Hydraulic Proppant Fracturing
Klaas van Gijtenbeek
Sr Tech Professional Leader
Halliburton
Technical Advisory Team Presentation
Introduction
Will T Louviere quote:
“To effectively and economically drain
a reservoir in 5 years time the propped
frac length needs to cover 50 to 70% of
the drainage radius”
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
2
20 Rules for Gas Fracturing by Steve Holditch
Rule#9. The optimum fracture length will be
a function of the (optimum) drainage area
(xe). The following can be used to estimate
the optimum fracture length as a function of
gas permeability.
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
3
20 Rules for Gas Fracturing by Steve
Holditch
Rule#16. The pad volume of a treatment should be
• In most reservoirs 25 – 30%
• In tight reservoirs 10 – 20%
• In high permeability reservoirs 50 – 70%
If the pad volume is too small, the treatment may
screen out. If the pad volume is too large, you will
waste money, the propped fracture length will be
shorter, and the fracture will not close as rapidly
as it would with a smaller pad volume.
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
4
20 Rules for Gas Fracturing by Steve Holditch
Rule#18. No well is straight and no well is vertical.
As such, the chances that multiple fractures will
occur increase with the length of the perforated
interval. A perforation interval of 20 ft. or less,
located in the most porous and permeable zone,
should be sufficient for most cases. A properly
packed fracture will connect the entire pay interval
to the well bore assuming the treatment is pumped
correctly and is not over flushed.
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
5
FC vs Prop Concentration
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
6
Prop Concentration
2000 lb/ per 1000 sq ft or 2 lb/ft^2 what does
it mean?
w
Bulk volume of sand is
100 lbs/ft^3 so 2lb/ft^2
gives 0.02 ft width or w
= 0.24 in.
1 ft
How many proppant
layers is that?
1 ft
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
7
Prop Concentration
Properties for Various Size Proppants
Proppants Size
Mesh
4/8
6/12**
8/12
8/16**
10/20
10/30
12/20*
16/20**
16/30**
18/20**
18/35
20/40*
20/50
30/50**
30/60
40/60
40/70*
70/140**(100 mesh)
Maximum Diameter - Maximum Diameter - Average Proppant Diameter - Average Proppant Diameter in.
mm
in.
mm
0.187
4.75
0.173
4.39
0.132
3.35
0.099
2.51
0.093
2.36
0.087
2.21
0.093
2.36
0.082
2.08
0.079
2.01
0.061
1.55
0.079
2.01
0.056
1.42
0.067
1.70
0.054
1.37
0.047
1.19
0.041
1.04
0.047
1.19
0.039
0.99
0.039
0.99
0.036
0.91
0.039
0.99
0.032
0.81
0.0336
0.85
0.0272
0.69
0.0336
0.85
0.0218
0.55
0.0237
0.60
0.0185
0.47
0.0237
0.60
0.018
0.46
0.0168
0.43
0.014
0.36
0.0168
0.43
0.013
0.33
0.0099
0.25
0.0084
0.21
*Recognized by API as a primary proppant size
**Recognized by API as an alternate proppant
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
8
Prop Concentration
Bulk volume of sand is
100 lbs/ft^3 so 2lb/ft^2
gives 0.02 ft width or w
= 0.24 in.
2 lb/ft^2 what does it
mean?
w
How many proppant
layers is that?
0.24 / 0.0272 = 8.8 !
1 ft
1 ft
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
That is equivalent to
1.712.802
proppant grains, or 1.88
million grains in a
kilo.....so next time that
you go to the beach.....
9
FC vs Prop Concentration
0.5 partial mono layer
8.8 layer
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
10
Perforation Diameter based on Max
Proppant Diameter (6:1 ratio)
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
11
Perforation Diameter based on Max
Proppant Diameter (6:1 ratio)
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
12
Frac Geometry Example
2 lb/ft^2
S = 80 acres
50 ft
500 ft
Area = 2 wings * 50’ * 500’ = 50,000 ft^2
500 ft
Proppant Amount Required: 50,000 ft^2 * 2 lb/ft^2 = 100,000 lbs
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
13
Well Spacing and Drainage Radius
Square
Well Spacing (S) in Acres Drainage Length (Re) in ft
40
80
160
320
640
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
Circular
Drainage Radius (Re) in ft
Re = 104.4*S^0.5
Re = 117.8*S^0.5
660
933
1,320
1,867
2,641
745
1,053
1,490
2,107
2,980
14
Frac Schedule
100,000 lbs of proppant required
Assume 4 lbs/gal average concentration
25,000 gal fluid required for proppant
Pad volume: 10,000 gal
S-shape proppant addition curve (to reduce NWB and avoid proppant convection)
10,000 gal w/ 1 ppg-10,000 lbs stage
2,000 gal w/ 2 pgg-4,000 lbs stage
1,500 gal w/ 3 ppg-4,500 lbs stage
1,000 gal w/ 4 ppg-4,000 lbs stage
1,000 gal w/ 5 ppg-5,000 lbs stage
2,000 gal w/ 6 ppg-12,000 lbs stage
3,000 gal w/ 7 ppg-21,000 lbs stage
5,000 gal w/ 8 ppg-40,000 lbs stage
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
15
Frac Schedule Pump Rate
Pump rate depends on:
1) Completion. Check minimum ID’s in wellbore and try to keep
velocity below 44 ft/sec. This is based on yardtests. We are
using 20 ft/sec when pumping proppant on the outside of coil. In
general 35/ft/sec is ok.
