble
1938
1932
1
chen
japanese established
mongol autonomy
9
affairs
banner leaders
1932 meeting
chiatung
kacon
Tel
Tei
katon calling
chia tung tel
teikaton
telkaton
tei
hsingan
hsinfan bureau
hsingan
hsinfan
office
north south
subdivided
japanese created
eastern mongolia
east provinces
4
zonrinkyokai chosabu
zenrinkyokal
chosaku tokyo kaizosha
Kaiz
xalzosha
raiz
ralz osha
compiled
21
21bid
bid
0
issig
3walter
awalter
Mongo lische Kul
den hsinganprovinzen
beissig per
kultural
cultural
tural
der mongolische
walter heissig
kaiter
mandschukuos unpublished doctoraldissertation
doctoral dissertation der universitat wien 1941
4
F
C
jones manchuria since
national affairs
ter
ternational
1954
p
1931
64
58
london
royal institute
in-
p
1
59
then
jehol
dehol
invasion
dehol within
northern jehol
heavily populated mongol region
peni
pecl
meter
perlmeter
perimeter
peri
neter therefore
jehol
dehol
renamed west hsingan
hsinfan province
mongolia
subdivided
Hs
hsingan
ingan
hsinfan
normi
noimi
nonni
jo
Hs
ingan
hsingan
hsinfan
apart
oda league
hsingan
hsinfan provinces
gols
gois
followed
golsbut
natural population borders dating
mongol
mongol
province
form
itself
self
seif
fact
determination
independent mongol government
central government served
Chi
neset
chinese
6heissig
beissig
heissig
issig
nchuria
ailon
alien
allen
ailen
7heissig
beissig
heissig
issig
9
op
cit
unwin
ibid
bid
oda
protected
however
local
status
mongels
mongols
intend
time did
japanese
mongol
capital
seat
however
internal affairs
spite
japanese ran
state
327
see
1934
cit
8
L
latfcimore
att imore op
02 ci
attimore
altimore
citt
9
included
heinking
hsinking
jurisdictionally Hs
inking
greater freedom
given
provinces
51 bid
51bid91
p
141ongols
mongols
mongels
japanese did
hsingan
hsinfan provinces
jo
areas
given limited autonomy
mongols
mongels
suggested
should enjoy
1934
7
8
affairs
although
gerim
jerim
areas
interests
remain
chose
bormon
1932
11singan
hsingan
hsinfan perimeter
chinese population outnumbered
set
historical spreading
follow
josoto
josato leagues stayed outside
toff
off ices
toffices
gest
west
vest
heissigv
heissig
beissig
issig
according
fact nominal parts
mongols
mongels
barga region east
short uncolonized mongol areas
these provinces did
ders
generally eastern
gerim league
jerim
Hs
gany
geny
hsingant
ingan
hsingan
gant
valley south Hsin
esin
hsinfan
constitute
5
north hsingan
hsinfan occupying
6
hsingan
hsinfan
reorganization northern
north ern
program
1934
detached
integrate
japanese sought
19331 y
1933
p
op
po
p 21
owen lattiraore
mmore
raore
moreo
mores
lattimoreo
Latti moceo
142
mongols
mongels
ma-
60
affairs
affairs
mongolian
department
banner areas outside
Hs
ingan
hsingan
hsinfan
1
11
hsingan
hsinfan general office
1934
end
jurisdiction
regular
confines
objectives
change
mongols
mongels
stration
manchuria
cooperation
zat
ional program
zational
rational
admini-
improve
cultural
develop
improve
promote national harmony
3
12
Mon gols lz
mongols
mongels
among
extended
mongol provinces
1
2
Mon gols
mongols
mongels
economic needs
affairs
10
changed
part
1937
central government
general reorgani
mongolian
department
affairs
prime
departments
directly responsible
office theoretically
Manchu kuo
manchukuo
operated through
state council
minister
office
new office concerning mongolian affairs
additional responsibilities
replaced
office
oversee
1
tax system
better system
provincial
organs
effect measures
3
matters regarding
deal
reform 4
facilitate
banner public finances
management
management
affairs
hsingan
hsinfan
control
oversee
2
regard
lamaist
nobility
communication among
5
various
11
13
government
provincial
province
provinci
Pro
administration
vinci al adminis
cratl
crati
provincial government office
tive organ
four hsingan
hsinfan provinces
each
follows
highest official
10
south manchurian railway
1939 tokyo herald press 1939
11
12
13
mono
moko
ibid
ibid
highest local administra-
balkan
talkan
taikan
op
cit
p
course
sixth report
pn
242
3
level
emperor
progress
authority
manchu
manchuria
61
directly
kuo
state council
state council
through
Manchu kuo
manchukuo
chinese
condirected mongol affairs
affairs supervised
hsingan
jurisdiction
administrator
hsinfan provinces
office
hsingan
hsinfan
sequently
hsingan
hsinfan
office
affairs
rest
tige
like
nor
provincial administration
important matters
inces operated
three cho department
respective japanese advisors
15
those
these bureaus
governor
appointed
495
steele
well
mongol border
though
18
assisted
shown
provincial
government
XVI august
asia XXXVI
1936
ibid
16
stration
tra tion
general af-
mongols
mongels
divisions subdivided
divided
T
bureau system
seven ka
these bureaus
11heads
heads
councillor
special affairs education police industry
general affairs see chart 3
seven bureaus
fairs
local affairs accounting
11
rank
west hsingan
hsinfan prov-
police affairs civil administration
departments
chart
equal
17
Hs
ingan
ingan south hsingan
hsingan
north Hs
hsinfan
hsinfan
1938
typical
16
matters concerning proprieties
governor
assisted
provincial gover-
japanese advisor
non mongol provinces
eally
eaily
theoretically
theoretic
theoreti
oreti cally
14a
ort
advis
advisor
pres-
rank
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo
15t
japanese advisor
likewise
mongol
officers
government
japanese
too
vice governors
minister equivalent
ministers
others
14
che
eState
th
state council
thestate
member
title
held
mongol
p
premier
authority
below him
david F aberle chahar
damor mongol bureaucratic admininow haven HRAF 1962
1945 2r
1912
p 92
2n od
19121945
ed
17voko
moko zalkan
i0
18
aberle
op
op
cit
cit
p
247
62
administrative
STRUCTURE
HSINGAN PROVINCES
prime minister
office
hsingan
hsinfan
affairs
hsingan
Hs
heinan
hsinan
inan
provincial
governor
councillor
police affairs
bureau
education
bureau
J
police
affairs
bureau
bureau
bureau
accounting
industry
affairs
general
affairs
local
special
deneau
bureau
dereau
affairs
agency
municipal
police
Cari
cavi
carl quarters
headquarters
management
vLana
viana gement
taigan
taikanl
taikan
general
1
aration
tration
bureau
moko
department
department
civil adminis
department
va
v1
op
cit
p
27
247
2.7
27
procuratory
procurators
procuratorf
Procura
tort
Pro
curators
torf
office
prefectural
headquarters
headquarter
annen
anner
bannen
dannen
banner
B
quarters
headquarters
plead
63
19
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo
east hsingan
hsinfan province
case
principal three bureaus
used
police affairs rei
helmu
kelmu
kei mu
rel
others
mongol governors
1941
po yen man
handling
police affairs bureau
71
21
later
added
prescribed
civil administration bureau
70
20
Blu
police affairs byu
reau
however
dureau
bureau
Min sel
minsel
sei
east hsingan
hsinfan province
police affairs bureau
time
functions
six ka system
civil administration
sone
somu
general affairs soey
komu
sony
services
without
two cho
four hsingan
hsinfan provinces
minga south ne la ko erh ch
tu east shou ming
west
pu
77
22
eh lu chin pa tuh north province
banner administration
early period
obvious reasons
ese
disrupt
careful
mongols
Mon gols
mongels
during
hereditary
governing
verning authority
unlike
mongols
mongels
nobility
19
22
p
1942
pa ta ma
compiled
seattle
however
mongels
dagoc mongols
reason
alternative
ibid
taiwan
taik
talk
aberle
op
op
cit
cit
manchoukuo year book 1942 Hs inking
164
director general affairs
la
23
23
appointed functionaries
function aries
nobility
20moko
21
hands of11the
hsingan
othar
othrr filsingan
hsinfan provinces
ingan
hsingan
east Hs
hsinfan
japan-
traditional banner system
banner
