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H
Properties
of Materials
Notes:
1. Properties of materials vary greatly depending upon manufacturing
processes, chemical composition, internal defects, temperature, previous loading history, age, dimensions of test specimens, and other factors. The tabulated
values are typical but should never be used for specific engineering or design
purposes. Manufacturers and materials suppliers should be consulted for information about a particular product.
2. Except when compression or bending is indicated, the modulus of elasticity E, yield stress sY, and ultimate stress sU are for materials in tension.
H1
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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APPENDIX H Properties of Materials
TABLE H-1 WEIGHTS AND MASS DENSITIES
Weight density g
Mass density r
kN/m3
kg/m3
Aluminum alloys
2014-T6, 7075-T6
6061-T6
26–28
28
26
2,600–2,800
2,800
2,700
Brass
82–85
8,400–8,600
Bronze
80–86
8,200–8,800
Cast iron
68–72
7,000–7,400
Concrete
Plain
Reinforced
Lightweight
23
24
11–18
2,300
2,400
1,100–1,800
87
8,900
Glass
24–28
2,400–2,800
Magnesium alloys
17–18
1,760–1,830
Monel (67% Ni, 30% Cu)
87
8,800
Nickel
87
8,800
Plastics
Nylon
Polyethylene
8.6–11
9.4–14
880–1,100
960–1,400
Rock
Granite, marble, quartz
Limestone, sandstone
26–28
20–28
2,600–2,900
2,000–2,900
Rubber
9–13
960–1,300
Sand, soil, gravel
12–21
1,200–2,200
77.0
7,850
Titanium
44
4,500
Tungsten
190
1,900
Water, fresh
sea
9.81
10.0
1,000
1,020
4.7–5.5
6.3–7.1
5.5–6.3
480–560
640–720
560–640
Material
Copper
Steel
Wood (air dry)
Douglas fir
Oak
Southern pine
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APPENDIX H Properties of Materials
H3
TABLE H-2 MODULI OF ELASTICITY AND POISSON’S RATIOS
Modulus of elasticity E
Shear modulus of elasticity G
GPa
GPa
Poisson’s
ratio n
Aluminum alloys
2014-T6
6061-T6
7075-T6
70–79
73
70
72
26–30
28
26
27
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
Brass
96–110
36–41
0.34
Bronze
96–120
36–44
0.34
Cast iron
83–170
32–69
0.2–0.3
Concrete (compression)
17–31
Material
Copper and copper alloys
0.1–0.2
110–120
40–47
0.33–0.36
Glass
48–83
19–35
0.17–0.27
Magnesium alloys
41–45
15–17
0.35
Monel (67% Ni, 30% Cu)
170
66
0.32
Nickel
210
80
0.31
Plastics
Nylon
Polyethylene
2.1–3.4
0.7–1.4
0.4
0.4
Rock (compression)
Granite, marble, quartz
Limestone, sandstone
40–100
20–70
0.2–0.3
0.2–0.3
Rubber
0.0007–0.004
0.0002–0.001
0.45–0.50
Steel
190–210
75–80
0.27–0.30
Titanium alloys
100–120
39–44
0.33
Tungsten
340–380
140–160
0.2
Wood (bending)
Douglas fir
Oak
Southern pine
11–13
11–12
11–14
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APPENDIX H Properties of Materials
TABLE H-3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Yield stress sY
Ultimate stress sU
MPa
MPa
Percent
elongation
(25 mm gage
length)
Aluminum alloys
2014-T6
6061-T6
7075-T6
35–500
410
270
480
100–550
480
310
550
1–45
13
17
11
Brass
70–550
200–620
4–60
Bronze
82–690
200–830
5–60
Cast iron (tension)
120–290
69–480
0–1
Material
Cast iron (compression)
340–1,400
Concrete (compression)
10–70
Copper and copper alloys
55–760
230–830
4–50
30–1,000
70
7,000–20,000
0
80–280
140–340
2–20
170–1,100
450–1,200
2–50
100–620
310–760
2–50
Plastics
Nylon
Polyethylene
40–80
7–28
20–100
15–300
Rock (compression)
Granite, marble, quartz
Limestone, sandstone
50–280
20–200
Glass
Plate glass
Glass fibers
Magnesium alloys
Monel (67% Ni, 30% Cu)
Nickel
Rubber
1–7
7–20
100–800
Steel
High-strength
Machine
Spring
Stainless
Tool
340–1,000
340–700
400–1,600
280–700
520
550–1,200
550–860
700–1,900
400–1,000
900
5–25
5–25
3–15
5–40
8
Steel, structural
ASTM-A36
ASTM-A572
ASTM-A514
200–700
250
340
700
340–830
400
500
830
10–40
30
20
15
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APPENDIX H Properties of Materials
H5
TABLE H-3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES (Continued)
Yield stress sY
Ultimate stress sU
MPa
MPa
Percent
elongation
(25 mm gage
length)
Steel wire
280–1,000
550–1,400
5–40
Titanium alloys
760–1,000
900–1,200
10
1,400–4,000
0–4
Material
Tungsten
Wood (bending)
Douglas fir
Oak
Southern pine
30–50
40–60
40–60
50–80
50–100
50–100
Wood (compression parallel to grain)
Douglas fir
Oak
Southern pine
30–50
30–40
30–50
40–70
30–50
40–70
TABLE H-4 COEFFICIENTS OF THERMAL EXPANSION
Material
Coefficient of
thermal expansion a
Material
10⫺6/°C
10⫺6/°C
Aluminum alloys
Brass
23
19.1–21.2
Bronze
18–21
Cast iron
9.9–12
Concrete
7–14
Plastics
Nylon
Polyethylene
Rock
Rubber
Copper and copper alloys
Glass
Magnesium alloys
16.6–17.6
5–11
26.1–28.8
Coefficient of
thermal expansion a
70–140
140–290
5–9
130–200
Steel
High-strength
Stainless
Structural
10–18
14
17
12
8.1–11
Monel (67% Ni, 30% Cu)
14
Titanium alloys
Nickel
13
Tungsten
4.3
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