The Comprehensive
Development of the City
of Luxor Project, Egypt –
Final Structure Plan,
Volume 2:
Supplementary
Documents
Cambridge, MA
Lexington, MA
Hadley, MA
Bethesda, MD
Washington, DC
Chicago, IL
Cairo, Egypt
Johannesburg, South Africa
February 2000
Prepared for
Ministry of Housing, Utilities
and Urban Communities/
Research and Studies
Organization
Abt Associates Inc.
55 Wheeler Street
Cambridge, MA 02138
Prepared by
Gabriel Abraham
Ashraf Bakr
Jonathan Lane
Phase II Final Structure Plan Contents
Volume 1: Final Structure Plan Technical Report
(under separate cover)
Chapter 1: Executive Summary
Chapter 2: The Challenge for Luxor in the 21 st Century
Chapter 3: Development Principles for a Sustainable Region
Chapter 4: Needs Assessment
Chapter 5: The Regional Structure Plan
Chapter 6: Luxor City Plan
Chapter 7: The Plan for New Luxor
Chapter 8: The Plan for the El Toad Tourism Zone
Chapter 9: Implementation
Annex 1: Report Figures
Volume 2: Final Structure Plan Supplementary Documents
Annex 2: Summary Scope for CDCL Project
Annex 3: Luxor Social Profile
Annex 4: Environmental Profile
Annex 5: 1996 Utility Improvement Report Excerpts
Annex 6: Agricultural Profile
Annex 7: The General Environment for Tourism
Annex 8: Heritage Concept
Annex 9: The National Plan for the Development of the South of Egypt, 2017
Annex 10: Profile of Egypt
Annex 11: Documents in the Project File
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Volume 2: Supplementary Documents Table of Contents
SUMMARY CONTENTS OF FINAL STRUCTURE P LAN, VOLUME 1 AND VOLUME 2.………………………1
FINAL STRUCTURE P LAN, VOLUME 2: SUPPLEMENTARY DOCUMENTS, LIST OF FIGURES.....................4
FINAL STRUCTURE P LAN, VOLUME 2: SUPPLEMENTARY DOCUMENTS, LIST OF TABLES ......................5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................................11
ANNEX 2: SUMMARY SCOPE FOR THE CDCL PROJECT .................................................... 12
2.1
2.2
2.3
BACKGROUND .....................................................................................................................12
THE INVESTMENT P ROJECTS.................................................................................................13
INDICATIONS OF THE EGYPTIAN GOVERNMENT'S COMMITMENT AND OWNERSHIP...................20
ANNEX 3: SOCIAL PROFILE FOR THE LUXOR STUDY AREA ............................................ 22
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................22
TOTAL P OPULATION ............................................................................................................22
LABOR FORCE .....................................................................................................................23
EDUCATIONAL STATUS (OF POPULATION 10-YEARS-AND-OLDER)...........................................25
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES (POPULATION 15-YEARS-AND-OLDER)................................................31
HOUSEHOLD SIZE................................................................................................................33
HEALTH SERVICES ...............................................................................................................39
ANNEX 4: ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE FOR THE CITY OF LUXOR.................................. 42
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
HYDROLOGY.......................................................................................................................42
GROUNDWATER: .................................................................................................................43
SURFACE WATER AND ACQUIFERS ........................................................................................43
CLIMATE.............................................................................................................................43
GEOLOGY AND SOILS ..........................................................................................................44
TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY .......................................................................................................45
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES FIGURES ................................................................................48
ANNEX 5: 1996 UTILITY IMPROVEMENT REPORT EXCERPTS.......................................... 58
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
P ROJECT SETTING................................................................................................................58
EXISTING FACILITIES AND P ROJECTED CONDITIONS ..............................................................66
P ROPOSED ACTIVITIES .........................................................................................................73
P ROJECT ALTERNATIVES ......................................................................................................80
ANNEX 6: ANALYSIS OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ................................................... 85
6.1
6.2
6.3
THE P OTENTIAL FOR HIGH-VALUE CROP P RODUCTION ..........................................................86
HIGH-VALUE CROP P RODUCTION AND AGRO -P ROCESSING IN LUXOR.....................................88
AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES ............................................................................................88
ANNEX 7: THE GENERAL ENVIRONMENT FOR TOURISM................................................. 90
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
GLOBAL TOURISM ...............................................................................................................90
TOURISM TO EGYPT.............................................................................................................93
TOURISM IN LUXOR .............................................................................................................98
EXISTING ECONOMIC P RESSURES AND IMPACTS .................................................................. 104
ANNEX 8: HERITAGE CONCEPT............................................................................................107
8.1
8.2
HERITAGE OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................ 107
THE STORY OF LUXOR ....................................................................................................... 107
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The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
8.3
8.4
8.5
INTERPRETIVE GOALS AND APPROACHES............................................................................ 110
THE RESOURCES AND SETTING OF LUXOR........................................................................... 112
VISITOR P ATTERNS AND IMPACTS....................................................................................... 116
ANNEX 9:.. THE NATIONAL PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTH OF EGYPT,
2017
139
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
SOUTH OF EGYPT STRATEGY, 2017 .................................................................................... 139
TOURISM .......................................................................................................................... 141
AGRICULTURE................................................................................................................... 144
P OTABLE WATER AND SEWERAGE...................................................................................... 146
SOCIAL SERVICES .............................................................................................................. 146
ELECTRICITY AND ENERGY................................................................................................ 148
TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATION AND STORAGE .......................................................... 149
INDUSTRY AND MINING ..................................................................................................... 150
P ETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS ........................................................................................ 151
COMMERCIAL AND BANKING SERVICES .............................................................................. 152
ANNEX 10: PROFILE OF EGYPT..............................................................................................154
10.1 CHALLENGES TO THE ECONOMY......................................................................................... 154
10.2
EGYPT’S GROWTH STRATEGY......................................................................................... 154
ANNEX 11: DOCUMENTS IN THE PROJECT FILE................................................................165
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The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Final Structure Plan, Volume 2: Supplementary Documents, List of Figures
FIGURE 1: GEOLOGIC MAP OF LUXOR AREA ......................................................................................49
FIGURE 2: SLOPE OF LUXOR AREA ....................................................................................................50
FIGURE 3: SHADE RELIEF OF LUXOR AREA.........................................................................................51
FIGURE 4: ELEVATION OF LUXOR AREA.............................................................................................52
FIGURE 5: WATERSHED OF LUXOR AREA ...........................................................................................53
FIGURE 6: SOIL MAP OF LUXOR AREA................................................................................................54
FIGURE 7: ASPECT OF LUXOR AREA ..................................................................................................55
FIGURE 8: LANDSAT IMAGE OF LUXOR AREA .....................................................................................56
FIGURE 9: GEOLOGIC MAP OF LUXOR AREA ......................................................................................57
FIGURE 10: LUXOR LOCATION..........................................................................................................60
FIGURE 11: LUXOR WATER SYSTEM SERVICE AREA ..........................................................................61
FIGURE 12: LUXOR SEWERAGE SYSTEM COMPONENTS ......................................................................62
FIGURE 13: LUXOR WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ...........................................................................69
FIGURE 14: EFFLUENT REFUSE AREA ................................................................................................72
FIGURE 15: LUXOR WASTEWATER P LANT P ROPOSED SITE LAYOUT ....................................................77
FIGURE 16: FLOW P ROCESS DIAGRAM ...............................................................................................78
FIGURE 17: LUXOR P HASE I WASTEWATER TREATMENT P LANT SITE P LAN........................................79
FIGURE 18: RECOMMEND WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS........................................................82
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The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Final Structure Plan, Volume 2: Supplementary Documents, List of Tables
TABLE 1: LUXOR STUDY AREA P OPULATION, 1996............................................................................23
TABLE 2: NATIONAL P OPULATION FIGURES.......................................................................................23
TABLE 3: POPULATION AT THE AGE OF WORK , LUXOR STUDY AREA (15-60 YEARS OLD ) ....................24
TABLE 4: NATIONAL P OPULATION AT THE AGE OF WORK (15-60 YEARS OLD ).....................................24
TABLE 5: LABOR FORCE POOL IN THE LUXOR STUDY AREA ...............................................................25
TABLE 6: LABOR FORCE POOL, THE NATIONAL FIGURES....................................................................25
TABLE 7: POPULATION ENGAGED IN WORK IN THE LUXOR STUDY AREA ............................................25
TABLE 8: POPULATION ENGAGED IN WORK , NATIONAL FIGURES .......................................................25
TABLE 9: ILLITERACY RATES IN THE LUXOR STUDY AREA (POPULATION 10-YEARS-AND OLDER).........28
TABLE 10: ILLITERACY RATES AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL (POPULATION 10-YEARS-AND OLDER)...........28
TABLE 11: EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF LUXOR: A) P OPULATION WHO CAN READ & W RITE ...................29
TABLE 12: NATIONAL FIGURES OF EDUCATIONAL STATUS: A) P OPULATION WHO CAN READ & WRITE.29
TABLE 13: EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF LUXOR: B) UNIVERSITY GRADUATES ........................................29
TABLE 14: NATIONAL FIGURES OF EDUCATIONAL STATUS: B) UNIVERSITY GRADUATES .....................30
TABLE 15: % DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY MAJOR ECONOMIC ACTIVITY (15-YEARS-AND-OLDER)
................................................................................................................................................32
TABLE 16: P OPULATION AND HOUSEHOLDS .......................................................................................33
TABLE 17: P OP. D ISTRIBUTION BY MARIT AL STATUS..........................................................................33
TABLE 18: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY AGE GROUP..................................................................34
TABLE 19: P OPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY HOUSEHOLDS....................................................................34
TABLE 20: DISTRIBUTION OF BUILDING BY BUILDING OWNERSHIP.......................................................35
TABLE 21: DISTRIBUTION BY BUILDING TYPES ...................................................................................35
TABLE 22: DISTRIBUTION OF BUILDINGS BY TYPE ..............................................................................36
TABLE 23: DISTRIBUTION BY BUILDING USE.......................................................................................36
TABLE 24: BUILDING DISTRIBUTION BY CONNECTION TO THE NETWORK..............................................37
TABLE 25: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY MEANS TO LIGHTING ....................................................38
TABLE 26: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY WATER ACCESS ...........................................................38
TABLE 27: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY ELECTRIC, GAS, AND SEWER .........................................39
TABLE 28: HOSPITALS AND HEALTH FACILITIES IN LUXOR CITY .........................................................39
TABLE 29: HEALTH UNITS AND HEALTH FACILITIES IN LUXOR CITY AND MARKHAZ............................40
TABLE 30: HEALTH GROUPS AND HEALTH FACILITIES IN LUXOR CITY AND MARKHAZ.........................40
TABLE 31: CLINICS IN LUXOR CITY AND MARKHAZ............................................................................40
TABLE 32: BLOOD BANKS IN LUXOR CITY .........................................................................................40
TABLE 33: PHARMACIES IN LUXOR CITY AND MARKHAZ ....................................................................41
TABLE 34: AMBULANCE CENTERS IN LUXOR CITY AND MARKHAZ ......................................................41
TABLE 35: CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA..................................................................................................44
TABLE 36: SUMMARY OF USAID ENVIRONMENTAL P ROCEDURE........................................................65
TABLE 37: SUMMARY OF WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES .................................................................67
TABLE 38: SUMMARY OF P ROJECTED WATER DEMANDS – M³/D .........................................................68
TABLE 39: SUMMARY OF WASTEWATER P UMP STATION DATA...........................................................70
TABLE 40: SUMMARY OF P ROJECTED WASTEWATER FLOW - M 3/D .....................................................71
TABLE 41: ACTIVITIES RELATED TO REHABILITATION AND EXPANSION OF WATER DISTRIBUTION
NETWORK.................................................................................................................................74
TABLE 42: INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS P ROJECTED FOR THE NEW WASTEWATER
STABILIZATION P ONDS ..............................................................................................................75
TABLE 43: ACTIVITIES RELATED TO THE NEW WASTEWATER STABILIZATION P ONDS..........................76
TABLE 44: ACTIVITIES RELATED TO THE REHABILITATION OF EXISTING WASTEWATER TREATMENT
P LANT ......................................................................................................................................81
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The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
TABLE 45: ACTIVITIES RELATED TO THE REHABILITATION AND EXPANSION OF WASTEWATER
COLLECTION NETWORK.............................................................................................................83
TABLE 46: WORKFORCE REQUIRED FOR THE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF DIFFERENT P ROJECT
ELEMENTS ................................................................................................................................84
TABLE 47: MAJOR CROPS CULTIVATED IN LUXOR..............................................................................86
TABLE 48: TYPICAL AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITY LAND USES AND AREA ..........................................89
TABLE 49: INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS ARRIVALS BY REGION 1992 – 1998 .........................................91
TABLE 50: INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS RECEIPTS BY REGION 1992 – 1998...........................................92
TABLE 51: TOURISM RECEIPTS FOR SELECTED MEDITERRANEAN DESTINATIONS.................................93
TABLE 52: AGGREGATE MEASURES OF TOURISM TO EGYPT 1981-1998...............................................93
TABLE 53: AGGREGATE MEASURES OF TOURISM TO EGYPT 1981-1998...............................................94
TABLE 54: INBOUND TOURISM TO EGYPT BY MAIN GENERATING GROUPS:.........................................95
TABLE 55: FOREIGN ARRIVALS VIA MAIN POINTS OF ENTRY – 1997:..................................................96
TABLE 56: EGYPT'S LODGING CAPACITY DISTRIBUTION BY REGION – 1998 ........................................97
TABLE 57: HOTEL NIGHTS IN SELECTED GOVERNORATES - 1997 .......................................................97
TABLE 58: ANNUAL OCCUPANCY RATES OF HOTEL ROOMS 1994-99 [PERCENTAGES] .........................99
TABLE 59: ESTIMATION OF 1997 FOREIGN EXCHANGE EARNINGS-LUXOR SHARE................................99
TABLE 60: SELECTED MEASURES OF TOURISM AT LUXOR ................................................................ 100
TABLE 61: LUXOR HOTEL RESIDENTS BY GEOGRAPHIC GROUP - 1997 ............................................. 100
TABLE 62: ESTIMATED HOTEL CAPACITY REQUIREMENT , 2017 ....................................................... 103
TABLE 63: DISTRIBUTION OF NEW HOTEL CAPACITY BY TYPE ......................................................... 104
TABLE 64: NEW HOTEL P ROJECTS IN LUXOR ................................................................................... 105
TABLE 65: VISITORS TO SELECTED LUXOR ANTIQUITY SITES, JANUARY 1997................................... 122
TABLE 66: VISITORS TO SELECTED LUXOR ANTIQUITY SITES, FEBRUARY 1997................................. 123
TABLE 67: VISITORS TO SELECTED LUXOR ANTIQUITY SITES, MARCH 1997...................................... 124
TABLE 68: VISITORS TO SELECTED LUXOR ANTIQUITY SITES, APRIL 1997........................................ 125
TABLE 69: VISITORS TO SELECTED LUXOR ANTIQUITY SITES, MAY 1997.......................................... 126
TABLE 70: VISITORS TO SELECTED LUXOR ANTIQUITY SITES, JUNE 1997.......................................... 127
TABLE 71: 1997 DISTRIBUTION OF VISITORS, BY SITE FOR EAST AND WEST BANKS .......................... 128
TABLE 72: 1997 MONTHLY REVENUES AT ANTIQUITY SITES: TOTAL AND PER VISITOR...................... 128
TABLE 73: ANTIQUITIES RESOURCES (CAPACITIES) ......................................................................... 129
TABLE 74: ANTIQUITIES RESOURCES (FEES) .................................................................................... 133
TABLE 75: WEST BANK TOMB CAPACITY........................................................................................ 135
TABLE 76: ASSUMED P ATTERN OF ARRIVAL TO TOMBS, 10 HOURS OF OPERATION............................ 136
TABLE 77: ASSUMED P ATTERN OF ARRIVAL TO TOMBS, 16 HOURS OF OPERATION............................ 137
TABLE 78: ESTIMATE OF OVERALL WEST BANK VISITATION, BASED ON TOMB CAPACITY AND
SEASONAL P ATTERNS.............................................................................................................. 138
TABLE 79: PROJECTED NEW TOURISM ACCOMMODATION IN THE SOUTH OF EGYPT, 2017.................. 142
TABLE 80: PROJECTED INCREASE IN ELECTRICITY GENERATION, SOUTH OF EGYPT, 2017.................. 149
TABLE 81: PROJECTED JOB OPPORTUNITIES .................................................................................... 153
TABLE 82: ANALYTIC INDICATORS ................................................................................................. 153
TABLE 83: INVESTMENTS OF THE NATIONAL P ROJECT ...................................................................... 153
TABLE 84: PROFILE OF EGYPT ........................................................................................................ 155
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The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
List of Abbreviations
Currency
Currency Unit: Egyptian Pounds (LE) (as of December 1999)
LE 1.0 = 100 piasters
LE 1.0 = US$ 0.29
US$ 1.0 = LE 3.41
Weights and Measures
Metric System
Abbreviations and Acronym
CDCL
Comprehensive Development for the City of Luxor
CDM
Camp Dresser Mckee
CEA
Cost Effectiveness Analysis
EEAA
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
EGSA
Egyptian General Survey Authority
EGSMA
Egyptian Geological Survey and Mining Authority
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
GNP
Gross National Product
GOE
Government of Egypt
GOPP
General Organization for Physical Planning (within the Ministry of Housing, Utilities and
Urban Communities)
HCLC
Higher Council for Luxor City
IDSC
Information and Decision Support Center
IFC
International Finance Corporation
JICA
Japan international Cooperation Agency
LNT
Luxor National Trust
MFA
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
MFIC
Ministry of International Cooperation
MHUUC
Ministry of Housing Utilities and Urban Communities
MHUUC/ RSO Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities /Research and Studies
Organization
MOC
Ministry of Culture
MOE
Ministry of Economy
MOF
Ministry of Finance
MOP
Ministry of Planning
MOT
Ministry of Tourism
MOTR
Ministry of Transportation
NGO
Nongovernmental Organization
PDA
Preservation and Development Authority
PDN
Planned Development Neighborhood
PMU
Project Implementation and Management Unit
SCA
Supreme Council for Antiquities (within the Ministry of Culture)
TDA
Tourism Development Authority (within the Ministry of Tourism)
UNDP
United Nations Development Programme
UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
USAID
United States Agency for International Development
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The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project, Egypt Final Structure Plan Report
Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities / Research and Studies Organization,
The Arab Republic of Egypt Fiscal Year
July 1- June 30
President
His Excellency Hosni Mubarak
Project Sponsor
The Honorable First Lady Mrs. Suzanne Mubarak
Minister of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities
Dr. Eng. Mohammed Ibrahim Soliman
Preside nt, Higher Council for the City of Luxor
General Mahmoud Khalef
National Counterpart of the Project
Eng. Laila Kamel Barsoum, MHUUC
National Project Director
Eng. Mona Omar El Bassiouni, MHUUC/RSO
Deputy National Project Director
Eng. Hisham Moustafa, MHUUC/RSO
Working Groups Moderator
Dr. Tarek Wafik
Project Consultants
Abt Associates Inc.