basic political
manchu dynasty
administrative unit
mongol
occupation
pu
tan
regional handbook
far eastern
new ha
ven
haven
HRAF
1956
year book
state council
manchoukuo
g
rec
bion
llon
inner mongolia autonomous region
ael
relhion
russian institute university
p
370
washington
64
aberle
given
fealty
dagons
dagors
Man
chus
manchus
danchus
nobility received seven high ranks
civil statuses
cangin inherited
patents
nobility
called siraaka
siranka jangin
men
received these titles transmitted them
leader
end
process
continued until
eldest sons
stipend
manchu empire
generally
overy
moreover
overl
25
army
manchu
temm
term
tern
tem
fall
dynasty
privileges
rights
self
government
province
next
area
attempt
judicatory reasons
government 29
govern
power
reasons
itself
Manchu
kuo
manchukuo
administrative
banner
made
finance
administration finances
imperial decree
decided
theoretically
banner
whole
3
boundary
change
manchuria
important administra-
banner
inhabitants
2
mongols
mongels
2277
japanese occupation
tive unit during
1
26
war
lords
warlords
japanese granted
chinese
banner sys
1911
oppression
loan degenerated
unlike
wereancorporated
incorporated within
mongol banners
following
24
dynasty granted pasture lands
meritorious services
mongol banners
title
attached
judicial
powers 30
governor
24aberlel
aberle op
cit
ibid
p
153
21
271bid
p
382
28toko
taigan
loko Talk
zin
talkzin
taikan
taik
aln
ain
29
29tbid
ibid
301bid
ibid
p
p
T
year book
261bid
ibjd
IbJd
ibid
example
banner headquarters
chief
25manchoukuo
manchoukuo
hslngan
hsingan provincial
hsinfan
responsible
banner headquarter
248
op
cit
74
1942
pD
op
02
247
cit
p
153
equal
np
ap
28
65
31
rank
procuratory
procurators
Pro
curators office
agencies
ehe heads
po-
lice headquarters
twenty nine banners
total oftwenty
twenty
twentyfive
five
1932 1935
19321935
thereafter
power
ment
nent
banner administration
discussion
aberley
aberles brief study
trai
japanese
prestige
start
however
although
31
ibid
32
ylanchoukuo
1942 op
manchoukuo year book
boo 19421
33
aberle
sufficient
op
cit
p
cautioned
reader
eader
east hsingan
hsinfan province might
south mongol provinces
north
generally similar
36
ibid
aberle
sustain
cit
pp
ap
155 156
155156
93
34
35
usually
247
p
Q
case
education
position carried
salary offered
honour
cen
bottom
typical banner leader
selection
these banners
mongol bureaucracy im-
banner leader
chinese educated
middle aged
each
confirmed
build
mongol
position
rise
basic criterion
leader
anxious
necessary
order
35
provincial governor
usually appointed
tf
36
government
mediately
ingan
hsingan
east Hs
hsinfan
east hsingan
hsinfan province bayen aroon
Bota haa
botahaa
morin dawaa
dawada
since
depend
mongol informant 34
four banners
litawa
author
dagor
bagor banner administration
orgunge onon
gleaned mainly
Mo
molitawa
increased curtail
sense
mongels began
mongols
measure
33
power
upon
provinces held
like
banners
19
manchuria
hsingan
hsinfan provinces
within
them
32
op
02
cit
true
what might
same
however
pattern
wesc
west
vest
administration
66
family
man
occasional indoctrination lectures
authority
level
japanese councillor
councillor
thority
theoretically
advise
advisor
japanese advisor
own seal
withholding
veto
unicate
ment
0
attitude
unlike
regarded
independent action
province
38
chief reasons
incite
banner office
37
37aberle
aberle
cit
op
38
38ibid
ibid
pp
ap
39
ibid
p
93 94
9394
go
90
p
perhaps
spirit
period
chinese during
area
avealt
arealt
adea
provincial level
93
officials
proper nationalist
lacking
incorporated sometime
perhaps
then
generally
three bureaus general affairs civil affairs
latter
mongols
mongels
respect
dagons
dagors
japanese occupation
like
comm-
due
feared
caused
immediately
mediately
edla tely prior
edia
disorder im
ediately
communic-
officials
mongol
whom
against
gainst
insurrection al
minor
lines
banner leader
ease
being excessively docile
known
leader
advisor
papers
provincial governor
chinese
ban-
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo govern-
obviously
people
au-
aberle
action
toward former chinese
banner leader
too
explained
official
rigidly bureaucratic
ation
technically
restricted authority
relationship
initiate
whims
calling
banner leader
latter
above
nor
ner leader
office
subjected
banner leader
although
presumably
seal
9
provincial headquarters
kept
him
ramag
tamag
tama
neither
fj
37
re-
never removed upon
banner leader
ever retained
provincial meetings
given
banner headquarters
lease
formal training
banner leaders received
39
divided
police affairs
1938
apparently each
67
responsible
these bureaus
provincial headquarters
divided
bureaus
provincial level
tion public peace tax collection
assisting
hand
41
notog
notop
hotop
citizens
notas
usually based
villagers
leader
office
received orders
unofficially
given
dagor settlements
bagor
40
manchoukuo
gacaa
gacad
act
above
trans-
spokesman
demands became too onerous
nonog
notog
must
recall
effective kinship
year book
1942
ibid
ibidt
42
personal communication
96
little
macan
aberle
41
p
located
larger village unit
authority below
understand
selection
matters concerning draft registration
echelons
lower elhelons
elhel ons
gacaa
gacad
unit
prominent
chosen
given considerable authority
officially
etc
nomadic
banner
certain matters whenever japanese
nature
p
nonog
notog
local prestige
next unit
elt
elt
cit
eit
lit
sit
425
nocor
taxes
collection
onons
okons banner
confirmed
action
mitted them
police court
nonog
notog
centrally situated
although
program
territory within
refers
camps
moves
tude
lattitude
latti
japanese sponsored edu-
banner level
authority below
level
notog
notop
hotop capital
banner offices
levies
Mon gols
mongols
mongels
part nationally financed
pastures
matters concerning educa-
administration
cat
ional system outlined
cational
ve notogs
five
rios
r105
work
offi-
mongols
Mon gols
mongels
staffed
banner offices dealt
general
these
each
nearly
mongols
mongels
bureaus
heads
five banner offices
cials
40
tun
chalan
respective offices
op
cit
p
nature
administrative
156
94
lattimore
aberle
aberle
op
68
BANNER
administration
banner
councillor
chief
police
bureau
civil
affairs
bureau
affairs
education
section
public
peace
section
moko
police
special
affairs
affairs
section
mans
talkanj
kanj
rans 2op
Tal
balkan
talkan
tai
T
cit
section
p
249
taxation
section
bureau
general affairs
Adminis tra
administra
tion
section
accounting general
section
affairs
section
69
unit
give residential cluster
mokon
bokon
single village
subareas
often
mokon
contiguous mokon
bokon
bokon coset
series
gacaa
ayi
each subdivision constituted
gacad
nstituted
part
particular village included
unit
43
4
appeared
gacaa
gacad
gacaa
gacad leader
duties
leader below
clearly ascertained
aberley
aberles
aberle
nonog
og
notog
leader
young man perhaps
superiors
unlike
expected
much work
low
differences
informant
invariably
ayi
axi1 leader
PY
bv
extent
however
him
sending draft registrations papers
political control
moreover
45
work
spite
seal
goods
certain types
confiscation
enrolled
functions
call
principal industry
rationing
43
ibid
p
44
ibid
pPO 98
45
technique
ayi
syi leader levied
children
school
banner
came
under japanese control
war time conditions
ayi
aylls
aills
97
since hunting
permitted
area
livelihood
retain
etc
ayi
neither
office
lyl
exl leader
ezi
village meeting communicate
under certain conditions
subject
2
national functions
perhaps
responsibilities
however
logging
goods
local
latter
supervised
many
nonog
notog
onos
above
distributed rationed
space nor
3
draft purposes
collecting taxes
44
among
railroad
labor
arms
