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讲座日期：2013年5月23日 晚19:00
讲座主题：解析曼哈顿Review对复习的帮助与不足！
主 讲 人：管卫东
GMAT 讲稿资料
1、Resembling both a lion and a man, ancient Egyptians constructed the Sphinx nearly 4,000 years ago.
Resembling both a lion and
Building it to resemble both a lion and
Resembling it to both a lion and
Having a resemblance to both a lion and
Building it to resemble not only a lion and also
解释：
In the original sentence, the introductory adjective phrase “resembling both a lion and a man” incorrectly
describes “ancient Egyptians.” When in doubt, an introductory modifier describes the first available noun
after it. The underlined portion of the sentence must be altered to ensure that “the Sphinx” rather than
“ancient Egyptians” is properly modified.
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence.
(B) CORRECT. By including the singular pronoun “it,” the introductory phrase refers to the singular “the
Sphinx” rather than the plural “ancient Egyptians.”
(C) In this choice, “resembling it to” is awkward and ungrammatical.
(D) In this choice, the introductory phrase incorrectly describes “ancient Egyptians” rather than “the
Sphinx.” When in doubt, an introductory modifier describes the first available noun after it.
(E) Although this choice corrects the modifier error by including the singular pronoun “it,” it uses the
unidiomatic “not only a lion and also a man.” The proper idiom is “not only X but also Y.”
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5 月 23 日 GWD 讲稿
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2、 On any city street in today's world one will encounter more women who wear pants than skirts, yet,
just two or three generations ago, when police forced actress Marlene Dietrich to leave Paris in 1945,
for she had dared to wear pants on the street.
one will encounter more women who wear pants than skirts, yet, just two or
three generations ago, when police forced actress Marlene Dietrich to leave
Paris in 1945, for she had dared to wear
more women have been encountered wearing pants than skirts, yet it was only
in 1945, just two or three generations ago, when police forced actress Marlene
Dietrich to leave Paris to dare wearing
one has encountered more women wearing pants than skirts, yet, only two or
three generations ago, it was in 1945 that Marlene Dietrich, the actress, was
forced to leave Paris by police because she dared to wear
more women who wear pants than women who wear skirts will be
encountered, yet in 1945, just two or three generations ago, when actress
Marlene Dietrich was forced by police to leave Paris to dare wearing
one will encounter more women wearing pants than wearing skirts, yet it was
only two or three generations ago, in 1945, that actress Marlene Dietrich was
forced by police to leave Paris for daring to wear
解释：
This sentence presents a contrast between two situations. Today, it is extremely common for women to
wear pants; only a couple of generations ago, however, this was considered shocking. These two ideas
are connected by the transition yet, which properly expresses the contrast between them. For the
sentence to function properly, it must contain a correct comparison in the first clause, and it must contain
properly placed modifiers and correct idioms in the second.
(A) This choice is not a complete sentence. The word yet should be used to connect two independent
clauses (complete sentences), but the portion followingyet is not a complete sentence. The
word just introduces
a
modifier,
the
word when introduces
a
subordinate
clause,
and
the
word for introduces yet another modifier; none of these is a stand-alone sentence.
(B) The present perfect have been encountered is inappropriate, as the sentence is intended to make a
general observation, not an observation about specific past circumstances. It was ... in 1945… when is
an incorrect idiom; the correct idiom is It was in 1945 that. The infinitive to dare wrongly suggests that
Marlene Dietrich left Paris in order to be able to wear pants elsewhere. Finally, the combination
of dare and an -ing form is unidiomatic.
(C) The present perfect has encountered is inappropriate, as the sentence is intended to make a general
observation, not an observation about specific past circumstances. The modifier only two or three
generations ago appears to describe the following clause (it was in 1945 that...), illogically implying that
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5 月 23 日 GWD 讲稿
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the timeframe of this event has actually changed over the last couple of generations. The modifier by
police should be placed next to the action was forced, not the action to leave. Although adverbial
modifiers are not generally required to be placed right next to the actions they modify, they should not be
placed next to the wrong action. In this case, she was forced by police. She did not leave by police.
(D) The construction will be encountered is illogical: it seems to suggest that wearing pants makes a
woman more likely to encounter other people, rather than the intended meaning. The infinitive to
dare wrongly suggests that Marlene Dietrich left Paris in order to be able to wear pants elsewhere, and
the combination of dare and an -ing form is unidiomatic. Finally, this choice is not a complete sentence.
