Esperanza Rising by Pam Munoz Ryan - MonkeyNotes by PinkMonkey.com
PinkMonkey Literature Notes on . . .
Esperanza Rising
by
Pam Munoz Ryan
2000
MonkeyNotes by Laurie Lahey
Reprinted with permission from TheBestNotes.com Copyright © 2005, All Rights Reserved
Distribution without the written consent of TheBestNotes.com is strictly prohibited.
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KEY LITERARY ELEMENTS
SETTING
Aguascalientes, Mexico and Arvin, California, during the Great Depression
CHARACTER LIST
Major Characters
Esperanza Ortega - Thirteen-year-old Esperanza is the main character and protagonist of this story. She has
lived her entire life on her parent’s beautiful ranch in Mexico. When her father is killed, Esperanza, her mother,
and their servants flee to California. Esperanza must learn how to live as a poor farm worker.
Miguel - Miguel is the son of Alfonso and Hortensia, who work for Esperanza’s family. Esperanza and Miguel
grow up together at the ranch. Miguel believes that living in the United States, even as a poor farmer, is better
than living in Mexico because he has the opportunity to advance.
Minor Characters
Ramona Ortega - Ramona is Esperanza’s mother. She is devastated by the loss of her husband and her home.
However, she refuses to marry her cruel brother-in-law, Tío Marco, because she wants to remain with
Esperanza—no matter what the circumstances. In California, Ramona becomes ill with Valley Fever. She
spends five months in the hospital before she recovers.
Sixto Ortega - Sixto is Esperanza’s father. He is a good man who is very generous to those who work for him.
When Sixto is killed Esperanza’s entire life changes.
Abuelita - Abuelita is Esperanza’s grandmother and Ramona’s mother. She lives with the family on the ranch
in Mexico. When Tío Marco burns down the house, Abuelita hurts her ankle and cannot make the trip to
California. Abuelita lives with her sisters in a convent until Miguel brings her to California with the money
Esperanza has saved.
Marisol Rodriguez - Marisol is Esperanza’s best friend in Mexico. Esperanza cannot say goodbye to her when
she leaves because her departure must be kept a secret.
Alfonso - Alfonso is Miguel’s father. He worked on Papa’s ranch.
Hortensia - Hortensia is Miguel’s mother. She worked in the house on the ranch. Among her duties was taking
care of Esperanza. Esperanza must adjust to a new relationship with Hortensia once they move to California.
Tío Luis and Tío Marco - Tío Luis and Tío Marco are the antagonists of the story. They are Papa’s brothers
who destroy Esperanza’s life. The brothers are responsible for burning down Esperanza’s house and keeping
Abuelita’s money from her. Tío Marco wants to marry Mama and send Esperanza away to boarding school.
Juan and Josafina - Juan and Josafina are relatives of Hortensia and Alfonso in California. They help Alfonso,
Hortensia and Mama get work after the ranch burns down.
Isabel - Isabel the eight-year-old daughter of Juan and Josafina. At first she annoys Esperanza. However,
Esperanza learns to love her. Isabel helps Esperanza adjust to her new life by teaching her how to perform
many duties on the farm.
Pepe and Lupe - Pepe and Lupe are Isabel’s twin baby brother and sister. One of Esperanza’s duties on the
farm is to care for them, which is very challenging at first.
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Marta - Marta is a girl who is not very nice to Esperanza when they first meet. Marta pushes everyone to strike
because she believes they are being treated unfairly. When there is a sweep of the camps, Esperanza helps
Marta escape.
CONFLICT
Conflict - The conflict of a plot is the major problem experienced by the protagonist. In Esperanza Rising,
Esperanza must learn to live a new life as a poor migrant in California after her father is killed and her lavish
home is destroyed in Mexico.
Protagonist - The protagonist of a story is the main character who traditionally undergoes some sort of change.
He or she must usually overcome some opposing force. In this story, Esperanza must rise above the cruel
actions of Tío Luis and Tío Marco, who have destroyed her life. She must learn how to adjust to being a
migrant worker in California when she has always been the daughter of a rich and powerful family in Mexico.
Antagonist - The antagonist of a story is the force that provides an obstacle for the protagonist. The antagonist
does not always have to be a single character. In this plot, Tío Luis and Tío Marco work together as a single
antagonizing force. They drive Esperanza and Mama to leave Mexico and provide a threat to Abuelita, who
must remain behind.
Climax - The climax of a plot is the major turning point that allows the protagonist to resolve the conflict. The
climax of Esperanza Rising occurs when Miguel brings Abuelita to California. This is the most significant
turning point because it proves to Esperanza that everything will be all right in California. Furthermore,
Abuelita’s escape from Mexico is a final victory over Tío Luis and Tío Marco, who tried to prevent her from
leaving. When Abuelita comes to California, Tío Luis and Tío Marco no longer have any power over
Esperanza’s family.
Outcome - The outcome, resolution, or denouement occurs in the final chapter when Esperanza and Miguel
listen to the earth. This happens a full year after the tragedy of her father’s death. Esperanza has learned how
to be rich in being poor.
SHORT PLOT / CHAPTER SUMMARY (Synopsis)
On the eve of her thirteenth birthday, Esperanza’s father is murdered. Her cruel uncles, Tío Luis and Tío Marco
want Mama to marry Tío Luis (who has inherited the land) or sell the house to him for much less than it is
worth. Mama refuses. Soon after, the house burns down. Mama tells Tío Luis that she will marry him in order
to stall him until they can escape from Mexico.
Mama and Esperanza, along with their former servants Alfonso, Hortensia and Miguel, leave for California in
the middle of the night. They must leave Esperanza’s grandmother, Abuelita, behind because she hurt her ankle
in the fire.
After a long trip to California, Esperanza is shocked to see where they will be living. They must share two
small cabins at a workers’ camp with Alfonso’s brother’s family of five. Esperanza’s first duty is to watch baby
Lupe and baby Pepe while their parents work, as well as to sweep the platform. Esperanza must learn to do
many things she has never done before.
One day, there is a dust storm and Mama gets very sick with Valley Fever. Mama must go into the hospital.
Esperanza begins doing adult work so she can pay Mama’s medical bills and save to bring Abuelita to
California. In the meantime, a strike begins. Esperanza and the other women are in danger from the snakes and
glass the strikers put in their baskets. Finally, Immigration comes and clears the strikers away.
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Esperanza also learns about the discrimination Mexicans face in the United States. They must drive farther to
go to a grocery store that does not discriminate against Mexicans. Isabel is not chosen to be Queen of the May,
despite having the best grades in the class. Miguel must give up his job at the railroad to men from Oklahoma.