nonog
notog
controlling travel permits
4
census
apportioned
tax
rank
ayi
syl
syi leader
functions
keeping
1
appointed
salary
received
many
responsible
thirty
him
gacaa
gacad
grain fur etc
ayi1
theal
similar
many dagons
dagors
guns
people
70
responsibility increased commensurately
leader perhaps
japanese demands
transmit
protest least
dared
1
ayi
M
conditions
under
people
andl japanese
considered andi
anti
46
lama ism
lamaism
japanese attempts
before delving
necessary
note briefly
relationship
tibet
historical
fostering pan buddhism
background
chinese republic
manchu dynasty
pan
japanese attempted
context
soviet russia
lamaism
buddhist movement
japanese
unlike
policy
further
context
cause
first introduced
mecca
tibet
sixteenth century
charles bell prefers
use
buddhism
reference
t1term
term
journal
lamaism
tibetan
joint
conquest
lamaism
tans
like Tibe
tibetans
reli
implying
shall use
study however
buddhism
manchus
danchus
china
rea-
perhaps
Mon gollas
mongolian
mongollas
mongolias
buddhismWI
golias fl fltibetan
tibetan BuddhIsT
mongols
mongels
Mon gols
47
seventeenth century
allies
pan buddhism
urga during
mongolia
asserts
probably resent
term lamaism
promote
call lamaism
mongol buddhism
gion
japanese
japanese imperialism
conform
lamaism
son
russian
Mon
mongols
mongels
gols
lamaism among
japanese purposes
useful
movement
noc
manchu nor chinese nor
notmanchu
mongol buddhism
considered
mongols
mongels
great
aware
46
ibid
477
mongolia
struggle
reprint
charles bell
royal central asian society XXIV january 1937
po
p 99
p
51
71
yuan dynasty under
ness
possibility
great
rise
lamas
factions
0
manchus
danchus supported
mongol power
against
restrict
therefore
Mon gols
mongols
mongels
princes
power
split
order
mongols
mongels
8
1148
Man chus chinese
manchus
danchus
russian actions toward lamaism
like
republic chinese officials
exploitation during
collusion
lamaist monasteries
exploited triballands
tribal lands
tri
trl
ballands
just
princes frequently sacrifice
interests
prespecial privileges
fixed revenues
monasteries
corporate existence
serve
privileges
show
hierarchy tend
influence
side
49
passes
chinese
theland
chinese administration
under
outer mongolia
over
beginning
monasteries since
subjected
1921
soviet take-
restrictions
severe soviet oppression
power
de popularized
divested
institution
early 1930s
economic force 50
social political
forced collecmonasteries
soviet political purges destruction
mongol refugees including religious
political
tivization hundreds
lamaism
eastern mongolia
fled
leaders
inner mongolia
thirteenth dalai
1935
51
following statement
lama made
degenerapresent
time
five kinds
manner
worst class
countries
tion
do
working among
allow
red communist people
grand lama
new incarnation
made
search
urga
sacred ob
taken away
seized
CD
48ft
affairs
X
49
1932
lattimore
march
inner mongolia chinese japanese
1937
conflict
lattimore manchuria cradle
50 gerard
M
friters outer
baltimore johns hopkins
51
robert
pacific
65
127
p
mongol
1949
7
pp
ap
york macmillan
position
lon
ion
international posit
monc
monr
mongolia
olla
299
301
299301
twentieth century part 1I bloom-
rupen mon
mongols
mongels
ois
ols
ington indiana university press
new
1964
pp
ap
227
228
227228
72
ejects
jects
soldiers
che monasteries
52
remains
name
made monks
work
broken religion
well
therefore soviet
japanese militarisms
militarists
even
invitation
chinese blunder
positive approach
implement
mongolian
1I 1I gi ous ques
religious
re
question
ti
pan buddhism did
japanese idea
eastern mongolia
russo japanesewar
japanese war
var
during
ese associated
japanese invited thirty high lamas
hoped
dignitaries
compatibility
japan
association
asia
between japanese
mongol
far
ventured
living
54
chinghai
Ching
haly western
haig
halg
purpose
collect funds
ques
buddhist
organized
buddhist association
promotion
1902 1921
19021921
kudo Tetsu
saburo
tetsusaburo
inner mongolia
labrang monastery
financing troops
education
audience
objective
restoring
world
ching
dynasty 553
ching manchu dynasty55
days
1930s
1940s japan considered
communism
menace
ibid quoted
53
288
54
55
changed
students
buddha
during
seventeen lamas
mukden agency
founding
p
discuss
possible
mo Bukk
Mi
buklcyokai
bukkyokai
japan hichi
michimo
michico
yokai
nichi
chiMo
zokal
mongolia
1919
52
bhe
japanese buddhism
areas
attendance
1918
association
cit
war
higashi hongwanji
hlgashihong
wanji
banji buddhist leaders concerning
ayana school
Mahan
mahanayana
then
japan-
05
1904
190405
pan buddhism 53 since lamaist buddhism
tion
occupation
monasteries
lamas
priests
begin
regl
regi
al handbook
regional
ibid
ibid
ibidt
pp
ap
288 289
288289
region
reglo
inner mongolia autonomous regio
02
73
imperialistic aims
inner mongolia
advance
renaissance
tiona listic
tionalistic
tried
japanese
religious question
status
months
monks
shamanistic elements
structure
attempt
join
pj
02
571ibid
571bide
bida
bide
po
p 228
58
beissig
heissig
issig
cit
p
many
50
scourge 59
during
became
time
time
sent
doctors
make
227
65
lattimore
places
irinner
ifinner
inner mongolia
year book
chinese japanese
vow
lamas never worry
celiwant women frequently
worst agencies
ing syphilis
serious factor
high rateof
rate
child mortality
rathof
60 1janchoukuo
kuo
anchoukuo
anchou
lower
among
59
see
cit
having
50
removal
aiso promiscuousness
alsos
alsot
relief parties
P
eastern mongolia
custom
60
epidemic
controlling
assist
rugen
rupen
dupent
5upent
58
syphilis
spread
areas
find them
lamaist religion
seventeenth century
reproduction
japanese occupation medical
bacy
philosophy between
ethics
reform
since
especially
sop
jop
sod
efficient corporate
celibate priesthood attributed
male population
mon
mongol
ol
relegating thou-
eradicate lamaism
2
harmony
standard
risk
perfect lamaism
3
simple
ibid
raise
1
japanese buddhism 57
however
59
59ibid
laymen
effecta
effects
effect
4
lamaist buddhism
mon
Non
mongolian
golian
geared
solve
important facet
respectable level
levei
levelt even
lamaist clergy
monks
reform took steps
education
nose
nese imperialistic policy
japanese
japa
young boys
holy war against communism
terms
lamaism
actively na-
organize
including declaration
church
during
japanese spread propaganda
1937
buddhism
1930ts
1930s
sands
properly exploited
combating communism ideologically
japanese
aid
therefore lamaism
Lamaismt
1942
low mongol
op
OT
cit
p
686
birth rate
spread-
5
1156
74
61
depopulation
treating mongol patients
shift hospitals assisted
generally attributed
decline
traditional mongol aggressiveness
years
these factors
princes
young
shiro yoda
gion
intellectuals
desired
steele
T
mongolian ad-
mongols
mongels
superstitious political
reli-
reform
vice minister
1936
devitalized
shamanistic
unpopular especially
made
ministration having jurisdiction
steries
corruption
abuses
lamaist institution
practices within
among
many
indicated
Manchu kuo
manchukuo
non
religious elements
nonreligious
mongolian people
interview
time
japanese attempt
yoda explained
mona-
vital-
purify
Lamais
lamaistfc institution
ize
ise
limited
permitted
required
mongels
mongols
number
do
priesthood
those
mailearning
ntain high standards
purification
line
process
japan where
sent ten mongol lamas
japanese buddhism
studying
churches
lamaistic
62
follow them
trend others
enter
0
lamaist religion
reform
task
since each family contributed
people
since
tere
may 22
two boys
futile
department
1938
welfare
japanese buddhist representatives
counsel
advice
included
61
mej
62
Ile
tie
tle
lie
lle
fleissig
lleissig
ileissig
issig
steele
63heissig
beissig
heissig
issig
64
ibid
64
ft
result
lama priesthood