ICON Architecture Inc.
Baraka Trading and Investments.
Date:
January, 2000
Principal Project Implementing Agency
Higher Council for the City of Luxor (HCLC)
Proposed Term:
2000-2020
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The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
For Additional Information, Please Contact:
Eng. Laila Kamel Barsoum, First Undersecretary of State National Counterpart for the Project
Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities
1 Ismail Abaza Street, Kasr El Eini
Cairo, Egypt
Tel/fax 011-202-594-3088
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The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Annex 1: Figures
These figures are included in Annex 1 of Volume 1 of the Final Structure Plan Technical Report
document. This list is provided in Volume 2 for reference only
1.
2.
3.
4.
Regional Natural and Cultural Constraints
Regional Structure Plan - 2020
Regional Transportation - 2020
Tourism and Heritage Linkages - 2020
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Utility Services - 2020
Luxor City - Action Areas
Luxor City - Structure Plan
Luxor City - Circulation
Open Museum and Heritage District Existing Key Feat ures
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Open Museum and Heritage District Concept Diagram
Open Museum and Heritage District Existing Circulation
Open Museum and Heritage District Proposed Circulation
Open Museum and Heritage District Management Zones
Aerial view of the Avenue of the Sphinxes towards Luxor Temple
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Ground level view of activity along the restored Avenue of the Sphinxes
Activity along the Lower Corniche in the Luxor City Open Museum and Heritage District
The Processional Way in front of Karnak Temple’s entrance
View towards the Necropolis from the Open Museum and Heritage District Visitor Center
Coordinate Map of New Luxor and El Toad
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
New Luxor - Structure Plan
New Luxor - Neighborhoods
New Luxor - Public Facility Zones
New Luxor Typical Neighborhood
Civic space within a New Luxor neighborhood center
25.
26.
27.
28.
New Luxor City Center
New Luxor - Parks and Open Spaces
New Luxor - Circulation
El Toad Touristic Zone - Plan
29. Aerial view of the El Toad Tourism Zone entry
30. El Toad Entry Area
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The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Acknowledgements
The Structure Plan Report is the cumulative result of earnest and sincere efforts made by all those
associated with the project.
The consultants are particularly appreciative of Her Excellency, The First Lady, Mrs. Suzanne Mubarak
for sponsoring the Comprehensive Development Plan for the City of Luxor Project, and giving national
priority to the project so deserving for such a historic place as Luxor.
The consultants would also like to express their gratitude to the Ministry of Housing Utilities and Urban
Communities (MHUUC), MHUUC's Research and Studies Organization (RSO)—which served as the
national counterpart for this planning process—and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP),
for entrusting this study to us. Consultants would like to express thanks to His Excellency Minister of
Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities, Dr. Eng. Mohammed Ibrahim Soliman for his leadership in
the planning process and wisdom in commenting on the plans. Consultants would like to single out the
most valuable assistance that Eng. Laila Kamel Barsoum extended in conducting the study, and her
leadership in providing overall direction to the project. Consultants would also like to express gratitude
to Eng. Mona El Bassiouni, National Project Director, and the staff of the Research and Studies
Organization, for their contribution and guidance. Consultants are most appreciative for the advice,
assistance, and resources made available through the Higher Council for Luxor City (HCLC) given by the
Governor of the HCLC, General Mahmoud Khalef and their staff, in particular, Mr. Youseff Andraous,
Mr. Hagag Youssouf, and Eng. Sheharezade Hamem. Sheikh Mohammed El Tayeb, Haj Ahmed Abu
Zeid, and the citizens of Luxor extended a warm hospitality to consultants and made significant
contributions to the planning process. The consultants would also like to express profound gratitude to
the former Governors of the HCLC, General Mohammed Yousseff and General Selmi Selim.
The consultants have been very fortunate to receive constructive advice and support from the broadly
representative Project Working Group and the chairs of the Working Group committees, Dr. Tarek Wafik,
and Eng. Mona Omar El Bassiouni.
The consultants are very appreciative for the valued contribution made by the many government officials
and private sector representatives who assisted with information and insights that greatly influenced the
planning. Among the numerous Working Group members, the consultants would like to give thanks to
Dr. Ali Soliman, First Undersecretary General, Ministry for International Cooperation, Dr. Adel Rady,
Director of the Tourism Development Authority, and Dr. Mohammed El Saghir, Director of Egyptian
Antiquities Sector at the Supreme Council for Antiquities.
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Annex 2: Summary Scope for the CDCL Project
2.1
Background
Luxor (Thebes for the ancient Greeks) is home to a treasure of world-renowned monuments.
Tutankhamun’s Tomb symbolizes Egypt’s Pharaonic past as much as the Pyramids. Nefertari’s Tomb,
the tombs in the Valley of the Kings and in the Valley of the Queens, and the Tombs of the Nobles
contain some of the most accomplished artwork in man’s history. Together with the Colossi of Memnon,
Karnak Temple (the most imposing Pharaonic temple in all of Egypt) and Luxor Temple, they represent
some of the finest examples of mankind’s early civilization and rank among its greatest cultural
achievements.
This unique cultural heritage continues to attract visitors from all over the world in ever-growing
numbers. Ironically, their dedication to viewing these treasures is becoming a threat. In the tombs, their
very presence is becoming detrimental to the quality and preservation of the paintings. There and in the
temples, their increasing number and the virtual lack of any effective crowd management means waiting
and jostling, elements that detract from the cultural experience. At the same time, the virtual absence of
facilities for other tourist activities means very short stays in the area, lessening the benefits to the local
economy, and less flexibility in scheduling visits to the cultural sites.
Even so, the increasing number of tourists visiting Luxor has also provided the impetus for accelerated
growth in Luxor and its surrounding areas. Growth pressures in turn have resulted in encroachments on
the tombs and monuments, thereby jeopardizing the cultural heritage and impairing their value as a tourist
attraction.
To respond to these trends, the Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities and the UNDP in
1997 sponsored Abt Associates Inc. for the study of a 20-year Comprehensive Development Plan for the
City of Luxor (CDCL). The Structure Plan, Heritage Plan and Investment Projects produced as
components of the project address ways to accommodate the projected growth in population, tourism and
agriculture, while preserving and enhancing the antiquities.
The objective of the CDCL project is to establish and carry out a work plan for environmentally
sustainable tourism development that also benefits the local population. To reach this objective, the
following core themes emerged from a study approach that stressed the active participation of all major
stakeholders:
(1) Preservation of cultural resources protects Egypt’s heritage and promotes economic development.
(2) Planned growth promotes sustainable economic development.
(3) Meeting the contemporary needs of local residents is vital to the success of plans.
These core themes in turn identified specific objectives for the Comprehensive Development Plan for the
City of Luxor:
(1) Contribute to the preservation of the area’s unique cultural heritage by alleviating pressures on the
existing sites through the creation of additional tourist attractions;
(2) Prevent further urban sprawl and the deleterious effects of unplanned development on the cultural
heritage and on the population’s living conditions; and
(3) Create new economic opportunities for the citizens of the region.
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The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
To achieve these objectives, the Comprehensive Development Plan for the City of Luxor (CDCL)
incorporates the following elements:
(1) The creation of a Luxor City Open Museum and Heritage District, preserving the key historic features
and settings in the City’s old sections.
(2) The restoration of the Avenue of the Sphinxes, linking the major temples of Karnak and Luxor;
(3) The development of a tourism zone south of the City of Luxor in the El Toad, comprising hotels as
well as a golf course and facilities for other tourist activities;
(4) The creation of a planned new community, New Luxor, south of the present city, for a target
population of 200,000 residents by the year 2017; and,
(5) Introduction of and support for the cultivation of higher-value crops in the agricultural zone
surrounding the City of Luxor.
2.2
The Investment Projects
The Comprehensive Development Plan for the City of Luxor is being developed in a series of stages. The
initial document was designed to build consensus around a comprehensive conceptual framework. In the
second phase, a Structure Plan translated the basic concepts into specific project elements. These
elements are further refined and elaborated in a series of six investment projects, each focusing on one
aspect of the overall project.:
2.2.1 Project 1: Restoration of the Avenue of the Sphinxes
During the Pharaonic period, the Avenue of the Sphinxes connected the Temples of Luxor and Karnak, a
processional avenue lined on both sides by 1,200 statues of sphinxes. Both temples were substantially
completed during the New Kingdom period, over 3,000 years ago. Successive rulers altered and added to
the temples; Amenhotep III built the Temple of Luxor during the 18th Dynasty, adding gardens between
the Temple of Luxor and the complex of temples at Karnak. The ram-headed sphinxes lining the avenue
bore his likeness. The centuries since have buried this processional avenue and its statues under 2 m of
silt and sand, and urban development covered it with housing, asphalted streets, and other structures,
obscuring its route and interrupting this dramatic connection.
Over the last 50 years, portions of the Avenue of the Sphinxes (also known as Kebash Avenue) have been
excavated, revealing remnants of the sphinxes and the roadbed. Short segments near each temple have
been fully excavated and are now integral parts of the antiquities settings. Test excavations at segments
along the 2.4-kilometer length of the Avenue have verified its location and underlined its archaeological
potential.
The investment project focuses on the renovation of the Avenue of the Sphinxes to improve the touristic
experience, increase the vitality of the city center, and form the centerpiece of an Open Museum. The
emphasis of the project at all times is on the accommodation of the living needs of the permanent
population (mitigating the effects of congestion in a growing city center) with an active effort to increase
job and entrepreneurial opportunities.
The restoration project comprises several major actions, several of which will require substantial outlays
and demand intensive implementation oversight. These actions summarized below are explained in detail
in Investment Project 1. The total cost of the project is estimated at approximately US$40,000,000.
(1) Purchase of land where necessary to a width of 76 m;
(2) Relocation housing for the residents of over a hundred housing units on top of the Avenue of the
Sphinxes;
(3) Phase demolition of housing, commercial buildings, and government and religious buildings
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intruding on the Avenue of the Sphinxes;
(4) Excavation to a depth of 2 m: restoration of the sphinx statues and landscaping; provision of visitor
amenities; and
(5) Modification of the adjacent street layout and street crossings of the Avenue of the Sphinxes.
In addition, the project will include measures to protect the setting. Administrative regulations and
enforcement provisions will remove intrusions onto the Avenue of the Sphinxes, prevent future
intrusions, and ensure that adjacent uses are compatible with the historic nature of the Avenue.
2.2.2 Project 2: Development of The Destination Resort of El-Toad
The objective of the project is to establish and carry out a work plan for envir onmentally sustainable
tourism development that also benefits the local population. To reach this objective the following core
themes were identified:
(1) Preservation of cultural resources protects Egypt’s heritage and promotes economic development.
(2) Planned growth promotes sustainable economic development.
(3) Meeting the contemporary needs of local residents is vital to the success of plans.
The Need
The creation of a tourism zone outside Luxor City is necessary to serve the future needs of the rapidly
growing regional tourism industry. With tourism in Luxor projected to increase from 1 to 4 million
visitors over the next 20 years, the area needs an estimated 6,600 new hotel rooms, in addition to the
2,280 rooms currently being planned in Luxor City proper.
Existing hotel development areas will not be able to serve future needs. Suitable areas in Luxor City
itself are limited to small infill parcels along the Corniche or lands on the perimeter of the city that are
reserved for agricultural use. Proposed hotel sites in outlying areas, such as New Thebes and El Khuzam,
would add to capacity, but the scale and location of these areas are not ideal for a major tourism zone. A
large area with site amenities and strong regional access is needed as a major tourism zone for the Luxor
region. Such an area not only can provide ample sites to support new hotel construction but also can
support tourist recreational services and amenities which contemporary tourists expect. The inclusion of
diverse activities within this zone is essential to expanding the range of activities for tourists and provide
some alternatives to relieve pressures on the cultural heritage sites.
Location
On-site with favorable development potential is located in the El Toad area of the region. Encompassing
two large, undeveloped plateaus approximately 9 km south of Luxor City and 2 km south of New Luxor
and also 2 km south of the only Nile River Bridge in the region, El Toad offers a dramatic setting that can
support significant tourism development. North and westward views from the plateaus take in the Nile
River Valley and distant Necropolis. In other directions, views take in the wadis, agriculture and desert
lands that frame the site. Local character is provided through the nearby villages, the infrequently visited
and attractive El Toad Temple site and commoner tombs.
Existing regional links between El Toad and other East Bank activities include the inter-regional rail line
and Cairo-Aswan Highway that run along the western edge of the site. Its proximity to the Luxor Bridge
provides exceptional access to tourism attractions on the West Bank. The proposed cruise ship port
immediately adjacent to the area will further enhance the value and attractiveness of El Toad.
The Vision
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The El Toad Tourism Zone will include both tourism accommodations and attractions with regional
appeal. Commercial and recreational attractions will make El Toad a major tourism destination, thereby
promoting longer stays in the Luxor region, helping to relieve the visitor volumes at area monuments, and
increasing economic opportunities for local residents. Amenities will include a golf course, theater,
museum, large-scale gardens, tennis, and equestrian facilities. Concentrating hotel development in a
well-planned zone will also achieve economies of scale for provision of superior amenities, maintenance,
events planning and security, as hotels can share promotional programs and facilities.
The Plan for the El Toad Tourism Zone has been developed to create a desirable area of both attractions
and accommodations that serves regional tourists. Its key features include the following:
(1) El Toad is located outside agricultural and antiquities lands. Development on the plateau can be
oriented to capture the dramatic vie ws of the Nile River Valley and distant Necropolis.
(2) Development through the 2017 period should occur on the southern plateau, which can be strongly
linked to the proposed Cruise Ship port. In the more distant future, assuming that monument capacity
constraints are met, there will be the potential for future touristic zone development on the nearby
plateau to the north.
(3) Approximately 18 hotels, with a total of 4,500 rooms are planned for the twenty-year period.
Accommodations will vary in quality and type, including three, four and five star hotels and villa
complexes.
(4) The El Toad plan is coordinated with the new cruise ship port development in order to create an
integrated tourism zone that promotes more joint cruise-hotel stays and improved connectivity.
(5) Attractions, such as an 18-hole golf course and botanical garden, are incorporated into El Toad in
order to broaden the types of tourism experience possible in the Luxor Region.
(6) An inter-modal transportation facility is built at the intersection of the inter-regional highway and the
El Toad entrance road; adjacent to the new cruise ship port. The facility becomes the primary transfer
point between water and surface transportation in the area.
(7) A road between El Toad and New Luxor is eventually developed to provide a direct connection that
bypasses local area settlements.
(8) Regular shuttle bus service is established to provide convenient access between the cruise ship port,
destinations within El Toad, and regional destinations on the East and West Bank.
(9) A visitor center with museum interpreting regional local life customs is built along the formal
entrance boulevard to El Toad. The visitor center also serves as a staging point for shuttle bus service
within the El Toad area and tour bus traffic to regional destinations.
