PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FURFURAL
O
CHO
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Overview:
2
1.1.
General Properties
2
1.2
Thermodynamic Properties
3
1.3
Fluid Properties
3
1.4
Electrical Properties
3
1.5
Flammability Properties
3
2. Physical properties in detail:
4
2.1.
Vapor Pressure
4
2.2.
Thermal Conductivity
5
- Liquid
- Vapor
2.3.
Surface Tension
7
2.4.
Viscosity
8
- Liquid
- Vapor
2.5.
Heat Capacity at constant pressure
10
- Liquid
- Vapor
2.6.
Enthalpy of Vaporization
12
2.7.
Furfural-Water
13
- Solution-Temperature diagram
- Vapor-Liquid composition
- Vapor-Liquid equilibrium
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1. OVERVIEW:
1.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES:
Molecular weight
96.08
Boiling point at 101.3 kPa (1 atm), °C
161.7
Freezing point, °C
-36.5
Refractive index, nD
20°C
1.5261
25°C
Density, d4 at 20°C, g/cm
1.5235
3
1.1598
Vapor density (air=1)
3.3
Critical pressure, Pc, MPa
5.502
Critical temperature, Tc, °C
397
Solubility in, wt%
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water
8.3
alcohol; ether
∞
2
1.2 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES:
Heat of vaporization (liq), kJ/mol
42.8
Heat capacity (liq), J/(g.K)
20-100°C
1.74
Heat of combustion (liq), kJ/mol
2344
Enthalpy of formation, kJ/mol
-151
1.3 FLUID PROPERTIES:
Viscosity, mPa.s, 25°C
1.49
Surface tension, mN/m (=dyn/cm)
29.9°C
40.7
1.4 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES:
Dielectric constant 20°C
41.9
1.5 FLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES:
Explosion limits (in air), vol%
2.1-19.3
Flash point, °C, tag closed cup
61.7
Auto ignition temperature, °C
315
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2. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES IN DETAIL:
2.1 VAPOR PRESSURE:
pi = exp(a + b/T + c.ln(T) + d.T2)
a = 78,653
b = -8043
c = -8,1424
d = 4,509e-6
(p i in Pa; T in K)
10000000
1000000
Vapor pressure (Pa)
100000
10000
1000
100
10
1
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
Temperature (K)
Experimental data from Riddick, J.A., Bunger, W.B., "Organic Solvents: Physical Properties and methods of
purification," 3rd ed. Wiley Interscience, New York (1970)
Experimental data from Kirk-Othmer, " Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology," 3rd ed., Interscience, New York
(1978)
Experimental data from Matthews, J.B., Sumner, J.F., Moelwyn-Hughes, E.A., "The vapor Pressures of Certain
Liquids,' Trans. Faraday Soc. 46, 797 (1950).
Predicted data from Othmer, D.F., Yu, E. "Correlating Vapor pressures an Vapor Volumes,' Ind.Eng. Chem. 60,22
(1968)
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2.2 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY:
Liquid
λ = a + b.T
a = 0,2295
b = -1,936e-4
( λ in W/m.K ; T in K)
0,174
0,172
Thermal conductivity ( W/m.K)
0,17
0,168
0,166
0,164
0,162
0,16
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
Temperature (K)
Experimental data from Geller, Z.I., Rastroguev, Yu.L., Ganiev, Yu.A., "Thermal Conductivity of Selected solvents,"
Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved., Neft Gaz 8(6), 79 (1965)
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Vapor
b
=
(a.T
)/(1 + c/T + d/T2)
λ
a = 8,3221e-3
b =0,4228
c = 637,87
d = 5,502e5
( λ in W/m.K ; T in K)
0,08
0,07
Thermal conductivity ( W/m.K)
0,06
0,05
0,04
0,03
0,02
0,01
0
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
Temperature (K)
Predicted data from Stiel, L.I., Thodos, G.,"The thermal conductivity of nonpolar substances in the dense gaseous and liquid
regions," AIChe J. 10, 266 (1964)
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2.3 SURFACE TENSION:
b
σ = a.(1 - T r )
a =0,08429
b = 1,1124
( σ in N/m ; T in K)
0,05
0,045
0,04
Surface tension (N/m)
0,035
0,03
0,025
0,02
0,015
0,01
0,005
0
250
270
290
310
330
350
370
390
410
430
450
Temperature (K)
Data from Jasper, J.J., "The surface Tension of Pure Liquid compounds,"J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1(4), 841 (1972)
Data from International Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics, Chemistry, and Technology ( 7 vols. + Index),
edited by E.W. Washburn, McGraw-Hill, New York (1926-1933)