2) Available equipment. Maximum rate through surface lines is
2*ID^2. So, 3” is 18 bpm, 4” is 32 bpm etc.
3) Pressure rating. WHTP = BHTP-Hydrostatic+Friction
Hydraulic Horsepower:
(Max WHTP*Design rate)/40.8 = 4411hhp for 10,000 psi and 18
bpm
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
16
Frac Schedule Pump Rate
There are some velocity guidelines for Wellhead Isolation Tools/Tree
Savers.
To minimize the risk of excessive tubing wear, restrict velocity
through the tool to the rates listed below for each material.
Sand-laden fluids ................................... 125 ft/sec
Clean fluids ........................................... 200 ft/sec
High-strength proppant .......................... 100 ft/sec
Foamed fluid with sand ........................... 100 ft/sec
Foamed fluid with high-strength proppant ... 80 ft/sec
These values are for reference only if proppant concentration does
not exceed 8 lb/gal or 6 lb/gal with foam.
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
17
Frac Schedule Pump rate
V=(17.157* Q)/ID^2, where
V velocity (ft/sec)
Q pump rate (bbl/min)
ID internal diameter of inner mandrel (in.)
Sand Laden Fluid through 2.922 in tubing:
Q =(2.922^2 * 125)/17.157 = 62.2 bpm
With 35 ft/sec this would be: 17.4 bpm, so a design rate
of 17 to 18 bpm for 3.5” tubing is ok.
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
18
Production Increase Curves
Flow capacity: 2800 md-ft
Ki =0.1 mD
Cr = 17.8 ->Y-axis: 4.2
Jfs/Ji = (4.2 * ln(1053/.375))/6.215 = 5.36
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
19
Frac Schedule other Considerations
1) DFIT: Diagnostic Fluid Injection test
2) Minifrac using linear gel and Stepdown Rate test
3) Minifrac using gel for mainfrac and proppant slug
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
20
Layout – All Water in Tanks prior to job start
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
21
Production Enhancement Equipment
Available out of Celle Base
Description



















Quantity
2000 HHP Grizzly Pump Trailer
2000 HHP HQ Twin Pump Trailer
100 bpm ARC Blender
50 bpm ARC Blender
100 bpm ARC Pre Gel Blender
50 bpm ARC Pre Gel Blender
Technical Command Center with RTO & Field Lab
80 m³ Fluid Storage Tank
60 m³ Liquid KCL Storage Tank
60 m³ Proppant Silo
34 m³ Proppant Silo
1000 HHP Annulus Truck ( HT 400 )
600 HHP Annulus Truck ( HT 400 )
60 / 80 k Coiled Tubing Unit 1 3/4”-2 3/8”
38 k Coiled Tubing Unit
2000 scf/min N2 Unit
3000 scf/min N2 Unit
6000 scf/min N2 Unit
2500 kw Mobile Fluid Heating Unit
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
22
10
2
1
1
1
1
2
12
2
2
2
2
2
3
1
2
1
2
1
2000 HHP Grizzly Pump Trailer
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
23
Pumprate vs pressure, 4" FE, HQ-Pump
Gear
Minimum
bpm
Maximum
bpm
P
Rating
psi
Minimum
m³/min
Maximum
m³/min
P
Rating
bar
1
2
3
4
5
2,6
4,8
6,6
8,5
11,2
3,6
6,6
9
11,7
15,3
14200
7201
5294
4066
3086
0,41
0,76
1,05
1,35
1,78
0,57
1,05
1,43
1,86
2,43
979,3
496,6
365,1
280,4
212,8
Pumprate vs pressure, 4" FE, Grizzley-Pump
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
Gang
Minimum
bpm
Maximum
bpm
P
Rating
psi
Minimum
m³/min
Maximum
m³/min
P
Rating
bar
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3,1
4,7
5,7
7
8
9,8
12,3
4,3
5,9
7,3
9,1
10,1
12,6
16
14200
14200
11917
9572
8403
6803
5476
0,48
0,75
0,9
1,11
1,27
1,55
1,95
0,68
0,94
1,15
1,44
1,6
2
2,54
979,3
979,3
821,9
660,1
579,5
469,2
377,7
24
100 bpm ARC Pre Gel Blender
Mixing system:
Two Gorman/Rupp 12 x 12 centrifugal pumps, hydraulically driven. The mixing system is capable of
mixing at rates up to 100 bbl/min (15.9 m3/min).