The word yet should be used to connect two independent clauses (complete sentences), but the portion
following yet is not a complete sentence. The words in and just introduce modifiers, and the
word whenintroduces a subordinate clause; none of these is a stand-alone sentence.
(E) CORRECT. The first clause contains a correct comparison between wearing pants and wearing
skirts (note that the word women does not need to be repeated). The modifier in 1945 is properly placed
next to only two or three generations ago, the idea that it describes in more specific terms. Finally, for
daring to wear is idiomatically correct.
3、Ranging from 1,500 to 2,300 kilograms, the body mass of the white rhinoceros is typically greater
than the African hippopotamus.
the African hippopotamus
those of African hippopotamuses
that of African hippopotamuses’
that of the African hippopotamus
the African hippopotamuses
解释：
The original sentence incorrectly compares “the body mass of the white rhinoceros” to “the African
hippopotamus” rather than to “the body mass” of “the African hippopotamus.”
(A) This answer choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence
(B) This answer choice introduces the plural pronoun “those” that does not have an antecedent. Note that
this plural pronoun cannot refer to the singular noun “the body mass.” Further, the plural noun
“hippopotamuses” is inconsistent with the singular noun “rhinoceros,” further contributing to the faulty
comparison in this sentence.
(C) While this answer uses the correct relative pronoun “that” and draws a logical comparison between
“the body mass” of the two animals, it introduces the incorrect double possessive construction “of
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hippopotamuses’.” Additionally, the plural noun “hippopotamuses” is inconsistent with the singular noun
“rhinoceros,” thus disrupting parallelism in this comparison.
(D) CORRECT. This answer choice draws a logical comparison between “the body mass of the white
rhinoceros” and “that of the African hippopotamus.” Furthermore, the pronoun “that” clearly and
unambiguously refers to its antecedent, “the body mass.” Finally, the singular noun “white rhinoceros” is
parallel to another singular noun “African hippopotamus.”
(E) This answer choice incorrectly compares “the body mass of the white rhinoceros” to “the African
hippopotamuses” rather than to “the body mass” of “the African hippopotamus.” Further, the plural noun
“hippopotamuses” is inconsistent with the singular noun “rhinoceros,” thus disrupting parallelism in this
answer.
4、 High temperatures, beaches that are expansive, and active volcanoes attract close to seven million tourists to
the Hawaiian Islands each year.
High temperatures, beaches that are expansive, and active volcanoes attract
close to seven million tourists to the Hawaiian Islands each year.
Close to seven million tourists are attracted annually to the Hawaiian Islands
by high temperatures, expansive beaches, and volcanoes that are active.
High temperatures, expansive beaches, and active volcanoes annually attract
close to seven million tourists to the Hawaiian Islands each year.
High temperatures, expansive beaches, and active volcanoes attract close to
seven million tourists to the Hawaiian Islands each year.
The Hawaiian Islands, having high temperatures, beaches that are expansive,
and active volcanoes, attract close to seven million tourists each year.
解释：
The original sentence lacks parallel structure. “Beaches that are expansive” disrupts the
adjective-noun pattern of “High temperatures” and “active volcanoes.” Furthermore, the phrase “beaches
that are expansive” is wordy and a more concise form “expansive beaches” is preferred.
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence.
(B) “Volcanoes that are active” disrupts the parallel adjective-noun structure of “high temperatures” and
“expansive beaches.” Further, the phrase “volcanoes that are active” is wordy and a more concise form
“active volcanoes” is preferred. Finally, this sentence is written in the passive voice: “…tourists are
attracted to the Hawaiian Islands by high temperatures, expansive beaches, and volcanoes that are
active.” Here, the subject “tourists” receives the action of the verb phrase “are attracted.” The more direct
active voice is preferred: “High temperatures, expansive beaches, and active volcanoes attract
tourists….” In this case, the compound subject “temperatures…beaches… and volcanoes” performs the
action of the verb “attract.”
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(C) The parallel structure issue is corrected, but the use of both “annually” and “each year” is redundant.
(D) CORRECT. The adjective-noun phrases “High temperatures, expansive beaches, and active
volcanoes” are parallel in structure.