Esperanza tells Miguel that he is still a peasant in America. The next day, Miguel is gone.
Mama eventually comes home from the hospital. When Esperanza goes to show Mama the money she has
saved to bring Abuelita home with, she discovers Miguel has taken her money orders. Esperanza is angry with
Miguel and not pleased when he sends a message for her to come with his parents to pick him up at the bus
station. However, when Esperanza meets him, she sees that he has brought Abuelita to California. This is the
turning point in the plot because Esperanza realizes that there is some reason to hope in this new land. Soon
after, Esperanza and Miguel go to the foothills and she is able to hear the earth’s heartbeat again. On her
fourteenth birthday Esperanza is grateful for everything she has, even though she has none of the material goods
she had the year before.
THEMES
Major Theme
He who falls today may rise tomorrow - This idea is expressed in the story’s epigraph and conveys the major
theme of the plot. This story shows how, despite set backs, people can overcome anything. This theme is
expressed in Esperanza’s “rising,” or overcoming her tragic circumstances. This theme is also embodied in
Miguel’s belief that anyone can succeed in America.
Minor Themes
The rich person is richer when he becomes poor, than the poor person when he becomes rich - This theme
is also expressed as an epigraph to the novel. It is a Mexican proverb. Throughout much of this story
Esperanza wonders how poor people can be happy with such simple things. She cannot understand the people
on the train who are content as long as they have their families and their faith. When she meets Isabel,
Esperanza is startled to see how poor girls live compared with her own wealthy past. However, Esperanza
comes to appreciate and treasure simpler things when she becomes poor. After losing everything she has, as
well as dealing with her mother’s sickness and Abuelita’s absence, Esperanza learns there are more important
things in life than material objects. Esperanza becomes a richer person when she is poor because she realizes
the value of what she has.
“Wait a little while and the fruit will fall into your hand” - Papa says this to Esperanza in the beginning of
the story and it is repeated throughout the rest of the book. All through Esperanza Rising, the reader sees how
patience and hard work pay off. Esperanza works hard at her new life and patiently saves to pay Mama’s
medical bills and buys money orders for Abuelita’s return. In time, Esperanza also learns to appreciate the
simple aspects of her life. Esperanza’s patience and diligence pay off and she is rewarded greatly. Mama grows
healthy, Abuelita returns, and it seems that Esperanza finds a renewed love in Miguel.
Mountains and Valleys - In the beginning of the story, Abuelita teaches Esperanza how to crochet a zigzag
pattern, which she says is like going up a mountain and down into a valley. Throughout the remainder of the
story Esperanza considers this instruction and eventually compares it with her own life. This statement
illustrates an important theme in this book, which is that we encounter mountains and valleys throughout our
lives. Life is not always simple. Bad things may happen to us, as they do to Esperanza. However, like
Esperanza, we can always rise above them. We have happy times, or “mountains” as well as tough times, or
“valleys” which can make us better, stronger people.
MOOD
Inspirational. The overall feeling of this story is inspirational. Because of the metaphorical mountains that
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Esperanza overcomes, the reader is given the sense that no matter what, we can rise above our problems.
Esperanza overcomes tremendous hardship and becomes a better, stronger individual.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION - BIOGRAPHY
Pam Munoz Ryan was born in Bakersfield in California's San Joaquin Valley on December 25th, 1951. She
comes from a very large family of four children and twenty-three grandchildren, and her aunts, uncles, and
grandparents were always nearby. As a child, Munoz Ryan spent a lot of time at the air-conditioned local
library in order to keep cool. She became very interested in reading and books during her childhood. She
earned her bachelor's degree at San Diego State University. She decided that she wanted to do something that
had to do with her love for books, so she later became a bilingual teacher. She was married and had four
children of her own. When she returned to college to get her master's degree in education, a professor
suggested that she should consider writing books. Her new career as a successful writer began.
Pam Munoz Ryan has won many literary awards, including the Pura Belpre Medal, the Jane Addams Peace
Award, an ALA Top Ten Best Book for Young Adults, the Willa Cather Award, and the California Young
Reader Medal. Today she works as a full-time writer and lives north of San Diego, California with her husband
Jim and their two dogs.
This book, Esperanza Rising has received many awards, including:
The Pura Belpre Award, honoring Latino authors whose work best portrays, affirms, and celebrates the Latino
cultural experience in a children's book
2001 ALA Top Ten Best Books for Young Adults
Smithsonian Best Books 2000
Publisher's Weekly Best Children's Books 2000
L.A. Times Best Books of 2000
Excellence in a Work of Fiction Award 2001 Children's Literature Council of Southern California
2001 Judy Goddard/Libraries Limited Arizona Young Adult Author Award
Jane Addams Children's Book Award, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
Pam Munoz Ryan’s works include:
One Hundred is a Family, 1994
The Flag We Love, 1996
Armadillos Sleep in Dugouts: And Other Places Animals Live, 1997
California, Here We Come! 1997
A Pinky is a Baby Mouse: And Other Baby Animal Names, 1997
Doug Counts Down, 1998
Doug's Treasure Hunt, 1998
Riding Freedom, 1998
Amelia and Eleanor Go for a Ride: Based on a True Story, 1999
Funnie Family Vacation, 1999
Esperanza Rising, 2000
Hello, Ocean!, 2001
Mice and Beans, 2001
Mud is Cake, 2002
When Marian Sang: The True Recital of Marian Anderson: The Voice of a Century, 2002
A Box of Friends, 2003
How do you raise a Raisin?, 2003
Becoming Naomi León, 2004
Nacho and Lolita, 2005
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LITERARY / HISTORICAL INFORMATION
The plot of this novel unfolds from 1930-31 (with one chapter taking place in 1924). The two major historical
forces that shape the plot are the Mexican Revolution and the Great Depression.
The Mexican Revolution began in 1910 and ended in 1917. Throughout much of its history Mexico, like many
countries, was controlled by a small number of wealthy families. Most of the people who lived in Mexico were
very poor and had no opportunity to get out of poverty. Various men battled for leadership of the nation while
many people acted as vigilantes, burning down ranches and killing those with money. In 1917 a new
constitution was adopted, but violence continued for the next decade as is seen when Esperanza’s father is killed
in 1930.
The second major historical moment portrayed in this novel is the Great Depression. The Great Depression
began in 1929 and lasted through 1939. The Great Depression was experienced throughout the world. Many
students dropped out of school to help their families. Many people lost their homes and jobs. Many Americans
and Mexicans migrated to California for work and had to live in terrible conditions. Farmers suffered
especially. In 1931 and 1932 a great drought took place, causing a dust bowl.