op
op
02
op
cm
cit p
cit p
p
aitt
ct
citt
65
496
80
283 monasteries
monks
moreover
monkhood
lamaist religion
bound
implement reform
17876
wore
vere
example
1936
difficult
eastern mongolia
reason
11singking
Hsingking
hsingking
manchoukuo
consolidated effort
others
among
called
lama
meeting
priests
buddhist national union
hsingan
four 11singan
hsinfan provinces
organized
AI
63
75
30
au
august
16
wust
vust 15
309 1938 seventy young lamaist monks
1530
16309
indoctrination later
Hs inking
purpose
65
earlier
suitable term
moni
these monks
thirty
66
selected
acceptable
aq
&q
68
given them
sent
prior
thus
indoctrination
fifty japanese
remote mongolian areas
lamaist liturgy closer
bring
japanese militarists
militarisms unlike
made
serious attempt
during
confrontation
plans
conscript
69
ja-
often though
manpower
man power available
soviet outer
mili-
mongol
1935-
japanese
1939
poten
poteni
monasteries
draw
dilemma whether
i
action
take
possible
11singan
four hsingan
hsinfan provinces
lamaist beliefs
tungusic tribes
those
mongol
monies
lama monics
outer mongolia
invasion
militarisms
militarists might
exception
program
ramg
ramy
program
exchange prog
monasteries
march 1939
laymen
found
67
men
liturgy
panese buddhist
tiai
ages twenty
japanese government
1939
another japanese objective
1936
under
paid
bho
bhe students
che
tho
tary service
vere
between
favored reform
japanese
buddhist scholars
study perhaps
japanese intelligence reports young
according
expenses
same
1936 seven
von olia
ron
inner 11mongolia
those
age group
salary
two year course
japan
indoctrination
japan
already sent thirty young
japanese
1934
manchurian mongol lamas
sent
sent
sent
gan
northern part
65
651bid
ibid
66
bell
67
paul
unpublished M
deil
deli
bell
69
op
cit
p
58
hyer lamaist buddhism
V
thesis university
op
issig
reissig
cit
op
cit
p
81
japanese policy
california
1953
p
mongolia
68
76
river killing
animals
shamanistic beliefs
son
conscription
scription until
february
march
ese scholars
national church
possible
whose
bo
japanese buddhist theology
purified
rut
monks might
religion
resentment
subject
heissig
issig
yf
71 ayer
lyer
1yer
1
72
cit
op
02
OP
cit
pp
ap
p
cit91
cit
lamas 71
many
japanese defeat
Kwan tung army ended
kwantung
even though many
japanese
purify
them
protectors
especi
aspeci
lamaism
79
80
7980
inner mongolia autonomous region op
274
op
hampered
88
regional handbook
73
73rupon
rupen
Rupon
program
much
japanese attempts
military conscription
them
higher hierarchy regarded
70
beissig
1945
conform
successfully exploiting buddhism
japanese dream
lamaist
ground work
simultaneously secularize
decisive defeat
1939
monhan
japan-
trek
inner mongolia
lelon
mongol
gol movement
goi
japanese pan yelon
moreover
therefore
japan
set
2
promote
young
eastern mongolia
doctrines
japanese attempt
p
done here-
171
l71
custom 177
lamaist students
promote reform
re-
lamas
japanese pan buddhism
monasteries
teach
ally
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo government
clergy
elec
lamaist cler
eiercy particularly
1I
reached
agreed
evil doctrine
government
sponsorship
1I
con-
evading conscription
primary objective
call
subordinates representing
Japa
japanese
neset
attitude
education
hesitant
agreement
including ten
tofore
rea-
result
official
1939
1
buddha
pented
1
japanese
lamaist clergy
according
lamas
taboo
meeting between representatives
living
git
elt
sit
insects
even
70
p
228
73
77
education
japanese militarists
militarisms promoted secular education
japanese imperialistic aims
alms
im
implement
plement
clement
lamaist
direction
step
religion
military
academy
japanese estab-
july
1934 74
cap-
military discipline arts
trained
later serve
graduates
army
backbone
talent
wangyehmiao
recruited
leaders
mongol
re educate
japanese attempts
develop mongol military
hoping
ithe hsingan
rsingan
hsinfan
lished
able
respect
monks
order
75
mongolian
76
army
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo
corps
economic
educate
effort
expressed
status
inking
Hs
hsinking
heinking
department
settled
life
way
raise
order
shiro yoda
socio-
mongolian administration
1936
trying
tle
ile
mongols
mongels
mongols
mongels
making
convert
6
nomadic
old feudal
being re-
government
system
ruling princes
placed
princes prove
qualified young magistrates
hold office under manchoukuots
themselves unfit
manchoukuos stringent
77
civil requirements
ngolian
olian
taught
established
trained
japan
cation
mongol
74r
apen
upen
75
moko
official language
strict
literate elders
japanese tradition
pupils
op
attendance
wore
mo-
hsingan
hsinfan provinces
314 schools
1936
accordance
78
70
enforced
selected
lamas
teachers
edu
79
cit
op
balkan
1I
taikan
talkan
02
p
227
cit
manchoukuo
p
year book
1942
op
cit
po
p 3380
338
267
761bid
ibid
77
77steele
steele
7ft
aft
78a
lit
eld
eid
cit
p
cit
p
regional handbook
275
79
op
02
ibid
496
inner mongolia autonomous region
op
78
following
primary schools
school children
80
pi
81
1941
founded
opportunity
freely given
mongol
11
illiteracy
pupils according
similarly noted
though
yoda
convince myself
never
eager questions
11
OQ
83
h
8 0manchoukuo
manchoukuo year book 1942
kibld
kible
ibid
p
659
821
821bid
ibid
p
660
84
region
quoted
op
cigoj
citoj
cit p
inter
enthusiastic reaction
cit
p
soon
hailar
1935
favorable comment
op
citj
city
cita
cit
hitherto our
peo-
foot
po
p 655
496
regional handbook
275
faces
me
buryat
bulyat mongol officer
our condition under japan
splendid
now
ple
darkness
lain
op
02
educa-
steele
flung
lung themselves upon
officers
charles bell quotes
steele
opportunity
sort
cadet uniform
mongols
really mongels
interview
01
33
made
quoting
vim
dressed
lesson
bid
extensive
haslund
lads
similarly
mongels
mongols
given
education
taken
viewer
stream
indicate
chinese republic
boast
girls
hsingan
south 11singan
hsinfan
mass education
lifted fron
tion
provinces except
82
above figures
what do
girls
south hsingan
hsinfan
vocational school
boys
time
year
established likewise
vocational school
first
agriculture schools
same
sane
higher national school
established
normal schools
ingan
hsingan
east Hs
hsinfan
south hsingan
hsinfan
ingan
Ils
hsingan
lis
north ilsingan
hsinfan
hsingan
hsinfan provinces
each
1
ingan 4891
hsingan
north Hs
hsinfan
provinces
mongol
number
ingan
nslnglan
hsingan
llsingan
ingan 30312 east Hs
hsingan
11434 south Hs
insan 4735
hsinfan
hsinfan
ingan
west Hs
hsingan
hsinfan
1938
japanese source shows
inner mongolia autonomous
79
staircase
established
beginning
proper schools
taught first
climb
learn
read
well
write our own language
arithmetic etc then
ganchou
manchou lantaught japanese
those
clever
guage
english 85
well
chinese
early phase
japanese bureaucrats
provincial posts
east
those
among
though few
educated
illiteracy
problem
cat ional system
cational
inadequate
chinese scribes
employed
hsingan
Hsin
lan
tan province
hsinfan
hsintan
number
north
west hsingan
hsinfan
acute since
chinese edubeginning
therefore
official
work
national
east
documents
held
administrative posts wereheld
llongols
llon gols
bagor ilon
dagor
ton
ois
ols
educated dag
fon
zois
zols
few b y low ranking
11
until
fill
mongels
find educated mongols
hsingan
province
vince
south hsin
hsinfan Dro
provinces
definite problem
japanese occupation
civil service
1941
mongol
chinese officials
officials
86
apparently
87
begun
japanese educational system
under
however
opportunities opened
range
unknown
effective establishment
result
young
trained youn
older
well
men
mongols
mongels
schools
men
since
1932
1
ing
impact
traditional
went
mongol
85bell
bell
society
cit
86
