Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Name: ________Class key________
Period: ________________________
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The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Chapter 9.1 & 9.2 assignments
Pages/Sections
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Date Assigned
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Cell Size Limitations
Objective: Why are single cells sizes limited?
 Cells come in a wide __variety__ of ___sizes___ and
___shapes___.
 Considering this wide range of cells sizes, ____why____ then
____can’t____ most organisms be just _____one____ giant
____cell____?
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Cell Size Limitations
Topic:
Objective: Why are single cells sizes limited?
 Diffusion ____limits____ cell ____size____
o Although __diffusion__ is a fast and efficient process
over short distances, it becomes ____slow____ and
__inefficient__ as the distances become ___larger___.
o Because of the ____slow____ rate of __diffusion__,
organisms ____can’t____ be just ____one____ giantsized ____cell____.
 DNA ___limits___ cell ____size____
o The ____cell____ cannot survive unless there is
___enough___ DNA to ____meet____ the
___protein___ needs of the cell.
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Area-Volume Ratio
Objective: Describe how surface area and volume are related.
 As a ___cell’s___ size __increases__, its ___volume___
increases much ___faster___ ____than____ its surface
____area____.
 If ____cell____ size ___doubled___, the cell would require
___eight___ times more __nutrients__ and would have
___eight___ times more ___wastes___ to excrete.
 The surface ____area____, however, would ___increase___
by a ___factor___ of only ____four____.
 The ____cell____ would either ___starve___ to death
_____or_____ be __poisoned__ from the buildup of waste
products.
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Cell Division
Objective: Describe the basic process of cell division.
 Cell division ≡ is the ___process___ by which new
___cells___ are __produced__ ____from____ one
____cell____ .
 Cell __division__ results in ____two____ cells that are
__identical__ to the __original__ , parent cell.
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Chromosomes
Objective: Describe chromosomes and their purpose.
 __structures__ , which contain ____DNA____ and become
___darkly___ colored when ___stained___ , are called
__chromosomes__ .
 _chromosomes_ are the __carriers__ of the ___genetic___
material that is ___copied___ and ___passed___ from
_generation_ to _ generation _ of cells.
 ___accurate___ transmission of chromosomes during cell
division is ___critical___ .
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Chromosomes
Objective: Describe chromosomes and their purpose.
 The large, complex __chromosomes__ of eukaryotes
___duplicate___ with each cell __division__ .
 __chromosomes__ contain a very ____long____ DNA
__molecule__ with __thousands__ of ___genes___ .
 Individual __chromosomes__ are only ___visible___ during
cell ___division___ .
 They are ___packaged___ as __chromatin__ when
___visible___ .
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Chromatids
Objective: Describe chromatids and their formation.
 ___before___ a cell starts __dividing__ , the _chromosomes_
are __duplicated__ .
 This process ___produces___ sister ___chromatids___ .
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Notes page:
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The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Name: ________________
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Period: ____________________
Carefully remove this sheet from your packet to hand in.
Work silently and alone to complete this graded exercise.
Check for Understanding
1. What is one limiting factor for cell size?
2. Describe the process of cell division.
3. What are chromatins?
4. What is the difference between chromatins and chromatids?
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
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The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
The Cell Cycle
Objective: Describe the cycle of cell growth and division.
 The cell ___cycle___ is the __sequence__ of __division__ and
___growth___ of a cell.
 The __majority__ of a cell’s life is ___spent___ in the
___growth___ period known as __interphase__ .
 Following interphase, a cell enters its period of
___nuclear___ division called ___mitosis___ .
 Following mitosis, the __cytoplasm__ divides,
__seperating__ the two daughter ___cells___ .
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Interphase
Objective: Describe the interphase cycle of cell growth.
 __Interphase__ : A ____busy____ Time
 __interphase__ , the ___busiest___ phase of the cell cycle, is
__divided__ into ____three____ parts: _____G1_____ ,
_____S______ , & _____G2_____
Overview of Interphase
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Topic: Interphase parts 1 and 2
Objective: Describe the G1 and S interphase cycle of growth.
 During the ____first____ part of __interphase__ , ( _G1_ ),
the cell ___grows___ and protein __production__ is high.