(E) This sentence lacks parallel structure. “Beaches that are expansive” disrupts the adjective-noun
structure of “high temperatures” and “active volcanoes.” Further, the phrase “beaches that are expansive”
is wordy and a more concise form “expansive beaches” is preferred. Finally, this choice implies that the
“Hawaiian Islands” attract tourists. It is clear from the original sentence, however, that the
“temperatures…beaches…and volcanoes” attract the tourists, not the Islands themselves.
5、According to a recent study, hand sanitizers require a 60 percent minimum alcohol concentration for
the killing of most harmful bacteria and viruses.
require a 60 percent minimum alcohol concentration for the killing of
require that there be a 60 percent minimum alcohol concentration to kill
require that a 60 percent minimum alcohol concentration be present to kill
require a 60 percent minimum alcohol concentration to kill
require that there be a 60 percent minimum alcohol concentration for the
killing of
解释：
The phrase "require a 60 percent minimum alcohol concentration for the killing of" is wordy and
unidiomatic. The proper idiom takes the more concise form "require X to Y."
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence.
(B) This choice incorrectly uses the unidiomatic and wordy form "require that there be X to Y." The proper
idiom is "require X to Y."
(C) This choice incorrectly uses the unidiomatic and wordy form "require that X be Z to Y." The proper
idiom is "require X to Y."
(D) CORRECT. The choice uses the proper idiom "require X to Y" where X is the noun phrase "a 60
percent minimum alcohol concentration" and Y is the verb infinitive "kill."
(E) This choice incorrectly uses the unidiomatic and wordy form "require that there be X for Y." The
proper idiom is "require X to Y."
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5 月 23 日 GWD 讲稿
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6、Neither of my aunts, both of whom visited Venice last spring, want to return.
visited Venice last spring, want
have visited Venice last spring, want
had visited Venice last spring, want
visited Venice last spring, wants
have visited Venice last spring, wants
解释：
There are two obvious splits in the answer choices: visited/have visited/has visited, and want/wants.
The subject of the sentence is “neither,” which is singular (“of my aunts” is a prepositional phrase
modifying “neither”). Therefore, “wants” is the correct verb, eliminating answers A, B, and C.
Generally speaking, one could certainly say that two aunts “have visited” Venice; however, if a specific
timeframe, such as “last spring,” is given, the present perfect is incorrect (while you can say that you
“have” done something since a particular time, you cannot say that you “have” done something at a
particular time). The simple past, “visited,” is correct. The answer is D.
7、The declining number of graduate students majoring in engineering has resulted in less skilled
engineers qualified to work in modern industries that have become increasingly high-tech.
has resulted in less
has resulted in fewer
have resulted in fewer
had resulted in less
have resulted in less
解释：
The original sentence incorrectly uses the modifier “less” to refer to the countable plural noun “engineers.”
The modifier “less” can be applied only to non-countable nouns, for example “less water” or “less
evidence.” By contrast, countable nouns, such as “engineers,” should be described by the modifier “fewer”
rather than “less.” In addition, the phrase “less skilled engineers” can be easily misconstrued to assert
that the engineers in the job pool have declined in skills rather than in quantity.
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(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence.
(B) CORRECT. This choice properly uses “fewer” rather than “less.”
(C) The plural verb “have resulted” does not agree with the singular subject “the … number.”
(D) The past perfect tense “had resulted” is not appropriate here because it should be used only in
combination with another verb that describes a subsequent action; the past perfect tense is used to make
it clear that the event it describes happened before another event in the past (“The train had just left
[earlier event] when we arrived at the station [subsequent event].”). The present perfect form “has
resulted” is appropriate here because it describes an event which started in the past and is still continuing.
In addition, the modifier “fewer” should be used instead of “less.”
(E) The plural verb “have resulted” does not agree with the singular subject “the … number.” In addition,
the modifier “fewer” should be used instead of “less.”
8、According to the international investment memorandum recently signed in Geneva, France is one of
the 4 European nations planning to provide fewer tax incentives for foreign investment in production
of heavy industrial machinery.
planning to provide fewer
planning to provide less
planning on providing fewer
which is planning on providing fewer
that is planning to provide less
解释：
The
original
sentence
uses
the
correct
idiomatic construction “planning to provide.” Additionally, the appropriate quantity modifier “fewer” is used
to refer to the countable noun “incentives.”
