Contents:
Cold WAR
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East v. West
Divided Germany
Berlin Airlift
A-Bomb
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
Domestic Issues
Korea
Conclusions.
A brief post test.
SHOCKS OF WAR’S END
• DEATH CAMPS
• SPECIAL BOMBS
• COLD WAR…..
DEATH CAMPS
• LABOR NEEDS
• POLITICAL GOAL
– “ULTIMATE SOLUTION”
• WELL ORGANIZED
• REINHART PLAN
Americans look...
OPERATION REINHARD
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ARRIVAL/SORTING
CONDEMNED (2 WAYS)
REMOVE HAIR…ETC.
SHOOTING/GASSING
CREMATION
Huge Camps
And Huge Numbers
BMW Aircraft “workers”
Rescued!
Zyklon B
What was left...
IMPACT
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SOVIETS CONVINCED TO “KEEP” POLAND…
PREVENT ANY FUTURE GERMAN ATTACK
JEWISH SYMPATHY
AMERICAN SUPPORT FOR ISRAEL
SECOND SHOCK--SPECIAL BOMB
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$2 BILLION
ONLY 3 BOMBS
37 FACTORIES
120,000 EMPLOYEES
COSTS? (1938-1945)
• All bombs, mines and grenades — $31.5 billion
• Small arms materiel (not incl. ammunition) — $24
billion
• All tanks — $64 billion
• Heavy field artillery — $4 billion
• All other artillery — $33.6 billion
• Four A-Bombs+ $21 billion
Oak Ridge Plants
IMPACT
• SOVIETS SPEED RESEARCH
• Aug. 29, 1949, Kazakhstan, first Soviet
bomb
• WORLD WIDE WEAPONS RACE
• FEAR
America exploded the first
Hydrogen
Bomb 1952, and Soviets in 1953.
The A-bombs ending the war had
20,000 tons of TNT...
..the H bombs...
10,000,000 tons of TNT...
500 times more deadly!
H BOMB 1952...
WAR LOSSES
• USSR--20,600,000 (10.4%) 13,600,000
(Military) 7,000,000 (civ)
• GERMANY--6,850,000 (9.5%) 3,250,000
(Military) 3,600,000 (civ)
• UNITED STATES--500,000 (0.4%) 500,000
(Military)
EAST vs. WEST—THE SOVIETS
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RECOGNITION OF WAR LOSSES
RUSSIA WANTS WEAKENED GERMANY
CONTROL OF POLAND
A WARM WATER PORT
FEARS NUCLEAR WAR
EAST V. WEST--AMERICANS
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DEMANDED ELECTIONS
IGNORED RUSSIAN WAR COSTS
ANTI-COMMUNIST
PROTECTION OF PALESTINE FOR JEWISH
SETTLERS
EVENTS 1947-49
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TRUMAN DOCTRINE=GREECE
MARSHALL PLAN
BERLIN BLOCADE
CHINA BECOMES COMMUNIST
NATO/COMECON FORMED
COLD WAR INFLUENCES DOMESTIC POLITICS
Marshall Plan (ERP)
• Re-build western
Europe
• Massive Loans
• Tractors, cars
• Seed, water, supplies
• None for Russia
WAR OF WORDS
• Churchill claimed Russia uses“IRON CURTAIN”
– FROM BALTIC TO MEDITERREAN
• STALIN COMPARES ENGLAND TO HITLER
• U.S. Slang: “reds”, “pinkos”, “commies”
U. S. COLD WAR POLICY
• CONTAINMENT
• ECON. RECOVERY
• NUCLEAR ARMS
• AGREE TO DIVIDED GERMANY
TRUMAN DOCTRINE
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GREECE ALONE AFTER WAR
COMMUNIST INFLUENCE
GREEK CIVIL WAR
U.S.A. AID TO GREECE—TO CONTAIN
COMMUNISM
“GOOD” COLD WAR
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MILITARY INDUSTRIAL CONTRACTS GREW
SCIENCE & RESEARCH
GLOBAL ECONOMIC AID
...THEN AN EARLY CRISIS IN BERLIN...Stalin begins to
restrict Allied traffic to Berlin in April 1948...in June
traffic was closed. From June to April 1949..massive
U.S. Airlift.
Divided city of Berlin
BERLIN AIRLIFT
More than 1,500 tons of goods
needed to feed city—plus other
supplies.
“Little vitals” (candy bars) became
a hit.
ECONOMY—INFLUENCED BY COLD WAR
• 9 MILLION DISCHARGED—FEARED RENEWAL
OF DEPRESSION
• G.I. BILL (ED/LOANS)
• DOZENS OF STRIKES...HIGH INFLATION
• YET PENT-UP DEMAND, SAVINGS, AND NEW
PRODUCTS CREATED A BOOM.
PRES. HARRY S TRUMAN
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CONGRESS STRONGLY REPUBLICAN
HST ANGERED ALL SIDES
BY ‘46, 2.5 MILLION ON STRIKE
32% APPROVAL RATE “...to error is Truman...”
