Gray Matter Differences between Musicians and Nonmusicians

*UD\0DWWHU'LIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQ
0XVLFLDQVDQG1RQPXVLFLDQV
&+5,67,$1*$6(5DE$1'*277)5,('6&+/$8*E
D'HSDUWPHQWRI3V\FKLDWU\8QLYHUVLW\RI-HQD-HQD*HUPDQ\
E'HSDUWPHQWRI1HXURORJ\0XVLFDQG1HXURLPDJLQJ/DERUDWRU\
%HWK,VUDHO'HDFRQHVV0HGLFDO&HQWHUDQG+DUYDUG0HGLFDO6FKRRO
%RVWRQ0DVVDFKXVHWWV86$
$%675$&70XVLFLDQVOHDUQFRPSOH[PRWRUDQGDXGLWRU\VNLOOVDWDQHDUO\DJH
DQGSUDFWLFHWKHVHVSHFLDOL]HGVNLOOVH[WHQVLYHO\IURPFKLOGKRRGWKURXJKWKHLU
HQWLUHFDUHHUV8VLQJDYR[HOE\YR[HOPRUSKRPHWULFWHFKQLTXHZHIRXQGJUD\
PDWWHUYROXPHGLIIHUHQFHVLQPRWRUDVZHOODVDXGLWRU\DQGYLVXRVSDWLDOEUDLQ
UHJLRQV FRPSDULQJ SURIHVVLRQDO PXVLFLDQV NH\ERDUG SOD\HUV ZLWK PDWFKHG
DPDWHXUPXVLFLDQVDQGQRQPXVLFLDQV7KHVHPXOWLUHJLRQDOGLIIHUHQFHVPLJKW
UHSUHVHQW VWUXFWXUDO DGDSWDWLRQV LQ UHVSRQVH WR ORQJWHUP VNLOO OHDUQLQJ DQG
UHSHWLWLYHUHKHDUVDORIWKHVHVNLOOV7KLVLVVXSSRUWHGE\ILQGLQJDVWURQJDVVR
FLDWLRQEHWZHHQVWUXFWXUDOGLIIHUHQFHVPXVLFLDQVWDWXVDQGSUDFWLFHLQWHQVLW\
DVZHOODVE\DZHDOWKRIVXSSRUWLQJDQLPDOGDWDVKRZLQJVWUXFWXUDOFKDQJHVLQ
UHVSRQVHWRORQJWHUPPRWRUWUDLQLQJ
.(<:25'6PRUSKRPHWU\SODVWLFLW\VNLOODFTXLVLWLRQNH\ERDUGSOD\HUV
,1752'8&7,21
0XVLFLDQVDUHVNLOOHGLQSHUIRUPLQJFRPSOH[SK\VLFDODQGPHQWDORSHUDWLRQVVXFK
DVWUDQVODWLQJYLVXDOO\SUHVHQWHGPXVLFDOV\PEROVLQWRFRPSOLFDWHGPRYHPHQWVRI
ILQJHUVDQGKDQGVDQGPHPRUL]LQJORQJPXVLFDOSKUDVHV3OD\LQJDPXVLFDOLQVWUX
PHQWW\SLFDOO\UHTXLUHVWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIPXOWLPRGDOVHQVRU\DQGPRWRULQIRUPDWLRQ
DQGPXOWLPRGDOVHQVRU\IHHGEDFNPHFKDQLVPVWRPRQLWRUWKHSHUIRUPDQFH7KHQHX
UDOFRUUHODWHVRIPRVWRIWKHVHPXVLFDORSHUDWLRQVDUHQRWIXOO\XQGHUVWRRGDQGQR
ILUPDVVRFLDWLRQVEHWZHHQVSHFLDOL]HGPXVLFDOVNLOOVDQGSDUWLFXODUEUDLQUHJLRQVRU
DFKDUDFWHULVWLFEUDLQDQDWRP\DUHHVWDEOLVKHG$OWKRXJKVHYHUDOIXQFWLRQDODQGDIHZ
VWUXFWXUDOLPDJLQJVWXGLHVKDYHUHSRUWHGUHJLRQDOEUDLQGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQPXVL
FLDQVDQGQRQPXVLFLDQV±QRVWXG\KDV\HWVHDUFKHGDFURVVWKHZKROHEUDLQVSDFH
IRUVWUXFWXUDOEUDLQGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHVHWZRJURXSVWKDWFRXOGEHOLQNHGWRWKH
H[FHSWLRQDO DQG VSHFLDOL]HG VNLOOV RI PXVLFLDQV DV ZHOO DV WR WKH ORQJWHUP DQG
H[WHQVLYHUHKHDUVDORIWKHVHVNLOOV
$GGUHVV IRU FRUUHVSRQGHQFH *RWWIULHG 6FKODXJ 0' 3K' 'HSDUWPHQW RI 1HXURORJ\
0XVLF DQG 1HXURLPDJLQJ /DERUDWRU\ %HWK ,VUDHO 'HDFRQHVV 0HGLFDO &HQWHU DQG +DUYDUG