(A) CORRECT. This answer choice is correct as it repeats the original sentence.
(B) This answer choice uses the incorrect quantity modifier “less” to refer to the countable noun
“incentives.” The modifier “less” can be applied only to non-countable nouns, for example “less water” or
“less evidence.” Countable nouns, such as “incentives,” should be described by the modifier “fewer”
rather than “less.”
(C) This answer choice uses the unidiomatic construction “to plan on.” The appropriate idiom is “to plan
to.”
(D) This answer choice also uses the less idiomatic construction "planning on." The singular verb "is
planning" does not agree with the plural subject "nations." Additionally, the use of "which" is incorrect in
this context. "Which" should only be used to introduce a modifier that is not integral to the meaning or
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5 月 23 日 GWD 讲稿
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structure of the sentence; here, the fact that France is one of the 4 nations planning to provide tax
incentives is the main purpose of the sentence, and the omission of the language following "which"
would result in an incomplete sentence.
(E) This answer choice supplies the incorrect singular verb construction “is planning” that does not agree
with the plural subject “nations.” (as "nations" is followed by the correct relative pronoun, "that", the verb
must agree with the plural noun immediately preceding "that"). Furthermore, this answer choice uses
the incorrect quantity modifier “less” to refer to the countable noun “incentives.” The modifier “less” can
be applied only to non-countable nouns, for example “less water” or “less evidence.” Countable nouns,
such as “incentives,” should be described by the modifier “fewer” rather than “less.”
9、 From the Civil War to soldiers in Vietnam, Smith & Wesson, the legendary arms maker, equipped
both the soldiers and the sailors who have fought America’s wars.
the Civil War to soldiers in Vietnam, Smith & Wesson, the legendary arms
maker, equipped both the soldiers and
the Civil War to the Vietnam war, Smith & Wesson, the legendary arms maker,
equipped both the soldiers and
soldiers in the Civil War and soldiers in Vietnam, Smith & Wesson, the
legendary arms maker, equipped both the soldiers and
soldiers in the Civil War to soldiers in Vietnam, Smith & Wesson, the
legendary arms maker, equipped both the soldiers to
the Civil War and the Vietnam war, Smith & Wesson, the legendary arms
maker, equipped both the soldiers and
解释：
The original has an improper comparison. Comparisons must relate logically parallel elements. This
sentence compares “the Civil War” to “soldiers in Vietnam.” It must compare “soldiers” to “soldiers” or
“war” to “war.” In this case, it would have to be war to war because the meaning is that in those wars,
Smith & Wesson equipped soldiers.
(A) This answer choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence.
(B) CORRECT. This choice correctly compares logically parallel elements: “the Civil War to the Vietnam
war.” It contains no other errors.
(C) This choice does compare logically parallel elements: “soldiers in the Civil War and soldiers in
Vietnam.” However, this comparison undermines the meaning because the meaning is that in those wars,
Smith & Wesson equipped soldiers. Thus, the correct comparison would compare “war” to “war.”
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Furthermore, this comparison is incorrectly structured; idiomatically, it should not employ “and soldiers”
but should be structured “from soldiers in the Civil War to soldiers in Vietnam.”
(D) This choice does compare logically parallel elements: “soldiers in the Civil War and soldiers in
Vietnam.” However, this comparison undermines the meaning because the meaning is that in those wars,
Smith & Wesson equipped soldiers. Thus, the correct comparison would compare “war” to “war.” Also,
the ending “to” is incorrect; idiomatically that comparison must be structured as “both the soldiers and the
sailors.”
(E) This choice correctly compares logically parallel elements: “the Civil War and the Vietnam war.”
However, this comparison is incorrectly structured; idiomatically, it should not employ “and the Vietnam
war” but should be structured “from the Civil War to the Vietnam war.”
10、 With an emphasis on color and form at the expense of exact duplication of detail, art historians have
suggested that Impressionism had evolved in response to the advent of black-and-white photography,
which allowed precise, albeit monochromatic, pictorial reproduction of a landscape.