aberle op cit
87
07
many
especially
receive university train-
japanese sponsorec
sponsored education without doubt disrupted
same time
success
new hope
japan
00
88
job opportunities seen
11
ambitious ones
1911
1945
oci
eci inner mongolian
ton
sponsor ocl
lon golian autonomous government
japanese sponsored
among
hada
op
ibid
p
92
88tbid
ibid
p
100
58
p
p
92
93
9293
gave
young mongols
mongels
80
japanese imperialistic ambitions
spite
important con-
helping japanese relations
tive factor
tributive
tribu
perhaps
mongol people
too
educational policy
mongols
mongels understood
clearly
former undisciplined chinese masters
depredations
somewhat
policies
contrasted
japanese
concordia association
che
successful overthrow ofthe
odthe
following
new
five races
tq
89
nese
aq
power
janchus
manchuss
Man
manchus
chus
chuss
Mong
mongolst
Mon
mongols
mongels
gols
bols
olst
oist
Tibe tans
tibetans
moslems
chinese nationalist party during
How
hov
however
evert
1911
five striped flag symbolizing
chinese republic inaugurated
union
manchu dynasty
chi
peak
1927
1931
19271931
races
five barred flag symbolizing union
racest
racett
Mong
Mon gois
impose chinese standards
mongolst
mongols
mongels
gols
undertook
olst
oist
moslems under
tans
Tibe
control
within reach
tibetans
transforming them alls
propaganda
intention
ali
alis
allt
chinese speaking chinese
whether
liked090
thinking chinese
discarded
again profiting
jpt
concordia association apt
jp
planned
symbolizing
chinese aim
same
integrate
kodo
kung ho hul
hut
hui
Chi
manchus
chus
danchus
chinese
chineset
neset Man
loyalty
gain
wangtao
yangtao
principles
ch
1932
overall objective
1911
koreans
roaster
japanese master
Kyo
kyowakai
wakai
five races
harmony
panese
tively
insight
chinese lack
Mon gols
mongols
mongels
ja-
races
relation
Manchu kuo
manchukuo
government
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo
japan respec-
91
special arm
association
89
monges
mongols
mongls
lattimore
goi
901
901bid
bid
ibid
91
actively reorganized
p
manchoukuo
1936
manchuria
hoshino
naoki Hosh
rosh
inos following
inot
citpp
oppe 1001010
op
1010
101
100
100101
loo
loie
lole
loi
cito
cite oppa
020 citooppe
103
year book
1942
op
cit
concordia
p
759
81
japanese german anti comintern pact
director general
year
general affairs board
organization
explained
then
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo
92
nature
charles spinks
single state controlled political party
state employees must belong party members wear military
generally carry
like uniform salute each
drill
nazi party 933
fashion
aiming
alding
besides aiding
almina
hardony
create racialharmony
racial harmony
4d
ad
tung army
Kwan
kwantung
dia association
rather
sought
concordia association
strives
political parties
parliamentary
attack
administrative politics
powers
ments
ernments
ern
government 94
then
body
political policy
nearly
nf
95
district
charies
charles
92
92charles
093
ylli
1111.
1111
ibid
uniform
1943
man
p
state
pression
loday
today
logay
2
1I
asia
john stewart gives
219
218
impression
218219
wear uniform
join arc entitled
those
distinguish
distin ulsh
saves
people
them
ood oeal
cleai
cleal
deai
deal
XX
tl
kuo year jook
dook 1942
book
sooh
sook
anchoukuo
anchou
great
use
many
military uniform just
imgives
overrun
soldiers
concordia association uni-
buttons
place
marks
come
newly como
international
intel national affairs
N
n japan
96
poli
capacity hoshino
superior being
commander
people
overrun
find
much cheaper
ordinary chinese clothes
94
prefecture
pp
ap
people
way
1
behind
218
result manchuria swarms
11 steinr
ordinary khaki
distinguishing
stinr ui shin
do
city
chinese hsien
nelson spinks
XLIII april
tico economic boss
arny
tung army
Kwan
kwantung
capital city
each hsien
found
banner equivalent
racial groups
segments
located
affiliated headquarters
Hs sinking
inking
11
cas
americas
amori
ameri cag
amerl
join
persuaded
gov-
central government
concordia association
population
in-
bring
concordia association
elm
eim
aim
alm
harmony
omical
political party
maintain
several
vest
form
concor
colcor
races through
amongC
does
docs
extremely econfellows
see john stewart manchuria
time
11
january
op
02
95john
1114anchuria today
john stewart manchuria
961nianchoukuo
yoac
car dook 1942
manchoukuo year
19421 op
cit
1944
70
p
763
international affairs
cit
p
759
op
02
cit
82
among th
t e concordia
important
ts various educational functions
associations
Association
1942
youth traynin
training
tralnin program
youth
seventy yo
uth training schools
97
japanese
7000 graduates
training instruction
limit
according
purpose
given
follows
f
three
students during period
months live under guidance
central
teachers sent
scoup
roup spiritual
military
headquarters
receive group
may
academic OPinstruction
well
training
develop
useful citizens 70
these schools
C
training
another youth program
prior
since then
7
program 99
villages
concordia association
japanese effort
manchuria
witlithe
lithe concordia association
withthe
eit
elt
brief assignment wit
now
new
september
16
linhung
hung
hun y
tun
Lin
din tung
lincun
lintun
assignment
mongolian border
uhen
matsu
head
971bid
ibid
98
99
I1
west
759
p
764
100
looVl
ook
manchoulro
anchou o year book
0
remote region near
banner headquarters
following day
p
76
764
december 20
informed
lindung
lintung
Lin tung
ibid
ibid
central headquarters
hundred
administrator
p
cyan
tyan
ingan
sin
1i
ai
Hs
arrived
later
vicinity
panese
aera
adva
lar aeva
larada
larade
1939
193
expe-
mongols
mongels
among
japanese civilian
II
masamori
masanori hatada
harada
arada
Hs
li sinking
inking
alms
aims
100
loo
example
rience
towns
might
night promote
loaders
civic leaders
camps
object
these camps return
graduates
program
1937
fifty training
total
1942
30000 completing
organized
established
camps
wore
voce
vece
vere
youth
inner
thirty jatraining center
called
reported
nagacon
83
replaced general ishihara
cordia association banner headquarters
101
loi
Y
Ks
ing
ink
hsink
csink
transferred
rades
radas
Ha
harada
nades
primary
Trl
tri mary responsibility
young mongels
Mon gols
mongols
program
area
helped
train fifty
well
chinese
level
taught
well
veil
eeli
food production
koreans
Mon gols
mongols
them mongels
yox
young
yot nr men
organize youth groups
assignment
youth training
organize
Ha
how
villages
purge
how
radas
raise
criminal elements
besides
youth training program
work
between training
trainin sessions
ganize
planting
trees
life
way
1941
further progress
better
risk
however
japanese
cordias
pro gramt
Con
concordias program
concordial
aims
foreign power striving
efforts
living even
standard
crops
102
tanc
tangible
ibie
ible
mongels
mongols
monaols saw
help or-
irrigation raising
methods
imperialistic
despite
outlying villages
travel
youth groups
harada took time
disrupting
exigencies
traditional
war
disrupted whatever
experimentation
made
i
better
lot
Mon gols
mongels
mongols
gois
mlonrolsf
industry
economy
during
11ongols
gols
longols
Lon
sols
sois
manchuria
mon
eon
pastoral
japanese
occupation
basically pastoral
steppe economy
mixed
nixed group
dagons
dagors
yats da
Bur
buryats
ors
burcats
mainly nomadic gerders
herders
101
loi
common
steppe land
vast stoope
lived
1021ibid
1021bid
bid
ble
bie
pn
62
semi
pastoral
semipastoral
those mongol tribes
barga region
Mon gols
mongols
these barga mongels
well
eastern
mich
lived very much
aich like
alch
111
economy
livelihood
1nikki
eaga
71 ki
ranno 171
nor kareda
asa mor
masanori
kanmo
harada
lareda waga
aa manno
1177
1930ts
1930s
mongols
western mongels
forefathers
tokyo FAns
Kin
kinseisha
xin
anselsha
eisha