Elements
A collection of 18 hotels and villas with approximately 4,500 rooms will locate in the El Toad Tourism
Zone. Accommodations will vary in design and scale. Hotels will cluster at the entrance and along
portions of the loop road. The highest quality hotels will likely locate in the northwest portion of El Toad
with views to the Nile and Necropolis. The four hotels that locate in the El Toad Center at the entrance to
El Toad will be integrated with the surrounding shops, entertainment and services to create an active
environment that is distinct from the more secluded hotel developments along the golf course. Additional
variety is offered through low-rise villa developments that locate along attractive narrow roads winding
through the lushly landscaped golf course.
All hotels and villa developments will offer on-site recreation and service amenities that vary in amount
and quality between the three, four and five star developments. Shared resources within El Toad will
include recreation, cultural and entertainment, public facilities and transportation. Scattered between
three areas within the tourism zone are shops, restaurants and cafes. Commercial uses will be integrated
with associated cultural, entertainment and public service facilities. Upon the completion of the cruise
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ship port, additional commercial businesses may locate there.
Cultural and Entertainment
The El Toad Center will include facilities to serve both hotel guests and visitors. A lively atmosphere
will be created through clustering together facilities, such as a cinema, theater, nightclub and multipurpose hall, with the commercial shops located in the Center. The El Toad Center should also includes a
museum with exhibits on the Luxor region’s history and local customs and traditions, which could be
integrated with interpretation of the commoner tombs area which is adjacent to the Center. A visitor
center will offer regional information and serve as an entry point to the botanical garden and transfer
point for bus tours of the nearby Commoner Tombs and El Toad Temple.
Public Service Facilities
Also located in the El Toad Center will be public facilities, such as a post office, police station and fire
station that service the entire tourism zone and nearby cruise ship port.
Transportation Facilities
In order to create an efficient circulation system that provides connections within the tourism zone and
regionally, an intermodal facility will be sited near the intersection of the El Toad entrance road and the
Cairo-Aswan Highway. Adequate parking and staging areas will be provided for the El Toad shuttle,
regional coaches and rental cars. Located adjacent to the new cruise ship port, the inter-modal facility
will also become a good transfer point between water and surface transport. Easy transfer between buses
and shuttles to water taxis, ferries and cruise ships will be possible.
Connections and Circulation
Planned transportation improvements in the area will further strengthen El Toad’s exceptional regional
access. The airport is easily accessible via the Cairo-Aswan highway that runs along the edge of the El
Toad, while cruise ship traffic will arrive at a large new port that is integrated into the development,
thereby increasing the number of tourists combining hotel/cruise tours in the region. An inter-modal
transportation facility that serves both El Toad and the cruise ship port is an opportunity to link the two
areas and provide convenient transportation connections to tourists.
Access from El Toad to attractions in Luxor City and the West Bank will also be convenient. Travelers to
Luxor City will use the Cairo-Aswan highway and the El Awameya Road connecting to the Corniche,
while travelers to the West Bank Necropolis will be well served by the Luxor Bridge located just two
kilometers from El Toad.
Within the El Toad Tourism Zone, circulation will be served through an attractively landscaped loop road
that winds through the development. Shuttle service will be provided along the loop road to serve traffic
going between the cruise ship port, hotels and commercial nodes of activity throughout the El Toad Zone.
The entry sequence into El Toad would be along an attractively landscaped road running between the
Cruise Ship Port, across the railroad tracks and up a steep grade to the El Toad Center. The Center’s
collection of shops and services includes an information center that also serves as a shuttle bus transfer
point for reaching hotel and villa development areas and nearby attractions, such as the Commoner
Tombs and El Toad Temple.
The formal entry road continues on to another commercial area and golf club where at that point it
branches into a loop road that runs around the perimeter of the golf course to reach hotel development
areas. Villa developments will located on minor roads winding through the golf course.
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2.2.3 Project 3: Development of the New Community of New Luxor
The fast growing Luxor region is expected to at least double in population over the next twenty years. In
order to reduce development pressures on the historic Luxor City area and protect the agricultural zone
from encroachment, the Egyptian Government has advocated the development of new settlements outside
the existing urbanized area to absorb the majority of new development over the next twenty years. One
new town, New Thebes, has already been started 15 kilometers northeast of Luxor City. However, with
the recent completion of a Luxor Bridge and the anticipated nearby expansion of a port for cruise ships
south of Luxor City, informal, unplanned development will favor the southern part of the area. It is
already claiming substantial agricultural lands to the south and east of Luxor City. If a new town is not
planned for in the south of Luxor City, unplanned sprawl in that part of the region is likely to result in
negative consequences for the future prosperity of the region. Timely action to stem this undesirable
growth is essential: an attractive new town is needed to become the magnet for new development in the
Luxor region
The Proposed Site
The proposed site for New Luxor, south of Luxor City, east of the Cairo-Aswan Highway and the
agricultural belt, is accessible and visible from the Highway, and consists of three east-west oriented
plateaus, separated by wadis. It is in close proximity to the regional wastewater treatment plant, readily
accessible to the new Luxor Bridge and to the proposed El Toad tourism zone which will be a major new
source of jobs for the region. Intercity rail is nearby, parallel to the highway, and potential land
reclamation efforts in the vicinity hold the promise of turning a portion of the desert land in the site
vicinity into green cultivated property.
The Vision
The new city is designed to be a pleasant place to live and work, setting a new standard for development
in the Luxor region with its high-quality infrastructure, open spaces, and public facilities. With an
eventual population of approximately 200,000, New Luxor has the potential to emerge as the major
commercial, governmental and residential location in the region. New Luxor’s attractive urban
environment for an economically diverse mix of residents will make it a magnet for new development,
thereby relieving the growth pressures on Luxor City. New Luxor can become a model for the region to
show how planning in advance of development can help to create a high quality living environment.
The Plan for New Luxor has been developed to achieve a livable and attractive community which takes
advantage of its regional setting, incorporatin g the following key features:
(1) The community is located east of substantial agricultural lands, insuring an attractive greenway
entry.
(2) Major development is located on three elongated east-west plateaus, linked with major arterial streets.
(3) The City axis and City Center, on the central plateau, is oriented to the Theban Necropolis, which is
the most characteristic landmark in the region and highly visible from this location.
(4) Many City parks and open spaces are located on the wadis between the plateaus, providing an
effective use of land and supporting green spaces to city activities.
(5) Each neighborhood is conceived as a relatively independent unit, with central services, minimal
through traffic, and close proximity to District services centers.
(6) Early connections with New Luxor can be achieved by upgrading existing roadways, while the longrange connection to Luxor City will be provided through a new arterial boulevard which lead to the
southerly growth area of the existing City.
(7) The northwest corner of the City, in close proximity to agricultural lands and potential irrigation
resources associated with tertiary treatment of the new waste water plant will be devoted to an
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agricultural village with nearby agro-processing industries, providing an initial employment base and
investment rationale for the City’s growth.
The Neighborhoods
The neighborhood will be the foundation of the structure of New Luxor. Some 25 neighborhoods will
make up the city, each supporting a population between 8,000-10,000. Although the form and character
of each neighborhood will vary, a number of shared principles will guide development:
(1) Neighborhoods are envisioned as building blocks that can be phased to accommodate gradual
development. Each neighborhood will include housing clusters that are within a 500-meter radius
from a neighborhood service center.
(2) The neighborhoods are envisioned to include a variety of house types and sizes to meet the needs and
preferences of a broad range of residents.
(3) The economies of low-rise construction and the constraints of the desert environment influence
dwelling design to be low in height and dense with respect to ground coverage in order to provide
shade and minimize irrigation. Single -family attached and detached houses on small lots are
proposed for most New Luxor neighborhoods. Average lot sizes based on income and quality of
construction is consistent with new town planning standards in Egypt. The average lot sizes are only
used to roughly estimate residential land area demands for New Luxor; further market study
information will be necessary to guide the actual design of New Luxor’s neighborhoods.
(4) The relatively compact residential areas in New Luxor will allow for safe access by foot or bicycle to
the pedestrian-oriented neighborhood greenways, and from there to the neighborhood service centers
where travel can continue by foot, bicycle or bus to district service centers.
Open Spaces
A network of lush open spaces through New Luxor will give it the character of an urban oasis on the edge
of the desert. At the city-scale, the plan takes advantage of the surrounding environmental features. Long
linear wadis will become passive open spaces articulating the urban landscape of New Luxor, a desirable
amenity for residents of the new city. These same wadis will also serve to collect storm drainage during
the infrequent rains.
In addition to the passive open space created by the wadis, New Luxor will also contain landscaped
boulevards and greenways, and a system of parks at several scales. These parks, provided at the
neighborhood, district and city level, will serve as centers for active recreation. Over 150 feddan are
allocated to parks and open spaces in the city.
Connections and Circulation
The new town will offer convenient access to the international airport, Luxor Bridge and the interregional Cairo-Aswan Highway without an immediate need for major new inter-city roads. As the
community grows, two important roads will be built: a direct connection to a new southern gateway rail
station in Luxor City, and a north-south road along the edge of the agricultural belt to link New Luxor to
the El Toad tourism zone to the south and strengthening the connection to the airport, northeast of the
new city.
In the city itself, reserving rights-of-way in advance of development will ensure a comprehensive and
integrated street network. Both major and minor streets will be planned to provide for the adequate
circulation of private vehicles, buses, and other transportation modes. Streets in New Luxor will be
classified according to function and designed for each functional classification. Local streets, designed to
provide access to each residence, will have very low traffic volume. Higher volume neighborhood
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service streets form loops and provide the principal routes for deliveries and service to neighborhood
centers. Collector streets run through district centers, intercept traffic from neighborhood streets and feed
into the arterial network which runs along the perimeter of each district center. The arterial streets,
forming a continuous network connecting each district center to the city center as well as regional
destinations, provide for the rapid movement of high volumes of traffic over relatively long distances.
An east-west boulevard will be the major point of entry for traffic from the new road linking New Luxor
to Luxor City. With a right-of-way to accommodate four lanes of traffic, shoulders, and a linear park, the
boulevard will become an attractive entrance to the New Luxor City center. Buses will run the length of
the city center boulevard and provide the major means of public movement within the center while interconnecting the city center to other citywide public transportation routes. The mall-boulevard will become
a strong axis through the center of New Luxor, offering striking views of the West Bank Necropolis.
Continuous pedestrian arcades along the boulevard provide a shaded walking environment adjacent to the
mall through the city center area. As an open space feature connecting a series of urban spaces in the city
center, the central boulevard has the potential of becoming a promenade for New Luxor residents, similar
to the role of the Corniche in Luxor City.
An exclusive system for pedestrians and cyclists is provided through the local greenways that connect
neighborhood centers. Pedestrian and bicycle traffic is also accommodated along the collector system
roads.
Animal drawn cart traffic is minimized in New Luxor through establishing produce and livestock market
areas in the northwestern portion of the city that intercept traffic from the surrounding agricultural lands
before it enters New Luxor.
This investment project, described in the present document, projects the needs of New Luxor, the El Toad
tourism zone, and the new cruise ship port in terms of infrastructure (water, wastewater, transportation,
energy, and telecommunications). It uses these demand forecasts as basis for assessing the investment
needs in infrastructure facilities, focusing on opportunities in these sector for private sector participation.
2.2.4 Project 4: Infrastructure Services for New Luxor and El Toad
This investment project forecasts the needs of New Luxor, the El Toad tourism zone, and the new cruise
ship port in terms of infrastructure (water, wastewater, transportation, energy, and telecommunications).
It uses these demand forecasts as basis for assessing the investment needs in infrastructure facilities,
focusing on opportunities in these sector for private sector participation.
2.2.5 Project 5: Establishment of High-Value Agriculture
High-value crop production and are agro-processing industries are key elements in the strategy to meet
contemporary needs of Luxor residents. There is substantial poverty in Luxor, despite the appearance of
wealth because of the tourism industry. The majority of Luxor residents depend on small agricultural
plots (the average plot size is a modest 1.84 feddan) to sustain their families. These agricultural families
have substantial needs to expand agricultural la nds to support future generations and to increase
household incomes to improve their standard of living. Reclamation of substantial lands in Luxor is
essential for the growing population. Introduction of high-value agriculture and agro-processing will
provide a means for farmers to improve their futures.
2.2.6 Project 6: Development of the Open Museum and Heritage District in Luxor City
The Open Museum and Heritage District in Luxor will involve substantial redevelopment of Luxor City
Center into an antiquities zone requiring protection of large areas of the old city from advancing modern
development. Modern development has encroached on, and surrounds, some of the most significant
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antiquities sites. Karnak Temple, Luxor Temple, the Temple of Mut, and the Avenue of the Sphinxes are
surrounded and partly engulfed by the modern city.
As magnificent as these monuments are to experience, the setting around them detracts from their
significance. Almost all tourists visiting Luxor experience these monuments. At the current level of
tourism, these sites are already becoming overcrowded, and the projected volume of future tourists
magnifies the prospects for gradual deterioration. With tourism projected to grow to 4.1 million visitors
annually by the year 2017, the monuments could be overwhelmed. The Open Museum will substantially
expand restored areas and provide many additional non-invasive attractions to accommodate projected
tourism growth. The Open Museum will also function as a vital relief valve for some of the deleterious
pressures on the monuments that result from high levels of tourism.
The Open Museum and Heritage District is a comprehensive strategy to make one of the world’s most
significant cultural sites into one of the most majestic and fascinating experiences for visitors and, at the
same time, promote preservation of antiquities once restored.
The District has several key components, in addition to the restoration of the Avenue of the Sphinxes:
(1) Acquisition of properties around Karnak Temple and Temple of Mut to the Nile River
(2) Relocation of some strategic government buildings to develop museums, replicas, parks, and other
attractions.
(3) Development of a visitor center with centralized site ticketing, interpretative facilities, and centralized
bus parking/tourist shuttle systems.
(4) Preservation and enhancement of the old section of Luxor City and traditional market areas.
(5) Traffic/pedestrian circulation system improvements, including vehicular-restricted and pedestrianonly zones.
The Open Museum and Heritage District is focusing on an area between the more contemporary city and
the Nile River. It is a well-defined area that lends itself to a cohesive treatment. Development pressures
are eroding the historic character of the area, and unless concerted action is undertaken to establish the
Open Museum, the opportunity to create a truly appropriate setting for the treasured Pharaonic antiquities
may be lost for future generations.
2.3
Indications of the Egyptian Government's Commitment and Ownership
The Government of Egypt recognizes that tourism is one of the country's primary engines of growth, and
tourism development is one of its highest priorities. Government economic programs and plans
emphasize the importance of investment in the sector, and Government commitment to infrastructure
improvements and environmental protection is essential in the context of tourism. Although in the past
the Government invested directly in the sector, it has been gradually retreating from this role, leaving
investment in tourism related projects to the private sector. For example, the Government already has
sold much of its interest in hotels and guesthouses and lifted the monopoly of a tour bus company. The
following steps have also been taken:
(1) The Government has accorded the Higher Council for the City of Luxor (HCLC), as an authority with
a mandate to enforce land use plans, protect and manage the environment, and coordinate with other
Government and private sector entities.
(2) The Government has declared significant sections of Luxor a protected area with special regulations.
(3) MOT is continually reviewing, modernizing, and consolidating the regulations governing tourism.
(4) For the tourism sector in Luxor, the Government has assigned three principal ministries including the
MOC/SCA, MHUUC, and the MOT to oversee project implementations, supervise implementation of
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tourism policy, propose laws and regulations, approve the establishment of training centers and set up
programs and institutions for their operation, and establish licensing.
As a major step toward ensuring proper coordination among MHUUC, SCA, HCLC, MOT, the private
sector and the local population in the development of Luxor, the Government has established a Steering
committee (Fast Track Working Group) with a clear oversight mandate.
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Annex 3: Social Profile for the Luxor Study Area1
3.1
Introduction
In 1997, the Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities/Research and Studies Organization
(MHUUC/RSO) and the UNDP sponsored the study of a 20-year Comprehensive Development Plan for
the City of Luxor (CDCL). The development plans within the Structure Plan, Heritage Plan and
Investment Projects produced in this project address ways to accommodate projected growth in
population, tourism and agriculture; and approaches to the preservation and enhancement of the
antiquities to absorb escalation in tourism.
The objective of the project is to establish and carry out a work plan for environmentally sustainable
development that also benefits the local population. To reach this objective the following core themes
were identified:
(1) Preservation of cultural resources protects Egypt’s heritage and promotes economic development.
(2) Planned growth promotes Sustainable Economic Development.
(3) Meeting the contemporary needs of local residents is vital to the success of plans.
This approach would have the benefit of (a) spreading tourism benefits to a larger population, (b)
increasing the number of attractions in Luxor to encourage tourists to stay longer (and spend more), and
(c) reducing the current overload on the existing monuments.
