Climate Change Regulation and the
Next Generation of Refrigerants
Mike Thompson
Global Leader of Refrigerant Strategy
Ingersoll Rand
Increasing Global Threats to the HFC’s
• R-134a banned from autos in Europe in 2013
• R-134a “incentivized” out of use in autos in US in 2016
• European countries such as Denmark, Austria, and Switzerland
•
•
•
•
•
•
have already banned most uses of HFC’s.
Refrigerant manufacturers are aggressively working
to develop a new generation of lower GWP
refrigerants (HFO’s) to replace current generation
of HFC’s (R-134a, R-410A, R-407C)
USA/Mexico/Canada proposal to the Montreal Protocol to
phase down HFC’s (70% reduction by 2029)
US formation of CCAC (Climate and Clean Air Coalition)- now
with 50 member nations
Aggressive “GWP” taxes in Australia, Norway, Denmark,
Sweden, Germany
EU proposing phase down/phase out of HFC’s in EU, calls to
reduce HFC’s 79% by 2030
Foam manufacturers making transition now out of high GWP
HFC’s
CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF TRANE
Why Go After HFC’s?
Why Go After HFC’s?
Methods of Phasing Out/Phasing Down HFC’s
• Outright ban on HFC’s
►
Tried in some EU countries
• Regulatory phase down
►
Several proposals being evaluated globally
• Voluntary phase down (with incentives)
►
Popular method for the US
• GWP or Carbon Taxes
►
Popular method for the EU
EU Proposed Regulation
• Combination of bans and phase downs
►
►
Aggressive where alternative already exist (Domestic Refrigerators)
Aggressive on very high GWP fluids (R-404A)
• Specific Bans
►
►
►
►
►
►
Domestic refrigerators (GWP>150) ban on 1/1/15
Commercial ref and freezers (GWP>2500) ban on 1/1/17
Service for comm. ref and freezers (GWP>2500) ban on 1/1/20
Moveable room A/C (GWP>150) ban on 1/1/20
Ban on pre-charged equipment 3 years after law passes
No specifics yet on stationary A/C
• General HFC phase downs2015
100%
2016-2017
93%
2018-2020
63%
2021-2023
45%
2024-2026
31%
2027-2029
24%
2030
21%
• Agreement expected before summer 2014
Outright Ban on HFC’s
• Several countries have attempted this already
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►
►
►
Denmark
Austria
Switzerland
Luxembourg
• Complete ban is a challenge for all applications
►
►
►
Automotive was a challenge by country
Critical use exemptions (medical)
Safety (toxicity and flammability of available alternatives)
• Alternative to outright ban is a combination of taxes,
and application specific bans
Regulatory Phase Down of HFC’s
• US/Canada/Mexico Phasedown of HFC’s
Calls for global phasedown of HFC’s- 30% by 2030
► Approx 5 year delay for developing countries
►
• EU Phase out/phase down proposal
Calls for 79% phasedown of HFC’s by 2030 in EU
► Bans servicing of some HFC’s as early as 2020
►
Voluntary Phase Downs
• Regulatory “Carrots”
►
US Automotive Café standards give MPG
incentive for using low GWP refrigerants
• Voluntary Phase downs
Kyoto Protocol
► CCAC (Climate and Clean Air Coalition)
►
Taxing our Way to New Refrigerants
• GWP based HFC’s taxes are becoming common
overseas
• Effective way to make newer, more expensive
technologies more competitive
• No consideration given to efficiency
Taxes today on HFC’s (R-134a Baseline)
- Australia- $25/lb
- Denmark- $28 EU/kg
- Norway- 39 EU/kg
- Sweden- 35 EU/kg
- Germany- currently considering
Taxes based on GWP
- R-32- GWP= 675
- R-134a- GWP= 1430
- R-407C- GWP= 1800
- R-410A- GWP= 2100
- R-404A- GWP= 3900
The Future Direction
Focusing on Emissions and
Efficiency is fundamental to
doing what’s right both for
business and the
environment.
