Name_____________________________________ Review for Oceanography Final Part 2 – Oceanography 1. Chemistry and Water 1.1.
Periodic Table 1.
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What are the three main subatomic particles? Where can you find each of the subatomic particles in the atom? (nucleus/electron cloud) What electrical charge does each subatomic particle have? What does the atomic number tell you? What does the mass number tell you? What’s the difference between atomic mass and mass number? What does it mean to have a neutral atom? How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom? What is the difference between an atom and a molecule? What is the “glue” that holds atoms together? Properties of Water What types of atoms and how many of each are found in a water molecule? What is a hydrogen bond? Why does it form? Which state of matter (solid/liquid/gas) has the most hydrogen bonds? In which state of matter do the molecules move the fastest? Slowest? In which state of matter are the molecules farthest apart? Closest together? Which state of matter has the lowest temperature? Highest temperature? Which state of matter has the lowest density? Highest density? (You may answer differently for water and for other substances.) What happens to hydrogen bonds as you heat water? Explain at least two reasons why hydrogen bonding makes water special. Heat Curve and Density What is the formula for density? Name two ways that you can change the density of a substance? What is the density of water (approximately)? At what temperature is water’s density maximum? Why? When will an object float in water? When will an object sink in water? An object has a density of 0.8 g/cm3. Will it float or sink in water? How does the density of ice compare to the density of liquid water? In general, how does density of cold water compare with the density of warm water? In general, how does density compare in solids, liquids, and gases? Define evaporation, condensation, freezing, and melting in terms of states of matter. What is the difference between latent heat and sensible heat? What changes when adding latent heat? Sensible heat? Why does temperature not increase when adding latent heat? What is the difference between latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporization? 1 34.
Know how to read a heat curve. Using the phase change graph, be able to identify: a) The phase(s) of matter present at each segment b) Location where latent heat of vaporization is being added c) Location where latent heat of fusion is being added d) Locations where sensible heat is being added e) Freezing/melting point and boiling/condensation point f) Identify if the substance is water. 35. Which requires more energy – melting ice into water or boiling water into gas? Why? 36. What is the difference between heat and temperature? 37. A 50mL cup of 5o water is mixed with a 100mL cup of 80o water. What happens to the temperature? What happens to the heat? 38. What happens to the freezing point of water when salt is added? (ice cream) 2. The Ocean 2.1.
Layers of the Ocean 39. As you travel deeper in the ocean, what happens to temperature? Density? Salinity? 40. Identify the layers of the ocean. What divides the ocean into layers? 41. Define the thermocline. 2.2.
Chemical Properties of Ocean Water 42. What are the two most abundant elements in the ocean? Together, they make ________. 43. What are the next two most abundant elements in the ocean? Together, they make ________, commonly known as _________. 44. Define salinity. 45. What happens to the density of water as you increase salinity? 46. What percentage of the ocean is pure water? 47. How are sea surface temperature and sea surface salinity related? 2.3.
Currents 48. What causes the most surface currents? 49. How can you tell if a current is a warm water current or a cold water current? 50. Which currents affect the continental US? How do these currents affect the climate of each coast? 51. Why do surface currents generally move in a circular pattern? 52. In which direction to surface currents in the northern hemisphere circulate – clockwise or counterclockwise? 53. What is thermohaline circulation? What drives sinking water? How is it affected by global warming? 2.4.
Waves 54. Do waves carry matter or energy? 55. What the difference between a longitudinal and a transverse wave? 56. What kind of wave is a water wave – longitudinal or transverse? 2 57.
Identify the parts of a wave on the diagram: 1 2 4 5 6 3
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When do ocean waves start to “break”? How do orbital waves differ in deep and shallow water? What causes longshore current? In what direction does it travel? Tides What are tides? What causes tides? If the mass of an object is greater, will the pull on that object by gravity be stronger? Which has a greater effect on tides – the sun or the moon? Why? How many high tides in a day usually? How many low tides? So a high tide and a low tide are separated by about _____ hours. What is the difference between a spring tide and a neap tide? What is the significance of a perigean spring tide? 66.
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3. The Beach 3.1.
Beach Features 68. Define erosion and deposition. 69. Give examples of geological features constructed by the process of longshore current. 70. Be able to identify coastal features on a diagram. 71. Draw a diagram and label the parts of a typical beach. 72. Which beach feature(s) are ALWAYS underwater? 73. If the ridge is covered, does this mean high tide or low tide? 74. What manmade features help prevent beach erosion? 3