The development of the Comprehensive Development Plan for the City of Luxor was accomplished
through the iterative process developed by the MHUUC/RSO. Working Groups (WGs) composed of
various stakeholders including the project staff of the MHUUC/RSO, representatives from the numerous
ministries with direct interest in the development of Luxor, the business community, and the
representatives of the city council of Luxor met on a regular basis to discuss the CDCL. The Working
Group was advised at every stage of the planning process. This took the form of numerous working
group meetings where material was presented for the members to respond to. The response was then
incorporated to reflect the unified vision of the member of the working group. The CDCL project relied
heavily on these organizations for information, resource person contacts, analysis and recommendations.
This report provides an analysis of the final outcome of the 1996 Population Census. The information of
the Census and the findings of the analysis will greatly inform the recommendations of the Final Structure
Plan for the Luxor Study Area.
3.2
Total Population
In November 1996, the Luxor Study Area’s population totaled 361,138 persons. Of these, 153,758
(42.6%) lived in the City of Luxor (including Gourna) and the remainder 207,380 (57.4%) lived in the
Markhaz (the City of Bayadiya and 15 village administrations)2 .
1
Central Agency for Public Mobilization And Statistics (CAPMAS), 1996: General Census for Population, Housing and
Establishments: Final Results of the Population Census for Luxor City, December 1998 (in Arabic).
2
These figures are, however, inclusive of foreigners and residents of “public places”; e.g. hostels, hotels and hospital in-wards.
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codes.
The male population is slightly more than the female. At the city level, the population is broken-out as
51.9% male and 48.1% female. At the Markhaz level, the percentages are 50.9% male and 49.1% female.
The Luxor Study Area average is 51.3% male and 48.7% female. These figures, as Tables 1 and 2 show,
are quite similar, and in cases identical, to the national averages.
Table 1: Luxor Study Area Population, 19963
Luxor City
Markhaz
Total Luxor
Study Area
Male
Number
79,753
105,581
185,334
%
51.3
50.9
51.3
Female
Number
74,005
101,799
175,804
%
48.1
49.1
48.7
Total Population
Number
%
153,758
42.6
207,380
57.4
361,138
100
Table 2: National Population Figures
Urban
Rural
Total Egypt
3.3
Male
Number
12,957,775
17,393,615
30,351,390
%
51.2
51.1
51.2
Female
Number
12,328,560
16,632,964
28,961,524
%
48.8
48.9
48.8
Total Population
Number
%
25,286,335
42.6
34,026,579
57.4
59,312,914
100
Labor Force
3.3.1. Luxor Study Area Level
The Luxor Study Area population in the age of work (age group 15 to 60) was 201,440 (55.8% of total
population). Of these, 101,280 (50.27%) were males and 100,160 (49.72%) were females. Those who
were actually in the labor force pool amounted to 96,584, representing 47.9% of this particular age group
and 26.74% of the total population. The remainders were full-time students, housewives, not interested in
work, retired, aged and disabled/unable to work.
The labor force pool is broken-out as 86,262 males (89.3%) and 10,322 females (10.7%). Of this labor
force pool, 10,548 were unemployed representing nearly 11% of the labor force pool. In other words,
only 86,036 were engaged in some paid or non-paid work representing 23.8% of the total Study Area
population and putting the dependency rate at about 3:1. Of these 86,036 engaged in work, 78,223 were
3
Inclusive of Egyptians and foreigners.
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male (91%) and only 7,813 (9%) were female, indicating a clearly low rate of women’s participation in
economic activity.
3.3.2. Luxor City Level
Luxor City’s population in the age of work (age group 15 to 60) was 90,758 (59% of total Luxor city
population). Of these, 46,351 (51%) were males and 44,407 (49%) were females. Those who were
actually in the labor force pool amounted to 45,704 representing 50.3% of this particular age group and
29.72% of the total Luxor city population.
The labor force pool is broken-out as 38,511 males (84.6%) and 7,193 females (15.4%). Of this labor
force, 4,883 were unemployed representing 10.7% of the labor force pool. In other words, only 40,821
were engaged in some paid or non-paid work representing 26.5% of the total Luxor population and
putting the dependency rate at about 3:1. Of these 40,821 engaged in work, 38,072 were male (86%) and
5,749 were female (14%).
3.3.3 Luxor Markhaz Level
Luxor Markhaz’s population in the age of work (age group 15 to 60) was 110,682 (53.37% of total
Markhaz population). Of these, 54,929 (49.6%) were males and 55,753 (50.4%) were females. Those
who were actually in the labor force pool amounted to 50,880 representing 46% of this particular age
group and 24.5% of the total Markhaz population.
The labor force pool is broken-out as 47,751 males (93.85%) and 3,129 females (6.15%). Of this labor
force, 5,665 were unemployed representing 11% of the labor force pool. In other words, only 45,215
were engaged in some paid or non-paid work representing 21.8% of the total Markhaz population and
putting the dependency rate at slightly more than 3:1. Those, in turn, were divided as 43,151 male (95%)
and 2,064 were female (5%).
Table 3: Population at the Age of Work, Luxor Study Area (15-60 years old)
Male
Number
Luxor City
Markhaz
Total Luxor
Study Area
46,351
54,929
101,280
%
51
49.6
50.27
Female
Number
%
44,407
55,753
100,160
49
50.4
49.72
Total
Number
% to total
population
90,758
110,682
201,440
59
53.37
55.8
Table 4: National Population at the Age of Work (15-60 years old)
Male
Number
Urban
Rural
Total Egypt
7,793,775
9,252,764
17,046,539
%
Female
Number
%
51
7,500,353
50.7
8,999,133
50.8 16,499,486
24
49
49.3
49.2
Number
15,294,128
18,251,879
33,546,025
Total
% to total
population
60.5
53.6
56.55
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Table 5: Labor Force Pool in the Luxor Study Are a
Male
Number
Luxor City
Markhaz
Total Luxor
Study Area
38,511
47,751
86,262
Female
Number
%
%
84.6
93.85
89.3
7,193
3,129
10,322
Number
Total
% to age
group
50.3
46
47.9
15.4
6.15
10.7
45,704
50,880
96,584
%
Female
Number
% to total
population
29.72
24.5
26.74
Table 6: Labor Force Pool, the National Figures
Number
Urban
Rural
Total
Egypt
6,336,702
8,213,972
14,550,674
%
Male
Number
79.9
88.8
84.72
1,592,822
1,031,439
2,624,261
20.1
11.2
15.28
7,929,524
9,245,411
17,174,935
Total
% to age
% to total
group
population
51.84
31.35
50.65
27.17
51.2
28.95
Table 7: Population Engaged in Work in the Luxor Study Area
Male
Number
Luxor City
Markhaz
Total Luxor
Study Area
38,072
43,151
78,223
%
86
95
91
Female
Number
%
5,749
2,064
7,813
Total
% to age
group
40,821
45
45,215
48.85
86,036
42.7
Number
14
5
9
% to total
population
26.5
21.8
23.8
Table 8: Population Engaged in Work, National Figures
Urban
Rural
Total Egypt
3.4
Male
Number
%
5,892,571
7,655,218
13,547,789
81.4
91.1
86.64
Female
Number
%
1,343,760 18.6
745,379
8.9
2,089,138 13.36
Number
7,236,331
8,400,596
15,636,927
Total
% to age
group
47.3
46
46.6
% to total
population
28.6
24.7
26.36
Educational Status (of population 10-years-and-older)
3.4.1. Luxor Study Area Level
According to the final results of the 1996 Census, the Luxor Study Area’s population in the age group of
10-years-and-older totaled 272,351 (139,476 males and 132,605 females). Of these, 113,176 (41.6%)
were illiterate. Illiteracy rate is notably much higher among females than males. Of the total Study Area
25
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
male population in this age group 40,996 (29.3%) were illiterate compared to 72,180 (54.4%) of the total
female population in the same age group.
Within the same age group, only 56,427 (20.7%) could read and write; 34,081 were male (24.4% of total
male population in the age group) and 22,346 were female (16.9% of total female population in this age
group).
Only 8,526 of the Study Area’s population in this age group (3.1%) had a university degree, or
equivalent; 6,116 were male (4.4% to total male population in this age group) and 2,410 were female
(1.8% of total female population in this age group).
3.4.2. Luxor City Level
The Luxor City’s population in the age group of 10-years-and-older amounted to 118,755 (61,686 males
and 57,069 females). Of these, 35,442 (29.8%) were illiterate. Illiteracy rates among females is double
that among males. Of the total female population in this age group 23,133 (40.5%) were illiterate
compared to 12,309 (20%) of the total male population in the same age group.
Within the same age group, 25,329 (21.3%) could read and write; 14,800 were male (24% of male
population in the age group) and 10,529 were female (18.4% of female population in this age group).
Only 6,785 (5.7%) of Luxor City’s population in this age group had a university degree, or equivalent.
Of these, 4,609 were male (7.5% of male population in this age group) and 2,176 were female (3.8% of
female population in the age group).
3.4.3. Luxor Markhaz Level
The Luxor Markhaz’s population in the age group of 10-years-and-older amounted to 153,596 (78,060
males and 75,536 females). Of these, 77,734 (50.6%) were illiterate. Illiteracy rates among females are
nearly double that among males. Of the total female population in this age group 49,047 (65%) were
illiterate compared to 28,867 (36.7%) of the total male population in the same age group.
Within the same age group, 31,098 (20.2%) could read and write; 19,281 were male (24.7% of male
population in the age group) and 11,817 were female (15.6% of female population in this age group).
Only 1,741 (1.1%) of Luxor Markhaz’s population in this age group had a university degree, or
equivalent. Of these, 1,507 were male (1.9% of male population in this age group) and 234 were female
(0.3% of female population in the age group).
26
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Table 9: Illiteracy Rates in the Luxor Study Area (population 10-years -and older)
Population at age group
M
F
Total
Luxor City
Luxor Markhaz
Total Luxor Study
Area
61,686
78,060
139,746
57,069
75,536
132,605
118,755
153,596
272,351
Male
No.
%
12,309
20
28,687
36.7
40,996
29.3
Illiterates
Female
No.
%
23,133
40.5
49,047
65
72,180
54.4
Total
No.
%
35,442
29.8
77,734
50.5
113,176
41.6
Table 10: Illiteracy Rates at the National Level (population 10-years-and older)
M
Urban
Rural
Total Egypt
Population at age group
F
Total
10,218,363
12,682,130
22,900,493
9,719,413
12,211,514
21,930,927
19,937,776
24,893,644
44,831,420
Male
No.
2,024,237
4,616,042
6,640,279
28
%
19.8
36.4
29
Illiterates
Female
No.
%
3,284,721
33.8
7,721,025
63.2
11,005,746
50.2
Total
No.
5,308,958
12,337,067
17,646,025
%
26.6
49.6
39.4
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Table 11: Educational Status of Luxor: a) Population who can Read & Write
Population at age group
M
F
Total
Luxor City
Luxor Markhaz
Total Luxor Study
Area
61,686
78,060
139,746
57,069
75,536
132,605
Male
No.
14,800
19,281
34,081
118,755
153,596
272,351
Population who can Read & Write
Female
Total
%
No.
%
No.
24
10,529
18.4
25,329
24.7
11,817
15.6
31,098
24.4
22,346
16.9
56,427
%
21.3
20.2
20.7
Table 12: National Figures of Educational Status : a) Population who can Read & Write
Population at age group
M
F
Total
Urban
Rural
Total Egypt
10,218,363
12,682,130
22,900,493
9,719,413
12,211,514
21,930,927
Population who can Read & Write
Male
Female
Total
No.
%
No.
%
No.
2,259,661 22.1 1,692,677
17.4 3,952,338
2,929,775 23.1 1,517,140
12.4 4,446,915
5,189,436 22.7 3,209,817
14.6 8,399,253
19,937,776
24,893,644
44,831,420
%
19.8
17.9
18.7
Table 13: Educational Status of Luxor: b) University Graduates
Population at age group
M
F
Total
Luxor City
Luxor Markhaz
Total Luxor Study
Area
61,686
78,060
139,746
57,069
75,536
132,605
118,755
153,596
272,351
Male
No.
4,609
1,507
6,116
29
%
7.5
1.9
4.4
University Graduates
Female
No.
%
2,176
3.8
234
0.3
2,410
1.8
Total
No.
6,785
1,741
8,526
%
5.7
1.1
3.1
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Table 14: National Figures of Educational Status: b) University Graduates
M
Urban
Rural
Total Egypt
Population at age group
F
Total
10,218,363
12,682,130
22,900,493
9,719,413
12,211,514
21,930,927
Male
No.
1,208,515
433,214
1,641,729
19,937,776
24,893,644
44,831,420
30
University Graduates
Female
Total
%
No.
%
No.
11.8
710,995
7.3 1,919,510
3.4
117,301
1.0
550,515
7.2
828,296
3.8 2,470,025
%
9.6
2.2
5.5
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
3.5
Economic Activities (population 15-years-and-older)
While the Census provides valuable information on economic activities, it is not possible, in the case of
Luxor, to answer perhaps the first question one might ask: how many individuals work in the tourism
industry? That is simply because the Census does not provide such a category among the activities it
lists. The only category that is clearly and beyond doubt is tourism-related is “Hotels and Restaurants”.
Needless to say, however, that among those working in “Transportation”, for example, there is a certain
portion who work in “touristic transportation” and should thus be included among the tourism industry.
This also applies to other activities such as “Trade” and “Services” where a certain percentage must be
working in bazaars and other tourism-related activities and outlets. Nonetheless, some important
indicators can still be derived.
Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field
codes.
3.5.1 Luxor Study Area Level
The total number of population of 15-years-and-older who were engaged in economic activities amounted
to 87,845 persons. “Agriculture and Fishing” represented the first major employer, accounting for 21,185
persons (24%), followed by “Construction” (12,825 person, 14.6%), “Public Administration and
Defense” (11,663 persons, 13.3%), “Education” (8,456 persons, 9.6%), “Transportation, Storage and
Communications” (7,993 persons, 9.1%), “Trade” (5,766 persons, 6.5%) and finally “Hotels and
Restaurants” (4,437 persons, 5%).
Population by Major Economic Activity
Luxor City
Others
Agriculture &
Fishing
Construction
Trade
Education
Public Admin. &
Defense
Hotels & Resaurants
Transportation &
Comm.
3.5.2 Luxor City Level
The total number of population of 15-years-and-older who were engaged in economic activities amounted
to 42,226 persons. The city clearly represents the administrative capital of the Luxor Study Area with
17.5% of this figure (7,399 persons) working in “Public Administration and Defense”. “Transportation,
Storage and Communications” represents the second major employer in the city with 5,138 persons
(12.2%) working in this activity. This is a clear indication on the impact of the tourism activity. The
remaining activities rank as follows: “Education” (4,832 persons, 11.4%), “Trade” (4,379 persons,
31
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
10.4%), “Construction” (3,830 person, 9%),“Hotels and Restaurants” (3,601 persons, 8.5%) and finally
“Agriculture and Fishing” (3,582 persons, 8.5%).
Population by Major Economic Activity Luxor
Markaz
Trade
Education
Others
Agriculture & Fishing
Transportation &
Comm.
Hotels & Resaurants
Public Admin. &
Defense
Construction
3.5.3 Luxor Markhaz Level
The total population of 15-years-and-older engaged in economic activities amounted to 45,579 persons.
Whereas tourism may be a vital economic generator in the area, figures indicate clearly an equally
important role for “Agriculture and Fishing” with 17,603 persons work in this field, representing 41.6%
of economically active population. The remainder of economic activities rank as follows: “Construction”
(8,995 persons, 19.7%), “Public Administration and Defense” (4,264 persons, 9.3%), “Education” (3,624
persons, 8%), “Transportation, Storage and Communications” (2,855 persons, 6.2%), “Trade” (1,387
persons, 3%) and finally “Hotels and Restaurants” (836 persons, 1.8%).
The comparison of statistics between the City and Markhaz indicate a clear lack of tourism amenities and
facilities outside the City of Luxor, if only indicated by the number and percentage of workers in “Hotels
and Restaurants”. Further, the number and percentage of “Education” staff, when compared to total
number of population, indicate a lack of such facilities in the Markhaz.
Table 15: % Distribution of Population by Major Economic Activity (15-years -and-older)
Major Economic
Activity
Agriculture & Fishing
Industries
Construction
Trade
Hotels & Restaurants
Transportation &
Comm.
Public Admin. &
Defense
Luxor
Egypt
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
City
3,582
8.5
2,461
5.8
3,830
9
4,379
10.4
3,601
8.5
5,138
Markhaz
17,603
41.6
2,215
4.8
8,995
19.7
1,387
3
836
1.8
2,855
Total
21,185
24
4,676
5.3
12,825
14.6
5,766
6.5
4,437
5
7,993
Urban
558,136
7.6
1,383,379
18.9
759,670
10.4
1,019,993
13.9
156,277
2.1
574,889
Rural
4,322,735
51.1
794,058
9.4
523,110
6.2
413,189
4.9
49,575
0.6
341,606
Total
4,880,871
30.9
2,177,437
13.8
1,282,780
8.1
1,433,182
9.1
205,852
1.3
916,495
%
No.