0HGLFDO6FKRRO%URRNOLQH$YHQXH%RVWRQ0$9RLFHID[
JVFKODXJ#ELGPFKDUYDUGHGX
$QQ1<$FDG6FL±Â‹1HZ<RUN$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHV
GRLDQQDOV
*$6(56&+/$8**5$<0$77(5',))(5(1&(6,1086,&,$16
0$7(5,$/$1'0(7+2'6
0DWHULDO:HFRPSDUHGPDOHSURIHVVLRQDOPXVLFLDQVDQGPDOHDPDWHXUPX
VLFLDQVDOONH\ERDUGSOD\HUVWRDJURXSRIPDOHQRQPXVLFLDQVDOOPDWFKHGZLWK
UHJDUGWRDJHKDQGHGQHVVDQGYHUEDOVNLOOV$SURIHVVLRQDOPXVLFLDQZDVGHILQHG
DVVRPHRQHZKRVHPDLQSURIHVVLRQZDVWREHDPXVLFLDQHLWKHUDSHUIRUPLQJDUWLVW
PXVLFWHDFKHURUPXVLFVWXGHQWDWDFRQVHUYDWRU\ZLWKDQDYHUDJHSUDFWLFHWLPHRI
DWOHDVWKRXUSHUGD\$QDPDWHXUPXVLFLDQZDVGHILQHGDVVRPHRQHZKRSOD\VD
PXVLFDOLQVWUXPHQWUHJXODUO\EXWKDVDSURIHVVLRQRWKHUWKDQWKDWDVDSURIHVVLRQDO
PXVLFLDQ7KHDPDWHXUPXVLFLDQVKDGDQDYHUDJHGDLO\SUDFWLFHWLPHWKDWZDVKDOI
WKDW RI SURIHVVLRQDO PXVLFLDQV YV KG 1RQPXVLFLDQV ZHUH GHILQHG DV
WKRVHZKRQHYHUSOD\HGDPXVLFDOLQVWUXPHQW
0DJQHWLF 5HVRQDQFH 05 'DWD $FTXLVLWLRQ DQG ,PDJH $QDO\VLV ,VRWURSLF
PP 7ZHLJKWHG 05 GDWD VHWV ZHUH DFTXLUHG IURP HDFK VXEMHFW 9R[HOE\
YR[HOWWHVWVXVLQJWKHJHQHUDOOLQHDUPRGHOZHUHXVHGWRVHDUFKIRUJUD\PDWWHUGLI
IHUHQFHVEHWZHHQSURIHVVLRQDOPXVLFLDQVDPDWHXUPXVLFLDQVDQGQRQPXVLFLDQV:H
DVVHVVHG WKH FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ PXVLFLDQ VWDWXV DQG JUD\ PDWWHU GLIIHUHQFHV E\
PRGHOLQJWKHPXVLFLDQVWDWXVDVDOHYHOJUDGDWLRQLQZKLFKSURIHVVLRQDOPXVLFLDQV
ZHUHKLJKHVWDQGZHUHDVVLJQHGDYDOXHRIDPDWHXUPXVLFLDQVZHUHLQWHUPHGLDWH
DQG ZHUH DVVLJQHG D YDOXH RI DQG QRQPXVLFLDQV ZHUH WKH ORZHVW DQG ZHUH
DVVLJQHGDYDOXHRI
),*85( %UDLQUHJLRQVZLWKJUD\PDWWHUGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQSURIHVVLRQDOPXVLFLDQV
DPDWHXUPXVLFLDQVDQGQRQPXVLFLDQV3<FRUUHFWHGIRUPXOWLSOHFRPSDULVRQVRQO\
FOXVWHUVRIYR[HOVFRQVLVWLQJRIDWOHDVWYR[HOVDUHGLVSOD\HGFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRDVSDWLDO
H[WHQWWKUHVKROGRI3<
$11$/61(:<25.$&$'(0<2)6&,(1&(6
5(68/76
$UHDV RI VLJQLILFDQWO\ LQFUHDVHG JUD\ PDWWHU YROXPH FRPSDULQJ SURIHVVLRQDO
PXVLFLDQVNH\ERDUGSOD\HUVZLWKDPDWHXUPXVLFLDQVNH\ERDUGSOD\HUVDQGQRQ
PXVLFLDQVZHUHIRXQGLQSHULURODQGLFUHJLRQVLQFOXGLQJSULPDU\PRWRUDQGVRPD
WRVHQVRU\DUHDVSUHPRWRUUHJLRQVVXSHULRUSDULHWDOUHJLRQVDQGWKHLQIHULRUWHPSR
UDOJ\UXVELODWHUDOO\),* $GGLWLRQDOVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVZHUHVHHQLQWKHOHIW
FHUHEHOOXPOHIW+HVFKO¶VJ\UXVDQGOHIWLQIHULRUIURQWDOJ\UXV1RDUHDVVKRZHGD
VLJQLILFDQW GHFUHDVH LQ JUD\ PDWWHU YROXPH FRPSDULQJ SURIHVVLRQDO ZLWK DPDWHXU