GENRE
Young Adult Fiction
CHAPTER SUMMARIES WITH NOTES / ANALYSIS
NOTE - Instead of numbering the chapters in Esperanza Rising, Pam Munoz Ryan names them after the
harvests. Munoz Ryan says she decided to do this after the book was finished because she thought Esperanza's
life took on the rhythm of the harvests throughout the story. In some ways, the chapter titles represent
metaphors which correspond to the development of the story. Los Higos - The Figs could relate to the smashed
figs at harvest representing Esperanza's crushed life and her feelings of resentment.
Pam Munoz Ryan has described this book as being loosely based on her own grandmother Esperanza's life in
Mexico and the United States. As a child, her grandmother would describe her life in the farm labor camps.
When she was an adult, her grandmother frequently reminisced of her life in Mexico. These stories inspired the
book Esperanza Rising. While it is primarily a work of fiction, the story of Esperanza's immigration to the
United States is a close parallel to her own grandmother's experiences and the historical depiction of the period
is accurate. She has stated that the characters in the book are composites of many people, but not of any
specific actual person directly.
Aguascalientes, Mexico
Summary
Papa tells seven-year-old Esperanza that the earth is alive and she can feel its heartbeat if she listens. Esperanza
is impatient at first. Papa tells her she must be quiet and still. Papa says “wait a little while and the fruit will
fall into your hand.” Esperanza feels happy as she lies on the ground and hears the earth’s heartbeat.
Notes
This chapter is a prologue to the plot. In a story, the prologue is a section that offers introductory information
before the exposition. Unlike the exposition--which offers background information on the main characters and
critical aspects of the plot-- this prologue works to grab the reader’s attention.
This prologue establishes an important theme in the book:“wait a little while and the fruit will fall into your
hand.”
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This statement is repeated throughout the rest of the book. All through Esperanza Rising, the reader sees how
patience and hard work pay off. Esperanza works hard at her new life and patiently saves to pay Mama’s
medical bills and buys money orders for Abuelita’s return. In time, Esperanza also learns to appreciate the
simple aspects of her life. Esperanza’s patience and diligence pay off and she is rewarded greatly. Mama grows
healthy, Abuelita returns, and it seems that Esperanza finds a renewed love in Miguel.
Las Uvas, Grapes
Summary
Esperanza is allowed to cut the first bunch of grapes to begin the harvest. This is Esperanza’s favorite time of
year because it is also her birthday. Each year Mama and Papa hold a big party to celebrate the harvest and her
birthday.
Three weeks later, after the harvest is complete, the party preparations begin. Esperanza waits for Papa in the
rose garden. While picking a rose, Esperanza cuts her thumb and notes that it is bad luck. Esperanza cuts more
flowers. Even though Papa does not meet her, she leaves the garden. Inside the house, Mama reminds
Esperanza that a cut from a rose signals bad luck. Esperanza and Mama are nervous that Papa has not returned
yet. Bandits roam the land and attack wealthy landowners. Even though Papa is kind to his workers, often
giving them land, the bandits kill anyone who is rich because so many are poor in Mexico.
Esperanza sits with Abuelita in Papa’s study. Abuelita teaches Esperanza how to crochet a zigzag pattern.
Mama and Hortensia join Abuelita and Esperanza in the study. Tío Luis and Tío Marco arrive with Papa’s oneof a kind belt buckle, which someone has found. Every one becomes worried. Soon, Miguel and Alfonso
return. They have Papa’s body in the back of their wagon. Papa has been killed.
Notes
This chapter provides the book’s exposition. The exposition is the section of a novel in which the main
characters and main conflict are introduced. Any relevant background information is also given in this section.
Here we learn that Esperanza is the only child of a wealthy landowner and that there has been an on-going
dispute between the rich and poor in Mexico.
Esperanza’s cut finger, which signals bad luck, foreshadows Papa’s death. Foreshadowing provides a hint about
what will happen later in the plot.
Papa’s death is the beginning of Esperanza’s conflict. She will have to learn to live a new life, which begins
with Papa’s death.
Las Papayas, Papayas
Summary
Esperanza’s days are filled with grief and mourning. Everyone comes to pay their respects to Papa. Tío Luis
and Tío Marco come each day to take care of business in Papa’s study.
A lawyer comes to talk to Mama about Papa’s will. He has left the house and the income from the grapes to
Mama and Esperanza. However, Papa left the land to Tío Luis since he is the bank president and the banker on
the loan. Tío Luis tells Mama that he wants to buy the house from her because he wants to live on the beautiful
land that he now owns. Mama is outraged by Tío Luis’s offer because she does not want to leave her home and
it is worth much more that he offers. Tío Luis tells Mama that he thought she would refuse his offer; he asks
her to marry him instead. Mama tells him that she will never marry him and that she is offended by his offer.
Tío Luis tells Mama that she will regret her decision and leaves.
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That evening Mama discusses the situation with Abuelita, Hortensia and Alfonso. She decides that if the
income from the grapes can support the house and servants she will stay. Abuelita says she has money in Tío
Luis’s bank, but they all know he will prevent her from taking it.
Esperanza goes outside and meets Miguel. Miguel tells her that his family will probably go to the United States
because her uncles are unfair men and his family will not work for them. When Miguel takes Esperanza’s hand,
she gets nervous and pulls it away. Miguel is offended and leaves.
Esperanza goes to bed, hugging the doll her father bought for her birthday.
Notes
In this chapter the main conflict becomes more developed. It is apparent that the uncles are not going to let
Esperanza and Mama live in peace. Something will happen. Tío Luis and Tío Marco become clearly defined as
the antagonists. The antagonist of a story is the force that provides an obstacle for the protagonist. In this case,
the brothers work collectively to destroy Esperanza’s lifestyle.
Los Higos, Figs
Summary
Esperanza is shaken from her sleep by shouts that her home is on fire. No one can find Abuelita as the run
outside. Miguel runs back into the burning house and emerges, carrying Abuelita.
The next day the brothers come to the ranch. Tío Luis proposes to Mama again. This time she tells him that she
will consider his proposal, much to Esperanza’s dismay. When Esperanza objects, Tío Luis tells Mama that if
they marry Esperanza will be sent to boarding school.
Later Mama tells Esperanza that she has no intentions of marrying Tío Luis. Alfonso tells them that he and his
family are going to the United States. Mama asks if she and Esperanza could come too. Esperanza is worried
about Abuelita, who has injured her ankle in the fire. She is also scared to start over in a new country. Abuelita
tells Esperanza that she can stay with her sisters who are nuns in a convent until she is better, when she will
meet them. Abuelita tells Esperanza that she will be able to start over, just as Abuelita had to do as a girl.