12.2
7,399
6.2
4,264
9.1
11,663
7.9
877,933
4
655,022
5.8
1,532,955
%
17.5
9.3
13.3
12
7.7
9.7
32
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Major Economic
Activity
Luxor
Education
No.
%
No.
Total economically
active population
% to total population
3.6
Egypt
City
4,832
11.4
42,226
Markhaz
3,624
8
45,579
Total
8,458
9.6
87,845
Urban
835,032
11.4
7,313,237
Rural
675,924
8
8,454,978
Total
1,510,956
9.6
15,768,215
27.5
22
24.3
29
24.8
26.6
Household Size4
The total number of households in the City and Markhaz of Luxor was 34,588 and 43,889, respectively.
The average household size was, therefore, 4.38 in the City of Luxor and 4.7 in the Markhaz. The
average household size at the Luxor Study Area level was 4.57, which is slightly lower than the national
average (at 4.64).
Table 16: Population and households
Luxor
National totals
No. of
Members of
Population
households
household
78,445
358,294
360,503
12,722,974
88,786,908
59,272,382
Table 17: Pop. Distribution by marital status
Population 18 years and older, and men 16 years and older
Total
Luxor
National
totals
4
211741
34546017
Single
59163
9614483
Married
Divorced
Widow
134789
2649
13999
21121579
290033
2168513
These figures exclude residents of “public places”.
33
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Table 18: Distribution of Population by age group
Luxor
National
totals
Age Group
0-6
54455
8937224
6-10
34139
5421321
10-15
38968
6365331
15-60
213633
35511279
60 plus
19308
3037227
tot pop
360503
59272382
Distribution of Population by age
0-6
6-10
10-15
15-60
60 plus
Luxor
Distribution of Population by age -group
0-6
15.11%
6-10
9.47%
10-15
10.81%
15-60
59.26%
60 plus
5.36%
tot pop
360,503.00
Table 19: Population distribution by households
No. of Households
In private residencies
In public housing
Totals
Male
female
Male
Female Totals
male
female
Totals
78445 184583
175920 183653
174641
358294
930
1279
2209
Luxor
5899067
30135943 28850965 58986908 194861
90613 285474
National
totals
Luxor
Percentage in Private households:
Percentage in Public households:
99.39%
0.61%
34
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Table 20: Distribution of building by building ownership
Luxor
National totals
National totals Government
Public
82779
2294
9425210
9425210
Luxor
Ownership of buildings
Government
Public
Private
Other
Private
62
9425210
Other
80389
9425210
34
9425210
2.77%
0.07%
97.11%
0.04%
Table 21: Distribution by building types
Luxor
National
totals
Totals
Apart.
Village
Villa
Work place Kiosk, Tent other
82779
16003
57780
91
2603
821
4481
9425210
3989231
4501713
50374
386622
138096
358174
Distribution by building types
Apartments
Village
Villa
Work place
Kiosk, Tent
other
Luxor
Distribution by building types
Apartments
19.33%
Village
69.80%
Villa
0.11%
35
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Work place
Kiosk, Tent
Other
3.14%
0.99%
5.41%
Table 22: Distribution of buildings by type
Total
Luxor
National
totals
Total
number
of units
Total
One floor Apart.
One unit One
Others
number or more
or more boutique with
of
or more Garages
buildings
82779
111917
61051
707
36618
422
12433
686
9425210 18841471 5296566
426819 9713340
833690 2323783
247273
Luxor
Distribution of buildings by type
Total number of units
Total number of buildings
One floor or more of one party
Apartment
One unit or more
One boutique or more
Others including Garages
135.20%
54.55%
0.85%
44.24%
0.51%
15.02%
0.83%
Table 23: Distribution by building use
Totals
Luxor
National
totals
82779
9425210
Residence
56488
7437762
Work
Residence
and work
3237
465779
36
835
146682
Abandoned
19912
996439
other
2307
378548
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Distribution by building use
Residence
Work
Residence and
work
Abandoned
other
Luxor
Distribution by building use
Residence
Work
Residence and work
Abandoned
Other
68.24%
3.91%
1.01%
24.05%
2.79%
Table 24: Building distribution by connection to the network
Luxor
National totals
No. of buildings
Public network
Other
82779
42524
9425210
5064762
Luxor
Building distribution by connection to the network
Public network
51.37%
Other
23.43%
without water
36.59%
37
Without water
9963
30292
1577520
2782928
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Table 25: Distribution of households by means to lighting
Luxor
National totals
No. of
Electricity
Kerosene
gas
Households
78445
76336
1598
12942585
12395820
525548
other
206
7540
305
13677
Luxor
Distribution of households by means to lighting
Electricity
97.31%
Kerosene
2.09%
gas
0.26%
Table 26: Distribution of households by water access
No. of
Access to
househol water
ds
within
the unit
Access to other
Totals
Water
well
other
totals
water
pump
within
the
building
78445
36611
12028
4474
53113
17046
781
7505
25332
Luxor
30569 171821 2254920
National 12723074 7886786 1458274 1122994 10468054 2052530
totals
Distribution of households
by water access
Access to water within
the unit
Access to water within
the building
other
National totals
water pump
well
other
38
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Luxor
Distribution of households by water access
Access to water within the unit
Access to water within the building
Other
National totals
Water pump
Well
Other
National totals
46.67%
15.33%
5.70%
67.71%
21.73%
1.00%
9.57%
32.29%
Table 27: Distribution of households by electric, gas, and sewer
Electricity
Sewer
Public Gas
No. of
public
other
nonexist Public
other
nonexist access
Without
buildings network
ent
network
ent
access
82779
63205
4578
14996
6017
56386
20376
0
82779
Luxor
National 9352803 7503073 685329 1164401 2054936 5902847 1395020 121646 9231157
totals
Luxor
Distribution of households by electric, gas, and sewer
Public network
76.35%
Other
5.53%
Nonexistent
18.12%
Public network
7.27%
Other
68.12%
Nonexistent
24.61%
Access
0.00%
Without access
100.00%
3.7
Health services
There are two (2) hospitals in Luxor City and Markhaz. These two hospitals are supported by several
smaller health service providers. The information regarding the number of beds and pharmacies indicates
that there is a dire need for improved medical facilities, equipment and service in Luxor.
Table 28: Hospitals and Health Facilities in Luxor City
Location
Luxor City
Hospital
s
2
Physicia Dentists
n
189
28
Pharmac
y
9
39
Nurse
s
158
Technician
s
256
Beds
170
Ambulance
Cars
20
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Table 29: Health Units and Health Facilities in Luxor City and Markhaz
Location
Luxor City
El Ashi
El Zenyia
El
Boughdadi
El Aqualeta
El Edessat
Kamoula
El Toad
El Dabyia
Total
Health
Units
26
1
3
2
Physicia
n
112
1
3
3
Dentists
10
0
0
1
Pharmac
y
0
0
0
0
2
1
3
1
0
39
4
2
2
1
0
128
0
0
0
0
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
Nurse Technician
s
s
0
0
1
1
5
3
4
2
6
2
3
2
0
23
5
6
6
3
0
26
Beds
0
0
1
0
Ambulance
Cars
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
Beds
Ambulance
Cars
0
1
2
3
Table 30: Health Groups and Health Facilities in Luxor City and Markhaz
Location
Luxor City
El Ashi
El Zenyia
Total
Health
Groups
11
1
1
13
Physicia
n
12
3
3
18
Dentists
0
1
1
2
Pharmac
y
0
0
0
0
Table 31: Clinics in Luxor City and Markhaz
Location
Luxor City
Baiadyia City
El Ashi
El Zenyia
El Boughdadi
El Aqualeta
El Edessat
Kamoula
El Toad
El Dabyia
Total
Public
(Governmenta
l)
1
1
2
4
2
3
2
0
2
1
18
Private
152
6
1
1
4
6
7
2
0
4
183
Table 32: Blood Banks in Luxor City
40
Nurse Technician
s
s
0
0
3
3
2
9
5
12
0
20
12
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Location
Luxor City
Numbers
2
Table 33: Pharmacies in Luxor City and Markhaz
Location
Luxor City
Baiadyia City
El Ashi
El Zenyia
El Boughdadi
El Aqualeta
El Edessat
Kamoula
El Toad
El Dabyia
Total
Numbers
Public
Private
(Governmenta
l)
3
129
1
4
2
2
4
1
1
4
3
5
2
3
0
1
1
1
0
3
17
153
Table 34: Ambulance Centers in Luxor City and Markhaz
Location
Luxor City
Baiadyia City
El Ashi
El Zenyia
El Boughdadi
El Aqualeta
El Edessat
Kamoula
El Toad
El Dabyia
Total
Numbers
Centers
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
4
Cars
12
3
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
19
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Annex 4: Environmental Profile for the City of Luxor
To evaluate which areas are most to least vulnerable for future growth and development, the consultants
reviewed site information and natural site resource systems to determine significant impacts on any
proposed plan and uses. The site information was based on satellite information to inventory existing
resources i.e., geology (soils, rock, slop, aspect), drainage, wadi deposits, elevations, flood plains,
vegetation cover, agricultural areas, reclaimed areas and climate. From this information we determined
which areas are suitable for development and which areas pose a risk for development.
The Luxor Study Area which includes the City of Luxor and the outlying rural communities is part of the
Nile Valley bounded to the East by the eastern desert and to the West by the western desert, with the Nile
River bisecting the east and West Banks of Luxor. The total area of the Study Area is 227 square
kilometers, with the city occupying an area 2,650 hectares.
The River Nile bends towards the Northeast and continues in this direction until the river is about 150 km
north of Luxor City. The ground levels of Luxor rise from the River Nile to the eastern and western
desserts. The elevation of Luxor City ranges between 67.4 meters to 85.4 meters above sea level. The
average slope of the lands east of the river Nile to the eastern desert is between 3.5 meters and 6.5 meters
per kilometer, whereas on the western side, the 400-meter Theban high hills limit the narrow western
valley.
4.1
Hydrology
The Nile River Valley is wide on the eastern side and very narrow on the western side. The width of the
whole valley close to Luxor is about 10 km.
The eastern desert, the area east of the Luxor valley is a rough terrain area with continuous plateau where
different erosion factors shaped the area with desert tables. The area is characterized by the existence of
different wadis and flash flood zones. The major wadis in the east pass close to Al Bayadiya and
Menshat Al Amary and Madamud Village.
In the eastern region, floods occur that differ in intensity with the rainfall and the drainage area of the
wadi. From the hydrological studies of the area, the wadi that is close to Madamud is considered a large
wadi where a high intensity flood could occur in a high intensity rainfall.
The western desert, the area close to Luxor City is a high plateau type that slopes to the West and the
East. The plateau is very dry with little water drainage.
The subsurface conditions are typified by two kinds of soils. The first is river deposit soils, which were
deposited during the Nile river flooding seasons. This soil is heavy and clayey or medium silt soil. The
second is sandy dessert soils that represents the area close to the eastern desert. This type of soil is either
sandy or considerably sandy soil, with light clayey soils overlying certain areas. The groundwater is
relatively high, about 2 meters below ground surface near the river; however, in outlying areas the
groundwater is relatively deep beneath the surface.
Physically the east side of Luxor is a fairly contiguous area. The main Cairo-Aswan railroad runs through
the city and the Cairo-Aswan highway also runs along the eastern edge of the city, with the Kalabeya
canal defining the eastern boundary of the built city.
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4.2
Groundwater:
Because of the nature of the water-bearing strata, the acquifer systems in the study area can be classified
in two main categories: the alluvial sand and the gravel sediments of the Nile valley which constitutes a
shallow acquifer system with a very high potential for water supply, and the Nubian sandstone which
constitutes the only significant acquifer system in the western desert area. The main acquifer consists of
coarse sand and gravel deposited.
The groundwater is generally found between 2 and 7 meters below the ground level. Fluctuation in
ground water can be attributed to the main irrigation system. The main groundwater flow direction is
towards the Nile on both sides, the longitudinal gradient is rather modest.
4.3
Surface water and acquifers
The Nile at Luxor is not considered particularly polluted. The most serious source of pollution on the
Nile emanates from the Study Area is the raw sewage coming from the many tourist cruising boats. At
times such sewage is equivalent to that produced by a town of 15,000 persons. Although a scheme for
pumping out the ships’ wastewater for disposal into the city sewers running along the Corniche was
installed as part of the Corniche project funded by the World Bank, it is only now becoming operational.
Other than the Nile, surface water bodies in the Study Area are limited to irrigation canals and drains.
The drains and sometimes even the canals are used by inhabitants for dumping solid waste and dead
animals. In addition the drains contain the run-off from agricultural fields, which contain fertilizers and
pesticides. There are no studies conducted on measuring the pollution in the irrigation canals.
The quality of groundwater in the Study Area is an important issue, since most rural settlements still use
shallow tube wells as the main source of drinking water. Such groundwater is known to have
considerably high levels of salinity, and wells that produce soft water are highly prized.
The groundwater is relatively high near the city of Luxor. With the high level of salinity the groundwater
has in the past caused deterioration of the monuments. With increased agricultural production the salinity
in the soil will need to be carefully monitored.
Irrigation raises the water table, and the sugar cane which is grown on lands near the monuments require
substantial irrigation. The heavy irrigation combined with a lack of sewerage system in areas of Luxor
City around the monuments could contribute to a high water table. The problem would be further
aggravated by the high level of salinity (from irrigation) which damage the monument foundations.
4.4
Climate
The climate of the area is the result of the interaction of major air streams and their associated
characteristics and radiation pattern and physical features of the locality. Luxor lies in a desert climate
with significant temperature differences between day and night, and very little rainfall, with the exception
of some major rain storms on the eastern mountains during the unstable season (March, April, October
and November) which results in floods. During the summer and the winter the weather is stable, whereas
during the spring and autumn the weather is unstable with sand storms and sometimes rainstorms.
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Table 35: Climatological data
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
Sept
October
November
December
TOTAL
ANNUAL
ANNUAL
MEAN
4.5
Temp.
Celsius
Min
5.4
6.8
10.7
15.7
20.7
22.6
23.6
23.5
21.5
17.8
12.3
7.7
Max.
23
25.4
29
34.8
39.3
40.7
40.7
41
38.5
35.1
29.6
24.8
Rainfall
(mm)
monthly
0
.2
0
0
.1
0
0
0
0
0
.1
.1
0.5
0.11
0.23
0.0
Evaporation
(mm)
Humidity
%
Sky cover
%
5.1
6.5
9.3
13.3
16.6
17.7
17.7
17.5
14.3
10.1
7.1
5.3
140.5
52
42
34
26
22
22
24
26
32
39
47
53
.7
.9
1.1
.9
1
.1
.2
.5
.1
.2
.9
1.1
0.08
0.24
0.0
Geology And Soils
The Nile began to form its valley very late in geological history. The River Nile cuts its way through the
rocks of the Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene periods. During the 4th river system, the pre-Nile river
carried with its waters sediments that were very uniform and consisted mainly of sands, following this
period came the 5th river system, the Neoniule, where the deposits consisted of silts and clays.
The Nile valley is carved in alterations of shale and limestone. Recent deposits consisting of clays and
silts are some 15m in thickness close to the River Nile at Luxor, and thinning as one proceeds east and
west from the river, eventually yielding to sand and gravel layers on the grounds surface.
At a depth varying between 15 to 75 meters late alluvial sand and gravel deposits occur. Thickness of
these deposits decrease to the east and west allowing the limestone plateau to appear at a depth exceeding
75 meters and down several hundreds meters to the bottom level of this series, shale and limestone are
found.
In a study conducted by Camp Dresser Mckee, 64 boreholes along the pipeline and sewer routes of the
city of Luxor were drilled. The results of this test shows that the first meter and a half is general fill
composed of silty clay with stone fragments and red bricks. At areas close to the antiquities, the fill
reaches about 5 meters. Following the top layer the soil is cohesive silt and clay, with variable
consistency. The depth of this layer is 10 to 13 meters. Below the cohesive soils, granular sandy soils
were also found. The depth to water level ranges from 2.7 meters to approximately 5.5 meters.
Far from the river (east of Luxor railway), the results indicate that the top 1 meter is fill consisting of silt.
The following 4 meters is silty and clayey soils. Granular sandy soil lies below the cohesive soil. Surface
water resources originate from the river Nile and include the main stream and canals and drains.
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The flow of the Nile is between 80m3/d during the month of Jan and up to 150m3/d during July and
August.
The irrigation system on the east bank is basically fed by the Kalabeya canal which is fed by the Nile
upstream at Esna. On the West Bank, the Asfun canal supports irrigation for agriculture. These canals
flow through a network of secondary and tertiary canals which support farms from Esna in the South to
Qena in the North. The network of canals also carries drainage and wastewater to a main drain and back
again to the Nile.