With an emphasis on color and form at the expense of exact duplication of
detail, art historians have suggested that Impressionism had evolved
Emphasizing color and form at the expense of exact duplication of detail, it has
been suggested by art historians that Impressionism evolved
Art historians have suggested that Impressionism, with its emphasis on color
and form at the expense of exact duplication of detail, had evolved
Art historians have suggested that Impressionism, with its emphasis on color
and form at the expense of exact duplication of detail, evolved
Impressionism, with its emphasis on color and form at the expense of exact
duplication of detail, was suggested by art historians to have evolved
解释：
There are two errors in the original sentence. First, "with an emphasis on color and form at the expense
of exact duplication of detail" is a modifier. In this case, however, it modifies "art historians" instead of the
logically appropriate "Impressionism." Second, this sentence has two subject-verb pairs: “historians have
suggested” that “Impressionism had evolved.” Since the historians suggestion is still occurring (present
perfect tense), the past perfect tense “had evolved” is not appropriate, and should simply be the simple
past tense “evolved.”
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence.
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(B) "Emphasizing color and form at the expense of exact duplication of detail" is a modifier. In this case,
however, it modifies "it" instead of the logically appropriate "Impressionism."
(C) This sentence has two subject-verb pairs: “historians have suggested” that “Impressionism…had
evolved.” Since the historians suggestion is still occurring (present perfect tense), the past perfect tense
“had evolved” is not appropriate, and should simply be the simple past tense “evolved.”
(D) CORRECT. This choice corrects the modifier issue by placing “with its emphasis on color and form at
the expense of exact duplication of detail” immediately after “Impressionism.” This choice also uses the
correct verb tenses: the present perfect “have suggested” with the simple past “evolved”.
(E) This choice corrects the modifier issue by placing “with its emphasis on color and form at the expense
of exact duplication of detail” immediately after “Impressionism.” However, the passive construction
“impressionism…was suggested by art historians to have evolved…” is wordy and awkward when
compared to the active construction “art historians have suggested that Impressionism…evolved…”
11、The increase in unemployment rates, coupled with significantly increased retail prices as well as
energy costs, are forcing many homeowners to look into alternative sources of fuel in order to save
money on winter heating.
unemployment rates, coupled with significantly increased retail prices as well
as energy costs, are
rates of unemployment, coupled with significant increases in retail prices and
energy costs, have been
unemployment rates, coupled with significant increases in both retail prices
and energy costs, is
unemployment rates, coupled with significantly increased retail prices as well
as energy costs, is
rates of unemployment, coupled with significant increases in both retail as well
as energy costs, had been
解释：
First, the subject of the main clause is "the increase in unemployment rates," which is singular. Yet, the
verb in the main clause is "are forcing," which is plural. Second, "significantly increased retail prices as
well as energy costs" is both awkward and unclear. The logical inference is that the energy costs have
increased as well, but this is not clear from the grammar that "significantly increased" modifies "energy
costs" in addition to "retail prices." This phrase could also be more elegantly expressed.
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence.
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(B) The subject of the main clause here is "the increase in rates of unemployment," which is singular, but
the verb is "have been forcing," which is plural. However, the replacement of "as well as" with "and" is an
improvement over the original sentence because it more clearly links "significant increases" and "energy
costs."
(C) CORRECT. The subject of the main clause is "the increase in unemployment rates" and the
corresponding verb is "is forcing," which are both singular. The phrase "coupled with significant increases
in both retail prices and energy costs" is elegant and clearly links "significant increases" to "energy costs"
through the use of "both."
(D) The subject of the main clause is "the increase in unemployment rates" and the corresponding verb is
"is forcing," which are both singular. However, the phrase "coupled with significantly increased retail
prices as well as energy costs" is still awkward and unclear.
(E) The subject of the main clause is "the increase in unemployment rates" and the corresponding verb is
"had been forcing," which are both singular. However, "had been forcing" is in the past perfect tense,
which requires two past actions, one of which must occur earlier than than the other. This is not the case
here. Moreover, the correct idiom is "both X and Y" and not "both X as well as Y."
12、 Sleeping pills had been showing up with regularity as a factor in traffic arrests, sometimes involving
drivers who later claim that they have no memory of getting behind the wheel after ingesting the pills.