The next day Abuelita’s sisters come for her. Abuelita gives Esperanza her unfinished zigzag blanket and tells
her that they will meet again after many mountains and valleys. The nuns provide Esperanza and Mama with
travel documents and clothes. Mama tells Tío Luis that she will marry him in due time. She requests a wagon
to visit Abuelita. Tío Luis promises he will get her one right away. A few nights later, Mama, Esperanza,
Hortensia, Alfonso and Miguel leave under the cover of darkness.
Notes
In this chapter Esperanza’s conflict is complicated. Besides dealing with the grief of losing Papa, Esperanza’s
life in Mexico has become jeopardized. It seems that if Mama does not marry Tío Luis, he will make it
impossible for them to live in Mexico. If Mama does marry him, Esperanza will be sent to boarding school and
never see Mama.
In this section the reader is introduced to the major theme of the story as well as an important symbol. When
Abuelita tells Esperanza that she will rise again like a phoenix, she expresses the major theme of the plot, which
is that “he who falls today may rise tomorrow.” Throughout the story, Esperanza will try to rise above her
unfortunate circumstances
When Abuelita gives Esperanza her blanket, she introduces an important symbol in the story. The zigzag
pattern of the blanket becomes an important symbol of the ups and downs everyone experiences in life.
Esperanza will frequently repeat Abuelita’s instructions to herself and apply them to the ups and downs in her
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own life, which will be a series of happy and sad moments. At the story’s conclusion, Esperanza learns that she
can overcome any obstacle that she encounters.
Las Guayabas, Guavas
Summary
They use the wagon Tío Luis got them in order to escape. The men have built a secret compartment in which
the women hide because of the numerous bandits roaming the land. Esperanza is nervous as she rides with
Mama and Hortensia in the cramped space. Two days later they arrive at a train station. Esperanza is shocked
that they have to ride in the small, packed cars which are unlike the spacious cars she rode in with Papa. Mama
tells Esperanza that this is all they can afford. Esperanza looks in her suitcase at the doll from Papa. When a
peasant child spies the doll, Esperanza snaps the case shut, causing the little girl to cry. Mama apologizes to the
girl’s mother for Esperanza’s bad manners and makes a yarn doll for the child. In the meantime, Miguel and
Alfonso mysteriously disappear when the train stops.
Later Mama talks to a poor woman who raises chickens to feed her family. Esperanza is surprised by how
much Mama confides in the woman. As the woman leaves the train, she gives Mama a chicken. Miguel
explains to Esperanza that the poor help those less fortunate than themselves.
Notes
In this chapter Esperanza has her first taste of what it is like to be poor. The rules seem to have changed for her.
She must ride in a small train with dirty people. She is supposed to share her toys with other children. Mama
tells strangers their business.
As he will throughout the story, Miguel helps Esperanza adjust to this new way of life. Miguel explains to
Esperanza that the poor must rely on each other for help. Esperanza must learn, now that she is also poor, to be
kind to others in the same way they are kind to her. Esperanza is not necessarily a selfish girl, but she has been
rich for her entire life and never encountered the many situations she encounters on the train. The reader should
remember that the author also shows examples of how the rich can be kind. Papa gave many of his workers
land to live on and houses to live in. Because he was such a good man, his former employees (Hortensia and
Alfonso) willingly help Mama and Esperanza when they have no one else to turn to.
Los Melones, Cantaloupes
Summary
At the border, all the passengers must pass through immigration. Mama is sad as she watches many get sent
back.
A while later they arrive in Los Angeles where Alfonso’s family greets them. The next leg of the trip takes
place in Alfonso’s rickety truck.
When they stop for lunch, Esperanza goes off alone and tries to hear the earth’s heartbeat. When she cannot
hear it, she cries. Miguel finds her and holds her hand. She does not let go.
At the farm, Esperanza meets Marta. Marta is mean to Esperanza because she does not like rich people. As
Isabel points out the many different groups of workers, Miguel asks if the people from Oklahoma have hot
water yet. Marta says they do not, but when they get it there will be a strike (an intentional work stoppage,
normally by the workers demanding better conditions, pay, or benefits).
Notes
This chapter shows how Esperanza is still, in many ways, a normal thirteen-year-old girl. She appears to have a
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crush on Miguel. Esperanza finally allows Miguel to hold her hand, but later grows jealous when he talks to
Marta.
This chapter also shows potential problems at the camp. Each group is kept separate from the others and it
seems that some receive preferential treatment.
Las Cebollas, Onions
Summary
Esperanza is introduced to her new home. Isabel shows her how they must use a public toilet, which she
considers a luxury because in some camps all they have is a ditch. Esperanza also sees the small cabin they will
have to share. When Esperanza complains about their living conditions to Mama, Mama reminds her that if
they had stayed in Mexico they would have been separated. Later Isabel comes in and asks Esperanza what it
was like to be rich. Esperanza lies and tells Isabel that she is still rich. She says they are waiting for Abuelita to
come with her money.
The next morning Esperanza learns that she must help Isabel with Pepe and Lupe and sweep the platform in the
camp. Esperanza is upset because she wanted to help pack grapes. When the adults go to work, Isabel teaches
Esperanza how to change and wash diapers. Later, Esperanza goes to the platform. Although she has never
even held a broom before, she is determined to learn how to sweep on her own. As she tries, other workers pass
by her and call her names. She is humiliated and runs home. At home, Miguel comforts her and shows her how
to use a broom. Esperanza remembers that Miguel went to the railroad to look for work and asks if he was
successful. Miguel is frustrated because he knows how to fix any engine, but they will only hire Mexicans to
dig ditches. He decides to work in the fields until he can get a better job at the railroad.
Esperanza promises to tell Isabel all about her life as a rich girl if Isabel will teach her to do all the things she
cannot.
Notes
Esperanza begins to learn about all the hard work involved with living on a camp. She is used to having
servants do everything for her, but now she must learn to do it alone.
Here we also see how Mexicans face prejudice in the United States. Miguel is a hard worker and skilled with
engines; however, because he is Mexican, he is only allowed to dig ditches.
Las Almendras, Almonds
Summary
After dinner Miguel and Alfonso tell Mama and Esperanza that they have a surprise for them. Behind the cabin
they have built a shrine to Our Lady of Guadalupe and surrounded it with Papa’s roses. After the fire, Alfonso
and Miguel dug down to the roots of the singed roses, which were still healthy. They stopped when ever they
could during the journey to California to water them.
The next morning the women take baths in the cabin. Esperanza is used to having Hortensia bathe her, and lifts
her arms so Hortensia can undress her. Mama tells Esperanza that she is old enough to bathe herself now. That
evening is the jamaica and everyone at the camp prepares for it.
At the jamaica, everyone is nicely dressed. There is food and music. Many people come from other camps.