The Luxor wastewater is pumped to a wastewater treatment plant that discharges the effluent for
unofficial reuse. At present there is no alternative route other than farms. However, the water is only
needed for irrigation about 10 months of the year. For the remaining 2 months, the wastewater is neither
accepted for irrigation nor provided another disposal route, so it is simply ponded at the outlet of the
treatment plant causing a flooding situation. Thus a 714 hectares desert irrigation area has been proposed
by USAID, to put the treated wastewater to productive uses in this 2 month-off season.
4.6
Terrestrial ecology
4.6.1 Flora
The agricultural land is cultivated mainly with sugar cane and some fruits and vegetables. Corn, wheat,
alfalfa, sesame and clover are some of the field crops that are cultivated in Luxor. Beans, tomatoes, citrus
and grapes are among some of the legumes and fruits also grown.
4.6.2 Fauna
The terrestrial habitat supports invertebrate fauna which include insects and arachnids and vertebrates
such as birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles
4.6.3 Aquatic ecology
During recent decades the Nile ecosystem has been subjected to stresses that led to significant changes in
the physio-chemical properties of the water and consequently affected the biological ecosystem. During
the building of the High-dam in the mid-1960s, the presence of large impoundment’s and pollution of
water by domestic industrial and agricultural waste are most important factors affecting the Nile river
ecology and biodiversity.
4.6.4 Future Development
The development of agriculture on the east bank will positively impact the land use of the arid land.
Water conveyance and collection, if placed underground following existing roads, will result in no change
in land loss. Existing pump stations can be used with the addition of new pump station to serve the new
towns. However, irrigation will raise the water table and may have some impact on antiquities.
Collected wastewater should be reused after being treated for agricultural use; however for health
purposes a water management plan and health precautions and public awareness campaigns need to be put
in place.
4.6.5 Pollution
Luxor has very low levels of natural or industrial pollution. The city is considered the lowest in airborne
dust and the second lowest in fog potential in Egypt.
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A review of the industrial/commercial activities (listed below) does not identify any major source of
industrial air pollutants, although the large sugar factory at Armant, some 25 miles from Luxor City, can
cause air pollution when the wind blows from the South. Effluent from the sugar factory pollutes the
Nile.
List of primary industrial activities:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Alabaster and Marble
Bakery
Black Smith
Car Repair (Electrical and Mechanical)
Carbonated Water Supply
Carpets
Casting
Cement Bricks
Ceramics
Confectioneries
Electric Machine Repair
Glass
Metal Forming
Motorcycle Repair
Painting
Plastic Bags
Publishing
Welding
Because the average surface wind is low, the pollution that is generated will not always disperse rapidly.
This can be a problem in certain micro-zones, such as along the Nile, where the Nile cruise ships dock by
the shore. These ships must rely on their own diesel generators to produce enough power especially for
air conditioning. At times of low wind, the exhaust from the cruise ships collects along the Corniche.
Along the streets of Luxor, vehicles kick up fine dust and particles of horse droppings, although this has
been dramatically improved by the steps taken in Luxor to collect the droppings.
Infrequent dust storms, especially during the spring months can cause considerable particulate pollution.
The microclimate of the West Bank desert fringe causes frequent dust, raising evening winds.
4.6.6 Solid waste
Solid waste is a major problem in the canals. Also east of Luxor City in the low dessert, building rubble
and construction waster are dumped indiscriminately. Incidental garbage, building rubble, and plastics
along rural and touristic roads contribute to visual pollution.
In Luxor City solid waste is collected by the HCLC and agreements with private companies, and in
particular antiquities areas, where the SCA collects and disposes of waste.
4.6.7 Regulatory Framework
Prime Minister Decree No. 338 for the year 1995 sets forth the regulatory framework governing both air
quality and noise pollution. A list of installations subject to the provisions on evaluation of
environmental assessment is provided in Article 34 of the Decree. All infrastructure projects are
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included. Projects to be sited on the banks of the Nile, its branches, the feeders, main canals or in tourist
and monument areas are subject to this law.
Article 41 mentions that all excavation shall take precaution to store and transport material in a safe way.
While Luxor is free of air pollution, the surface wind is low. Since no air quality program has been set up
in Luxor, no baseline information is available. The industries and industrial potential for Luxor do not
constitute any air pollutants in the area. A number of industrial facilities come under the control of Law
#4 of 1994, requiring air quality emissions permit the following: limestone, sand, gravel quarry on the
east and West Bank of the river; and alabaster rocks and cement brick on the West Bank.
As the number of planes, ships and automobile increases, so too will the level of carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide and lead concentrations. These need to be addressed in evaluating future projects.
Water resources
•
•
•
•
Decree No. 108/1995 defines the standard and specification for drinking water
Decree No. 338/1995, forbids drainage into the Nile river.
Decree No. 08/1983, protects potable and nonpotable waters.
Decree No. 649/1962, dictates the standards for liquid discharges into the river and public
drainages.
Environmental Assessment and Impact Outline
Any future project carried out in Luxor must consider the impact of the project against the following four
categories:
• Aesthetic and cultural
• Physical Environment (including land, water and air)
• Environment Impact
• Socio-economic (Human services)
Aesthetic and Cultural
Luxor is an internationally recognized archaeological site, and accordingly engineering and
archaeological controls have to be implemented to minimize negative impact on the monuments and their
settings.
Archaeological impact:
Any new project might uncover historic artifacts. Studies and tests should be carried out in the process of
planning and excavating sites.
Physical Environment
Construction and development of projects must evaluate the impact on:
• Climate
• Geology
• Hydrology
• Air quality and noise
• Water supply and quality
• Terrestrial ecology
• Aquatic ecology
• Solid and Hazardous wastes
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The evaluation process must review the impact of development vis-à-vis preparation of site,
transportation of materials, handling of material and storage, demolition, construction, operation and
maintenance and disposal. The environmental assessment must also calculate the short and long-term
impact against the above listed indicators
Socio-economic Impacts
Luxor’s unique archaeological stature must also be weighed against the development of its human capital.
Therefore new projects must carefully analyze the impact on:
• Demographic and migration impact
• Economic and employment
• Tourism
• Industry
• Agriculture
• Education
• Transportation, telecommunications
Environmental Impact
Water conservation practices in urban settlements and hotels must be developed and enforced. In
addition, alternative sources of energy, such as solar energy must likewise be considered in the
development of new projects.
4.7
Environmental Resources Figures
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FIGURE 1: GEOLOGIC MAP OF LUXOR AREA
49
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FIGURE 2: SLOPE OF LUXOR AREA
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FIGURE 3: SHADE RELIEF OF LUXOR AREA
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FIGURE 4: ELEVATION OF LUXOR AREA
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FIGURE 5: WATERSHED OF LUXOR AREA
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FIGURE 6: SOIL MAP OF LUXOR AREA
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FIGURE 7: ASPECT OF LUXOR AREA
55
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FIGURE 8: LANDSAT IMAGE OF LUXOR AREA
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FIGURE 9: GEOLOGIC MAP OF LUXOR AREA
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Annex 5: 1996 Utility Improvement Report Excerpts
The Material in Annex 5 has been excerpted from pages 1-1 through 1-33 of the 1996 Institutional
Development Services for Secondary Cities Project in Egypt “Assessment Report for Luxor City”,
prepared and submitted by Chemonics International inc. in association with Camp Dresser & McKee
International, Inc. to the US Agency for International Development, Cairo, Egypt.
The figures and tables of the excerpt, and references to them, have been renumbered to be consistent with
Volume 2: Supplementary Documents of the Final Structure Plan Report.
5.1
Project Setting
The report presents the Environmental Assessment (EA) for the Secondary Cities Project activities in
Luxor on the east bank of the River Nile.
5.1.1
Location
Luxor is a small city of tremendous archaeological importance on the east bank of the River Nile in Upper
Egypt, 520 km by air south of Cairo (Figure 10). The city lies at 250 40' North Latitude and 32' 42' East
Longitude. The total area of the city is around 12.650 hectares with an average ground level of about 80
m above mean sea level.
5.1.2
Purpose
The purpose of the project is to rehabilitate and expand the Luxor systems for water distribution and for
wastewater collection, treatment and disposal.
The proposed water supply improvements include expansion of the water distribution system, including
additional storage tanks. The locations of these activities are shown in Figure 11.
The proposed wastewater facilities and improvements include:
a)
Construction of a new wastewater stabilization pond treatment plant including facilities for
effluent disposal,
b)
Rehabilitation of the existing wastewater treatment plant, and
c)
Expansion of the wastewater service system, including installation of new wastewater pump
stations and force mains, as required.
The locations of Activities (a), (b), and (c) above are shown in Figure 12.
The purpose of this report is to identify and predict the environmental consequences of these activities
and to assist in planning appropriate mitigation measures and monitoring programs to reduce the adverse
effects and maximize the environmental benefits.
5.1.3
Stage in Planning Process
This EA forms part of the Secondary Cities Project ED/CM contract that was executed in June 1995
between the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Camp Dresser and
McKee International Inc. (CDM).
Background
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USAID is funding the Secondary Cities Project to assist the Government of Egypt (GOE) to expand and
develop sustainable and replicable water and wastewater systems and services in selected urban centers in
Egypt. Since 1977, the GOE and USAID have collaborated in expansion and upgrading of water and
wastewater facilities in Egypt, principally in Cairo, Alexandria, and the three Suez Canal cities (Suez,
Ismailia, and Port Said). The National Organization of Potable Water and Sanitary Drainage
(NOPWASD) has a backlog of more than 200 of Egypt's other, generally smaller, cities that have
requested assistance to construct new water and wastewater treatment facilities and networks, or to
expand and rehabilitate existing facilities. NOPWASD has in turn sought USAID assistance in meeting
these requests.
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FIGURE 10: LUXOR LOCATION
60
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FIGURE 11: LUXOR WATER SYSTEM SERVICE AREA
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FIGURE 12: LUXOR SEWERAGE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
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Experience indicates that appropriate policy and institutional reforms must be implemented to ensure the
sustainability of such projects, once constructed. Therefore, USAID is pursuing structural changes to
utilities that will enable the GOE to establish locally funded and locally controlled water and wastewater
facilities, financially supported by adequate tariffs.
The Secondary Cities Project is being developed to assist the GOE in amplifying such reform efforts. For
the cities concerned it is full-scale implementation of needed facilities: for Egypt as a whole it may be
viewed as a pilot or demonstration project, in its institutional reform aspects. Therefore of the more than
200 cities requesting aid, seven had been selected in part because of their diversity ranging from
Mansoura, a large city in the agricultural/industrial delta to Nuweiba, a small Sinai town with increasing
foreign tourism to Nasser City, an Upper Egypt township of villages relocated more than 30 years ago
from the rising waters of Lake Nasser.
Background data and information for the Secondary Cities Project were gathered and reported in a project
paper whose objectives were to:
a)
Analyze the feasibility of water and wastewater projects and sustainable institutio nal
arrangements;
b)
Define the policy constraints and recommended strategies for reform;
c)
Refine the estimated levels of assistance required;
d)
Explore implementation options; and
e)
Identify the environmental consequences of site selection.
That project paper completed in March 1994, constitutes the point of departure for the current design
phase of the Secondary Cities Project, for Luxor and the other six cities of the Project. This report, the
environmental assessment of the Luxor city water and wastewater interventions, likewise begins from
information presented in the project paper of 1994, amplified by a more detailed examination of existing
data and interviews with citizens and professionals involved with the project.
Relationship to Other Documents and Projects
This EA fulfills a part of the Secondary Cities Engineering Design and Construction Management
(ED/CM) contract. A Basis of Design Report is concurrently in preparation. Supported by the EA and by
a Report on the Luxor Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation needs. The Basis of Design Report
will lead to final design facilities.
In parallel with this ED/CM contract for Luxor is an Institutional Support Project for Luxor, under a
separate contract.
5.1.4
Summary of USAID and Host Country's Environmental Procedures
The project is implemented under the supervision of the National Organization of Potable Water and
Sanitary Drainage (NOPWASD) representing the Government of Egypt (GOE) and the United States
Agency for International Development (USAID).
Egypt is in the process of establishing a strong commitment to the preservation of the environment. An
environmental assessment is required to satisfy the comprehensive body of regulations that have been
developed to protect the Egyptian environment based on Law 4 for the Year 1994.
In addition to meeting the Egyptian regulations, the USAID environmental procedures embodied in 22
CFR 216 "Environmental Procedures" must be satisfied. These Egyptian and USAID regulations are
discussed in the following sub-sections.
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USAID Environmental Procedures
USAID's environmental procedures are found in 22 CFR Part 216 and are further explained in the
Agency's Handbook 3, Appendix 2D. These procedures are consistent with Executive Order 12114,
issued January 4, 1979 entitled "Environmental Effects Abroad of Major Federal Actions" and the
purposes of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1970. These guidelines which were adopted in
1976 and revised in 1980 formalize the agency's commitment to environmental considerations during the
decision-making process leading to implementation or rejection of a project. Within the process,
reasonably foreseeable environmental impacts are identified, and alternatives or mitigating measures are
recommended.
For projects failing in various classes of actions (Sect.216.2.d), including potable water and sewerage
projects other than those that are of small scale either an Environmental Assessment (EA) or
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) will be required (Sect. 216.2.d.l.xi). Thus, either an EA or an EIS
would be required for the water supply and wastewater measures proposed for Luxor under this project.
An EA is defined as "a detailed study of the reasonably foreseeable significant effects. Both beneficial
and adverse of a proposed action on the environment of a foreign country or countries" (Sect. 216.1.c.4).
It must be prepared when an EIS is deemed unnecessary according to the criteria in Sect. 216.7.
An EIS is defined as "a detailed study of the reasonably foreseeable environmental impacts, both positive
and negative, of a proposed AID action and its reasonable alternatives on the United States, the global
environment or areas outside the jurisdiction of any nation as described in Sect. 216.7 of the procedures
"(Sect. 216.1.c.5). It must be prepared when "agency actions significantly affect.... (1) the global
environment or areas outside the jurisdiction of any nation (e.g., the oceans); (2) the environment of the
United States; or (3) other aspects of the environment at the discretion of the Administrator" (Sect.
216.7.a). In the case of (1) and (3) above, an EIS ... "will generally follow the President's Council on
Environmental Quality (CEO) Regulations, but will take into account the special considerations and
concerns of AID."
In June 1994 a Positive Threshold Decision was issued for all of the cities of the Secondary Cities Project,
and this document identified the necessity for the preparation of this EA.
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Table 36: Summary of USAID Environmental Procedure
USAID Environmental
Procedures
Description of Environmental
Procedures
Remarks
1. Initial Environmental
Examination
First review of the reasonably
foreseeable effects of a proposed action
on the environment.
Not required for activities
identified in 216.2(d), the
category of this project
2. Threshold Decision
A formal agency decision which
determines whether a proposed agency
action is a major action affecting the
environment.
Required for the secondary
cities project new interventions
in Luxor City
3. Negative Declaration
Declaration in writing that the agency
will not develop an EA or an EIS
regarding an action found to have an
effect on the environment.
No negative declaration was
made for Luxor
4. Scope of the EA or EIS
Identification of the significant issues
relating to the proposed action and
determination of the key issues to be
addressed in the EA or EIS. Expert
consultation, public and private
installations, and host governments
should participate in the scoping.
A detailed study of the reasonably
foreseeable significant impacts, both
beneficial and adverse, of a proposal
action on the environment
Written statements covering
the environmental key issues
6. Monitoring
Environmental monitoring is an integral
part of the EA or EIS and the project
implementation to the same extent as
other aspects of the project.
EA or EI should include a
monitoring program
7. Revisions
In the case of major changes in the
scope of work or nature of the project
during its implementation, the Negative
Declaration will be reviewed, and the
above procedures carried out again.
Supplements to the EA or EIS
will be required and BEO
review and approval is
required.
5. Preparation of the EA or
EIS
65
Review and approval by the
Bureau Environmental Officer,
(BEO)
Report covering the study is
required.
BEO review and approval is
requested
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Egyptian Environmental Legislation
Law 4 for the year 1994 entitled "Promulgating the Law on the Environment" and its Executive
Regulations, the Prime Ministerial Decree No. 338 for the Year 1995, set forth the overall framework for
protection of the environment. Under the law, installations or establishments that are subject to the
provisions on evaluation of the environmental impact assessments are determined according to the type of
the establishment’s activity; the extent of the establishment's exhaustion of natural resources, especially
waters, agricultural lands, and mineral wealth: the site of the establishment; and the type of power used in
operating the establishment. The proposed water supply and wastewater facilities are under these
controls.
Law No. 4/94 requires the preparation of an environmental impact assessment with the application for
license for a project. The owner of the establishment -according to the provision of this law -- shall attach
to his application a statement describing the establishment, comprising the data included in the form to be
prepared by the environmental affairs agency. In addition the owner shall monitor and record the impact
of the project's activity on the environment.
Law No. 4/94 establishes an agency for protection and development of environment which is called
"Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency". This agency replaces the agency which was established by
virtue of Presidential Decree No. 631 of the year 1982, with all its rights and obligations.
