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Georgia’s
Criminal Justice System
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Carolina Academic Press
State-Specific Criminal Justice Series
North Carolina’s Criminal Justice System
Second Edition
Paul E. Knepper and Mark Jones
Georgia’s Criminal Justice System
Deborah Mitchell Robinson
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Georgia’s
Criminal Justice System
Deborah Mitchell Robinson
Professor of Criminal Justice
Valdosta State University
Carolina Academic Press
Durham, North Carolina
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Copyright © 2012
Deborah Mitchell Robinson
All Rights Reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Robinson, Deborah Mitchell.
Georgia’s criminal justice system / Deborah M. Robinson.
p. cm. -- (State-specific criminal justice series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-59460-965-7 (alk. paper)
1. Criminal justice, Administration of--Georgia. I. Title.
HV9955.G4R63 2011
364.9758--dc23
2011041751
Carolina Academic Press
700 Kent Street
Durham, North Carolina 27701
Telephone (919) 489-7486
Fax (919) 493-5668
www.cap-press.com
Printed in the United States of America
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This textbook is dedicated to James Stanley Mitchell, Ed.D. (1939–2008).
His influence on me, both personally and professionally, is immeasurable
and everlasting. For the love of academe and of writing that he gave to me,
I will be forever grateful. I love and miss you Daddy!
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Contents
List of Tables
xv
Acknowledgments
xix
Chapter 1 • Georgia’s Criminal Justice System
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Goals of Georgia’s Criminal Justice System
Justice in the Criminal Justice System
National Crime Rates
Uniform Crime Reporting Program
National Incident-Based Reporting System
National Crime Victimization Survey
Crime in Georgia
Georgia Uniform Crime Reporting Program
Georgia Family Violence Statistics
Conclusion
Chapter Review Questions
References
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3
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9
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Chapter 2 • Georgia’s Constitutions
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Rules and Regulations of the Colony of Georgia 1776
The Constitution of 1777
Georgia Constitution of 1789
Georgia Constitution of 1798
Georgia Constitution of 1861
Georgia Constitution of 1865
Georgia Constitution of 1868
Georgia Constitution of 1877
Georgia Constitution of 1945
Georgia Constitution of 1976
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CONTENTS
Georgia Constitution of 1983
Conclusion
Chapter Review Questions
References
Chapter 3 • Crimes in Georgia
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
The General Assembly
Local Ordinances
State Statutes
Chapter 1 General Provisions
Chapter 2 Criminal Liability
Chapter 3 Defenses to Criminal Prosecutions
Minimum Age
Mental Capacity
Involuntary or Voluntary Intoxication
Justified Conduct
Use of Force in Defense of Persons
Use of Force in Defense of Habitation
Use of Force in Defense of Property Other than Habitation
Use of Force Immunity Exception
Entrapment
Coercion
Alibi
Crimes in Georgia
Chapter 4 Criminal Attempt, Conspiracy, and Solicitation
Chapter 5 Crimes Against the Person
Chapter 6 Sexual Offenses
Chapter 7 Damage to and Intrusion Upon Property
Chapter 8 Offenses Involving Theft
Chapter 9 Forgery and Fraudulent Practices
Chapter 10 Offenses Against Public Administration
Chapter 11 Offenses Against Public Order and Safety
Chapter 12 Offenses Against Public Health and Morals
Chapter 13 Controlled Substances
Chapter 15 Street Gang Terrorism and Prevention
Conclusion
Chapter Review Questions
References
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CONTENTS
Chapter 4 • Crime Victims in Georgia
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Georgia Criminal Justice Coordinating Council
Georgia Crime Victims’ Bill of Rights
Definitions of Victim and Crime
Notification to Victims
O.C.G.A. § 17-17-5
O.C.G.A. § 17-17-5.1
O.C.G.A. § 17-17-7
O.C.G.A. § 17-17-8
O.C.G.A. § 17-17-12
O.C.G.A. § 17-17-13
Victims’ Rights in Dealing with Defendants
O.C.G.A. § 17-17-8.1
O.C.G.A. § 17-17-9
O.C.G.A. § 17-17-9.1
O.C.G.A. § 17-17-10
O.C.G.A. § 17-17-11
O.C.G.A. § 17-17-16
Georgia Victims’ Rights in the Juvenile Justice System
O.C.G.A. § 15-11-64.2
O.C.G.A. § 15-11-78
O.C.G.A. § 15-11-155
State Board of Pardons and Paroles Office of Victim Services
Victim Information Program (V.I.P.)