1. Low ODP
(Ozone Depletion Potential)
2. Low GWP
(Global Warming Potential)
3. High operating efficiency
4. Short atmospheric life
5. Low leakage rates
The Best Environmental Solution
CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF TRANE
Emissions
Energy
Efficiency
Availability and Timing
Timeline of Refrigerant Usage
Developed Countries
Developed Countries
Developed Countries
Production of
most CFC
equipment ends
Production of
R-22 equipment
ends
Production of
R-123 equipment
ends
CFC production
ends (R-11, R-12)
Developing Countries
Production of
HCFC equipment
ends
Developing Countries
Developed Countries
Developed Countries
No new R-22
for service
No new R-123
for service
No new HCFC
Production
Developing Countries
Developed Countries
CFC production
ends (R-11, R-12)
1990
2000
2010
Beginning of
“no use” of
R-134a in MAC¥
in Europe
Kyoto Protocol Signed
2020
2030
Today
2040
2050
Continued use of recycled
refrigerants for
developing countries
Continued use of recycled R-123
Continued use of recycled R-22
Continued use of recycled CFC’s
Montreal Protocol Signed
¥ MAC: Mobil Air Conditioning
Note:
Included in the use of “recycled” refrigerants is also the use of stockpiled supplies of the refrigerant produced before the phase out
Note:InIncluded
the use
“recycled”on
refrigerants
is alsoofthe
use of and
stockpiled
supplies
of the
produced before the phase out
date.
addition,inthere
is noofrestriction
the importation
recycled
recovered
supplies
of refrigerant
refrigerants.
date. In addition, there is no restriction on the importation of recycled and recovered supplies of refrigerants.
Timeline of HFC Phasedown Regulations and Proposals
Developed Countries
Developed Countries
Developed Countries
Production of
most CFC
equipment ends
Production of
R-22 equipment
ends
Production of
R-123 equipment
ends
CFC production
ends (R-11, R-12)
Developing Countries
Production of
HCFC equipment
ends
Developing Countries
Developed Countries
Developed Countries
No new R-22
for service
No new R-123
for service
No new HCFC
Production
Developing Countries
Developed Countries
CFC production
ends (R-11, R-12)
1990
2000
Today
2010
Foam Industry
begins
transition to
low GWP
2030
EU proposes
service ban on
HFC’s with
GWP>2500
R-134a banned
in new car
models in EU
EU Proposes
Ban on HFC’s
with GWP>150
for dom refrig
2020
EU Proposes
Ban on equip
w/HFC’s with
GWP > 2500
CAFÉ Stds to
push R-134a
change in US
Autos
2040
2050
EU Proposes
79% reduction
of HFC’s
R-134a banned
in all car
models in EU
US/Can/Mex
Proposal to cut
HFC by 70%
¥ MAC: Mobil Air Conditioning
Note:
Included in the use of “recycled” refrigerants is also the use of stockpiled supplies of the refrigerant produced before the phase out
Note:InIncluded
the use
“recycled”on
refrigerants
is alsoofthe
use of and
stockpiled
supplies
of the
produced before the phase out
date.
addition,inthere
is noofrestriction
the importation
recycled
recovered
supplies
of refrigerant
refrigerants.
date. In addition, there is no restriction on the importation of recycled and recovered supplies of refrigerants.
New Technology and Refrigerants
Comparing Today’s Alternatives
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
Water Cooled Chiller Efficiency (COP)
1
6.8
6.6
0.8
6.4
0.7
0.6
COP
ODP (R-11=1.0)
0.9
0.5
6.2
6
0.4
5.8
0.3
0.2
5.6
0.1
5.4
0
R-11
R-12
R-22
R-123
R-11
R-134a R-410A R-407C R-245fa
Global Warming Potential (GWP)
R-12
R-22
R-123
R-134a
R-410A
R-407C
R-245fa
Atmospheric Half-Life (Years)
12000
100
80
8000
Years
GWP (CO2= 1.0)
10000
6000
40
4000
150
GWP
2000
0
60
R-11
R-12
R-22
R-123 R-134a R-410A R-407C R-245fa
20
0
R-11
R-12
R-22
R-123
R-134a
R-410A
Time Spent in Atmosphere… Effects ODP & GWP Impact
CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF TRANE
R-407C R-245fa
Considerations for a New Refrigerant
Are There Low GWP Options?