A series of regulations have been issued by different ministries, which are applicable to the project
facilities. These include:
Presidential Decree No. 3/1962
Decree No. 649/1962
Decree No. 470/1971
Law No. 57/1978
Presidential Decree No. 631/1982
Law No. 102/1982
Law No. 48/1982
Ministerial Decree No. 08/1983
Decree No. 09/1988
Ministerial Committee organized under
Law No. 276/1994
Decree No. 108/1995
Concerning drainage of liquid wastes
The executive regulations of Law No.93/1962
On the norms of atmospheric pollution in establishments
and industrial subordinated units
On eliminating pools and swamps and prevention of
digging works
Regarding establishing an Environmental Affairs Authority
at the Presidency of the Council of Ministers
Concerned with the establishment and management of
Egyptian protected natural areas
Protection of the River Nile and waterways from pollution
The executive regulations of Law 48/1982
Regarding the amendment of certain provisions of
Ministerial Decree No. 08/1983
Reuse of wastewater in irrigation
Ministry of Health standards for drinking water
In addition to the above regulations, NOPWASD through the Water and Wastewater Institutional Support
Project (WWISP), had proposed water and wastewater standards. These standards are included in Final
Report No. CG11 entitled, "Environmental Standards for Potable Water and Wastewater Discharge", and
SR-9 entitled, "Environmental Code Enforcement Program."
5.2
Existing Facilities and Projected Conditions
The present population within the study area is estimated to be 152,500 persons (including 13,300 persons
in Al Bayadiya village). This population figure is based on an estimated 2.65 percent annual growth rate
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(population growth rate estimate provided by the Luxor Information Center), since the 1986 government
census. By the year 2015, the population is expected to increase to about 257,300 persons (including
22,300 persons in Al Bayadiya village) and to about 334,200 persons (including a population of 29,000 in
Al Bayadiya village) by the year 2025. From the information on the existing water and wastewater
system and using the population projections and demands to estimate future systems flows, an assessment
of appropriate modifications to the present systems has been developed.
5.2.1 Water System
Existing Facilities and Conditions
Luxor obtains its raw water from the River Nile. The water is processed at two adjacent plants. The
riverside plant constructed in 1929 has a capacity of 5,180 m³/d (60 lps). This plant uses a rapid sand
filtration technology. At the site, there are also two package treatment units which were installed in 1983.
The package plants with a combined output of 5,180 m³/d (60 lps), require a substantially higher level of
operational skills and maintenance attention. There is also an existing 300 m3 elevated steel water
storage tank at the site.
A new 17,280 m³/d (200 lps) facility is under construction at the riverside plant, using clariflocculation
and rapid sand filtration. This plant, designed by NOPWASD, should be operational by 1997. 5
The second plant, located just inland from the riverside facility, is a 17,280 m³/d (200 lps) plant
constructed in 1983 using a chemically enhanced settling/rapid sand filtration design common in Egypt.
Pre-chlorination, alum, and final chlorination dosages are 3 mg/l, 18 mg/l and 1 mg/l, respectively. The
plant was expanded to a capacity of 34,560 m³/d (400 lps) in 1994. In addition, a second extension to
increase the plant capacity to 51,840 m³/d (600 lps) has been designed by NOPWASD and is presently
under construction. This last phase will be operational in 1997. The table below presents a summary of
the water supply data.
Table 37: Summary of Water Treatment Facilities
Facility
Old Plant
Packaged Plants
Conventional Plant
Main Plant
Totals
Location
Riverside
Riverside
Riverside
Cityside
Year 1995
Capacity, Lps
60²
60
Year 2015
Capacity, Lps
400¹
520
200
600
800
Notes: 1: 17,280 m³/d (200 l/s) expansion is now on-line as part of plant commissioning.
2: This plant will be abandoned after the new 200 lps riverside plant is placed into service.
The general practice for disposal of washwater and sludge is to discharge it back to the River Nile. The
new extension includes the construction of a washwater and sludge sedimentation tank from which the
supernatant will be discharged back to the River Nile and the sludge will be pumped into the city sewer
network.
Plant equipment is in very good condition, controls for pumps, valves and equipment all appear to operate
well. The facility is equipped with a laboratory. Both plant sites contain shops and maintenance
facilities. The plant site is surrounded by a wall and is bounded on three sides by residential buildings
5
The CDCL population projections are based on the 1996 national census, and its findings are included in table 1 of The Final
Structure Plan Volume I
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which preclude further expansion of the site. Water from the Luxor plants is distributed to a system that
supplies the entire Luxor region, including outlying villages. The existing water distribution system is
shown in Figure 13. The network was originally constructed in 1929 and since then the pipes have been
replaced, upgraded and extended to feed the city and the region. According to plant staff, there are
problems with low pressures throughout the system.
The water distribution system consists of approximately 360 km of steel, asbestos cement and galvanized
steel pipes ranging in size from 50 mm to 600 mm. The system serves approximately 90 percent of
houses and business through about 23,000 house connections. Residents of buildings not served by the
distribution system obtain their water from public taps and hand pumps. Approximately 95 percent of
water connections are metered: about 20 percent of these meters do not work properly.
There are two elevated tanks in Luxor City, one is 300m³ and 32m high located at the old water treatment
plant site. The second is to the east of the railway with a capacity of 1,000m³ and 40m high. Problems of
low pressure precluded the proper operation of the second tank.
A hydraulic investigation and a limited leakage study were conducted in Luxor to determine the system
operation parameters for engineering input for rehabilitation and expansion of the water distribution
system. The average pressure in the city water network was 15m while it was 35m at the delivery of the
new water treatment plant and 27m at the delivery of the old water treatment plant. The leak detection
survey covered about 17km of the city water mains, 35 leaks were found and the estimated leakage was
11.28 lps which represent an average of 0.66 lps/km. Over 80% of the leaks were found in the service
connection.
The Luxor City High Council is responsible for operating the water supply and treatment facilities, main
distribution system and the local distribution networks.
Water Demand Projections
Based on the projected 2015 and 2025 populations, a summary of the projected water demands are
presented in. The existing water treatment facilities, combined with those presently under construction,
will be sufficient to meet projected demands until about the year 2020, when additional facilities will be
required.
Table 38: Summary of Projected Water Demands – m³/d
Category
Residential
Tourist
Commercial
Industrial
Institutional
Losses
TOTAL
City
26,432
5,490
3,192
2,554
2,235
7,981
47,884
Year 2015
Villages
10,135
608
507
709
2,392
14,351
Total
36,567
5,490
3,800
3,061
2,944
10,373
62,235
68
City
36,623
7,200
4,382
3,506
3,068
10,956
65,735
Year 2025
Villages
13,164
790
658
922
3,107
18,641
Total
49,787
7,200
5,172
4,164
3,990
14,063
84,376
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Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
FIGURE 13: LUXOR WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
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5.2.2 Wastewater System
Existing Facilities and Conditions
Based on the present population, Luxor and surrounding villages served under this project generates
approximately 21,640m³/d of raw sewage: 15,859m³/d from residential sources, 1,500m³/d from
commercial sources, 1,200m³/d from industrial sources, and 1,110m³/d from governmental sources.
Groundwater infiltration is expected to be a factor, and an infiltration flow of approximately 1,970 m³/d,
or 10 percent of the generated flow, has been assumed.
Based upon a feasibility study carried out in the early 1980's, the construction of the collection system for
Luxor has been divided into three phases. Phase 1 was completed in the mid-1980's, Phase 2 is currently
under construction and is expected to be placed into service next year, and Phase 3 is the subject of this
project.
Phase 1 wastewater system covers an area of about 310 hectares, and includes the original old city of
Luxor and old Karnak. Through this phase, around 24-km length of vitrified clay and PVC pipes, ranging
in diameter from 175mm to 500mm, 12km force mains of diameters 350mm, 400mm, and 500mm and
four pump stations (P.S. 1, P.S. 2, El Corniche and P.S. 3) were constructed. Figure 8 shows the existing
and proposed areas served and Figure 1-9 shows the locations of the existing and proposed pump stations.
The table below summarizes the existing pump station information. Phase 2 will provide sewer service to
a large part of New Karnak and Al Awameya Island. Through this phase around 16 km of sewer lines
ranging between 175 to 600mm diameter, five new pump stations and 10km of force mains of 250, 300,
400 and 700mm diameters, will be constructed. P.S. 1 and P.S. 2 will also be upgraded during this phase.
Information concerning the pump stations is summarized in the table below.
Table 39: Summary of Wastewater Pump Station Data
Pump Station
No. Location
Number Of
Pumps
Capacity, lps
(Each)
Force Main
Dia. (Mm)
Remarks
Disposal Location
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
P.S. No. 1
P.S. No. 2
P.S. No. 3
P.S. No. 4
P.S. No. 5
P.S. No. 6
P.S. No. 7
3
3
6
4
4
3
4
120
100
150
40
60
40
60
400
350
2x500 mm
300
400
250
400
P.S. No. 3
P.S. No. 3
WWTP
P.S. No. 3
P.S. No. 8
P.S. No. 8
P.S. No. 8
8
9
P.S. No. 8
El Cornish
6
2
200
100
700
350
WWTP
P.S. No. 1
A wastewater treatment plant serving Luxor is located to the south east of the city several kilometers
away from the city approaching the edges of the desert. It is a biological secondary treatment plant of the
high rate trickling filter type. The hydraulic design capacity of the plant is 13,000m³/d. The design BOD
and suspended solids concentration in the wastewater was established as being 500mg/l and 600mg/l,
respectively. The treatment plant site of 550m x 850m includes space to duplicate the existing facilities.
The construction work began in 1974 and the facilities were placed into service in June 1986. The
wastewater treatment plant is comprised of the following units: mechanical screens, grit removal
chambers, primary sedimentation basins, high rate trickling filter basins, final sedimentation basins,
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sludge drying beds for primary sludge, sludge drying beds for secondary sludge and an effluent storage
pit.
The plant is now at capacity; however, because of the daily variations in flows from the pump station, the
plant experiences regular overloading at certain periods of the day. There are no as-constructed drawings
or operations and maintenance manuals: however, preliminary calculations indicate that the facility
should, if properly operated, be capable of providing secondary treatment to its design capacity. Plant
hydraulics are poor, flow distribution is uneven, no chemicals are used to promote/control physical or
biological conditions, there are no functioning electrical controls, the surface concrete is deteriorating,
and there is no chlorination system. The mechanical equipment and the laboratory appear to be in
relatively good operating condition, but the plant is not being operated properly to maximize process
performance. Primary and secondary sludges are being drawn off separately to adjacent, undersized
drying beds.
A second treatment train, adding another 13,000m³/d, is presently under construction; this expansion
includes effluent chlorination facilities for both trains. This expansion phase is scheduled to be completed
in 1997.
In addition to the wastewater treatment system components that presently exist, or have already been
designed by others, an effluent volume-equalization pond: an effluent pump station: and a force main to
lead from the effluent pump station to an effluent reuse area have been designed. The agriculture reuse
area is about 714 ha and lies to the south east of the city in the desert. Figure 14
Wastewater Flow Projections
Based on the projected water consumption demands for Luxor and its surrounding villages for the years2015 and 2025, it is estimated that 48,100m³/d for year 2015 and 65,400 m³/d for year 2025, of mediumstrength raw sewage will be produced. The table below summarizes the projected 2015 and 2025
wastewater flow projections.
Table 40: Summary of Projected Wastewater Flow - m3/d
Category
Residential
Tourist
Commercial
Industrial
Institutional
Infiltration
TOTAL
City
23,789
4,941
2,873
2,298
2,011
3,591
39,503
Year 2015
Villages
6,611
397
331
463
780
8,582
Total
30,400
4,491
3,270
2,629
2,474
4,371
48,085
71
City
32,961
6,480
3,944
3,155
2,761
4,930
54,231
Year 2025
Villages
8,587
515
429
601
1,013
11,145
Total
41,548
6,480
4,459
3,584
3,362
5,943
65,376
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
FIGURE 14: EFFLUENT REFUSE AREA
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5.3
Proposed Activities
5.3.1 Layout and Description
The project discussed below comprises the following principal elements:
•
•
•
•
Expansion of the water distribution system, including additional storage tanks;
Construction of new wastewater stabilization pond, including facilities for effluent disposal;
Rehabilitation of the existing wastewater treatment plant; and
Expansion of the wastewater service system including installation of new wastewater pump
stations and force mains, as required.
The following sections describe the proposed water and wastewater facilities for Luxor. The design
information discussed below has been taken from the Basis of Design Report and the Assessment and
Recommended Rehabilitation of Luxor Wastewater Treatment Plant Report. The Basis of Design Report
details may undergo some revision prior to construction but no major alterations to the design of the
distribution system, the new wastewater stabilization ponds and the collection network are anticipated.
Expansion of Water Distribution System
The distribution system will require improvements to accommodate the increased water availability and
projected demands. The regional distribution system was analyzed hydraulically to establish the
necessary modifications, which is necessary to ensure reliable pressures throughout the system.
Extensive upgrading of the main transmission pipes is required in growth areas or areas of potential
supply or pressure problems. The proposed water distribution network for Luxor is shown in Figure 13.
The main features of the network are:
• The network will be fed from the upgraded old and new water plants with respective capacities of
200 and 600lps. The upgrade of these plants is beyond the scope of this project;
• A new pipeline 600/500/400-mm diameter is proposed from the water plants along the River Nile
shore (Cornish) northwards to connect with the 400mm pipeline currently under construction at
Nag Badran. This link will close the main loop around the old city and El Karnak area and will
improve the water pressure in the north of Luxor;
• A new 400mm-diameter pipeline is proposed along the airport road to feed Minshaat El Ammari
and the airport and connect to the 400mm pipeline currently under construction. This link is
essential to reinforce the loop feeding this vital distant area in the far east of Luxor and ensure
supply from more than one direction;
• A new 300mm diameter pipeline is proposed to feed El Bayadiya and loop back to connect to the
main network;
• A new 300mm diameter pipeline is proposed to feed Nag El Samman, Nag El Sawalhi and Nag
El Qubahi and then connect to the proposed 400mm diameter feeding Minshaat El Ammari;
• An elevated tank (1,000m³) at El Karnak District to feed the northern part of Luxor;
• An elevated tank (1,000m³) at Minshaat El Ammari to feed the area and Luxor Airport; and
• An elevated tank (1,000m³) at the border between El Awameya and El Bayadiya districts.
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The table below lists the construction and operation activities of water distribution system rehabilitation
and expansion.
Table 41: Activities Related to Rehabilitation and Expansion of Water Distribution Network
Activity
Construction Activities
Occupation of construction area
Preparation and drainage of site
Transportation and other services
Construction, piling, material handling and
storage
Presence of temporary structures and equipment
on site
Supply of materials and other resources
Supply of facility equipment
Waste disposal
Work force
Construction schedule
Operation Activities
Supply and transportation of materials and other
resources
Material handling and storage
System operation and maintenance
Waste disposal
Work force
Presence of the system
Description
Occupation of rights of way along streets for
pipelines and transmission lines, and less than 1 ha
of land for elevated storage tanks
Likely to involve mechanical earth excavation,
removal of trees, asphalt cutting and dewatering
Movement of people and construction materials
through the main roads close to the site. Water
supply, wastewater system, electricity, and
telephone would be supplied via the city utilities
Pipelines will be laid 1m to 2m below the ground
surface. Storage tanks structures will be built on
the ground surface
Offices, guard rooms and storage sheds
Locally manufactured construction materials from
cement, aggregate, pipe, etc.
From USA to Alexandria then by road to the site
Removal of excess soils, construction materials
About 150 local workers
To start June 1997
Spare parts
Use of warehouses and stores
Storage tanks, pipelines and valves. Facility for
maintenance of equipment
Wash waters from flushing water mains
Around 46 qualified technical staff and operators
Increase of water quantities and pressures
New Wastewater Stabilization Ponds
The new wastewater stabilization ponds (NWSP) are designed to treat non-industrial wastewater collected
within Luxor to a level meeting the Egyptian and the USAID regulations for treated wastewater disposal
and reuse. The average plant capacity will be 22,100m³/d to meet projected flows in the year 2015.
Further expansion will be required to meet projected flows beyond this time. The general location of the
NWSP is shown in Figure 14 and the plant layout is presented on Figure 15. The table below
summarizes the expected influent and effluent characteristics for the new wastewater stabilization pond,
the Egyptian Standards for Disposal in non-potable waters (drains), Article 66 of Law 48/1982, and
guidelines for reuse of treated effluent recommended by the Ministry of-Housing and Utilities.
Under normal operating conditions the effluent will be reused for irrigation. The system has been
designed to transmit the effluent to an allocated agricultural area of 714 hectares located 6 km east of the
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new wastewater stabilization ponds, in the desert. To meet the effluent design criteria, the treatment
process will include the following:
Preliminary treatment which includes screening and grit removal
Waste stabilization ponds which consist of anaerobic ponds, facultative ponds, and maturation ponds; and
an effluent reuse system including pumping to the area designated for reuse. (The effluent reuse system,
to be arranged and designed by others, will provide irrigation water for local farmers, as at present: but
also irrigation of plantation at the designated reuse area 6 km east of the WWTP, at rates that in every
season will sustain the plantation.)