While some girls are looking at a box of kittens, Marta starts an argument about striking. Many men yell back
at her.
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Back in the cabin, Josafina explains to Esperanza why Marta is so angry. Josafina describes how Marta and
others want to fight for better living conditions.
As they go to sleep Mama and Esperanza talk about what they miss about living in Mexico.
Notes
After the last chapter, which focused on the difficulties of living at camp, this chapter shows how there are also
good times. Act of kindness, like the shrine that Alfonso and Miguel build, are priceless. Esperanza has fun
getting ready for the jamaica with the women. She also enjoys the party. However, Marta’s outburst at the party
reminds them all that trouble could strike at any moment.
Las Ciruelas, Plums
Summary
Esperanza watches Pepe and Lupe for the first time alone because Isabel begins school. Everything seems to go
well until Pepe and Lupe begin soiling their diapers. Esperanza thinks they may be sick, but then it occurs to
her that she should not have fed them plums for lunch because their stomach are too delicate. In the meantime,
Esperanza also burns the beans for dinner. Esperanza thinks to feed the babies rice water to make them better
and it works. Later, Isabel tells her that was the right thing to do.
Soon after, a dust storm hits the camp, covering everything in dirt. Everything must be washed and cleaned off.
Mama comes home from work coughing and does not stop.
A while later Mama is still sick. Hortensia makes soup for Mama to make her feel better. When Esperanza
tries to wake Mama to tell her the soup is ready. Mama does not wake up and she has a very high fever.
A doctor comes to the cabin and tells them that Mama has Valley Fever. If she recovers at all, it could take up
to six months for her to regain her strength.
Notes
This chapter shows how there are mountains in valleys in Esperanza’s life, just as Abuelita predicted.
Esperanza is in a valley when the babies get sick, but then back on a mountain when she makes them better.
When Mama gets sick, Esperanza encounters a very deep valley.
Mama’s sickness is a major turning point in the plot. A turning point is a moment in the plot when a significant
change occurs. At this turning point, Esperanza’s life changes again. She is learning to live her new life
without Papa; now she might have to live without Mama too.
Las Papas, Potatoes
Summary
Esperanza stays by Mama’s side constantly. She thinks about how much Mama needs Abuelita. As Esperanza
watches over Mama, she works on the blanket Abuelita gave her and thinks about the mountains and valleys.
Mama grows sicker.
When the doctor visits, he says Mama should be in a hospital. The doctor says she is weak and also depressed.
On the way to the hospital, Hortensia explains to Esperanza that when people are sad it is harder to get better.
Esperanza decides she must work with the women in order to make money to pay Mama’s bills and get
Abuelita to California. Esperanza begins cutting potato eyes. She copies everything that Hortensia and Josafina
do. Esperanza meets Marta’s aunt, who is also cutting potato eyes. Marta’s aunt will not strike, but she tells
Esperanza that anyone who strikes could be sent to Mexico—even if they are United States citizens. Marta’s
aunt also tells Esperanza that the strikers might try to injure those who do not strike.
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Christmas comes and Esperanza spends the day with Mama in the hospital. Mama does not wake up the entire
time Esperanza is there. All Esperanza has to give Mama is a smooth stone. She tells Mama not to worry
because she will take care of them.
Notes
Esperanza shows how brave and mature she is becoming in this chapter. She is much different than the scared
child who first came to the camp. Esperanza has assumed the responsibility of caring for Mama by doing adult
work. This Christmas is not the exciting event it usually is for Esperanza; all she wants is for Mama to get
better.
The strike continues to be a threat. Esperanza learns that no matter what side she chooses, there is potential
danger.
Los Aguacates, Avocados
Summary
Esperanza continues to work hard. She realizes that if she works until peach season, she will have enough
money to bring Abuelita to California. Esperanza’s hands have grown rough. Hortensia makes her lotion to
soothe them.
At the hospital, Esperanza learns that Mama is sicker. She has contracted pneumonia. No one can visit her for
at least a month because she is so weak. Esperanza is allowed to see her for a few minutes. Esperanza tells
Mama that she cannot see her for a while. She plaits Mama’s hair into a beautiful braid on top of her hair—the
way she used to wear it in Mexico.
Hortensia sends Esperanza to the market with Miguel to get her away for a little bit. Miguel explains to
Esperanza that they always go to Mr. Yakota’s Japanese grocery store because he does not discriminate against
Mexicans. Esperanza buys a piñata to put next to Mama’s bed. On the way home they see Marta and her
mother. Miguel offers them a ride. Esperanza sees what bad condition Marta’s camp is in. A family
approaches them, asking for food. Esperanza gives them some food and gives the piñata to the children.
Miguel says more people will be coming looking for jobs in the coming months. He hopes that in the meantime
he will be able to get a job at the railroad while others strike.
A few nights later Esperanza comes home to a celebration. Miguel has gotten a job at the railroad.
Notes
In this chapter Esperanza shows that she has learned the importance of helping those even less fortunate than
she. It is especially significant that Esperanza gives the piñata to the children. Esperanza realizes how little
these children have. Even though she wanted to give the piñata to Mama, she knows how much the children
will appreciate it.
Esperanza also witnesses first hand how other camps are even worse than the one she lives in. While Esperanza
still does not want to strike, she begins to realize how unfairly the poor are treated. She also begins to realize
that how unfair discrimination is when Miguel explains why they drive farther to Mr. Yakota’s store.
Los Espárragos, Asparagus
Summary
The strikers organize. Esperanza rides to work in a truck with a man who carries a gun to protect the workers
from the strikers. The strikers shout at the workers in the trucks.
As the days pass, the strikers escalate. They put glass and snakes in the baskets the women separate and shout
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all day long. Esperanza grows so accustomed to the strikers’ chants that when they suddenly stop, she is
startled. Immigration has come to the camp and performed a sweep, forcing the strikers to go to Mexico. Even
those who were born in the United States must go to Mexico. Esperanza worries that she will be sent to Mexico
too, but Hortensia assures her that they are safe because they are working. Esperanza finds Marta hiding in a
corner. Marta begs Esperanza not to turn her in. Esperanza hesitates but remembers Marta’s mother and thinks
of Mama. She cannot let Marta be separated from her mother. Moreover, Esperanza does not think it is fair
that Marta should be sent to Mexico since she was born in the United States. Esperanza gives Marta a worker’s
apron so she can escape undetected.
The next day Miguel drives Esperanza to Marta’s farm. It is abandoned. Immigration made a sweep there too.
Esperanza notices the piñata that she gave to the children hanging from a tree, ripped apart.