Victim Impact Statements
The Prosecuting Attorneys’ Council of Georgia Victim-Witness
Advocacy Office
Distribution of Profits of Crimes
Georgia’s Sex Offender Registry
History of Sex Offender Registration
O.C.G.A. § 42-1-12 State Sexual Offender Registry
Georgia Bureau of Investigation and Local Sheriffs
Conclusion
Chapter Review Questions
References
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CONTENTS
Chapter 5 • The Criminal Justice Process
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
General Terminology
Jurisdiction and Venue
Limitations on Prosecutions
Probable Cause
Report and Investigation of the Crime
Search and Seizure
Arrest of the Suspect
Arrest Warrant
Making the Arrest
Use of Force in Arrest
Booking
Pretrial Procedures
Initial Appearance
Preliminary Hearing
Accusation
Grand Jury Indictment
Arraignment
Plea Bargaining
Pretrial Motions
Criminal Trial
Jury Selection
Presentation of Evidence
Jury Deliberations
Sentencing and Corrections
Punishments
Capital Felony Convictions
Corrections
Conclusion
Chapter Review Questions
References
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Chapter 6 • Law Enforcement in Georgia
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Federal Law Enforcement in Georgia
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center
State Law Enforcement in Georgia
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CONTENTS
Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division
Wildlife Resources Division
Department of Public Safety
Legal Services and Special Investigations
Capital Police
Georgia State Patrol
Executive Security Division
Motor Carrier Compliance Division
Georgia Bureau of Investigation
Investigative Division
Division of Forensic Sciences
Georgia Crime Information Center (GCIC)
Medical Examiner’s Office
Georgia Emergency Management Agency/Homeland Security
Governor’s Office of Highway Safety
Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority
Additional State Law Enforcement Agencies
County Law Enforcement in Georgia
Sheriff ’s Office
Administrative Division
Patrol Division
Criminal Investigations
Jail Operations
Court Services
Special Operations
Emergency 911 Communications
County Police Departments
County Marshal Departments/Offices
Campus Police
Municipal Law Enforcement in Georgia
Administrative Division
Patrol Division
Investigative Division
Jail Division
Emergency 911 Communications
Community Oriented Policing
Accreditation
National Accreditation
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CONTENTS
State Certification
Law Enforcement Support Organizations
Georgia Association of Chiefs of Police
Georgia Sheriff ’s Association
Peace Officers’ Annuity and Benefit Fund of Georgia
Peace Officers Association of Georgia
Conclusion
Chapter Review Questions
References
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Chapter 7 • Georgia’s Courts
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Federal Courts in Georgia
U.S. Court of Appeals in Georgia
U.S. District Courts
State Court System of Georgia
Supreme Court of Georgia
Officers of the Court
Operation of the Court
State Bar of Georgia and Office of Bar Admissions
Judicial Council of Georgia
Judicial Qualifications Commission
The Chief Justice’s Commission on Professionalism
Equity Commission
Georgia Court of Appeals
Superior Courts
Council of Superior Court Judges
State Courts
Council of State Court Judges
Probate Courts
Council of Probate Court Judges
Magistrate Courts
Council of Magistrate Court Judges
Juvenile Courts
Council of Juvenile Court Judges
Municipal Courts
Council of Municipal Court Judges
Georgia Accountability Courts
Prosecuting Attorneys in the State of Georgia
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CONTENTS
Attorney General of Georgia
District Attorney
Solicitor-General
Georgia’s Public Defenders
Conclusion
Chapter Review Questions
References
Chapter 8 • Corrections in Georgia
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
Federal Bureau of Prisons
State of Georgia Department of Corrections
History of State Corrections in Georgia
Today’s Correctional System
Classifications
Agency Divisions
Correctional Facilities
State Prisons
Inmates Under Death Sentence
Private Prisons
Boot Camps
County Prisons
Pre-Release Centers
Transitional Centers
Reentry Initiative and Services
State Board of Pardons and Paroles
Supervision
Victim Services
Probation Supervision
Probationer Profile
Probation Detention Centers
Court Services
Day Reporting Centers
Juveniles in Adult Prisons
Special Operations
GDC Tactical Squads
Canine (K-9) Units
Correctional Emergency Response Team (CERT)
Inter-Agency Liaison
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CONTENTS
Local Corrections