elsha
rin seisha
1962
p
61
8
84
raising
dalsin
raisin
cattle
breeding
bree
dinc
breedinc
03
103
1
livelihood
mongels
mongols
1ionaols
sheepy
sheep
horses
cows
camels
steppe nomadic
importance
life
follows
shown
sheep provide meat
milk skins
canelas hair
canells
camels
deserts
mares milk
yurts
burts
important part 0 F
used
mented
arakhl
arakal
make
mahe
distilled
1
mongols
mongels
lon gois
ois
gols
ols
essential
fight
11
Mon
kon
go anywhere
111ongol
mongol rides
distance
Imongols
m
ongels
iongols
clothing
used
felt
mabo
maho
mabe
make
nako
wool
ill
life
ilfe
lif
steppes
wool
combined
mon
mongol
ol
dwellings
diet
mongol
1
fer-
mild alcoholic beverage
potent forms
horse
herd
longest
animals
shortest
hunt
horse gave
horseback
mobility necessary
pastoral nomad life
made possible
military calvary units organized
power
steppe wealth
mongol
these horsemen
animal herds esestimated
society
size
peci
pecially
ally
horses
number
military use required
economic
great 1singan
hsingan
hsinfan mountains
destructive effects
st
struction affected adversely
assorts
lattimore
Latti moro asserts
op
cit
PT
mongol economy
I
chinese cried
tried
tric
self sufficiency
OT
economy
based
herding
small
I1 discussed
railway con-
chinese colonization
bohol
norther johol
steppe nomadic area
103
river area east
twentieth century
beginning
since
earlier
greater
105
fishing
amount
hunting
logging
supplemented
nonni
semi
pastoral
semipastoral
1111
farming
1011
loda
lora
llonlgols
mongols
bagor
dagor mongels
hand
much
besides encroaching
encroachinl upon
force
farmers
chinese
regional
reflogal
rej
Ref
lonal
ional
lonai handbook
reflonal
particularly
mongols
monpols
mongels
Mon gols
mongols
mongels
bacome
become farmers
uo
06
tradition
mongolia
inner mon
oita autonomous region
olta
olia
rezi
resi 0
resl
10
101
ios 32
los
104
10
ioa
loa
ane george E taylor
chael ano
michael
franz II Yll
nichael
far east
mew
now
cw york henry holt
pp
ap 57
1956
58
modern tatorld
5758
orld mow
orid
11
105
loo
op
cita
cit
cit9
p
andia 0 01
andib
ol
regional
10 na 1 Jhandbook
re
lo
1
10
log
106
106charles
charlos
charles
charies
buss
inq
1he inner mongolia autonomous region
ehe
1lne
1 ahe
E
new york macmillan
tho far past
east
tast
1955
p
473
35
85
aptitude
livestock raising
ploitation
14ongol lands
mongol
first
japanese
protected
lands
blowing
farming
arny
Kwan tung army
kwantung
good horses
neglect
realizing
Ton
mongolian
lon golian
provided
1800000 horses
substantial
number
raised
japan thich
little
number
goats
oats raised
innanchuria
manchuria
107
herds
west hsingan
hsinfan province
chief supplier
11
size
manchuria
Man
manchuria
churia
churla
op
02
cit
op
cit
p
18
110
ilo
iio
liimianchoukuo
vanchoukuo year book
1942
op
02
cit
p
T
452
111
III
ili
lil
jehol
dehol fol
leading province
100
lob iblci
iob
ib 1I e
log
109
109tont
ones
0jTOnt
non mongol areas
1448481 horses
com
compared
ared
half
mongols
mongels
1ongols
lattimore
1942
included those
churla
churia
did
110
iio
ilo
manchoukuo year book
Mlan
manchuria
wealth
pastoral indus-
assistance
holunbier
holunbler
bier district
bler
cattle Holun
according
accordin
accordia
japanese
however
barga region
areas
them
source
flocks
breeds
ample supply
procuring
livestock
improving
mongol
tongol
improving
log
purposes 109
mongols
mongels
mongols
Mon gols
mongels
ambititious plans
made
military
provide
means
increasing
especially interested
mules
same
sane time
self sufficiency
therefore
mongolian livestock
japanese
future chinese colonization
possibilities
japanese saw
mongols
mongels
promised
infringe upon
soon
themselves
too
few years
unproductive either
although
horses
pasture land
aq
rq
i103
pasture
try
first rate
exhausted within
top soil
soll
away
T
typify unwise chinese ex-
lattimore relates
crops
ploug hed under
ploughed
sloughed
107
p
22
86
70 t bisin
g
pprov
alid vest
nc
hsingan
basin
octh ano
rovinces
noreh
hest
north
hsinfan
orth
ngan province
west hsi
4
hainan
hsinan
owed
oved
chief producers
provinces
1
poo
moo
ne 1965
sone
soae
900 head
1965900
119
112
four hsingan
hsinfan provinces
quality
inferior
experimenting
113
japanese
chiefly raised
mongolian sheep
wool
attempts
made
improve
sufficiently supply
object
mongolian
ot i iol
wool instead
breed
superior
corriedale
imported 11merino
woolen industry
number
sheep
since
r
w
jehol
dehol
hslngan
south nsingan
12800 camels
however
1
japanese
apparently
australian
ilg
proved chimeri
chimerical
cali
call 114
venture
introduction
hith
work
veterinary institutes
work
sheep farms
ongos
ongoi
iionol
including
eases
combat animal diseases
des
deseases
experimental
teach
I1 1lo
tact
tynis
few
procurement
olid
elid
dlo
dio
did
forest
lorest products
position
apt
exhibit
s
east IITingan
sinan
japanese interest
railway ties
1
prot
alicc
produce
prol
licc surplus foor
ta
t1
I1
jancho
do ok 1942
choir ttouo
lancho
tio year 1500
11
jones
15 1 b d
i
ibid
cita
cit
cit9
tp
67
670
OT
cit
p
55
455
tele-
relations
incursion
1121 bid
112bidl
11
113
telephone
sale
depended
eith
livelihood
dominate
115
panes e
ongender
engender
en
japanese
gender
dzitor
favornbl dzigor
hender fnvornbq
bender
daor ja
graphic poles did
dagons
dagors
daors
necessary
whom
especially
booc
wood
cd
tooc neec
needed
neeced
deec
people
time proven methods
japanese
forested area
benefit
techniques
persuasion
patience
tience towards
wardis peoples
qualities whic
chic
new improved
conservative
accustomed
easy task
modern
mrodern scientific methods
broder
pastora lists received
pastoralists
714
514
wever
vaver
vever
however
endeavors
tact
1
less scale
camel
gradually
I ra dually decreasing
strains
I1
furs
japanese
37
87
logging
losing
logging
log
loz ins enterprises
became
dominant economic
factor
ilg
116
sustenance
corporation
controlled
procurement
jood
wood
bood
cutting
wood
wood
head
prices through
banner
logg
losing
int enterprise administered
loss iny
result
aberley
aberles
experience
mongol informant
Hs inking
sinking
office
11
procedure
banner office
follows
necessary
logging
get license
Q
corporation how many people
banner
inform
going
particular
oin
lo ac
cular logging
leader
narti
0c inf party
0oln
money
moncy
party then rece
important clothes
ivos noney
received
ivol
ivel
least
majc
matches
got
matc es
get
cigarettes
warci
hard
irettes
time
logs once cuc
tool sat low regulated price
cut
toolsat
nn river
down
brought dond
do
donn
counted
raft
loon
loen
corporation
CorD oration office
bahen
baken
taken
icon
then tas
tal
tsitsilhar
Tsit sihar two months
tsitsihar
governmentally regulated rate
given
iater
later payment
logging
party
family
lo g
led
individual
login
means
transport
10
ng
oort
logging
feed tile
tiie workers during
trans
lo
dort
feel
feci
transoort
agnizer
season
profits wont laif
half
anizer andhalf
tic organizer
alf
ay
nay
pay
loggers
compared
low
logs
official rate
qro
aro
always
tl
elicre
eliare
black market rate
black mavithi
order
go
ury
131
171
Z
C
1
domn
1
7
1
C
W
L
keting117
rketing 117
exploitation
possible mineral deposits
nigicant japanese accomplishment
possible development
1940
tip
IIP
tin
118
lib
although
resources
coubtfful
doubtful
rid1w ty
hez
hec
headway
notwithstanding
notwithstandin
exploitation
el
industry
further
compensation
make
mongol
ol
1
111on
Mon
ylongols
mongols
mongels
gols
gois
chinese
east
ilg
116
aberle
made
mongol
losses
op
ena
river
cit
west
0
P
unlike
tried
chinese
example
conflicts
however
logging
livestock
lands
noso
neso evacuated
Japa
japanese
konni
nonni
john stewart
reported
tinc
tine ve
ing
vening
vexing
vering
permanent settlement
achieve
japanese plan called
japanese