Sleeping pills had been showing up with regularity as a factor in traffic arrests
Sleeping pills had been showing up with regularity as factors in traffic arrests
Sleeping pills have been showing up with regularity as a factor in traffic arrests
Sleeping pills have been showing up with regularity as factors in traffic arrests
Sleeping pills have been showing up with regularity in traffic arrests
解释：
The sentence incorrectly uses the past perfect verb phrase "had been showing up." The past perfect is
only used when a sentence involves two past events; the past perfect tense ("had . . .") is used for the
earlier past event while the simple past tense is used for the later past event. However, in this sentence
there is no second event that takes place in the past. Therefore, the past perfect cannot be used.
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence.
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(B) This choice incorrectly uses the past perfect verb phrase "had been showing up." The past perfect is
only used when a sentence involves two past events; the past perfect tense ("had . . .") is used for the
earlier past event while the simple past tense is used for the later past event. However, since, in this
sentence, there is no second event that takes place in the past, the past perfect cannot be used. In
addition, this choice uses the phrase "as factors in traffic arrests." The plural "factors" is incorrect since
"sleeping pills" represent only one factor in traffic arrests.
(C) CORRECT. This choice correctly uses the present perfect tense "have been showing up" to indicate
an event that started in the past and continues into the present. This choice also correctly uses the
phrase "as a factor" rather than "as factors" because sleeping pills constitute only one factor in arrests.
(D) This choice correctly uses the present perfect tense "have been showing up" to indicate an event that
started in the past and continues into the present. However, this choice incorrectly uses the phrase "as
factors in traffic arrests." The plural "factors" is incorrect since "sleeping pills" represent only one factor in
traffic arrests.
(E) This choice correctly uses the present perfect tense "have been showing up" to indicate an event that
started in the past and continues into the present. However, the phrase "sleeping pills have been
showing up . . .in traffic arrests" nonsensically suggests that the pills themselves have shown up in traffic
arrests. In fact, the pills have shown up as a factor in traffic arrests (while the pills themselves are safely
hidden in the driver's stomach).
13、Regular maintenance such as inflating tires, replacing air filters, and tuning the engine can not only
extend the life of a vehicle, but also can boost fuel efficiency.
not only extend the life of a vehicle, but also can
not only extend the life of a vehicle, but also
extend the life of a vehicle, but also can
extend not only the life of a vehicle, but can
not only extend the life of a vehicle, and also can
解释：
The correlative pair “not only X but also Y” can be used to describe the two potential effects of regular
vehicle maintenance: “can not only extend the life…but also boost fuel efficiency.” These effects should
be structurally and logically parallel. The original sentence is incorrect because “extend the life” is not
structurally parallel to “can boost fuel efficiency.” The second “can” after “but also” is redundant because
there is already a “can” before “not only,” causing the sentence to illogically read “regular maintenance
can …can boost fuel efficiency.”
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(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence.
(B) CORRECT. This sentence uses the “not only X but also Y” construction correctly and expresses the
two effects in logically and structurally parallel ways: “extend the life” and “boost fuel efficiency.”
(C) “But also” cannot be used alone; it must be used as part of the correlative pair “not only X but also Y.”
Additionally, the second “can” after “but also” is redundant because there is already a “can” before “not
only,” causing the sentence to illogically read “regular maintenance can …can boost fuel efficiency.”
(D) “Not only X but Y” is incomplete; “also” is required in the correlative pair construction. Additionally,
“the life of a vehicle” is not structurally parallel to “boost fuel efficiency.” Additionally, the second “can”
after “but” is redundant because there is already a “can” before “not only,” causing the sentence to
illogically read “regular maintenance can …can boost fuel efficiency.”
(E) “But also” is required after “not only,” but this sentence uses the incorrect construction “not only X and
also Y.” Additionally, the second “can” after “and also” is redundant because there is already a “can”
before “not only,” causing the sentence to illogically read “regular maintenance can …can boost fuel
efficiency.”
14、 The eighteenth-century Italian soprano Francesca Cuzzoni was known for her exceptional voice,
extravagant lifestyle, and for her rivaling FaustinaBordoni bitterly.
exceptional voice, extravagant lifestyle, and for her rivaling FaustinaBordoni
bitterly
exceptional voice, leading a lifestyle considered to be extravagant, and rivalry
that was bitter with FaustinaBordoni
voice that was exceptional, lifestyle that was extravagant, and her bitter rivalry
with FaustinaBordoni
exceptional voice, extravagant lifestyle, and bitter rivalry with FaustinaBordoni
voice that was exceptional, the extravagant lifestyle, and bitter rivalry with
FaustinaBordoni
解释：
The original sentence offers a list of three characteristics that are not expressed in parallel form. When
items are placed in a series, they must be structurally similar. Here, the elements "voice" and "lifestyle"
are not structurally similar to "for her rivaling." Furthermore, “for her” precedes the first and third elements
of the list, but not the second.