 In the ___second___ part of __interphase__ , ( _S_ ), the cell
___copies___ its __chromosomes__ .
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Interphase part 3
Objective: Describe the G2 interphase cycle of growth.
 __after__ the __chromosomes__ have been __duplicated__ ,
the cell enters __another__ shorter ___growth___ period
(_G2_ ) in which _mitochondria_ and other _organelles_ are
_manufactured_ and cell ____parts____ needed for cell
__division__ are _assembled_ .
 Biology is the only subject in which __multiplication__ is the
____same____ thing as __division__ …
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The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Topic:
Where it all began
Objective: Describe mitosis and cell copying processes.
 ____You____ started as a cell ___smaller___ than a
___period___ at the end of a sentence…
.
o Getting from ___there___ to ____here____ …
 Going from ____egg____ to ___fetus___ …
 the original fertilized ____ova____ (egg) has
to ___divide___ …
and ___ divide ___ …
and ___ divide ___ …
and ___ divide ___ …
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Topic: Reasons for cell division
Objective: Why do cells divide?
 ___Single___ -celled organisms ___ divide ___:
o For __reproduction__
 __asexual__ reproduction (__identical__ clones)
 ___Multi___ -celled organisms
o for ___growth___ & __development__
o from fertilized ____ova____ to ___adult___
o for ___repair___ & __replacement__
o ___replace___ cells that die from normal ____wear____
& ____tear____ or from injury
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Name: ________________
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Period: ____________________
Carefully remove this sheet from your packet to hand in.
Work silently and alone to complete this graded exercise.
Check for Understanding
1. What are the two main periods in a cell’s life?
2. Name the parts of interphase in cell division.
3. What do you think the ‘G’ in interphase G1 & G2 stands for?
4. What do you think the ‘S’ in interphase S stands for?
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
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Website upload 2014
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Phases of Mitosis
Topic:
Objective: Name and abbreviate the four stages of mitosis.
 The Phases of Mitosis
o The four phases of mitosis are __Prophase__ ,
__Metaphase__ , __Anaphase__ , and __Telophase__ .
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Prophase
Topic:
Objective: Describe prophase of mitotic cell division.
 __Prophase__ : The ___first___ phase of ___mitosis___
o During __prophase__ , the __chromosomes__ coil to
form ___visible___ chromatins.
o The two ___halves___ of the doubled ___structure___
are called sister __chromatids__ .
o Sister __chromatids__ are held __together__ by a
structure called a __centromere__ , which plays a role in
chromosome __movement__ during mitosis.
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Metaphase & Anaphase
Topic:
Objective: Describe metaphase & anaphase of cell division.
 __Metaphase__ : The ___second___ stage of ___mitosis___
o During __metaphase__ , the __chromatids__ move to
the __equator__ of the spindle.
 __Anaphase__ : The ___third___ phase of ___mitosis___
o During __anaphase__ , the centromeres ___split___
and the sister __chromatids__ are pulled ___apart___
to __opposite__ poles of the cell.
Metaphase
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Anaphase
Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Telophase
Topic:
Objective: Describe telophase of mitotic cell division.
 __Telophase__ : The ___fourth___ phase of ___mitosis___
o During __telophase__ , two distinct __daughter__ cells
are ___formed___ .
o The cells __separate__ as the cell ___cycle___ proceeds
____into____ the next __interphase__ .
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Duplicating DNA
Objective: Describe doubling DNA during Interphase S.
DNA in chromosomes
Single-stranded
Duplicated chromosomes
Double-stranded
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Mitosis: Copy DNA
Objective: Describe when DNA is doubled in mitosis.
 Stage 1: cell copies DNA
o ___making___ new ____DNA____ during _____S_____
phase of __interphase__
o __copying__ of __DNA__ occurs during __interphase__
_S_ .
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Mitosis: Organizing DNA
Topic:
Objective: Describe when DNA is organized in mitosis.
 Stage 2: DNA winds into chromosomes
o ____DNA____ is ___wound___ up into chromosomes to
____keep____ it __organized__ .
o _organizing_ (Winding) of ____DNA____ occurs during
__prophase__ .
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Mitosis: Line Up DNA
Topic:
Objective: Describe when DNA is lined up in mitosis.