FIRES GEN MAC ARTHUR
INFLATION UP 18%
STRIKE 1946
TAFT-HARTLEY ‘47
• OUTLAWS
– CLOSED SHOP
– POLITICAL CONTRIBUTIONS
• 90 DAY INJUNCTION
• 1948--TRUMAN V.
DEWEY
• TRUMAN SUPPORT
– LABOR
– CIVIL RIGHTS
– “FAIR DEAL”
National newspapers
Newspapers went to press early assuming
Truman lost!
1948-52
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TRUMAN WINS
BUT FACES REPUBLICAN CONGRESS
INFLATION, BUT PROSPERITY
ANTI-COMMUNIST CRUSADE--DOMINATES
JOE McCARTHY
• SPOKE OUT AGAINST COMMUNISTS
• ACCUSED MANY IN & OUT OF GOV’T AS PARTY
MEMBERS
• LACKED EVIDENCE, BUT HIS MESSAGE WAS
POPULAR
• EVEN HOLLYWOOD IMPACTED
ATTITUDE OF FEAR
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McCARTHYISM
HOUSE UNAMERICAN ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE
REQUIRED LOYALTY OATHS
FEDERAL FILM TO “DUCK & COVER”
POST WAR CIVIL RIGHTS
• TRUMAN COURTED HUGE BLACK VOTE
– “WAR” CITIES
• VIOLENCE AFTER WAR
• TRUMAN CALLED A SPECIAL COMMISSION
CIVIL RIGHTS COMMISSION
• “TO SECURE THESE RIGHTS”
• STARTS MODERN DEBATE RECOMMENDATIONS:
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END LYNCHING
END SEGREGATION
END POLL TAX
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT
PERMANENT COMM.
REACTIONS
• “KEEP NEGROES FROM POLLS BY ANY MEANS”
SEN. BILBO (MS)
• “NO NEGRO WILL VOTE NEXT FOUR YRS”
• SPLIT DEMOCRACTIC PARTY
SOME CHANGE
• WAR SERVICE HELPED
• THURGOOD MARSHALL BEGINS LEGAL
CAREER
• SMITH V. ALLWRIGHT—OPEN PRIMARIES IN
TEXAS
KOREA
• DEFINES COLD WAR
• A WAR OF LIMITS
• A POLITICAL WAR
– NOT MILITARY
• NO REAL CLOSURE...
KOREA PART OF WWII TREATIES
• CHINESE CONTROL
– 1392-1910
• JAPANESE, 1910-1945
• SOVIETS TAKE “NORTH”
• U. S. SUPPORTS “SOUTH”
WAR
• NORTH INVADES
– JUNE-SEPT 1950
• U.N. (U.S.A.) OFFENSIVE
– SEPT-NOV ‘50 (INCHON)
– TO THE CHINA BORDER
SEE-SAW BATTLE
• CHINA JOINS IN
– NOV ‘50-JAN ‘51
– RE-TAKE SEOUL
• U.N. GAINS JAN ‘51-JULY ‘53 (TRUCE)
INVASION
FROM
NORTH
TO
PUSAN...
U.N.
FORCES
PUSH TO
CHINESE
BORDER
CHINESE
ATTACK
RE-TAKE
SEOUL...
FIGHTING
CONTINUES
PEACE
TALKS
BEGIN
A LINE…..
RESULTS
• 5.7 MILLION SOLDIERS
• 54,246 DEAD
• DEFENSE DEPT BUDGET
– 13.4 B (‘50) TO 44 B (‘53)
Conclusions—
Differences between Russia & the U. S. created mistrust and cold war.
The cold war escalated with the atomic bomb.
American developed “Containment” policies to stop the spread of Communism.
The Truman Doctrine stated the U.S. would aid nations fighting communism.
The Marshall Plan rebuilt western Europe.
The U.S. even airlifted supplies to Berlin.
At home domestic issues were influenced by the cold war.
Truman wins election in 1948, but has trouble with strikes and inflation.
Truman is the first President to address Civil Rights, but is consumed by
McCarthyism.
Korea becomes the first hot, cold war.
“I Like Ike”
General Eisenhower becomes President
A Brief Post Test! Read the question, then click on the best answer to see feedback.
The Cold War pitted “east” against “west”. True. False.
Misunderstanding, different goals, and a war of words led to the cold war. True. False.
Stalin was able to permanently cut the west off from Berlin. True. False.
The Truman Doctrine rebuilt Europe. True. False.
The Marshall Plan rebuilt Europe. True. False.
Post war economics included strikes and inflation. True. False.
No labor legislation was considered by Congress in the 1940s. True. False.
Truman was the first President to directly address Civil Rights. True. False.
Truman’s Commission had no positive results. True. False.
The Korean War was the first hot war in the cold war. True. False.
Korea was quickly settled once U. S. forces entered the war. True. False.
Korea was a back and forth series of battles. True. False.
One result of the Korean war was a dramatic increase in defense spending. True. False.
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