Data from Murphy, N.F., Lastovica, J.E., Fallis, J.G., "Correlation of Interfacial Tension of Two-Phase, ThreeComponent Systems," Ind. Eng. Cehm. 49(6), 1035 (1957)
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2.4 VISCOSITY:
Liquid
µ = exp(a + b/T + c.ln(T))
a = -69,008
b = 3950,4
c = 8,655
( m in Pa.s ; T in K)
0,003
0,0025
Viscosity (Pa.s)
0,002
0,0015
0,001
0,0005
0
250
270
290
310
330
350
370
390
410
430
Temperature (K)
Experimental data from Riddick, J.A., Bunger, W;B., "Organic Solvents : Physical Properties and Methods of purification,
"3rd ed., Wiley Interscience, New york (1970)
Predicted data from Gallant, R.W., "Physical Properties of Hydrocarbons," Gulf Publishing Co?, Houston, Texas (Vol.1,1968;
Vol.2 1970)
Experimental data from Kirk-Othmer, "Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology," 3rd ed., Interscience, New york (1978)
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Vapor
b
µ = (a.T )/(1 + c/T)
a = 1,7834e-7
b = 0,7524
c = 231,09
( µ in Pa.s ; T in K)
0,00003
0,000025
Viscosity ( Pa.s)
0,00002
0,000015
0,00001
0,000005
0
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
Temperature (K)
Predicted data from Chapman, S., Cowling, T.G., "The Mathematical Theory of Non-uniform gases," Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, England (1952) and Stiel, L.T., Thodos, G., "Force Constants for Polar Substances : their prediction from
critical Prope
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2.5 HEAT CAPACITY AT CONSTANT PRESSURE:
Liquid
cp = a + b.T
a = 73,9
b = 0,2994
(cp in J/mol.K ; T in K)
220
200
Cp ( J/mol.K)
180
160
140
120
100
200
250
300
350
400
450
Temperature (K)
Predicted data from Lee, B.I., Kesler, M.G., " A generalised Thermodynamic Correlation Based on Three
Parameter Corresponding States," AIChe J. 21(3), 510 (1975)
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Vapor
cp = a + b.((c/T)/sinh(c/T))2 + d.((e/T)/cosh(e/T))2
a = 47,3
b = 198,3
c = 1040,6
d = 109
e = 472,6
(cp in J/mol.K ; T in K)
250
200
Cp ( J/mol.K)
150
100
50
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Temperature (K)
Predicted data from Kudchadker, S.A. Kudchadker, A.P., "Thermodynamic Properties of Oxygen
Compounds. III. Benzaldehyde and Furfural (2-Furaldehyde)," Thermochim. Acta 12,432 (1975)
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2.6 ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION:
b
∆ H vap = a.(1- Tr)
a = 59610
b = 0,3126
( ∆ H vap in J/mol ; T in K)
60000
Enthalpy of vaporization (J/mol)
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
Temperature (K)
Data from Riddick, J.A., Bunger, W;B. "Organic solvents : Physical Properties an Methods of
purification," 3rd ed., wiley Interscience, New York (1970)
Data calculated from the Clapeyron Equation
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2.7 FURFURAL-WATER:
Furfural-Water
Solution-Temperature Diagram
140
120
Temperature (°C)
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
wt% Furfural
Data from Mains, G.H., Chem. & Met. Eng.,26,779 (1922)
Data from Evans, W.V. and Aylesworth, M.B., Ind.Eng.Chem. 18,24 (1926)
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Furfural-Water
Vapor-liquid composition
1
0,9
0,8
mole fraction Furfural in vapor
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
mole fraction Furfural in liquid
Based on data from Mains, G.H., Chem. & Met. Eng.,26,779 (1922)
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Furfural-Water
Vapor-liquid equilibrium
180
100,5
100
160
99,5
99
98,5
140
98
97,5
0
10
20
30
40
50
40
Temperature ( °C)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
60
70
80
90
100
wt % Furfural
Based on data from Mains, G.H., Chem. & Met. Eng.,26,779 (1922)
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The data contained herein are based on information currently available to us and believed to be
factual and the opinions expressed to be those of qualified experts; however, these data are not
to be taken as a warranty of representation for which TransFurans Chemicals assumes legal
responsibility.
Physical Properties of Furfural 1e version 12/22/2000
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