Notes
In this chapter the threat of the strikers passes with their departure. Esperanza shows her compassion when she
helps Marta. Although Esperanza does not like Marta, she cannot bear to see anyone separated from her
mother. Moreover, Esperanza disagrees with the policy of sending people to Mexico who never even lived
there.
The piñata hanging from the tree in the midst of such squalor shows how much the children must have
appreciated Esperanza’s generosity. The children, who had nothing, were able to have a fun moment breaking
open the piñata. In a place where childhood experiences are few and far between, this piñata must have meant
more to the children than Esperanza could have imagined.
Los Duraznos, Peaches
Summary
Isabel tells Esperanza that she is praying to be picked as Queen of the May at school. The Queen is picked
based on grades, and so far Isabel has the best grades. Isabel tells her that usually the girls who wear nicer
dresses are picked. Later, Esperanza asks Josafina if a Mexican girl has ever been chosen to be Queen of the
May. Josafina tells her it is always a girl with blonde hair and blue eyes.
Esperanza learns a new camp is being made for the workers from Oklahoma. This camp will have indoor
plumbing and hot water. They will also have a swimming pool. The Mexicans can only swim in the pool on
Friday afternoon, before they clean it on Saturday. Miguel walks in covered with dirt and tells them that he had
to relinquish his position to men from Oklahoma. He had to spend the day digging ditches. Esperanza grows
very angry and runs outside. Miguel chases her and finally catches her. She tells Miguel that nothing is right in
America. Everything is unfair. She tells Miguel that he is still a second-class citizen in the United States.
Miguel tells Esperanza that in the United States he still has a small opportunity to succeed with hard work. He
did not have that in Mexico. When Miguel tries to console Esperanza she says she does not want his optimism
with no proof that things will ever get better. She tells Miguel that he is still a peasant. He tells her that she still
thinks she is a queen.
The next day Miguel is gone. He told Alfonso that he went north to find work but Esperanza believes he left
because of their argument. Esperanza brings peaches home on the day Isabel finds out that she was not picked
to be the Queen. Esperanza comforts Isabel and gives her the doll Papa gave her. Isabel is very grateful.
Esperanza and Hortensia visit the hospital and speak with Mama’s doctor. The doctor tells them that Mama can
come home. Esperanza is elated. Hortensia tells Mama how mature Esperanza has become.
When Mama comes home Esperanza tells Mama that Miguel left because Esperanza was mean to him. Mama
tells Esperanza not to worry because she did not mean to be cruel. Mama says Miguel will come home.
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Esperanza gets her valise to show Mama how much money she has saved to bring Abuelita to California. When
she lifts the lid, she discovers that the money orders are gone.
Notes
This beginning of this chapter is the breaking point for Esperanza. As she watches those closest to her suffer
from discrimination she is convinced that nothing will ever be all right in the United States. She is angry with
Miguel because he retains his belief that he can get ahead. Esperanza believes that Miguel will never be
anything besides a peasant in America.
Esperanza encounters a “mountain” when she learns that Mama can come home. However this happy moment
is followed by another sad moment, or “valley,” when she discovers that her money orders have been taken.
Las Uvas, Grapes
Summary
Everyone believes that Miguel took the money orders. Even though Alfonso and Hortensia assure Esperanza
that she will be paid back, she is very angry.
One day while Esperanza is working, Alfonso comes in his truck. Esperanza is worried that Mama is sick
again. Instead, Alfonso says he received a message from Miguel that he needs to be picked up at the bus station
and he wants Esperanza to come too. Esperanza is not particularly thrilled to see Miguel, but agrees to go
anyhow. When Esperanza sees Miguel she asks if he has brought back what he stole. He says he did not, but
he did bring something better. Esperanza looks past him and sees Abuelita. Miguel did not go to northern
California for work, but to Mexico to bring Abuelita to them.
Mama is thrilled to see Abuelita. Esperanza wonders what Abuelita must think of their new home. She learns
that Miguel exchanged messages with Abuelita through the poor box at the church because the brothers were
watching her. Esperanza tells Abuelita everything that has happened since they were separated and realizes she
has come to think of time in terms of crops.
A few days before her birthday Esperanza begs Miguel to take her to the foothills before sunrise. Together they
lay on the ground and hear the earth’s heartbeat. Esperanza takes Miguel’s hand.
On Esperanza’s birthday, the men sing to her from outside. She thinks of how grateful she is for what she has,
even though this birthday is much different than her other birthdays.
Notes
This chapter provides both the novel’s climax and outcome.
The climax of a plot is the major turning point that allows the protagonist to resolve the conflict. The climax of
Esperanza Rising occurs when Miguel brings Abuelita to California. This is the most significant turning point
because it proves to Esperanza that everything will be all right in California. Furthermore, Abuelita’s escape
from Mexico is a final victory over Tío Luis and Tío Marco, who tried to prevent her from leaving. When
Abuelita comes to California, Tío Luis and Tío Marco no longer have any power over Esperanza’s family.
The outcome, resolution, or denouement occurs when Esperanza and Miguel listen to the earth. This happens a
full year after the tragedy of her father’s death. Esperanza has learned how to be rich in being poor.
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OVERALL ANALYSES
CHARACTER ANALYSIS
Esperanza - Esperanza is a thirteen-year-old girl who has spent her entire life on her parent’s beautiful ranch in
Mexico. Esperanza has never wanted for anything; she has lived as a queen. Everything changes for Esperanza
on the eve of her birthday when her father is killed. As the plot’s protagonist, Esperanza’s major conflict arises
following her father’s death when she and her mother must flee Mexico because of her cruel uncles. Papa’s
brothers burn down the ranch and tell Mama that unless she marries Tío Marco, things will be very difficult for
them. However, Mama knows that if she does marry Tío Marco, Esperanza will be sent away to boarding
school. Mama, Esperanza, and the family that worked for them flee to California.
In California Esperanza begrudgingly adapts to life as a farm hand. She must learn to do things she never had
to in Mexico. When Mama gets sick, Esperanza rises to the occasion and works to pay Mama’s medical bills
and save money so Abuelita can come to California. The climax of the novel occurs when Miguel brings
Abuelita to California. Esperanza knows that everything will be all right and her family is free of the brothers’
power. Esperanza learns that in becoming poor she has become rich.
Miguel - Miguel’s parents worked for Esperanza’s parents on their ranch in Mexico. Miguel represents the
other side of Mexican society—those who are poor and cannot rise above their circumstances. Although
Esperanza’s family is kind and generous to Miguel’s family, he still feels oppressed. Miguel loves America
because he believes that with hard work anyone can become rich, or at least move out of poverty. It is Miguel
who finally helps Esperanza overcome her conflict. Miguel risks himself in bringing Abuelita to California.