ends
own
sig
dagons
dagors
land between
east bataha
batada
doing
doin
doln
japanese
95
amsl
msl
110
11
itojohn R
ll
131
eastern surveyy
Z
IX
1.1
aart
7art manchoukuo announces
St
stcl
cart
steart
stcart
60
february 28 1940 5560
mongol
tion ol program
ilon
lion
far
88
loss
compensated them
lands
another example
mongels
f-riction between mongols
1940
19401
mon
mongol
ol
nese
119
jehol
dehol
areas
settlers
january
T
Ta panese
japanese
danese
120
1940
1
moreover
ow
railway construction
due
necessary
made
chine h
ancl
anci
special
chinese
rapid influx
expansion
chi-
coal mining
mongols lands
mongels
liquidate imiongols
japanese
javanese plans
began
mongols
mongels
compensate
com-
john stewart
mented
pressure
where
15 mion
mongol
public use
ol princes
annual subreceive bonds
privileges
loss
already
paid 116000000
m2480000 121
additional m294301100
opening
land
bark
bant
barkness
barkners
ners
eight bank
banners
nets
sos
compensation
los
sidies
sidi
les
1
report
receive
1
notwithstanding japanese efforts
sum
losses
resulted
mongels
mongols
bor
ion
ols
1or ois
economyl22
economy 22
improve
compensate
anti japanese sentiment gradually rose
japanese economic demands became firmer 123 however
serious proportion
grown
seemed
ilgQaberle
11
II
cit
op
120
60
121
121bid
1
bid
122
tbj
taj
ibio
12 gaberle
3aberle
aberle
abcrle
60
p
1
ir
12 jones
0
op
oo
00
cit
cit
never
if f
124
pe
p 90
ivianchoulcuo announces
manchoukuo
stewart
mongol
p
p
109
60
yram
program
mongol proc
op
cit
59-
CHAPTER V
conclusion
SUMIMARY
SUMMARY
during
better understand
reader
order
1931 1945
japanese period 19311945
torical precedents
asian continent
contacts
expansion
russo japanese war
following
eastern
his-
japanese
ambitious buddhist priests
1905
question
author showed
luenced
luencen
iuen
luen ced
influenced
inf
recounted
mongol
1904-
nicheren
militant Ni
cheren sect
made
pan buddhist
mongols toward
western mongels
idea
fall
manchu dynasty
eastern western
became
obsession
leaders
taking advantage
suppression
attempted
atte moted
ment
mongol autonomous
establish
situation
aspirations
pan mongolian
state
urga government
religious
outer
mongol
political
russian
1919
purges
inner
against
coursey
course
coursel
move-
Kol
koi
kolchaks
chaks
konchas
kolchas
chas white
forced collectivization
flee
eastern mongolia
system
however
chinese policies alienated
mongolia under soviet rule led
outer 111ongolia
economy
chinese
through semenov
japanese
forth
lands
nationalist
jebtsundamba khutukhtu
1920
1920s
unwise russian
mongols
mongels
Mon
gols
self determination
non
support
nonsupport
unsuccessful mainly
russian regime
1911
number
chinese aggrandizement
refugees
mongol
innermlongolia
inner mongolia furthered mongol animosity
chinese
mongolian desire
autonomy became intensified
result
rebellious course never ever tolerated
either
89
90
russians
until
chinese
incident
mongol
panese
aspirations
realized
formation
fl autonomously
autonomous
advantage
hsingan
hsinfan province
governors
therefore
eastern mongolia
hsingan
hsinfan affairs
affairs
these provinces
government
vinces
mongol banners
east hsingan
hsinfan
office
central government
mongol heads
traditionally
ece
ere
japanese councillor
latter
make
nake
eastern mongolia
drastic changes
avold
avoid
vold losing
void
society
support
vailey
river valley
former
bhe
reason
lie japanese depended
teason tat1
reasons
significance
nificance
si
1932
01L7
mongels
bagor mongols
barga region
those
fiill
ruli
ruil
full administrative posts
republic
success
japanese
educated
support
manchu dynasty
done
whole
nonni
provinces
central provincial
japanese permitted lim
limited
leei
leel
iteI autonomy
ois
ols
aois
maong
Mlong
Mon
mlongols
mongols
mongels
gols
gois
hsingan
hsinfan pro-
11singan
hsingan
hsinfan provinces
japanese occupation
careful
oll
mon
mongol
011
001
oli
oil
hsingan
hsinfan
affairs
jurisdiction
hands
early period
traditional
office
advised
actual administration
japanese
Danese
Ja
office
positions
key
banner governments
emperor through
liaison between
served
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo gov-
mongol
outside
ja-
later subdivided
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo
directed
mongol
11headee
headed
region
1932
appointed
theoretically responsible
ernment
ernment
ja-
mongol
Hs
ingan
ingan
hsingan
hsingan
ingan west Hs
hsingan
north hsin
insan south Hs
hsinfan
hsinfan
hsinfan
provinces
manchurian
itseriously considered
seriously
eastern mongolia
panese created
following
1932
latter
ehe
ly created mongol provinces
tho nc 71y
establishment
che J
const
ti
constitution
tion n l monarchy
constitutiol
aition
tition
yaongols
mongels
mongols
eastern Yaong
ols
ois
1
whose
Manchu
manchukuo
kuo
1934
traditional allegiance
solicit
man
91
chu emperors
cal philosophy
vitao
wangtao
yangtao
wani
ideologically
known
governiriqnt
central governrment
formidable power
sphere
influence
eastern frontier
china
operations
influence foil
feit
felt
penetrate
moreover
11oreover
future
power
make
eastern mongolia
enemy
early 1930s
occurrence
defenses along
17
japanese
japanese military
mongol forces
outer mongol hsingan
hsinfan border
soon faced
soviet outer
mongol
minor
ninon skirmishes between japanese hsingan
hsinfan
numerous
lnuinolwous
rous
soviet cuter
soviet
future expansion
outer mongol air force
combat readiness
probing
mindful
mobilized
japan-
establishment
1932
CY
military base
base
outer mongolia
ve
suc
supestive
surest
suP estive
1934
key
militarily
inner mongolia
buildup
build
soviet russia too
border
horder patrols
outer mongolia
communized
hsingan
hsinfan mongol cavalry
hailar
common
buffer against
serve
soviets
hsingan
hsinfan mongol academy
mongol
protect
buffer
japanese wore concerned
creation
expanded
far
basically important politically
ese agents
1936
outer mongolia
northeast asia
far
operations
relinsoviet russia
determined
japanese attack
growing nationalism
rowing
towing
base
military drive
golia
goila
mongolia
outer
cuter 111on
concerned
nevertheless
retreat
forced
early 1930s
pre
preeminent
eminent position
quish
pan mongol
mongolism
ism
manchuria
north mianchur
Kwan
tung army
kwantung
emperor
china weak
although sovet
soviet russia
threat
loyalty
japanese promotion
stumbling blocks
soviet russia
concepts
conform
tradition
advocated
kodo
politi-
japanese patterned
mongol troops along
1935
conference
outer mongolia border
held
quil
quli
lull
Manch
Manchull
mench
manchlull
manchuli
chuli
border
92
settle
eastern mongolia
town
dispute
since japanese
demarcation
during
outer mongol delegates
tho japanese
puppets
mongol
hsingan
hsinfan
C
conference
C
border
objectives
russians differed
conference ended abortively
delegates
question
russians
nan
Man
manchuli
manchull
matchull
chull
chuli
few months
conference
prominent hsingan
singan
fingan mongol high
rested
1
conspiracy
barga region
turn
full details
compatriots cannot
sheng
mongolian governor
ascertained
ling sheng
indications
stir
anti japanese
japanese feeling
movement
ling
time
result
framed
inci-
possibility
commentators speculated
dent
noted although
russians
iga
191
19366
execution
alleged charges
officials
1
ar-
Kwan tung army
kwantung
although
al
mounting
japanese
defeat
soon
anti
result
noroonhan
nomonhan
monhan did
insurrections
retreating
unlike
unlie
unile
soviet policy
101301s
middle 1930
japanese forces
weaponry overwhelmed
aggression
non
nonaggression pact
japanese
shocked
japanese
having
fight
two
teo
great distance
power within
soviet offensive
position
thereafter japan
russians
russia
besides
1939
stalin
until
pro-
possibility