 Stage 3: Chromosomes line up
o __chromatids__ line up in ___equator___ .
o ___attached___ to protein “___cables___ ” that will
____help____ them ____move____ .
o ___lining___ of ____DNA____ along equator
(___middle___ ) occurs during __metaphase__ .
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Mitosis: Dividing DNA
Topic:
Objective: Describe when DNA is divided in mitosis.
 Stage 4: Chromosomes separate
o __chromatids__ divide, __separating__ pairs
o start ___moving___ to __opposite__ ends
o __dividing__ & __separating__ of ____DNA____ occurs
during __anaphase__ .
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Mitosis: Splitting of Cell
Objective: Describe when the cell splits during mitosis.
 Stage 5: Cell starts to divide
o ____cell____ start to ___divide___
o ___nucleus___ re-__forms__
o Cell __division__ begins to occur during __telophase__ .
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Topic: Mitosis: Forming new cells
Objective: Describe when the two new cells are formed.
 Stage 6: DNA unwinds again
o __identical__ ‘daughter’ ____cells____ separate
o now ____they____ can _____do_____ their every day
____jobs____
o New ____cells____ are ___formed___ during the
___process___ of __cytokinesis__ .
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Notes page:
Website upload 2014
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Name: ________________
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Period: ____________________
Carefully remove this sheet from your packet to hand in.
Work silently and alone to complete this graded exercise.
Check for Understanding
1. What does the acronym PMAT stand for?
2. When are the chromatins formed for mitosis?
3. Why are the chromatids lined up along the cell equator?
4. What stage has the nuclear membrane reforming?
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
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The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Topic: Mitosis: Identical Cells
Objective: Describe how identical daughter cells are formed.
 New “__daughter__” cells
o Get 2 exact ___copies___ of original ____cell____
o ____same____ DNA
o “___clones___ ”
+
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Cytokinesis-Animal cells
Topic:
Objective: Describe how new animal cells finish dividing.
 Following telophase, the cell’s __cytoplasm__ divides in a
process called __cytokinesis__ .
o Cytokinesis ___differs___ between ___plants___ and
___animals___ .
o Toward the ____end____ of __telophase__ in
___animal___ cells, the plasma membrane
___pinches___ in along the __equator__ .
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Cytokinesis-Plant cells
Topic:
Objective: Describe how new plant cells finish dividing.
 ___Plant___ cells have a ___rigid___ cell ____wall____ , so
the plasma membrane does not pinch in.
o A __structure__ known as the cell ___plate___ is laid
down ___along___ the cell’s __equator__ .
o A cell __membrane__ forms around ____each____ cell,
and ____new____ cell ___walls___ form on each side of
the cell plate until __separation__ is __complete__ .
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Results of Mitosis
Objective: Describe the results of cells undergoing mitosis.
 When ___mitosis___ is ___complete___ , __unicellular__
organisms ___remain___ as single cells.
 In _multicellular_ organisms, cell ___growth___ and
__reproduction__ result in ___groups___ of cells that work
__together__ as ___tissues___ to perform a specific
function.
 ___tissues___ organize in various combinations
_____to_____ form ___organs___ that perform more
complex roles within the organism.
 Multiple ___organs___ that work ___together___ form an
organ ___system___ .
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Mitosis-Pictorial stages
Objective: Visualize both animal and plant mitosis progress.
Mitosis in whitefish blastula
Mitosis in plant cell
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The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Topic:
Mitosis-Overview
Objective: Describe the overall process of mitosis visually.
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Name: ________________
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Period: ____________________
Carefully remove this sheet from your packet to hand in.
Work silently and alone to complete this graded exercise.
Check for Understanding
1. Why are ‘daughter’ cells the same?
2. Contrast between animal and plant cell division.
3. Contrast unicellular and multicellular cell division.
4. Describe the meaning of the acronym IPMATC.
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Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
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The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Unit 2 The Cell – Unit 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 & 9.2: Growth, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis-class key
Notes page:
Website upload 2014
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch