Period
Periodic Table of the Elements
1
IA
1
1
18
VIII A
atomic # →
±1
2
II A
H
1s
hydrogen
English element name →
copper
2
2s
lithium
beryllium
6.941
9.012
3s
+1
12
sodium
magnesium
22.99
4
4s
20
K
Ca
calcium
5s
38
6s
Rb
Sr
strontium
7
7s
+3
5
VB
6
VI B
7
VII B
8
VIII B
9
VIII B
10
VIII B
11
IB
12
II B
56
Cs
Ba
barium
132.9
137.3
+1
88
Fr
Ra
francium
radium
223
226
+2,3,4,6,7
26
+3,2
27
+2,3
28
+2,3
29
+2,1
3p
30
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
manganese
iron
cobalt
nickel
copper
zinc
47.87
+3
50.94
40
+4
41
52.00
+5,3
42
54.94
+6,3,5
43
55.85
+7,4,6
44
+4,3,6,8
58.93
45
58.69
+3,4,6
46
63.55
+2,4
47
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
zirconium
niobium
molybdenum
technetium
ruthenium
rhodium
palladium
silver
cadmium
91.22
92.91
72
+4
73
95.94
+5
74
98
+6,4
75
101.1
+7,4,6
76
+4,6,8
102.9
77
106.4
+4,3,6
78
107.9
+4,2
79
+3,1
carbon
nitrogen
oxygen
fluorine
neon
10.81
12.01
14.01
16.00
19.00
20.18
−3
15
−2
16
−1
17
S
Cl
Ar
aluminum
silicon
phosphorus
sulfur
chlorine
argon
28.09
+3
32
30.97
+4,2
32.07
−3
33
35.45
−2
34
39.95
−1
35
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
gallium
germanium
arsenic
selenium
bromine
krypton
72.64
+3
50
74.92
+4,2
51
78.96
+3,5
79.90
−2
52
83.80
−1
53
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
indium
tin
antimony
tellurium
iodine
xenon
114.8
81
118.7
+1,3
82
121.8
+2,4
127.6
+3,5
84
126.9
+4,2
85
131.3
86
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
hafnium
tantalum
tungsten
rhenium
osmium
iridium
platinum
gold
mercury
thallium
lead
bismuth
polonium
astatine
radon
178.5
180.9
183.8
186.2
190.2
192.2
195.1
197.0
200.6
204.4
207.2
209.0
209
210
+3
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
6p
112
113
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
lawrencium
rutherfordium
dubnium
seaborgium
bohrium
hassium
meitnerium
darmstadtium
roentgentium
copernicum
262
261
262
266
264
277
268
281
272
285
+3
58
La
+3,4
59
+3,4
Ce
lanthanum
cerium
+4
91
61
+5,4
+6,3,4,5
62
63
94
+4,3,5,6
64
65
96
66
+3
97
67
+3,4
117
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og
flerovium
moscovium
livermorium
tennessine
oganesson
289
288
292
293
294
68
+3
Er
70
+3,2
Yb
thulium
167.3
100
+3,2
Tm
erbium
+3
69
ytterbium
168.9
+3
101
+3,2
173.0
102
+2,3
Ac
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
actinium
thorium
protactinium
uranium
neptunium
plutonium
americium
curium
berkelium
californium
einsteinium
fermium
mendelevium
nobelium
227
232.0
231.0
238.0
237
239
243
247
247
251
252
257
258
259
Common Polyatomic Ions
ammonium
NH4+1
hydronium
+1
H3O
C2H3O2−1
−1
CH3COO
−1
OH
−1
cyanide
CN
cyanate
OCN
perchlorate
ClO4−1
chlorate
ClO3−1
ClO2−1
−1
chlorite
hypochlorite
nitrate
nitrite
−1
bromate
−1
iodate
SCN
ClO
NO3−1
−1
NO2
BrO3−1
−1
IO3
hydrogen
sulfate
permanganate
periodate
−1
HSO4
MnO4−1
−1
IO4
hydrogen
carbonate
HCO3
dihydrogen
phosphate
H2PO4−1
−1
sulfate
SO4−2
oxalate
C2O4−2
sulfite
silicate
SiO3−2
peroxide
O2−2
carbonate
SO3−2
C8H4O4−2
−2
CrO4
Cr2O7−2
−2
CO3
hydrogen
phosphate
HPO4−2
phthalate
chromate
dichromate
222
118
284
+3
99
116
Nh
164.9
+3
115
nihonium
holmium
162.5
98
114
Ho
dysprosium
158.9
+3
7p
Dy
terbium
157.3
+3,4,5,6
+3,4
Tb
gadolinium
152.0
95
+3
Gd
europium
150.4
+5,3,4,6
+3,2
Eu
samarium
145
93
+3,2
Sm
promethium
144.2
92
+3
Pm
neodymium
140.9
90
+3
Nd
praseodymium
140.1
+3
60
Pr
Tl
83
Lu
138.9
thiocyanate
54
175.0
89
hydroxide
36
lutetium
57
acetate
18
P
5p
+2,1
−4
14
Ne
Si
112.4
80
10
boron
49
+2
−1
9
F
69.72
48
−2
8
O
+3
65.41
+1
−3
7
Al
4p
yttrium
+3
He
helium
N
31
+2
Cr
103
‡ 5f
25
chromium
† 5d
actinides
+3,2,6
V
71
† 4f
24
vanadium
88.91
lanthanides
(rare earth metals)
+5,2,3,4
Ti
4d
‡ 6d
23
titanium
44.96
+2
+4,3,2
Sc
39
+2
cesium
22
scandium
87.62
+1
87
3d
+2
rubidium
85.47
6
Metalloids
−4
6
26.98
21
40.08
+1
55
4
IV B
17
VII A
C
13
3
III B
+2
potassium
39.10
5
+3
24.31
+1
37
Liquids
+2
Mg
16
VI A
B
2p
Na
19
5
Gases
15
VA
4.003
+2
Be
11
3
4
Li
14
IV A
← atomic mass (rounded)
63.55
+1
2
13
III A
Cu
1.008
3
+2,1 ← ions commonly formed
29
atomic symbol →
tetraborate
borate
arsenate
phosphate
orthosilicate
−2
B4O7
BO3−3
−3
AsO4
−3
PO4
−4
SiO4
Copyright © 2009–2016 Jeff Bigler.
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Chemistry Reference Tables1
Table A. Standard Temperature and Pressure ...............................................................................................................2
Table B. Selected Units ................................................................................................................................................2
Table C. Selected Prefixes ............................................................................................................................................2
Table D. Physical Constants for Water ......................................................................................................................... 3
Table E. Vapor Pressure and Density of Water ............................................................................................................3
Figure F. Phase Diagram for Water .............................................................................................................................. 3
Table G. Solubility Guidelines .....................................................................................................................................4
Table H. Ksp Values for Some Insoluble Salts at 25°C .................................................................................................4
Figure I. Solubilities of Selected Compounds ..............................................................................................................4
Table J. Number Prefixes .............................................................................................................................................5
Table K. Polyatomic Ions .............................................................................................................................................5
Table L. Flame Test Colors ..........................................................................................................................................5
Table M. Aqueous Ion Colors ......................................................................................................................................5
Table N. Colors of Assorted Compounds ..................................................................................................................... 5
Table O. Common Acids ..............................................................................................................................................6
Table P. pKa Values for Common Acids ...................................................................................................................... 6
Table Q. Common Bases ..............................................................................................................................................6
Table R. Common Acid-Base Indicators ...................................................................................................................... 6
Table S. Symbols Used in Nuclear Chemistry..............................................................................................................7
Table T. Selected Radioisotopes ...................................................................................................................................7
Table U. Constants Used in Nuclear Chemistry ...........................................................................................................7
Figure V. Neutron/Proton Stability Band ..................................................................................................................... 7
Table W. Activity Series...............................................................................................................................................8
Table X. Std. Reduction Potentials ............................................................................................................................... 8
Table Y. Selected Properties of the Elements ...............................................................................................................9
Figure Z. Bonding Triangle ........................................................................................................................................ 11
Table AA. Bond Dissociation Energies & Bond Lengths .......................................................................................... 12
Table BB. Thermodymanic Data ................................................................................................................................ 13
Table CC. Some Common & Equivalent Units and Approximate Conversions......................................................... 14
Table DD. Selected Formulas and Equations ............................................................................................................. 15
Table A. Standard Temperature and Pressure
Table B. Selected Units
Name
Values
“Standard” Pressure
1 atm 760 torr 101.3 kPa
Standard Temperature
0°C
32°F
273.15K
atm = atmosphere
Torr = millimeter of mercury (mm Hg)
kPa = kilopascal
°C =
degree Celsius
°F =
degree Fahrenheit
K=
kelvin
Name
meter (SI)
centimeter
kilogram (SI)
gram
Pascal (SI derived)
atmosphere
mm of mercury
Torr
Kelvin (SI)
degree Celsius
amt of substance (SI)
Joule (SI derived))
kilocalorie
second (SI)
liter
part per million
Symbol
m
cm
kg
g
Pa
atm
mm Hg
Torr
K
°C
mol
J
kcal
s
L, ℓ
ppm
molarity
M,
Table C. Selected Prefixes
Factor
6
10
3
10
−1
10
−2
10
−3
10
−6
10
1
Number of Units
1,000,000
1,000
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000 001
Prefix
megakilodecicentimillimicro-
Symbol
M
k
d
c
m
 (or u)
mol

Quantity
length
mass
pressure
temperature
mole
energy
time
volume
concentration
concentration
adapted from: The University of the State of New York. The State Education Department. Albany, NY. 12234.
2002 Edition. Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry. http://www.nysedregents.org/testing/reftable/chemref2002.pdf
Chemistry
Reference Tables
p. 3
Table D. Physical Constants for Water
Freezing Point @ 1 atm
Boiling Point @ 1 atm
Heat of Fusion
Heat of Vaporization
Specific Heat Capacity (Cp)
Freezing Point Depression Constant (Kf)
Boiling Point Elevation Constant (Kb)
Table E. Vapor Pressure
and Density of Water
Temp
(°C)
Pvap
(kPa)
density
(g/cm3)
0.01
0.61173
0.99978
1
0.65716
0.99985
4
0.81359
0.99995
5
0.87260
0.99994
10
1.2281
0.99969
15
1.7056
0.99909
20
2.3388
0.99819
25
3.1691
0.99702
30
4.2455
0.99561
35
5.6267
0.99399
40
7.3814
0.99217
45
9.5898
0.99017
50
12.344
0.98799
55
15.752
0.98565
60
19.932
0.98316
65
25.022
0.98053
70
31.176
0.97775
75
38.563
0.97484
80
47.373
0.97179
85
57.815
0.96991
90
70.117
0.96533
95
84.529
0.96192
100
101.32
0.95475
105
120.79
0.95475
0°C = 273.15 K
100°C = 373.15 K
333.6 J/g
2270 J/g
4.184 J/g∙°C
0.52°C/m
1.86°C/m
Figure F. Phase Diagram for Water
Chemistry
Reference Tables
p. 4
Table G. Solubility Guidelines
Ions That Form
SOLUBLE Compounds
Group I ions (Li+, Na+, etc.)
ammonium (NH4+)
nitrate (NO3–)
hydrogen carbonate (HCO3–)
chlorate (ClO3–)
perchlorate (ClO4–)
acetate (C2H3O2– or CH3COO–)
halides (Cl–, Br–, I–)
2
sulfates (SO4 –)
EXCEPT with
sulfide (S2–)
Ag+
2+
2+
Ag+, Cu+, Pb , Hg2
2+
2+
2+
2+
Ca , Sr , Ba , Ag+, Pb
Table H. Ksp Values for Some
Insoluble Salts at 25°C
Compound
MgCO3
PbCl2
BaF2
CuCl
PbI2
AgOH
BaCO3
CaCO3
SrCO3
AgCl
BaSO4
CaF2
Mg(OH)2
Ag2CrO4
CuI
AgBr
PbSO4
PbCO3
Mn(OH)2
PbCrO4
Fe(OH)2
AgI
Zn(OH)2
FeS
HgCl
ZnS
PbS
CdS
Al(OH)3
CuS
Fe(OH)3
Ag2S
HgS
Ksp
1.0 × 10−5
1.7 × 10−5
2.0 × 10−6
1.0 × 10−6
1.6 × 10−8
1.0 × 10−8
8.1 × 10−9
3.8 × 10−9
9.4 × 10−10
1.8 × 10−10
1.1 × 10−10
3.9 × 10−11
1.0 × 10−11
9.0 × 10−12
5.0 × 10−12
3.3 × 10−13
2.5 × 10−13
1.6 × 10−13
4.0 × 10−14
1.8 × 10−14
1.6 × 10−14
1.5 × 10−16
7.9 × 10−18
4.0 × 10−18
2.0 × 10−18
1.0 × 10−23
8.4 × 10−28
3.6 × 10−29
1.6 × 10−34
8.7 × 10−36
1.3 × 10−36
2.0 × 10−50
3.0 × 10−53
Ions That Form
INSOLUBLE Compounds
carbonate (CO32–)
2
chromate (CrO4 –)
phosphate (PO43–)
sulfite (SO32–)
hydroxide (OH–)
oxide (O2–)
Figure I. Solubilities of Selected Compounds
EXCEPT with
Group I ions,
+
ammonium (NH4 )
Group I ions,
Group II ions, NH4+
Group I ions,
NH4+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Tl+
Chemistry
Reference Tables
p. 5
Table J. Number Prefixes
Number
1
2
3
4
5
Inorganic
monoditritetrapenta-
Organic
methethpropbutpent-
Number
6
7
8
9
10
Inorganic
hexaheptaoctanonadeca-
formula
NH4+
H3O+
IO2+
NO+
NS+
PO+
PS+
PO2+
CH3COO−
NH2−
NHOH−
N3−
N2H3−
BrO3−
ClO3−
CN−
ion
cyanate
thiocyanate
selenocyanate
tellurocyanate
hydroxide
iodate
methanolate
methanethiolate
ethanolate
permanganate
nitrate
superoxide
tetraborate
carbide
carbonate
chromate
Organic
hexheptoctnondec-
Table K. Polyatomic Ions
ion
americyl
carbonyl
thiocarbonyl
neptunyl
plutoryl
selinyl
selenoyl
thionyl /
sulfinyl
sulfonyl /
sulfuryl
uranyl
vanadyl
mercury (II)
mercury (I)
formula
AmO22+
CO2+
CS2+
NpO22+
PuO22+
SeO2+
SeO22+
SO2+
SO22+
UO2+
VO2+
Hg2+
Hg22+
ion
ammonium
hydronium
iodyl
nitrosyl
thionitrosyl
phosphoryl
thiophosphoryl
phospho
acetate
amide
hydroxylamide
azide
hydrazide
bromate
chlorate
cyanide
formula
OCN−
SCN−
SeCN−
TeCN−
OH−
IO3−
CH3O−
CH3S−
C2H5O−
MnO4−
NO3−
O 2−
B4O72−
C22−
CO22−
CrO42−
ion
dichromate
imide
molybdate
peroxide
oxalate
phthalate
selenate
disulfide
sulfate
thiosulfate
dithionate
silicate
borate
arsenate
phosphate
orthosilicate
formula
Cr2O72−
NH2−
MoO42−
O22−
C2O42−
C8H4O42−
SeO42−
S22−
SO42−
S2O32−
S2O42−
SiO32−
BO33−
AsO43−
PO43−
SiO44−
Table L. Flame Test Colors
Element
Ba
Ca
Cu
Fe
Color
yellow-green
orange-red
blue-green
gold
Element
K
Li
Mg
Na
Color
pink
fuchsia
bright white
yellow
Element
Pb
Sb
Sr
Zn
Color
blue
pale green
red
blue-green
Table M. Aqueous Ion Colors
Ion
Cu+
Cu2+
Fe2+
Fe3+
Cr3+
Ni2+
Mn2+
Mn7+
Pb3+
Color
green
blue
yellow-green
orange-red
violet [Cr(NO3)3] to green [CrCl3]
green
pink
purple (e.g., the MnO4− ion)
blue-green (Pb2+ and Pb4+ are clear)
Ion
V2+
V3+
CrO42−
Cr2O72−
Cu(NH3)42+
FeSCN2+
Co2+
CoCl42−
Ti(H2O)63+
Color
violet
blue-green
yellow
orange
dark blue
red-brown (wine-red to dark orange)
pink
blue
purple
Compound
NO
NO2
metallic
sulfides
metallic
oxides
Color
colorless gas
brown gas
sulfides of transition metals
tend to be black
oxides of colored transition metals
tend to be colored
Table N. Colors of Assorted Compounds
Compound
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
S8
PbI2
Fe2O3
Color
pale yellow gas
green-yellow gas
red-brown liquid
dark metallic solid; dark violet vapor
yellow odorous solid
bright yellow precipitate
reddish-brown (rust)
Chemistry
Table O. Common Acids
Formula
HCl (aq)
HNO3 (aq)
H2SO4 (aq)
H3PO4 (aq)
H2CO3 (aq)
HC2H3O2 (aq)
or CH3COOH (aq)
Table Q. Common Bases
Formula
NaOH (aq)
KOH (aq)
Ca(OH)2 (aq)
NH3 (aq)
Reference Tables
p. 6
Table P. pKa Values for Common Acids
Name
hydrochloric acid
nitric acid
sulfuric acid
phosphoric acid
carbonic acid
ethanoic acid
(acetic acid)
Name
sodium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide
calcium hydroxide
aqueous ammonia
Table R. Common Acid-Base Indicators
pH Range of
Indicator
Color Change
Color Change
bromophenol blue
3.0 – 4.6
yellow−purple
methyl orange
3.2 – 4.4
red−yellow
bromocresol green
3.8 – 5.4
yellow−blue
methyl red
4.4 – 6.2
red−yellow
litmus
5.5 – 8.2
red−blue
bromothymol blue
6.0 – 7.6
yellow−blue
phenol red
6.8 – 8.4
yellow−red
thymol blue
8.0 – 9.6
yellow−blue
phenolphthalein
8.2 – 10
clear−pink
Acid
H2O
HPO42−
HCO3−
NH4+
HCN
H2PO4−
H2S
pKa
15.7
12.6
10.2
9.2
9.1
7.2
7.0
Conj. Base
OH−
PO43−
CO32−
NH3
CN−
HPO42−
HS−
H2CO3
CH3COOH
HCOOH
HNO2
HF
C6H8O7
(citric acid)
6.4
4.8
3.7
3.3
3.2
HCO3−
CH3COO−
HCOO−
NO2−
F−
3.1
C6H7O7−
H3PO4
HSO4−
HNO3
H3O+
HCl
HBr
HI
HClO4
H2SO4
2.2
2.0
−1.4
−1.7
−7.0
−9.0
−10
−10
−12
H2PO4−
SO42−
NO3−
H 2O
Cl−
Br−
I−
ClO4−
HSO4−
Any acid with a pKa value less than 0 is a
strong acid; any base with a pKa value greater
than 14 is a strong base.
Chemistry
Reference Tables
Table S. Symbols Used in Nuclear Chemistry
Name
Notation
alpha particle
4
2 He
beta particle (electron)
0
-1 e
gamma radiation
neutron
proton
positron
Symbol
or 24
or
0
0
1
0n
0
-1 
1
1 H or
0
1 e or
1
1p
0
1 

−

n
p
+
p. 7
Table T. Selected Radioisotopes
Decay
Nuclide
Half-Life
Mode
3
12.26 y
H
−
14
5730 y
C
−
16
7.2 s
N
−
19
17.2 s
Ne
+
24
15 h
Na
−
27
9.5 min
Mg
−
32
Table U. Constants Used in Nuclear Chemistry
Constant
Value
mass of an electron (me)
mass of a proton (mp)
mass of a neutron (mn)
Bequerel (Bq)
Curie (Ci)
0.00055 amu
1.00728 amu
1.00867 amu
1 disintegration/second
3.7 x 1010 Bq
Figure V. Neutron/Proton Stability Band
14.3 d
−
36
3.01 × 105 y
1.23 s
1.26 × 109 y
12.4 h
0.175 s
27.7 d
8.51 min
−
+
+
−
−

−
59
Fe
46.3 d
−
Co
85
Kr
5.26 y
10.76 y
−
−
4.8 × 1010 y
−
Sr
28.1 y
−
Tc
2.13 x 105 y
−
I
8.07 d
−
Cs
30.23 y
−
Sm
1.93 d
−
2.69 d
−
3.82 d

Fr
27.5 s

Ra
1600 y

P
Cl
37
K
40
K
42
K
37
Ca
51
Cr
53
Fe
60
87
Rb
90
99
131
137
153
198
Au
222
Rn
220
226
232
Th
233
235
238
239
241
U
U
U
10

5

1.4 x 10 y
1.62 x 10 y
8
7.1 x 10 y

9

4
4.51 x 10 y
Pu
2.44 x 10 y

Am
432 y

Chemistry
Reference Tables
Table W. Activity Series
Metals
p. 8
Table X. Std. Reduction Potentials
Nonmet
als
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
Cs
Rb
K
Reacts with cold H2O
Na
and acids, replacing
Li
hydrogen. Reacts with
O2, forming oxides.
Ba
Sr
Ca
Mg
Be
Reacts with steam (not
Al
cold H2O) and acids,
Mn
replacing hydrogen.
Zn
Reacts with O2, forming
Cr
oxides.
Fe
Cd
Does not react with H2O.
Co
Reacts with acids,
Ni
replacing hydrogen.
Sn
Reacts with O2, forming
Pb
oxides.
H2
Sb
Reacts with O2, forming
Bi
oxides.
Cu
Ag
Fairly unreactive,
Hg
forming oxides only
Au
indirectly.
Pt
Arrows indicate direction from LEAST to MOST
active elements. An element can replace any
element below itself on the activity series.
Note that the order of elements in the activity
series is similar to, though not quite identical with,
the order of elements/ions in the table of
Std. Reduction Potentials (Table X).
Half-Reaction
E0 (V)
Li+ + e−  Li(s)
Cs+ + e−  Cs(s)
Rb+ + e−  Rb(s)
K+ + e−  K(s)
Ba2+ + 2 e−  Ba(s)
Sr2+ + 2 e−  Sr(s)
Ca2+ + 2 e−  Ca(s)
Na+ + e−  Na(s)
Mg2+ + 2 e−  Mg(s)
Be2+ + 2 e−  Be(s)
Al3+ + 3 e−  Al(s)
Mn2+ + 2 e−  Mn(s)
2 H2O + 2 e− 
H2(g) + 2 OH−
Zn2+ + 2 e−  Zn(s)
Cr3+ + 3 e−  Cr(s)
Fe2+ + 2 e−  Fe(s)
Cr3+ + e−  Cr2+
Cd2+ + 2 e−  Cd(s)
Co2+ + 2 e−  Co(s)
Ni2+ + 2 e−  Ni(s)
Sn2+ + 2 e−  Sn(s)
Pb2+ + 2 e−  Pb(s)
2 H+ + 2 e−  H2(g)
S(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  H2S(g)
Sn4+ + 2 e−  Sn2+
Cu2+ + e−  Cu+
Cu2+ + 2 e−  Cu(s)
Cu+ + e−  Cu(s)
I2(s) + 2 e−  2 I−
Fe3+ + e−  Fe2+
Ag+ + e−  Ag(s)
Hg22+ + 2 e−  2 Hg(l)
Hg2+ + 2 e−  Hg(l)
−3.040
−3.026
−2.98
−2.931
−2.912
−2.899
−2.868
−2.71
−2.372
−1.85
−1.66
−1.029
−0.762
−0.74
−0.44
−0.42
−0.40
−0.28
−0.25
−0.13
−0.13
0.000
+0.14
+0.15
+0.159
+0.340
+0.520
+0.54
+0.77
+0.800
+0.80
+0.85
2 Hg2+ + 2 e−  Hg22+
+0.91
−0.828
Br2(l) + 2 e−  2 Br−
+1.07
Pt2+ + 2 e−  Pt(s)
+1.188
O2(g) + 4 H+ + 4 e−  2 H2O
+1.23
Cl2(g) + 2 e−  2 Cl−
+1.36
Au3+ + 3 e−  Au(s)
+1.52
3+
−
2+
Co + e  Co
+1.82
F2(g) + 2 e−  2 F−
+2.87
Eo values at 1M concentration and 1 atm.
Chemistry
Reference Tables
p. 9
Table Y. Selected Properties of the Elements
electroneg 1st ionization Electron atomic common
ativity
potential
Affinity radius oxidation
(Pauling)
(kJ/mol)
(kJ/mol) (pm)
states
1.1
499
—
—
+3
89
Ac
actinium
atomic mass
Melting
Boiling
(IUPAC
Point, °C Point, °C
2005)
227
1050
3200
13
Al
aluminum
26.9815386
660
2467
2.7
1.61
578
42
143
+3
95
Am
americium
243
994
2607
13.7
1.3
578
—
173
+3,4,5,6
51
Sb
antimony
121.76
631
1950
6.69
2.05
834
103
140
+3,5
18
Ar
argon
39.948
−189.2
−185.7
0.00178
—
1521
<0
98
0
33
As
arsenic
74.9216
817
617
5.73
2.18
947
78
120
±3,+5
85
At
astatine
210
302
337
—
2.2
917
270
—
—
56
Ba
barium
137.327
725
1640
3.5
0.89
503
14
222
+2
97
Bk
berkelium
247
986
—
14
1.3
601
—
170
+3,4
atomic atomic
#
symbol
element
name
density
g/mL
10.1
4
Be
beryllium
9.012182
1278
2970
1.85
1.57
899
<0
112
+2
83
Bi
bismuth
208.9804
271
1560
9.75
2.02
703
92
150
+3,5
107
Bh
bohrium
5
B
boron
264
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
10.811
2079
2550
2.34
2.04
801
27
85
+3
35
Br
bromine
79.904
−7.2
58.8
3.12
2.96
1140
324
114
±1,+5
48
Cd
cadmium
112.411
320.9
765
8.65
1.69
868
<0
151
+2
20
Ca
calcium
40.078
839
1484
1.55
1
590
4
197
+2
98
Cf
californium
251
—
—
—
1.3
608
—
186
+3
6
C
carbon
12.0107
3367
4827
2.25
2.55
1086
122
77.2
±4
58
Ce
cerium
140.116
798
3257
6.66
1.12
534
—
182
+3,4
55
Cs
cesium
132.9054519
28.4
669
1.87
0.79
376
45
265
+1
17
Cl
chlorine
35.453
−101
−34.6
0.00321
3.16
1251
348
100
−1
24
Cr
chromium
51.9961
1857
2672
7.19
1.66
653
65
128
+3,2,6
58.933195
1495
2870
8.9
1.88
760
64
125
+2,3
285
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
27
Co
cobalt
112
Cn
copernicum
29
Cu
copper
63.546
1083
2567
8.96
1.9
745
120
128
+2,1
96
Cm
curium
247
1340
—
13.5
1.3
581
—
174
+3
110
Ds
darmstadtium
281
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
105
Db
dubnium
66
Dy
dysprosium
99
Es
einsteinium
252
—
—
68
Er
erbium
167.259
1529
2868
262
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
162.5
1412
2567
8.55
1.22
573
—
178
+3
—
1.3
619
—
186
+3
9.07
1.24
589
—
176
+3
63
Eu
europium
151.964
822
1529
5.24
—
547
—
208
+3,2
100
Fm
fermium
257
—
—
—
1.3
627
—
—
+3
9
F
fluorine
18.9984032
−219.8
−188.1
0.0017
3.98
1681
328
72
−1
87
Fr
francium
223
27
677
—
0.7
380
44
—
+1
64
Gd
gadolinium
157.25
1313
3273
7.9
1.2
593
—
180
+3
31
Ga
gallium
69.723
29.8
2403
5.9
1.81
579
29
135
32
Ge
germanium
72.64
947.4
2830
5.32
2.01
762
119
122.3
+4,2
79
Au
gold
196.966569
1064
3080
19.3
2.54
890
223
144
+3,1
+3
72
Hf
hafnium
178.49
2227
4600
13.3
1.3
659
0
159
+4
108
Hs
hassium
277
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
He
helium
4.002602
−272.2
−268.9
0.000179
—
2372
<0
31
0
67
Ho
holmium
164.93032
1474
2700
8.8
1.23
581
—
176
+3
1
H
hydrogen
1.00794
−259.1
−252.9
2.2
1312
72
37.1
±1
49
In
indium
114.818
156.6
2080
7.31
1.78
558
29
167
+3
53
I
iodine
126.90447
113.5
184
4.93
2.66
1008
295
133
−1,+5,7
77
Ir
iridium
192.217
2410
4130
22.4
2.2
878
151
136
+4,3,6
26
Fe
iron
55.845
1535
2750
7.86
1.83
762
15
126
+3,2
0.0000699
Chemistry
Reference Tables
atomic atomic
#
symbol
element
name
114
Fl
flerovium
36
Kr
krypton
atomic mass
Melting
Boiling
(IUPAC
Point, °C Point, °C
2005)
289
—
—
p. 10
density
g/mL
—
electroneg 1st ionization Electron atomic common
ativity
potential
Affinity radius oxidation
(Pauling)
(kJ/mol)
(kJ/mol) (pm)
states
—
—
—
—
—
83.798
−157
−152
0.00374
3
1351
<0
112
0
+3
57
La
lanthanum
138.90547
920
3454
6.15
1.1
538
48
187
103
Lr
lawrencium
262
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+3
82
Pb
lead
207.2
327.5
1740
11.4
2.33
716
35
146
+2,4
116
Lv
livermorium
292
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
Li
lithium
6.941
180.5
1342
0.543
0.98
520
60
152
+1
71
Lu
lutetium
174.967
1663
3402
9.84
1.27
524
—
174
+3
12
Mg
magnesium
24.305
649
1090
1.74
1.31
738
<0
160
+2
25
Mn
manganese
54.938045
1244
1962
7.43
1.55
717
<0
127 +2,3,4,6,7
109
Mt
meitnerium
268
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
101
Md
mendelevium
258
—
—
—
1.3
635
—
—
+3,2
80
Hg
mercury
200.59
−38.9
357
13.5
2
1007
<0
151
+2,1
42
Mo
molybdenum
95.94
2617
4612
10.2
2.16
684
72
139
+6,3,5
60
Nd
neodymium
144.242
1016
3127
7
1.14
533
—
181
+3
20.1797
−248
−248.7
0.0009
—
2081
<0
71
0
237
640
3900
20.2
1.36
605
—
155
+5,3,4,6
10
Ne
neon
93
Np
neptunium
28
Ni
nickel
58.6934
1453
2730
8.9
1.91
737
112
124
+2,3
41
Nb
niobium
92.90638
2468
4742
8.57
1.6
652
87
146
+5,3
7
N
nitrogen
14.0067
−209.9
−195.8
0.00125
3.04
1402
<0
70
−3
102
No
nobelium
259
—
—
—
1.3
642
—
—
+2,3
76
Os
osmium
190.23
3045
5030
22.6
2.2
839
106
135
+4,6,8
8
O
oxygen
15.9994
−218.4
−183
0.00143
3.44
1314
141
73
−2
46
Pd
palladium
106.42
1554
3140
12
2.2
804
54
137
+2,4
15
P
phosphorus
30.973762
44.1
280
1.82
2.19
1012
72
110
−3
78
Pt
platinum
195.084
1772
3827
21.4
2.28
868
206
139
+4,2
94
Pu
plutonium
239
641
3232
19.8
1.28
585
—
159
+4,3,5,6
84
Po
polonium
209
254
962
9.32
2
812
183
168
+4,2
19
K
potassium
59
Pr
praseodymium
39.0983
63.25
760
0.86
0.82
419
48
227
+1
140.90765
931
3017
6.77
1.13
527
—
182
+3,4
61
Pm
91
Pa
promethium
145
1042
3000
7.26
—
535
—
183
+3
protactinium
231.03588
1570
4000
15.4
1.5
568
—
163
+5,4
88
Ra
radium
226
700
86
Rn
radon
222
−71
1140
5
0.9
509
—
—
+2
−61.8
0.00973
—
1037
<0
—
75
Re
rhenium
186.207
3180
0
5600
21
1.9
760
14
137
+7,4,6
45
Rh
rhodium
102.9055
1966
3727
12.4
2.28
720
110
134
+3,4,6
111
Rg
roentgentium
272
—
—
—
37
Rb
rubidium
85.4678
38.9
686
1.53
—
—
—
—
—
0.82
403
47
248
+1
101.07
2310
3900
12.4
261
—
—
—
2.2
710
101
134
+4,3,6,8
—
—
—
—
—
44
Ru
ruthenium
104
Rf
rutherfordium
62
Sm
samarium
150.36
1074
1794
7.52
1.17
545
—
180
+3,2
44.955912
1541
2832
2.99
1.36
633
18
162
+3
266
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
78.96
217
685
4.79
2.55
941
195
119
+4,−2,+6
28.0855
1410
2355
2.33
1.9
787
134
117.6
±4
21
Sc
scandium
106
Sg
seaborgium
34
Se
selenium
14
Si
silicon
47
Ag
silver
11
Na
sodium
38
Sr
strontium
107.8682
962
2212
10.5
1.93
731
125
144
+1
22.98976928
97.8
883
0.971
0.93
496
53
186
+1
87.62
769
1384
2.54
0.95
549
11
215
+2
Chemistry
Reference Tables
atomic atomic
#
symbol
element
name
atomic mass
Melting
Boiling
(IUPAC
Point, °C Point, °C
2005)
32.065
112.8
444.7
16
S
sulfur
73
Ta
tantalum
43
Tc
technetium
98
52
Te
tellurium
127.6
65
Tb
terbium
158.92535
81
Tl
thallium
204.3833
90
Th
thorium
69
Tm
thulium
50
Sn
tin
22
Ti
titanium
180.94788
2996
p. 11
density
g/mL
2.07
electroneg 1st ionization Electron atomic common
ativity
potential
Affinity radius oxidation
(Pauling)
(kJ/mol)
(kJ/mol) (pm)
states
2.58
1000
201
103
−2
5425
16.6
1.5
761
31
146
2172
4877
11.5
1.9
449.5
989.8
6.24
2.1
1365
3230
8.23
303
1457
11.9
232.03806
1750
4790
11.7
168.93421
1545
1950
9.32
118.71
232
2270
7.31
47.867
1660
3287
4.54
+5
702
53
136
+7,4,6
869
190
142
+4,6,−2
—
569
—
177
+3,4
1.62
589
19
170
+1,3
1.3
587
—
179
+4
1.25
597
—
176
+3,2
1.96
709
107
140.5
1.54
659
8
147
+4,3,2
+4,2
74
W
tungsten
183.84
3410
5660
19.3
2.36
770
83
139
+6,4
118
Uuo
ununoctium
294
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
115
Uup
ununpentium
288
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
113
Uut
ununtrium
284
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
92
U
uranium
238.02891
1132
3818
19
1.38
598
—
156
+6,3,4,5
23
V
vanadium
50.9415
1890
3380
6.11
1.63
651
51
134
+5,2,3,4
54
Xe
xenon
131.293
−111.8
−107.1
0.00589
2.6
1170
<0
131
0
70
Yb
ytterbium
173.04
819
1196
6.97
—
603
—
193
+3,2
39
Y
yttrium
88.90585
1523
3337
4.47
1.22
600
30
180
+3
30
Zn
zinc
65.409
419.6
906
7.13
1.65
906
<0
134
+2
40
Zr
zirconium
91.224
1852
4377
6.51
1.33
640
41
160
+4
Figure Z. Bonding Triangle
EN  average electroneg ativity
EN  electroneg ativity difference
Chemistry
Reference Tables
p. 12
Table AA. Bond Dissociation Energies & Bond Lengths
Values given are homolytic bond dissociation energies, meaning that the electrons are divided equally between the
two atoms.
Hydrogen Compounds
D
r
Bond
(kJ/mol)
(pm)
H−H
432
74
H−B
389
119
H−C
411
109
H − Si
318
148
H − Ge
288
153
H − Sn
251
170
H−N
386
101
H−P
322
144
H − As
247
152
H−O
459
96
H−S
363
134
H − Se
276
146
H − Te
238
170
H−F
565
92
H − Cl
428
127
H − Br
362
141
H−I
295
161
Group VIIA Compounds
D
r
Bond
(kJ/mol)
(pm)
F−F
155
142
Cl − Cl
240
199
Br − Br
190
228
I−I
148
267
At − At
116
?
I−O
201
?
I−F
273
191
I − Cl
208
232
I − Br
175
?
Group IIIA Compounds
D
r
Bond
(kJ/mol)
(pm)
B−B
293
?
B−O
536
?
B−F
613
?
B − Cl
456
175
B − Br
377
?
Group IVA Compounds
D
r
Bond
(kJ/mol)
(pm)
C−C
346
154
C=C
602
134
C≡C
835
120
C − Si
318
185
C − Ge
238
195
C − Sn
192
216
C − Pb
130
230
C−N
305
147
C=N
615
129
C≡N
887
116
C−P
264
184
C−O
358
143
C=O
799
120
C≡O
1072
113
C−B
356
?
C−S
272
182
C=S
573
160
C−F
485
135
C − Cl
327
177
C − Br
285
194
C−I
213
214
Si − Si
222
233
Si − N
355
?
Si − O
452
163
Si − S
293
200
Si − F
565
160
Si − Cl
381
202
Si − Br
310
215
Si − I
234
243
Ge − Ge
188
241
Ge − N
257
?
Ge − F
470
168
Ge − Cl
349
210
Ge − Br
276
230
Ge − I
212
?
Sn − F
414
?
Sn − Cl
323
233
Sn − Br
273
250
Sn − I
205
270
Pb − F
331
?
Pb − Cl
243
242
Pb − Br
201
?
Pb − I
142
279
Group VA Compounds
D
r
Bond
(kJ/mol)
(pm)
N−N
167
145
N=N
418
125
N≡N
942
110
N−O
201
140
N=O
607
121
N−F
283
136
N − Cl
313
175
P−P
201
221
P−O
335
163
P=O
544
150
P=S
335
186
P−F
490
154
P − Cl
326
203
P − Br
264
?
P−I
184
?
As − As
146
243
As − O
301
178
As − F
484
171
As − Cl
322
216
As − Br
458
233
As − I
200
254
Sb − Sb
121
?
Sb − F
440
?
Sb − Cl(5)
248
?
Sb − Cl(3)
315
232
Group VIA Compounds
D
r
Bond
(kJ/mol)
(pm)
O−O
142
148
O=O
494
121
O−F
190
142
S=O
522
143
S − S(8)
226
205
S=S
425
149
S−F
284
156
S − Cl
255
207
Se − Se
172
?
Se = Se
272
215
Chemistry
Reference Tables
p. 13
Table BB. Thermodymanic Data
Standard enthalpy of formation (H f ) & standard entropy ( S

) for selected compounds. Note that standard
enthalpy values are in kilojoules per mole, whereas entropy values are in joules per mole∙Kelvin.
Substance State
Ag
Ag+
AgCl
AgBr
AgNO3
Al
Al+3
AlCl3
Al2O3
Al(OH)3
Ba
BaCl2
BaCO3
Ba(NO3)2
BaO
Ba(OH)2
BaSO4
Be
BeO
Br2
Br−
C
CCl4
CHCl3
CH4
C2H2
C2H4
C2H6
C3H8
CH3OH
C2H5OH
C6H12O6
CO
CO2
CO3−2
Ca
Ca+2
CaCl2
CaCO3
CaO
Ca(OH)2
Ca3(PO4)2
CaSO4
Cd
Cd+2
CdCl2
CdO
Cd(OH)2
CdS
CdSO4
Cl2
Cl−
ClO4−
Cr
s
aq
s
s
s
s
aq
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
ℓ
aq
s
ℓ
ℓ
g
g
g
g
g
ℓ
ℓ
s
g
g
aq
s
aq
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
aq
s
s
s
s
s
g
aq
aq
s
ΔH f
S
kJ
( mol
)
( molJK )
0
105.79
−127.01
−100.4
−124.4
0
−538.4
−704
−1675.7
−1277
0
−858.6
−1216.3
−992
−553.5
−998.2
−1473.2
0
−599
0
−121
0
−135.4
−134.5
−74.8
+226.7
+52.3
−84.7
−103.8
−238.7
−277.7
−1275
−110.53
−393.51
−675.23
0
−543.0
−795.8
−1206.9
−634.92
−986.1
−4126
−1434.1
0
−75.92
−391.5
−258.35
−561
−162
−935
0
−167.080
−128.10
0
42.6
72.7
96.2
107.1
140.9
28.3
−321.7
110.7
50.9

62.8
123.7
112.1
214
70.4
112
132.2
10
14
152.2
82
5.7
216.4
201.7
186.2
200.8
219.5
229.5
269.9
126.8
160.7
212
197.6
213.6
−56.9
41.4
−53.1
104.6
92.9
39.8
83.4
241
106.7
51.8
−73.2
115.3
54.8
96
65
123
223.0
56.5
182.0
23.8
Substance State
Cr2O3
Cu
Cu+
Cu+2
CuO
Cu2O
Cu(OH)2
CuS
Cu2S
CuSO4
F−
F2
Fe
Fe(OH)3
FeO
Fe2O3
Fe3O4
FeSO4
H2
H+
HBr
HCO3−
HCl
HF
HI
HNO3
HPO4−2
HSO4−
H2O
H2O
H2PO4−
H2S
Hg
Hg+2
HgO
I−
I2
K
K+
KBr
KCl
KClO3
KClO4
KNO3
Mg
Mg+2
MgCl2
MgCO3
MgO
Mg(OH)2
MgSO4
Mn
Mn+2
MnO
g
s
aq
aq
s
s
s
s
s
s
aq
g
s
s
s
s
s
s
g
aq
g
aq
g
g
g
aq
aq
aq
ℓ
g
aq
g
ℓ
aq
cr
aq
s
s
aq
s
s
s
s
s
s
aq
s
s
s
s
s
s
aq
s
ΔH f
S
kJ
( mol
)
( molJK )
−1139.7
0
+71.7
+64.8
−157.3
−168.6
−450
−53.1
−79.5
−771.4
−335.35
0
0
−823.0
−272
−824.2
−1118.4
−929
0
0
−36.29
−689.93
−92.31
−273.30
26.50
−174.1
−1299.0
−886.9
−285.830
−241.826
−1302.6
−20.6
0
170.21
−90.79
−56.78
0
0
−252.14
−393.8
−436.7
−397.7
−432.8
−494.6
0
−467.0
−641.3
−1095.8
−601.60
−924.5
−1284.9
0
−220.8
−385.2
81.2
33.2
40.6
−99.6
42.6
93.1
108
66.5
120.9
107.6
−13.8
202.7
27.3
106.7
61
87.4
146.4
121
130.6
0.0
198.6
91.2
186.8
173.7
206.5
155.6
−33.5
131.8
69.9
188.7
90.4
205.7
76.0
−32.2
70.3
111.3
116.1
64.2
102.5
95.9
82.6
143.1
151.0
133.0
32.7
−138.1
89.6
65.7
26.9
63.2
91.6
32.0
−73.6
59.7

Substance State
MnO2
N2
NH3
NH4+
NO2−
NO3−
N2H4
NH4Cl
NH4NO3
NO
NO2
N2O
N2O4
Na
Na+
Na2CO3
NaHCO3
NaCl
NaF
NaNO3
NaOH
Ni
NiCl2
NiO
OH−
O2
P4
PCl3
PCl5
PH3
PO4−3
Pb
Pb+2
PbBr2
PbCl2
PbO
PbO2
PbS
PbSO4
S
SO2
SO3
SO4−2
S
Si
SiO2
Sn
Sn+2
SnO2
Zn
Zn+2
ZnI2
ZnO
ZnS
s
g
g
aq
aq
aq
ℓ
s
s
g
g
g
g
s
aq
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
aq
g
s
g
g
g
aq
s
aq
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
g
g
aq
s
s
s
aq
s
s
aq
s
s
s
ΔH f
S
kJ
( mol
)
( molJK )
−520.0
0
−45.94
−133.26
−104.6
−206.85
+50.6
−314.4
−365.6
+90.2
+33.2
+82
+9.2
0
−240.34
−1131
−948
−411.2
−573.6
−467
425.6
0
−316
−239.7
−230.015
0
0
−287.0
−374.9
+5
−1277.4
0
0.92
−278.7
−359.4
−219.0
−277.4
−100
−920
0
−296.81
−395.7
−909.34
2
0
−910.7
0
−8.9
−577.63
0
−153.39
−208.0
−350.46
−206.0
53.0
191.5
192.3
113.4
123.0
146.4
121.2
94.6
151.1
210.7
240.0
220
304.2
51.2
59.0
136
102
72.1
51.5
116
64.5
29.9
107
38.0
−10.8
205.0
164.4
311.7
364.5
210
−222
64.8
10.5
161.5
136.0
66.5
68.6
91
149
31.8
248.1
256.7
20.1
aq
18.8
41.8
51.6
−17.4
52.3
41.6
−112.1
161.1
43.6
57.7

Chemistry
Reference Tables
Table CC. Some Common & Equivalent Units and Approximate Conversions
Some Common & Equivalent Units
Length
1 in (inch)
=
12 in
=
3 ft
=
5,280 ft
=
2.54 cm
1 ft (foot)
1 yd (yard)
1 mi (mile)
Mass
1 lb (pound)
1 ton
1 tonne
= 16 oz
= 2000 lb
= 1000 kg
Volume
1 pinch
3 teaspoons
2 tablespoons
8 oz. (ounces)
2 cups
2 pints
4 quarts
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
= 1,760 yd
~ 454 g
≤ 18 teaspoon
1 tablespoon (Tbsp)
1 ounce
1 cup
1 pint
1 quart
1 gallon
Some APPROXIMATE Conversions
Length
1 cm
~ width of a small paper clip
6 in
~ length of a (US) dollar bill
1 ft
~ 30 cm
1m
~ 1 yd
1 mi
~ 1.6 km
0.6 km
~ 1 mi
1 pinch
1 mL
1 teaspoon (tsp)
1 tablespoon (Tbsp)
2 Tbsp.
1 C (cup)
1 qt (quart)
~
~
~
=
=
=
~
≤ 1 8 teaspoon
10 drops
5 mL
3 tsp
1 fl. oz.
8 fl. oz.
1L
1 small paper clip
1 nickel (5¢ coin)
1 oz
1 pound (lb)
1 ton
~
~
~
=
=
1 gram (g)
5g
30 g
16 oz
2000 lb
Speed
60 mi/h
Density
air
water
Volume
Mass
~
~
~
~
60 drops
15 mL
30 mL
250 mL
~
~
0.5 kg
1 tonne
~ 100 km/h
~
30 m/s
~ 1 g/L
~ 1 g/mL
~ 1 tonne/m3
~
~
8 lb/gal
1 ton/yd3
p. 14
Chemistry
Reference Tables
p. 15
Table DD. Selected Formulas and Equations
Density
Mole Conversions
Percent Error
Percent Composition
Concentration
Gases
D
M
V
D = density
Titration
Colligative Properties
mass of part
*100%
mass of whole
moles of solute
molarity ( M ) 
liter of solution
moles of solute
molality (m) 
kg of solvent
moles of A
mole fraction (  A ) 
total moles
% composition 
P1 V1 P2 V2

T1
T2
Ka 
pOH = −log[OH ]
Kw= Ka∙Kb = 1 × 10
Thermodynamics
Electrochemistry
Temperature
Radioactive Decay
parts per million (ppm)
grams of solute
 1,000,000
grams of solvent
n = moles
T = temperature (K)
1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 29.92 in. Hg = 1.013 bar = 14.7 psi
χ
χA = mole fraction of A
PA= partial pressure of A
PA = APT
PT = PA + PB + PC + …
PT = total pressure
NA = normality of H3O+
NB = normality of OH−
NAVA = NBVB
VA = volume of acid
VB = volume of base
Tf = freezing point depression (°C)
Tb = boiling point elevation (°C)
Tf = imKf
Kf = freezing point depression constant (H2O = 0.52 °C/m)
Kb = boiling point elevation constant (H2O = 1.86 °C/m)
Tb = imKb
i = van’t Hoff factor (dissociation factor)
π = osmotic pressure
m = molality
M = molarity (mol/L)
N = normality (mol/L)
π = iM RT = N RT
R = ideal gas constant
T = temperature (K)
pH + pOH = 14
Heat
(moles of solute)(dissociation factor)
liter of solution
Latm
L kPa
L  torr
R  0.0821 mol
 8.31 mol
 62.4 mol
K
K
K
−
Equilibrium
normality ( N ) 
P = pressure
V = volume (L)
pH = −log[H3O+]
Acid-Base
V = volume
1 mol = [molar mass] g
(molar mass = formula weight = gram formula mass)
1 mol = 22.4 L of gas at 0°C and 1 atm
1 mol = 6.022 × 1023 molecules, atoms, or particles
measured value - accepted value
% error 
*100%
accepted value
PV = nRT
Pressure
M = mass
−14
Kb 
[H3O ][A ]
[HA]

pKa = −log(Ka)
pH  pK a  log

[H B][OH ]
[B]
pKb = −log(Kb)
base
acid 
Kp = gas press.
Kc = molar conc.
Δn = change in
equil. const.
equil. const.
# moles
q = heat
q = m Cp T
T = change in temperature
m = mass
q = m Hf
Hf = heat of fusion
Cp = specific heat capacity
q = m Hv
Hv = heat of vaporization
ΔG° = ΔH° − TΔS°
G° = standard free energy
S° = standard entropy
ΔG° = −RT ln K
H° = standard enthalpy
T = temperature (K)
q = charge
I = current (amperes)
t = time (seconds)
q
(Coulombs)
I
t
F = Faraday’s constant = 96,000 Coulomb per mole electrons
ΔG° = −nFE°
n = moles of electrons
E° = standard reduction potential
K = °C + 273.15
K = Kelvin
°C= (°F−32) * 5/9
°C = degrees Celsius
°F = degrees Fahrenheit
t
t
t
=
total
elapsed
time
A
=
amount
left
number of half-lives = 
A  Ao  12 ½
τ½ = half-life
Ao = original amount
½
 
Kp = Kc(RT)Δn