Engine:
CAT C11 diesel engine (420 HP at 2100 rpm) or equivalent driving four hydraulic pumps through a four-pump
drive gearbox
Dimensions:
Length:
13.39 mtr
Width:
2.44 mtr
Height:
4.11 mtr
Weight:
22 200 kg
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
25
100 bpm ARC Blender
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
26
Frac Van
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
27
Fluid Storage
Description: Tank Trailer
Capabilities Manifold:
Capacity:
Volume:
80m³
Mixline:
4”
Size:
10” with 4 each outlets with 4” fig 206 weco unions
Jeager air connection: to connect multiple tanks in one common manifold
Dimensions:
Weight:
Height:
Width:
Length:
12,300 Kg
4,00 mtr
2,50 mtr
13,10 mtr
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
28
Proppant Silo
Description:
34 m3 Sand Silo
60 m³ Sand Silo
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
Dimensions:
34 m3
Weight:
Height:
Width:
Length:
6.500 Kg
9,00 mtr
2,44 mtr
2,80 mtr
29
60 m³
7.500 Kg
13,12 mtr
2,50 mtr
2,56 mtr
Mounted Equipment
Description: 15,000 psi Manifold Trailer ( Connects 16 Pumps )
Capacity: 50,000 lb (22 676 kg) lift for positioning trailer for hookup and/or disconnect from tractor
Stroke: 36 in. (914 mm)
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
30
60 – 100K Coiled Tubing Unit 1 1/4”-2 3/8”
Capacity:
Tubing OD Range:
Hydr. Pressure:
Max. Pull
Max. Push
1.25” – 2 3/8”
5000 psi
60 000 lbs
30 000 lbs
Dimensions:
60k
Weight:
48,000 Kg
Height:
4,10 mtr
Width:
2,55 mtr
Length:
13,30 mtr
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
1.50” – 2 3/8”
5000 psi
100,000 lbs
45,000 lbs
100k
48,000 Kg
4,10 mtr
2,55 mtr
13,30 mtr
31
Transverse CT Reel
2 3/8” CT
Total length 7200 mtr
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
32
2500KW Heating Unit
 Capable to heat 80m3 water from 5C to 50C in 1hour 15min
 Diesel usage ca 200ltr/hour
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
34
Multi Purpose Twin Pump Unit
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
35
Skandi Fjord – Stimulation Vessel
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
36
Frac Schedule
100,000 lbs of proppant required
Assume 4 lbs/gal average concentration
25,000 gal fluid required for proppant
Pad volume: 10,000 gal
S-shape proppant addition curve (to reduce NWB and avoid proppant convection)
10,000 gal w/ 1 ppg-10,000 lbs stage
2,000 gal w/ 2 pgg-4,000 lbs stage
1,500 gal w/ 3 ppg-4,500 lbs stage
1,000 gal w/ 4 ppg-4,000 lbs stage
1,000 gal w/ 5 ppg-5,000 lbs stage
2,000 gal w/ 6 ppg-12,000 lbs stage
3,000 gal w/ 7 ppg-21,000 lbs stage
5,000 gal w/ 8 ppg-40,000 lbs stage
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
37
Model Input
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
38
Model Output
Fracture Half-Length (ft)
Total Fracture Height (ft)
Depth to Fracture Top (ft)
Depth to Fracture Bottom (ft)
Equivalent Number of Multiple Fracs
Fracture Slurry Efficiency**
530
108
9551
9659
1.0
0.44
Propped Half-Length (ft)
Total Propped Height (ft)
Depth to Propped Fracture Top (ft)
Depth to Propped Fracture Bottom (ft)
Max. Fracture Width (in)
Avg. Fracture Width (in)
Avg. Proppant Concentration (lb/ft²)
500
102
9557
9659
0.35
0.20
1.28
Model Net Pressure** (psi)
Observed Net Pressure** (psi)
Hydrostatic Head*** (psi)
Reservoir Pressure (psi)
2364
0
4144
4180
BH Fracture Closure Stress (psi)
Closure Stress Gradient (psi/ft)
Avg. Surface Pressure (psi)
Max. Surface Pressure (psi)
5961
0.620
6234
6775
Total Clean Fluid Pumped (bbls)
Total Slurry Pumped (bbls)
Pad Volume (bbls)
Pad Fraction (% of Slurry Vol)**
Pad Fraction (% of Clean Vol)**
Primary Fluid Type
954.5
1062.2
238.1
24.3
27.4
HYBOR H 30# WG-11
Secondary Fluid Type
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
Total Proppant Pumped (klbs)
103.9
Total Proppant in Fracture (klbs)
102.8
Avg. Hydraulic Horsepower (hp)
2747
Max. Hydraulic Horsepower (hp)
2985
Avg Btm Slurry Rate (bpm)
18.1
Primary Proppant Type
CarboLite 16/20
Secondary Proppant Type
39
Frac Geometry
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
40
Treatment Parameters
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
41
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
42