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Chapter Seven
Language Focus: Vocabulary in Context
Directions: Answer the following questions regarding the vocabulary from Chapter
Seven using complete sentences. Be sure that your answer explains the reasoning
behind your choice. An example has been done for you.
Example: How would you characterize someone who always capitulated to other
people and their ideas?
Answer: Someone who always capitulated to others might be described as weak,
naïve, or insecure.
1. How would you describe the countenance of a person who has just been an
eyewitness to a robbery?
Answer:
2. If it was just decreed that school would now be held seven days a week, how
might you react?
Answer:
3. Why would you want a solid gold statue, as opposed to one that has been
gilded?
Answer:
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4. If a rumor about you is pervading the school, what is probably happening?
Answer:
5. Explain three ways someone could procure a million dollars.
Answer:
6. Describe a situation in which someone might seek retribution.
Answer:
7. Would your teacher rather be described as seasoned or old? Be sure to
explain your choice.
Answer:
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Chapter Eight
Literature Focus: Irony
Irony is a literary device in which words are used to express a contradiction between
appearance and reality— in irony, reality is usually the opposite of what it seems. In
literature, there are three types of irony:
•
•
•
verbal irony- when the author or a character deliberately says one thing
in order to suggest or emphasize the opposite
situational irony- a contradiction in what the audience or reader thinks
will happen, and what actually happens
dramatic irony- a situation in which the audience or reader knows
something that the characters do not know
In Animal Farm, several instances of verbal, dramatic, and situational irony are used
to enhance the reader’s understanding and appreciation of the novel. As the plot
unfolds, we as the reader are able to see the pigs’ hypocrisy and manipulation. We
are able to see what the other animals do not, and therefore, are able to understand
the deeper meaning and the warning that Orwell intended.
Directions: First, decide whether the irony is either verbal, dramatic, or situational.
Then for each example, explain what is ironic. In other words, now that you have
read the majority of the novel, what is contradictory about each of these statements,
and what do we now know?
1. In Chapter One, Old Major asks the animals “You cows that I see before me, how
many thousands of gallons of milk have you given during this last year? And
what has happened to that milk which should have been breeding up sturdy
calves? Every drop of it has gone down the throats of our enemies. And you
hens, how many eggs have you laid in this last year, and how many of those
eggs ever hatched into chickens? The rest have gone to market to bring in
money for Jones and his men.”
a. Type:
b. Irony:
2. In Chapter Two, Napoleon called for paint to inscribe the Seven Commandments
on the wall, which would “form an unalterable law by which all the animals on
Animal Farm must live for ever after.” Snowball, because he was the best at
writing, painted out the Commandments.
a. Type:
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b. Irony:
3. In Chapter Eight, the pigs find a case of whiskey and the following morning
Squealer announces that Napoleon is dying.
a. Type:
b. Irony:
4. “It says, ‘No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets,’ [Muriel] announced finally.
Curiously enough, Clover had not remembered that the Fourth Commandment
mentioned sheets; but as it was there on the wall, it must have done so.”
(Chapter Six)
a. Type:
b. Irony:
5. In Chapter Six, Napoleon declares that it was Snowball who destroyed the
windmill.
a. Type:
b. Irony:
6. “The animals now also learned that Snowball had never—as many of them had
believed hitherto—received the order of ‘Animal Hero, First Class.’ This was
merely a legend which had been spread some time after the Battle of the
Cowshed by Snowball himself.” (Chapter Eight)
a. Type:
b. Irony:
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Chapter Eight
Language Focus: Types of Sentences
As you may already know, there are several types of sentences. A sentence is
classified according to its structure, or by how many clauses the sentence contains.
A clause is a group of words that contain a subject and a verb. An independent
clause is a clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence. A dependent or
subordinate clause does not have all the words it needs to be a complete
sentence.
Sentences are made up of these clauses. The type of clauses that are used help to
create several types of sentences. A simple sentence has one independent
clause. A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses. A
complex sentence contains one independent and one subordinate clause. A
compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and
one or more subordinate clauses.
Directions: Each of the vocabulary words from Chapter 8 have been used in a
simple sentence below. On the line provided, improve the sentence to a complex,
compound, or compound-complex sentence, as indicated. Be sure to use the simple
sentence (although you may add words to it) to construct your sentence, and do not
change the part of speech of the vocabulary word.
Ex. She offered ice cream as a conciliatory gesture.
Compound Sentence:
She offered ice cream as a conciliatory gesture, and I
was happy to accept!
1. The lamentation was heard throughout many villages.
Complex Sentence:
2. He leagued with Tom’s team.
Compound-Complex Sentence:
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3. Amber tended to meddle in Kiley’s affairs.
Complex Sentence:
4. Nancy’s retinue made sure she had everything.
Compound-Complex Sentence:
5. The dogs were like sentinels at the door.
Compound Sentence:
6. The prowler was caught skulking.
Complex Sentence:
7. We couldn’t believe she actually surmounted her problems this year.
Compound Sentence:
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