europe
eastern asia
moscow
nomon
defeat
offensive
fronc
front war
modern
soviet german
moreover
peak
dazo
daro
dare continue
date
problem
lern
prob
tactics
Zus slans
tus
sians although overjoyed
russians
USSR
voke
1939
battle
counter
offensive
counteroffensive
1939
year superior soviet strategy
nnomonhan
nomonhan
monhan
NNo
han
early
defensive attitude
11
asia
serious logistic
concerned
surrender
consolidating
japanese
93
forces
outer
general condition along
1945
mongol hsingan
hsinfan border
stalemate
emergence
1937
furthering japanese expansion
indicative
inner mongolia
these objectives
ern Imongolia
pan mon
mongol
holism
ism
olism
propagandize
1
Meng
mengchiang
use neng
kengchiang
hiang
lengehiang
lengechiang
2
1y
ideal
mongol
future japanese ex-
base
1ay
west-
ion
lon
bior
outer mongolia
ior yoli
pansion
eastern
astern
essentially
japanese policy
Mon
mongols
mongels
gols
power
even before
resented
japanese
hands
instigate
rebellions during
demonstrations
n 1939
mongold
mongols
gols
gois
ongols
earlier did
noted
merely puppets
mongols
mongels
inner 111ongols
1
71
without doubt
real
realized
gencies war
made
japanese
defeat
Kwan tungI army
kwantung
annihilation
general
japanese control
felt better off
C1
japanese attempt
intended
exploiting
aid
mon
mongol
ol
felt
exi-
apparent
mon
traditional
modernize
japanese
queston
question
program
extend
japans
miserable failure
conclusion
author
modern
modem
mongols
mongels
monvle
monvls
japanese period
soviet regime
under
attempt ended
nchuria during
al-
1945
harsh
restrictions
continent
taken less
nomonhan
monhan
under japanese rule
likely
under chinese rule
however
concerted anti japanese
though japanese rule became increasingly demanding
gols
Meng chiang
mengehlano
mengchiang
kengchiang
government
autonomous
jaran
jnrsn
toran
7nran
0moran
mongol
expansion
hegemony
foreign
society
terms
asian
however
power
mongols
mongels
given
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598 605
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destiny
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Ameri
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Janu arys
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31
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XXXIV
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1936
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4
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york times
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free mongels
york times august
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5
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1935
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menlwhiang
mengchiang
kengchiang
inner mongolia Meng
political science brigham young university
thesis department
1966
101
per
provinden
mongolische
den hsingan
der Mongo
lische kulturwandel
hsinfan provinzen
mandschukuos
unpublished doctoral dissertation der universitat
mandschukuoa
beissig
heissig
issig walter
wien
hyer paul
V
MA
moses
larry
1941
lamaist buddhism
thesis department
W
uscript
japanese policy
mongolia
history university
gol
nomonhan khalkhin goi
col
battle
25 1966
indiana university march 259
unpublished
california
1953
unpublished man-
APPENDIX
MAPS
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APPENDIX
CHARTS
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110
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STRUCTURE
PROVINCES
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SOLVE
JAPANESE
JAPADESE ATTEMPT
MONGOL QUESTION
MANCHURIA
1931 1945
19311945
abstract
thesis
presented
department
history
brigham young
university
partial fulfillment
degree
requirements
master
richard
D
arts
kwak
august 1966
abstract
present form
master
richard
department
satisfying
university
thesisq
thesis
D
history
accepted
kwak
brigham young
degree
thesis requirements
arts
ft
committee
chairman advisory
advisorw
advis
01
aemmer
member
aember
kerstin
H
kramer
wer
ner
top
t
tou
VL
y ommi
ammi atee
advfsorycommi
advfs
advis
ttee
f
chaiiiman
cha iman
typed
r
major department
f
following
japanese
crucial
faced
support
contact
february
1919
january 1920
math
manchurian incident
movement ended
ther chinese colonization aided
february
ted
eastern mongolia within
few years
like
11singan
hsingan
hsinfan
office
office
mongol
japanese saw
trate
ambitious aims
crea-
japanese
10advised
advised
cou-
these autonomous mongol projapanese
liaison between
provincial
fur-
eastern
real administrators
affairs
ment provinces
protection
subdivided
10
Manchu
kuo
manchukuo
merely facades
vinces
de-
east hsingan
hsinfan provinces
mongol governor
government
leaders
express
hsingan
hsinfan province
Hs
ingan south hsingan
ingan west hsingan
hsingan
hsinfan
north Hs
hsinfan
hsinfan
ncillor
mongol
support
winning
autonomous
head edby
each headedby
japan-
1932
18
autonomy
shortly thereafter
Mon gols
mongols
mongels
after-
another opportunity arose
japanese promise
autonomy
mongol movement
abortively
eastern mongolia gathered
various banners
semenov
collaboration
anti bolshevik pan
11
chenchlatung tol
chenchiatung
Toi
Tei katon
teikaton
toikaton
toi
sire
japanese
new
japanese through
however
ese
problem
japanese expansion
mongols
mongels
dauria government
sponsored
governing
problem
promotion
1932
it-
question
question
mongol
vast nomadic region
mongols
11500000
1500000 mongels
early
1931
1931t
northwestern manchuria
dealt
complex
winning
september 18
eastern mongolia
subsequent occupation
self
incident
Manc
manchurian
hurlan
central govern-
banner level
nominal head
official
traditional
mongol
eastern mongolia
society
thereforeeq
Therefor
frusdecided
2
decided
society
modernize
played
program
reform education
young lamaist monks
major role
ctrination
tri nation schools
programs
established
sanita-
fanning etc
stock breeding farming
tion medical services stockbreeding
context
general wellbeing
well being
trib ution
tribution
fron
frontation
tation between japan
established
academy
wangyehmiaoin
wangyehmiao
hailar
hallar
11singan mongol troops
iisingan
area
ideally
japanese plans
strength
soviet
mongol hsingan
hsinfan border
ese forces
battle
tung army
Kwan
kwantung
pacific
2
japanese policy
Ho
however
wevers
soviet russia
spite
outer mongolia
extend
failed
power
hegemony
outer
japanese mi-
1
border skirmishes along
1935 1936 led
19351936
nomonhan
monhan
1945
enhance japanese
north manchuria
mongolia through eastern mongolia
outer
soviet
mobilization
pan mongolism
mongol ism
previous retreating policy
scalculated
japanese
commensurate build
buildup
saw
pre
preeminence
eminence
defend
short
mobilization
outer mongolia
occupation
determined
massive
outer mongolia
possible benefactor
image
hsingan
hsinfan mongol
1936
19361
1934
fortifications
outer mongol air force
japanese
1932
19329
own army
japanese military buildup
build
outer mongol troops
eventual military con-
soviet union
mongels
hsingan
hsinfan mongols
permitted
pro-
japanese imperialistic alms
aims
1930ts
1930s presaged
events
however
con-
made
1ong
bong
iong
long
mongols
mongels
development
promote
grams
instituted
japanese
said
then
indo-
japan
sent
1939
result
shortsighted
short sighted
japan-
defeat
final annihilation
japanese defeat
failed
comprehend
3
mongol
result
resuit
resulto
results
self determination
hsingan
paternalistic
hsinfan provinces
aspirations
japanese sponsored
Mon
mongolia
monfolia
Folia came
end
autonomous
3
bound
japanese administration
arbitrary
mongol provinces
eastern

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