PLOT STRUCTURE ANALYSIS
Exposition - The exposition of a plot is the place where the reader is introduced to the main characters and any
important information necessary to understand what is currently happening. In this book, the exposition occurs
in the second chapter where we learn about Esperanza, her family, her servants, and her friends. In this chapter
we are also introduced to the beginning of Esperanza’s conflict—her father’s death.
Rising Action - Rising action is the action that will lead to the climax (or the major turning point in the plot).
In this novel the rising action is everything that happens before Abuelita comes to California. This includes all
of the turning points that occur in Mexico and California, such as when the ranch is burned down, as well as
Mama’s illness and the immigration sweep. During the rising action Esperanza learns that she has become
richer in becoming poorer. Esperanza rises above her hardships.
Climax - The climax of a plot is the major turning point that allows the protagonist to resolve the conflict. The
climax of Esperanza Rising occurs when Miguel brings Abuelita to California. This is the most significant
turning point because it proves to Esperanza that everything will be all right in California and in her new life.
Furthermore, Abuelita’s escape from Mexico is a final victory over Tío Luis and Tío Marco, who tried to
prevent her from leaving. When Abuelita comes to California, Tío Luis and Tío Marco no longer have any
power over Esperanza’s family.
Outcome - The outcome, resolution, or denouement occurs in the final chapter when Esperanza and Miguel
listen to the earth. This happens a full year after the tragedy of her father’s death. Esperanza has learned how
to be rich in being poor.
THEMES - THEME ANALYSIS
He who falls today may rise tomorrow - An epigraph, or quotation at the beginning of a literary work,
typically conveys the work’s major theme. At the beginning of Esperanza Rising, the author presents two
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Mexican proverbs. Each proverb is an important theme of the book, but the first proverb is the story’s major
theme.
This story shows how, despite set backs, people can overcome anything. This theme is expressed in
Esperanza’s “rising,” or overcoming her tragic circumstances. In the beginning of the story, Esperanza is on top
of the world. She has everything a thirteen-year-old girl could want: a loving family, a best friend, a beautiful
home, and nice things. Suddenly Esperanza loses everything she has. Her “fall” seems like the end of her life.
Esperanza has a difficult time coping with her new life. However, when Mama gets sick, Esperanza realizes
how important the things are that she has after she loses her home and the lifestyle she had in Mexico.
Esperanza “rises” when she learns how rich she has become in losing her wealth. The reader sees that no matter
how bad things may seem there is always hope. After her transformation, Esperanza (whose name means
“hope” in Spanish) embodies hope for the future.
This theme is also exemplified in Miguel’s belief that anyone can succeed in America. Despite the deplorable
conditions in which Miguel and the others live, Miguel believes that he can work hard and move beyond his
condition. Miguel believes that America is the land in which anyone can rise.
POINT OF VIEW
Third person. This novel is told by a narrator, who only has access to Esperanza’s thoughts.
IMPORTANT QUOTATIONS - QUOTES
1. “Wait a little while and the fruit will fall into your hand.” – Papa, p. 2.
This quotation is significant because it becomes an important theme in the novel. Papa says this to Esperanza
when she is a child and he is teaching her to listen to the earth. This statement is repeated throughout the story
by various characters. By the story’s conclusion Esperanza learns the importance of patience and hard work.
She learns the value of the simple things.
2. “In Mexico we stand on different sides of the river.” – Miguel, p. 37.
Miguel says this to Esperanza after she pulls away from his touch as he tries to console her following Papa’s
death. This statement is significant because it shows the class barriers which are firmly in place in Mexico.
Even though Esperanza loves Miguel and her parents are kind to his family, as a child her parents tell her she
can never marry Miguel because he stands on a different side of the river than she. In the story’s denouement
Esperanza has accepted her new position in life and holds Miguel’s hand, signaling that they are now on the
same side of the river.
3. “We are like the phoenix…Rising again, with a new life ahead of us.” – Abuelita, p.50.
Abuelita says this to Esperanza after the family has decided to move to California, leaving Abuelita behind.
This statement is significant because it foreshadows what Esperanza thinks is impossible at the time: she will
overcome her hardships and rise again.
4. “I hear that in the United States, you do not need una planca. That even the poorest man can become
rich if he works hard enough.” – Miguel, p. 75.
Miguel says this to Esperanza when she wonders what will happen to his dream of working at the railroads
without Papa’s influence. This statement is important because it illustrates Miguel’s faith in America. He
never loses hope that in American he can overcome his unfortunate circumstances.
5. “The rich take care of the rich and the poor take care of those who have less than they have.” – Miguel,
p.79.
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In this quotation Miguel explains to Esperanza how a poor woman could have given her mother a chicken,
when she had so little. This statement illustrates the sentiment of many poor Mexicans during the revolution
and the years following it.
6. “Well my father died, too…. Before he came to this country, he fought in the Mexican revolution
against people like her father who owned all the land.” – arta, p. 97.
Marta says this when she learns that Esperanza’s father is dead. Marta has no sympathy for Esperanza because
she associates her with the wealthy landowners in Mexico. Marta exemplifies how many poor Mexicans felt.
She also shows how even rich people are stereotyped. Marta assumes Esperanza’s father was a selfish rich
man, when he was actually generous and kind.
7. “So you can climb.” – Miguel, p. 124.
Miguel says this when he shows Esperanza how he has placed her rosebush next to a trellis. This quotation
shows how Miguel is a kind person who wants to help Esperanza “rise.” It is Miguel who finally helps
Esperanza complete her figurative rise from the ashes when he brings Abuelita to California.
8. “Is this life really better than being a servant in Mexico?” – Esperanza, p. 222.
Esperanza asks Miguel this question when she learns he had to relinquish his position at the railroad to men
from Oklahoma. She does not yet understand Miguel’s belief that hard work will eventually help him prevail.
No matter how hard Miguel worked in Mexico, he would not be able to succeed.
9. “I have brought you proof that things will get better.” – Miguel, p. 238.
This statement signals the novel’s climax. When Miguel brings Abuelita to California it proves to Esperanza
that everything will be all right in California and in her new life. Furthermore, Abuelita’s escape from Mexico
is a final victory over Tío Luis and Tío Marco, who tried to prevent her from leaving. When Abuelita comes to
California, Tío Luis and Tío Marco no longer have any power over Esperanza’s family.
10. “Do not ever be afraid to start over.” – Esperanza, p. 253.
Esperanza says this to Isabel at the novel’s conclusion. This statement shows what Esperanza has learned from
her hardships. She has found that no matter what happens, she can start over and rise again.