PXVLFLDQVDQGDPDWHXUPXVLFLDQVZLWKQRQPXVLFLDQVUHVSHFWLYHO\
&21&/86,216
'LIIHUHQFHVLQWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIJUD\PDWWHUZHUHPDLQO\VHHQLQEUDLQUHJLRQV
WKDWDUHRIFULWLFDOLPSRUWDQFHIRUDSHUIRUPLQJPXVLFLDQ7KHVHEUDLQUHJLRQVHJ
SULPDU\VHQVRULPRWRUUHJLRQSUHPRWRUUHJLRQDQGFHUHEHOOXPDUHHLWKHUSDUWRID
PRWRUOHDUQLQJDQGVNLOODFTXLVLWLRQQHWZRUNRUWKH\DUHSDUWRIDQHWZRUNWKDWPD\
SOD\DFUXFLDOUROHLQWUDQVODWLQJPXVLFDOQRWDWLRQLQWRFRPSOLFDWHGPRWRUFRPPDQGV
HJVXSHULRUSDULHWDOLQIHULRUWHPSRUDOOREH7KHUHDUHWZRSRVVLEOHH[SODQDWLRQV
IRU RXU ILQGLQJV HLWKHU LQGLYLGXDOV ZLWK D SDUWLFXODU EUDLQ DQDWRP\ DUH GUDZQ WR
EHFRPLQJPXVLFLDQVRUVWUXFWXUDOGLIIHUHQFHVDUHGXHWRXVHGHSHQGHQWEUDLQJURZWK
GXULQJDFULWLFDOSHULRGRIEUDLQPDWXUDWLRQ7KLVVHFRQGH[SODQDWLRQLVVXSSRUWHGE\
DZHDOWKRIDQLPDOH[SHULPHQWVVKRZLQJLQFUHDVHVLQJOLDOFDSLOODU\DQGV\QDSVH
GHQVLWLHVDIWHUORQJWHUPPRWRUOHDUQLQJDQGE\DGGLWLRQDOUHVXOWVRIRXUVWXG\VKRZ
LQJPRUHJUD\PDWWHUGLIIHUHQFHVGHSHQGLQJRQSUDFWLFHLQWHQVLW\2YHUDOOWKHUHVXOWV
RIRXUVWXG\DQGRWKHUVWXGLHV±±SURYLGHVWURQJOLQNVEHWZHHQVSHFLDOL]HGVNLOOV
DQGFHUWDLQEUDLQVWUXFWXUHV
5()(5(1&(6
$08176.*6&+/$8*/-$(1&.(HWDO0RWRUFRUWH[DQGKDQGPRWRUVNLOOV
VWUXFWXUDOFRPSOLDQFHLQWKHKXPDQEUDLQ+XPDQ%UDLQ0DSSLQJ±
6&+/$8**/-$(1&.(<+8$1*HWDO,QYLYRHYLGHQFHRIVWUXFWXUDOEUDLQ
DV\PPHWU\LQPXVLFLDQV6FLHQFH±
6&+/$8* * / -$(1&.( < +8$1* HW DO ,QFUHDVHG FRUSXV FDOORVXP VL]H LQ
PXVLFLDQV1HXURSV\FKRORJLD±
6&+/$8* * 7KH EUDLQ RI PXVLFLDQV $ PRGHO IRU IXQFWLRQDO DQG VWUXFWXUDO
DGDSWDWLRQ$QQ1<$FDG6FL±
=$7255(5-':3(55<&$%(&.(77HWDO)XQFWLRQDODQDWRP\RIPXVLFDO
SURFHVVLQJLQOLVWHQHUVZLWKDEVROXWHSLWFKDQGUHODWLYHSLWFK3URF1DWO$FDG6FL
86$±
6&+1(,'(5 3 0 6&+(5* +* '26&+ HW DO 0RUSKRORJ\ RI +HVFKO¶V J\UXV
UHIOHFWV HQKDQFHG DFWLYDWLRQ LQ WKH DXGLWRU\ FRUWH[ RI PXVLFLDQV 1DW 1HXURVFL ±
$6+%851(5 - .- )5,6721 9R[HOEDVHG PRSKRPHWU\±WKH PHWKRGV
1HXURLPDJH±
$1'(5621 %- 3% (&.%85* ., 5(/8&,2 $OWHUDWLRQV LQ WKH WKLFNQHVV RI
PRWRUFRUWLFDOVXEUHJLRQVDIWHUPRWRUVNLOOOHDUQLQJDQGH[HUFLVH/HDUQ0HP±
(/%(577&3$17(9&:,(1%58&+HWDO,QFUHDVHGFRUWLFDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRI
WKHILQJHUVRIWKHOHIWKDQGLQVWULQJSOD\HUV6FLHQFH±
*$6(56&+/$8**5$<0$77(5',))(5(1&(6,1086,&,$16
3$17(9 & 5 2267(19(/' $ (1*(/,(1 HW DO ,QFUHDVHG DXGLWRU\ FRUWLFDO
UHSUHVHQWDWLRQLQPXVLFLDQV1DWXUH±
.((1$1 -3 9 7+$1*$5$- $ +$/3(51 * 6&+/$8* $EVROXWH SLWFK DQG
SODQXPWHPSRUDOH1HXURLPDJH±