Jail Designs
Georgia Statutes
Probation Supervision
Conclusion
Chapter Review Questions
References
Chapter 9 • Georgia’s Juveniles
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
History of Juvenile Justice in Georgia
Federal Oversight of Juvenile Justice
Jurisdiction of the Juvenile Court
Exclusive Original Jurisdiction of Juvenile Court
(O.C.G.A. § 15-11-28(a))
Concurrent Jurisdiction with Superior Court
(O.C.G.A. § 15-11-28(b)(1))
Exclusive Jurisdiction of the Superior Court
(O.C.G.A. § 15-11-28(b)(2)(A))
Juvenile Justice Terms and Definitions
Child (O.C.G.A. § 15-11-2(2))
Delinquent Act (O.C.G.A. § 15-11-2(6))
Delinquent Child (O.C.G.A. § 15-11-2(7))
Status Offender (O.C.G.A. § 15-11-2(11))
Unruly Child (O.C.G.A. § 15-11-2(12))
Designated Felony (O.C.G.A. § 15-11-63,
Uniform Juvenile Court Rule 15.2)
The Juvenile Justice Process
Intake and Custody
Probable Cause/Detention Hearing
Adjudicatory Hearing
Dispositional Hearing and Commitment
Aftercare
Sealing Records
Officers of the Court and Court Personnel
Appointment of Juvenile Court Judges
Appointment of Associate Juvenile Court Judges
Appointment of Juvenile Court Personnel
Juvenile Justice Statistics
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CONTENTS
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Statewide Budget
Arrests for Uniform Crime Report (UCR) Index Crimes
Juveniles Served
Juvenile Characteristics
Conclusion
Chapter Review Questions
References
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207
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Chapter 10 • Training and Educating Criminal Justice Personnel
Learning Objectives
Key Terms
The Georgia P.O.S.T. Council
P.O.S.T. Certifications
Basic Mandate Certification — Local
Law Enforcement Certification
Jail Officer Certification
Communications Officer Certification
Municipal Probation Officer Certification
Basic Mandate Certification — State
Georgia Bureau of Investigation
Georgia Department of Corrections
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Georgia State Patrol
In-Service Training
Career Development Certification
Intermediate Certification
Advanced Certification
Senior Deputy Sheriff Certification
Supervisory Certification
Management Certification
Executive Certification
Instructor Certification
General Instructor Training
Department Training Officer
Field Training Officer
Communications Training Officer
Specialized Instructor Certification
Defensive Tactics Instructor
Driver Instructor
Firearms Instructor
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CONTENTS
Hazardous Materials Instructor
Speed Detection Instructor
Criminal Justice Education
University System of Georgia
Technical College System of Georgia
Private Higher Education Institutions
Accreditation
Professional Academic Organizations
American Society of Criminology (ASC)
Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS)
American Criminal Justice Association-Lambda
Alpha Epsilon (ACJA-LAE)
Southern Criminal Justice Association (SCJA)
Criminal Justice Association of Georgia (CJAG)
Conclusion
Chapter Review Questions
References
Index
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List of Tables
Chapter 1 •
Table 1.1
Table 1.2
Table 1.3
Table 1.4
Table 1.5
Table 1.6
Table 1.7
Georgia’s Criminal Justice System
2010 Crime Data
30-Year Crime Rates
Family Violence Aggressor by Sex
Weapons Used in Family Violence
Relationship of Offender to Victim
Police Action Taken
Family Violence Incidents 1996–2010
Chapter 8 •
Table 8.1
Table 8.2
Table 8.3
Table 8.4
Table 8.5
Table 8.6
Table 8.7
Table 8.8
Corrections in Georgia
Number of Inmates by Offenses
Inmates by Age, Gender, and Race
Age and Race of Males Under Death Sentence
Age of Probationers by Gender
Race of Probations by Gender
Offenses of Probationers by Gender
Age of Inmates at Admission
Race of Juveniles Serving In Adult Prisons
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176
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Chapter 9 •
Table 9.1
Table 9.2
Table 9.3
Table 9.4
Table 9.5
Georgia’s Juveniles
Juvenile Arrests versus Total Arrests
Juveniles Served in FY 2009
Legal Status by Gender
Legal Status by Race
Legal Status by Age
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Acknowledgments
I would like to acknowledge first and foremost my kids, Brock and Charlotte.
Thank you both for being so patient with me during the writing of this textbook. And to Sweetie for keeping them occupied during the summer! A big
thank you to those who read the chapters and drafts, keeping me focused on
the final outcome. I also want to thank Beth and Carolina Academic Press for
creating a great working environment.
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