SYMBOLISM / MOTIFS / IMAGERY / SYMBOLS
The zigzag pattern - Abuelita teaches Esperanza a zigzag pattern with which to crochet a blanket. This
becomes an important symbol of the ups and downs everyone experiences in life. Esperanza frequently repeats
Abuelita’s instructions to herself and applies them to the ups and downs in her own life, which is a series of
happy and sad moments. At the story’s conclusion, Esperanza learns that she can overcome any obstacle that
she encounters.
Papa’s roses - Miguel and Alfonso bring Papa’s roses to California so Esperanza can remember Papa. The
roses help develop the idea of rising from the ashes, even stronger than before. The roses were scorched in the
fire, but the roots were still healthy. Like Miguel and Esperanza (whom the roses personify) their roots are
transplanted and they grow again in America. Papa taught Esperanza that when someone drinks tea made from
rosehips, he or she drinks the memories of the roses. The roses show how the past, or our roots, always remains
with us.
IMPORTANT / KEY FACTS SUMMARY
Title: Esperanza Rising
Author: Pam Munoz Ryan
Date Published: 2000
Setting: Aguascalientes, Mexico and California, during the Great Depression
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Genre: Young Adult Fiction
Tense: Past
Meaning of the Title: Esperanza Rising refers to the transformation Esperanza makes after her life in Mexico
is destroyed. Like a phoenix rising from the ashes, Esperanza emerges a stronger person.
Protagonist: Esperanza
Antagonist: Tío Luis and Tío Marco
Mood: Inspirational
Point of View: Third Person
Exposition: The second chapter where we learn about Esperanza and her conflict
Climax: When Abuelita comes to California
Outcome: Esperanza rises from the ashes, learning how rich she has become in being poor
Major Theme: He who falls today may rise tomorrow
VOCABULARY LIST
Campesinos - Farmers / Field workers
Capricious - impulsive
Chorizo - A spicy sausage
Huelga - A Strike
La Cosecha - The harvest
Las Patronas - The heads of the household
Las Mananitas - A traditional Mexican birthday song
Mi Nieta - My Granddaughter
Rebozo - A blanket or shawl
Propriety - rules of conduct
Pretentious - creating an appearance of importance or demanding merit when undeserved
Pungent - a sharp taste or smell
Quinceaneras - A presentation party upon a girl's 15th birthday
Scythe - a long, curved blade used to cut grass
Waif - a forsaken or orphaned child
Undulating - occurring in a wavelike motion
Valise - suitcase
STUDY QUESTIONS / MULTIPLE CHOICE QUIZ
Multiple Choice
1. Esperanza’s father owns:
A. A railroad station
B. A ranch
C. A shipyard
2. What gift does Papa give Esperanza for every birthday?
A. A doll
B. A piñata
C. A bushel of peaches
3. Where does Miguel want to work?
A. On a farm
B. At the shipyard
C. At the railroad
4. What destroys the ranch?
A. A fire
B. A flood
C. A dust storm
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5. What are Esperanza’s first jobs at the farm?
A. Taking care of the babies and sweeping the platform
B. Picking grapes and painting cabins
C. Organizing the strike and feeding the animals
6. What surprise do Alfonso and Miguel bring for Esperanza from the ranch?
A. Her doll
B. Her favorite dress
C. Papa’s roses
7. What major event in American history is happening when Esperanza arrives in California?
A. The Civil War
B. The Great Depression
C. The Civil Rights Movement
8. What makes Mama sick?
A. The cold weather
B. Dust spores
C. Mouse droppings
9. What war did Marta’s father fight in?
A. World War II
B. The Mexican Revolution
C. The Franco-Prussian War
10. What position does Isabel hope to win?
A. Class President
B. Homecoming Queen
C. Queen of the May
11. What does Esperanza buy for Mama’s room, but give away instead?
A. A donkey piñata
B. A dozen roses
C. A blanket
12. Who teaches Esperanza to crochet?
A. Papa
B. Abuelita
C. Isabel
13. What does Esperanza give Isabel to console her?
A. The doll Papa gave her
B. The blanket Abuelita gave her
C. The dress Mama gave her
14. What does Miguel “steal” from Esperanza?
A. Her doll
B. Her kitten
C. Her money orders
15. Esperanza rises from the ashes like a:
A. Dove
B. Phoenix
C. Eagle
Answer Key
1. b 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. a 6. c 7. b 8. b 9. b 10. c 11. a 12. b 13. a 14. c 15. b
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ESSAY TOPIC IDEAS / BOOK REPORT IDEAS / STUDY QUESTIONS
1. Write an essay describing fire at the ranch from Miguel’s perspective. Is he sad that his old life is over or is
he happy that he can go to America?
2. Do you think Miguel is right when he argues that anyone can get ahead in America as long as he works hard
enough? Does everyone have the same opportunities in America?
3. Pick two characters from the story and show how the epigraph “The rich person is richer when he becomes
poor, than the poor person when he becomes rich” applies to them.
4. What do you think happens to Esperanza after the story’s conclusion? Does she marry Miguel and buy a
small house? Does Abuelita recover her money and move them all into a mansion? Or does something else
completely different happen?
5. Why did Isabel not win Queen of the May? Why might she have been treated unfairly?
6. Examine the character of Marta from a psychological perspective. What motivates her anger?
7. Explain how Esperanza is like a phoenix rising from the ashes.
8. Explain why Esperanza reaches a turning point when she gives the donkey piñata to the hungry children.
9. Explain why symbols of the past are important to Esperanza, such as Papa’s roses or pieces of hair woven
into the blanket.
10. Is it significant that Esperanza’s name means “hope” in Spanish? Does she always have hope throughout the
novel? Why might hope be important to her in California?
COMMENT ON THE STUDY OF LITERATURE
The study of literature is not like the study of math or science, or even history. While those disciplines are based largely
upon fact, the study of literature is based upon interpretation and analysis. There are no clear-cut answers in literature,
outside of the factual information about an author's life and the basic information about setting and characterization in a
piece of literature. The rest is a highly subjective reading of what an author has written; each person brings a different set
of values and a different background to the reading. As a result, no two people see the piece of literature in exactly the
same light, and few critics agree on everything about a book or an author.
In this study guide, we have tried to give an objective literary analysis based upon the information actually found in the
novel, book, or play. In the end, however, it is an individual interpretation, but one that we feel can be readily supported
by the information that is presented in the guide. In your course of literature study, you or your professor/teacher may
come up with a different interpretation of the mood or the theme or the conflict. Your interpretation, if it can be logically
supported with information contained within the piece of literature, is just as correct as ours. So is the interpretation of
your teacher or professor.
Literature is simply not a black or white situation; instead, there are many gray areas that are open to varying analyses.
Your task is to come up with your own analysis that you can logically defend. Hopefully, this study guide will help you to
accomplish that goal.
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