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence.
(B) In this choice, the three elements of the series are not expressed in parallel form. “Exceptional voice,”
a modified noun, is not structurally similar to the participial phrase “leading a lifestyle.” Likewise, the third
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element of the series is phrased yet another way: the noun “rivalry” with a following modifier “that was
bitter.” Moreover, “considered to be” is unidiomatic. Finally, the first and third elements are preceded by
“her,” while the second element has no introductory adjective.
(C) In this choice, the three elements of the series are not expressed in parallel form. The first two
elements are nouns followed by modifying clauses; the third element is simply a noun clause.
(D) CORRECT. This choice expresses the three elements – voice, lifestyle, and rivalry – in a manner that
is structurally similar. That is, all three elements in the series are modified nouns, and all of the nouns are
modified is a structurally similar way: adjective + noun.
(E) In this choice, the three elements of the series are not expressed in parallel form. Moreover, the first
element is preceded by “her,” while the second element is awkwardly preceded by “the” and the third
element has no introductory adjective.
15、Born and raised in Groningen, Netherlands, the life of Daniel Bernoulli, one of the greatest
mathematicians of the 18th century and the father of modern hydrodynamics, was dedicated to
pioneering work in astronomy and also mathematical physics.
the life of Daniel Bernoulli, one of the greatest mathematicians of the 18th
century and the father of modern hydrodynamics, was dedicated to pioneering
work in astronomy and also
Daniel Bernoulli, who was one of the greatest mathematicians of the 18th
century as well as the father of modern hydrodynamics, dedicated his life to
pioneering work in astronomy and also
the life of Daniel Bernoulli, one of the greatest mathematicians of the 18th
century and the father of modern hydrodynamics, which he dedicated to
pioneering work in astronomy and
Daniel Bernoulli, one of the greatest mathematicians of the 18th century and
the father of modern hydrodynamics, he dedicated his life to pioneering work
in astronomy and
Daniel Bernoulli, one of the greatest mathematicians of the 18th century and
the father of modern hydrodynamics, dedicated his life to pioneering work in
astronomy and
解释：
The original sentence begins with the modifier “Born and raised in Groningen, Netherlands,” which must
describe "Daniel Bernoulli" rather than his "life." Thus, the original sentence separates the modifier from
the noun described by this modifier and is therefore incorrect. Secondly, the original sentence uses a
redundant construction “and also”; the extra emphasis that this construction places on the following term
is generally unnecessary in this style of prose. Finally, the original sentence is written in passive rather
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than active voice.
(A) This choice is incorrect as it repeats the original sentence.
(B) This answer choice corrects the original problem with the modifier, putting "Daniel Bernoulli" next to
the modifier at the beginning of the sentence, but, at the same time, introduces the unnecessary phrase
“who was” and the wordy construction “as well as” rather than the more concise “and.” Finally, this
answer fails to correct the original redundancy “and also.”
(C) This answer corrects the original redundancy “and also,” replacing it with the more concise “and” but
fails to correct the modifier error. Moreover, the introduction of “which,” a pronoun that must always
describe the preceding noun, not only creates an incomplete sentence, but also incorrectly suggests that
"Daniel Bernoulli" dedicated "hydrodynamics" (rather than his life) to "pioneering work in astronomy and
mathematical physics."
(D) While remedying the problems of the original sentence, this answer choice introduces the redundant
pronoun “he,” thus unnecessarily repeating the subject of the sentence.
(E) CORRECT. This answer remedies the original problem with the modifier by placing "Daniel Bernoulli"
immediately after the modifier “Born and raised in Groningen, Netherlands.” Further, by making "Daniel
Bernoulli" the subject of the sentence, this answer uses the preferred active voice. Finally, this answer
corrects the redundancy in the original sentence by replacing “and also” with the more concise “and.”
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