W/C Chillers
Refrigeration
Unitary
Efficiency Comparison of New Alternatives
W/C Chillers
Refrigeration
Unitary
Capacity Can Vary Among Replacements
W/C Chillers
Refrigeration
Unitary
Compressor Discharge Temp
W/C Chillers
Refrigeration
Unitary
Glide (Variation of Boil. Pts. Among Blend Components)
W/C Chillers
Refrigeration
Unitary
New Definitions for “Slightly Flammable” Refrigerants
Various Risk Factors for Refrigerant Flammability
What About Natural Refrigerants like CO2?
Why Use Low Pressure Refrigerants
for Centrifugal Chillers?
CenTraVac:
MORE INFO
Design Fundamentals
Commitment to delivering:
- Reliability
- Efficiency
- Lowest Emissions
Direct Drive
Multi-Stage
Semi-Hermetic
Low Pressure
with Integrated Unit Controls
Product
Portfolio
Trane CenTraVac Remains the Best Chiller Made!
CONFIDENTIAL AND
Normal Boiling Point (NBP) Degrees F
Efficiency and Operating Pressure
90
Liquid at Room Temp
R-123
70
Gas at Room Temp
50
Lower
Pressure
R-11
R-245fa
30
R-600a
10
R-134a
-10
R-717
-30
R-290
R-410A
-50
R-12
R-22
R-32
-70
5.8
5.9
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
Theretical Efficiency at AHRI Conditions (COP)
Lower Efficiency
6.6
Higher Efficiency
Higher
Pressure
Centrifugal Compressor:
MORE INFO
Technology Comparison
Gear Drive
Single Stage
Direct Drive
Multi-Stage
Other Designs
Choices Drive Different Outcomes
CONFIDENTIAL AND
Summary
What is Really Important Over
the Life of the Chiller?
Cost of Electricity 94.53%
First Cost of Chiller 5.18%
Cost of Initial Refrigerant 0.25%
Cost of Lifetime
Refrigerant Supply 0.04%
Balanced
Approach with a Focus on Efficiency
CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF TRANE
(Montreal Protocol)
Ozone Depleting
Substances
Options For HVAC Refrigerants
High
(CFCs)
Low
(HCFCs)
R-11
R-12
ODP
GWP
ODP
GWP
R-22
R-123
ODP
GWP
R-113
R-500
ODP
GWP
ODP
GWP
Concerns
ODP
ODP
Ozone Depletion
Potential
GWP Global Warming
R-134a
R-410A
(HFCs > 1,000)
(Kyoto Protocol)
Global Warming
High
R-32
Moderate
GWP
GWP
R-407C
R-245fa
GWP
GWP
Flammable
Slightly
Flammability 2L
GWP
(HFCs > 150 to 1,000)
Efficiency
R-152a
(HFCs & HFOs ≤ 500)
R-1234yf
R-1234ze
Natural &
Hydrocarbons
Propane
Butane
CO2
Ammonia
Low
Potential
Cost
Toxicity
Today’s Chemicals: No Perfect Refrigerant
CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF TRANE
What Actions Should I Take?
- Make sure equipment, system, and controls are
working together, and are maximizing the system
efficiency
- Maintain your existing equipment to peak efficiency
- Monitor, track, repair any leaks to your system
- Take a balanced approach to refrigerant selection
- ODP
- GWP
- Full and part load efficiency (chiller and system)
- Minimal refrigerant usage, minimal leaks