A simplified process flow diagram showing the treatment process is presented in Figure 17. The table
below lists the construction and operation activities for the new wastewater stabilization ponds.
Rehabilitation of Existing Wastewater Treatment Plant
The planning and design for the Phase 1 Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) began in early 1970's and
was completed in 1986. The treatment system is of conventional design and utilizes single stage trickling
filters for biological treatment.
Figure 18 is a schematic diagram of the Phase 1 facilities. The major units of the plant are:
• Mechanical screens
• Grit chamber
• Primary sedimentation tanks
• High rate trickling filters
• Final sedimentation tanks
• Recirculation screw pumps
• Sludge drying beds
• Effluent storage pond
Table 42: Influent and Effluent Characteristics Projected for the New Wastewater Stabilization
Ponds
Parameter
Total Suspended
Solids (mg/l)
Biological Oxygen
Demand (mg/l)
Chemical Oxygen
Demand (mg/l,)
Total Dissolved
Solids (mg/1)
Nitrates (mg/1)
Fecal Coliform per
100 cm4
Intestinal Nematodes
no/liter
Dissolved Oxygen
Projected
Influent
Effluent Design
Criteria
360
Discharge in
Reuse Standards
Non-Potable
(Secondary
Water Standards Treatment)
50
50
40
360
40
60
40
500
80
80
80
560
2,500
2,000
2,500
N/A
5,000,000
50
5,000
50
5,000
N/A
10,000
100
<1
1
1
<1
>4
>4
N/A
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The plant is being expanded by addition of a module essentially identical to the existing plant including
sludge drying beds with underdrains. A chlorination building and contact tanks to serve both the existing
and new modules is included. The construction of new facilities appears to be 80 percent complete.
The Assessment and Recommended Rehabilitation Report developed a set of recommended actions for
this plant. The actions with greatest environmental relevance are:
• Replacement of the effluent storage pit with a facility that is designed within the framework of
overall effluent disposal management and environmental considerations;
• Provide all structures and stairs with safety rails;
• Fencing around the treatment plant facilities to control access and improve safety, particularly for
children;
• Improvements to the electric control cabinet in regard to disconnected power cables
• Improve laboratory equipment; and
• Provide operation and maintenance manuals and training of personnel.
Table 43: Activities Related to the New Wastewater Stabilization Ponds
Activity
Construction and Installation Activities
Occupation of construction area
Preparation and drainage of site
Transportation and other services
Construction piling material handling and storage
Presence of temporary structures and equipment on
site
Supply of materials and other resources
Supply of facility equipment
Waste disposal
Work force
Construction schedule
Operation Activities
Supply and transportation of materials, spare parts
and other resources
Plant operation & maintenance
Waste disposal
Work force
Presence of plant
Description
About 225 ha of desert land
Likely to involve mechanical earth excavation
People and raw construction material through the
main roads close to the site. Water supply and
wastewater system, electricity, etc. through the city
systems
Desert and some cultivated areas are surrounding
the plant site
Offices, guard rooms and storage sheds
Locally manufactured construction materials from
cement, steel bars, bricks, aggregate etc.
From USA to port of Alexandria and then by road
to the site
Removal of excessive soils, construction materials
Approximately 100 local workers
To start in June 1997
Types sources and transportation methods
See process diagram Figure 1-7.Facility equipment
for maintenance
Treated effluent and waste sludge from treatment
process flow quality control.
Around 8 qualified technical staff and operators for
operating and maintaining the plant
Availability of treatment of wastewater from city
and villages
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FIGURE 15: LUXOR WASTEWATER P LANT P ROPOSED SITE LAYOUT
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FIGURE 16: FLOW P ROCESS DIAGRAM
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FIGURE 17: LUXOR P HASE I WASTEWATER TREATMENT P LANT SITE P LAN
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Most of these items have environmental relevance with regard to occupational safety and health of the
plant workers, but also to the neighboring community, particularly in the matter of effluent reuse.
The table below lists the construction and operation activities in rehabilitation of the existing wastewater
treatment plant.
Expansion of the Wastewater Collection System
A significant expansion of the existing wastewater collection system in the city of Luxor will be required
as shown in Figure 14. The collection system has been designed as being a combination of gravity sewers
and force mains maximizing the use of gravity lines when possible.
The proposed sewers range in diameter from 175 mm to 800 mm. The system also includes the pump
stations and force mains necessary to raise the collected wastewater from one gravity system to another
and then to the wastewater treatment plant.
Four new Pump stations and rehabilitation Of Pump station number 3 (P.S. No. 3) are proposed as a part
of the sewer system. The proposed pump stations are El Karnak, El Khutaba, El Samman and El
Ammari.
In conjunction with the pump stations at Karnak, Khutaba and Samman, force, mains will be constructed
to convey the wastewater to P.S. No. 3 and then to the wastewater treatment plant. The wastewater flow
from the El Ammari P. S. will be conveyed directly to the wastewater treatment plant.
The table below lists the construction and operation activities in relation to the expansion of the
wastewater collection system.
5.3.2
Construction Activities
Construction activities for each project component have been discussed in the course of section 5.3.1
above.
5.3.3
Operation and Maintenance Activities
Operation and Maintenance activities for each project component have been discussed in the course of
section 5.3.1 above.
5.3.4
Abandonment Plans
This has been covered in Section 5.3.1 for each project activity, in turn. Decommissioning of the existing
septic and holding tanks cleaning out disinfecting and backfilling the redundant septic and holding tanks
in these areas is of concern.
5.4
Project Alternatives
5.4.1
No Action Alternative
Future conditions without the project are described in Sections 2.6 and 3.5.2 where it is demonstrated that
the no action alternative was not a viable option.
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Table 44: Activities Related to the Rehabilitation of Existing Wastewater Treatment Plant
Activity
Construction Activities
Temporary occupation of construction area
Supply of materials and other resources
Supply of facility equipment
Waste disposal
Work force
Construction schedule
Operation Activities
Supply and transportation of materials and other
resources
Material handling and storage
Plant operation and maintenance
Waste disposal
Work force
Presence of plant
Description
Available land inside the wastewater treatment
plant area
Locally manufactured construction materials from
cement, steel bars, bricks, aggregate, etc.
From USA to port of Alexandria and then by road
to the site
Removal of excess soils, construction materials
Around 100 local workers
To start in June 1997
Types, sources, and transportation methods
Diesel, oil, and grease, as well as spare parts
See process diagram Figure 1-8, facility equipment
for maintenance
Treated effluent and sludge from treatment process
Existing staff is more than adequate to operate and
maintain the facility
Availability of treatment of wastewater from city
and villages
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FIGURE 18: RECOMMEND WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS
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Table 45: Activities Related to the Rehabilitation and Expansion of Wastewater Collection
Network
Activity
Construction and Installation Activities
Occupation of construction area
Preparation and drainage of sites
Transportation and other services
Construction, piling, material handling, and
storage
Presence of temporary structures and equipment
on site
Supply of materials and other resources
Supply of facility equipment
Waste disposal
Work force
Construction schedule
Operation Activities
Supply and transportation of materials and other
resources
Material handling and storage
System operation and maintenance
Waste disposal
Work force
Presence of the system
Description
Linear occupation of lands in streets for sewer
lines and force mains and about 2 ha of land for
pump stations
Likely to involve mechanical earth excavation,
plantation removal, asphalt cutting, dewatering,
and demolition of septic tanks
People and raw construction materials through the
main roads close to the site. Water supply and
wastewater system, electricity, etc. through the
city systems
Sewer lines will be laid at depths that could reach
8 meters below the ground surface. Pump stations
will be below ground level to depths of 8 meters,
whereas warehouses and other structures will be
built on the ground surface
Offices, guard rooms, and storage sheds
Locally manufactured construction materials from
cement, aggregate, sewer lines, etc.
From USA to port of Alexandria and then by road
to the site
Removal of excessive soils, construction materials
Approximately 200 local workers
To start in June 1997
Diesel, oil, greases, and spare parts
Intermittent use of diesel; use of warehouses and
stores
Pump station, force mains and sewer lines.
Facility equipment for maintenance
Solids and sludge
Approximately 200 qualified technical staff and
operators
Increase of wastewater quantities
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Table 46: Workforce Required for the Operation and Maintenance of Different Proje ct Elements
Description
New Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations Technicians
Laborers
Rehabilitation and expansion of water distribution network
Water Distribution manager
Supervisors/Technicians
Plumbing Technicians
Meter Technicians
Leak Detection Technicians
Store Keepers
Laborers
Rehabilitation and expansion of wastewater collection network
Wastewater Collection Manager
Wastewater Collection District Managers
Supervisors, Technicians
Plumbing Technicians
Pump Station Operations Technicians
Mechanical Cleaning Operations Technicians
Network Civil Repairmen
Mechanical/Electrical Maintenance Engineers
Mechanical/Electrical Maintenance Technicians
Storekeepers
Laborers
No. of Jobs
Notes:
1. Staffing for pump station operations technicians is based on all stations being dry pit type. Each
submersible station will reduce this number by 4, with a corresponding reduction of laborer.
2. Based on the assumption that mechanical cleaning equipment will be available for use.
84
4
4
1
4
12
3
4
2
20
1
4
7
11
52
6
10
2
6
2
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Annex 6: Analysis Of The Agricultural Sector
Another major aspect of Luxor’s economic base is its agricultural sector. In this section, we examine the
make-up of the agricultural sector in Luxor and examine the possibilities for its contribution to economic
growth in the study area.
According to the HCLC’s Agricultural Directorate, in 1996 there were a total of 86,510 feddan of
agricultural land in Luxor Markhaz6 , classified according to pr oductivity as follows:
First Class
Second Class
Third Class
Fourth Class
Fifth Class
Sixth Class
307
34931
3533
2739
45000
---
feddan
feddan
feddan
feddan
feddan
feddan
The “fifth class” land refers to a proposed reclamation project in the eastern desert, so the actual
productive land in Luxor Markhaz has an area of 41,510 feddan, which is inside what is called the “zimam
El zaraay.7 ”
According to the Agricultural Directorate of Luxor Markhaz, the 41,510 feddan of agricultural land are
broken down into ownership as follows:
Registered freehold
Registered leasehold
Temporary permits
Governmental institutional
21913
15876
367
3357
Major Crops
The Agricultural Directorate of Luxor classifies agricultural land into two main division:
Horticulture
1524 feddan
Field Crops
39986 feddan
Total Area of zimam 41510 feddan
Crops in Luxor are traditional. The following crops, and associated land allocated for these crops, are
indicative of current (1996) agricultural practices in Luxor:
6
Presumably the figures do not include Dabaaia administrative village
The Information and Decision Making Center of HCLC has compiled an up-to-date list of all agricultural and other land within
the HCLC boundaries, including Al Dabaaia, broken down into 22 administrative units (6 units for Luxor City, 15 for the rest of
Luxor Markhaz, and one for Al Dabaaia). This shows that there is a total of 47710 feddans of zimam El zaraay but a total of
53966 feddans of surface area. The agricultural land within Luxor City’s administrative boundary “kordon al Medina” (i.e.
Luxor City plus 5 suburban zones) is 8453 feddans.
7
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Table 47: Major Crops cultivated in Luxor
CROP
Sugar Cane
Wheat
Beans
Lentils
Vegetables
Garlic
Shaair
Other
Total
FEDDAN
22,447
13,934
1,250
93
780
19
5
2,98238,528
298,277,05641,510
Some of these land allocations do not account for double or triple cropping on the same land, a practice
made possible by the favorable climate and year-round irrigation. Sugar cane, the major crop, is,
however, a perennial, and only one crop per year is harvested on these lands. Sugar cane is also a high
water user and will be discouraged in future reclaimed lands.
Traditional agricultural lands are irrigated through a system of gravity-fed canals using Nile River water.
Reclaimed lands generally use wells for irrigatio n if they are not near existing canals. Farmers must pay
for the pumping of water to their lands and this cost effectively rations water usage.
The official average size of an individual plot is 1.84 feddan. In reality the average size of land holdings
is much lower due to fragmentation through inheritance. There are, however, a number of larger
holdings, in the 40 to 100 feddan range. The Government has instituted a policy to increase small land
holdings as an economic development measure and is allocating 5 feddan plots to graduates of the
Agricultural Technical College. Small plot holdings cause difficulties for implementing high-value crop
production because of quality control and intensive management required to produce acceptable crops for
export.
6.1
The Potential for High-Value Crop Production
Substantial research has been undertaken in Egypt, over a number of years, on the potential for high-value
crop production. High-value crops not only add income to the Egyptian economy from exports, but also
diversify Egypt’s produce so there is not a reliance on a single crop, which fluctuates in price on world
markets. There are several current on-going projects related to high-value crops in Egypt. Conclusions
from these studies are that there is substantial potential for high-value crop production in Egypt,
particularly for European and Middle Eastern markets. Because of climatic advantages (mild, subtropical climate with abundant year-round sunshine), Egypt can provide crops early, late or contraseasonal for European markets and, thus, has a competitive edge due to the seasonality of European
production. Egypt can also grow exotic horticultural products not available locally in Europe. Egypt has
the additional advantages of low-cost labor and water and close geographic proximity to potential
markets, advantages which could make Egyptian products even more competitive than for competitors in
Latin America, Asia and Sub-Sahara Africa.
The Agricultural Technology Utilization and Transfer Project (ATUT), sponsored by USAID, in 1996
analyzed 20 potential high-value crops for production in Egypt. The results of the study concluded that
there were a number of crops where Egypt has a potential competitive edge. The ATUT project finally
selected four horticultural products to receive priority focus: table grapes, mangoes, melons and
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strawberries. Based on the analysis, if only 25% of the unmet demand in Europe is provided for these
four crops, this will generate an economic value added of LE 347 million (about US $104 million)
annually and create labor opportunities of up to 1.25 million labor days annually, of which 690,000
would be filled by women. In addition to the four crops noted above, experts at ATUT indicate the
favorable potential in Upper Egypt for: fresh dates, garlic, dried onions, sun-dried tomatoes, raisins,
flowers, ornamental plants and pecans. Selection of high-value crops for production in any given area
depends a lot on local conditions, e.g. soil conditions, salinity of the soil and water and availability of
transportation.
One of the ATUT project reports8 underscored some of the basic challenges facing Luxor in
implementing a high-value crop program, “Evidence suggests that the growing European Community has
huge unsatisfied seasonal demand for high quality fresh fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants, with
specific characteristics preferred by their people.”
High-value crops require certain minimum agriculture production areas to be cost effective. For example,
strawberries and green beans need a minimum of 10 feddan, and table grapes, onions, garlic, mangoes,
dates and potatoes require a minimum of 50 to 100 feddan. Small plots require special organizational
arrangements to implement successfully high-value crop industries in Luxor. Small plots in the reclaimed
lands will be only 5 feddan each. To assure proper quality controls and management, an agricultural
association will have to be established in Luxor. This will require continuous technical assistance and
management oversight for the small farmers. It will also require that the Agricultural Technical College
upgrade its curriculum to provide focus on high-value crop production and management. The small
farmers need to hook up with larger landholders to accomplish the volumes, quality standards, processing
and marketing necessary to achieve favorable conditions for a successful high-value crop industry. Highvalue crop production requires an entire management system, from selection of the crops to technical
assistance and management during production to processing to marketing. All steps in the process must
be implemented prior to encouraging small farmers to adopt high-value crop production.
Certain policy implications result from these factors. Thus, the Government must adopt policies that
promote high-value agriculture. For Luxor, this includes:
(1) Sale of a significant portion of reclaimed lands to larger landholders, i.e. plots ranging in size from
50 feddan and greater. At least several large land holdings would increase the potential of successful
high-value crop production.
(2) Improving management and technical education for high-value crop production, i.e., upgrading the
curriculum at the Agricultural Technical College.
(3) Allowing free competition for shipment of crops to external markets.
(4) An agricultural community needs to be developed near the reclaimed lands to process the crops and
provide housing and services for agricultural workers. Substantial investment is required to make a
high-value crop industry in Luxor successful.
Luxor enjoys several advantages for high-value crop production and agro-processing.
(1) Luxor has excellent transportation systems. The Luxor International Airport has direct flights to
Europe and the Middle East. Luxor has train transport within its borders. Luxor has excellent port
facilities which could add crop transport capability. Luxor is on the Cairo-Aswan Highway and is
near major roads leading to Red Sea tourist areas and ports.
8
European Export Market Analysis for Five Egyptian Horticultural Crops, September, 1994.
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(2) Luxor is the closest major urban area to the Western Desert Oasis areas and the northern section of
the proposed New Valley. This area is planned as a major reclamation area, with 500,000 feddan of
land to be reclaimed.
(3) Luxor has access to water from the Nile and wells from underground water.
(4) Luxor has one of the lowest incidences of dust storms in Egypt.
(5) Luxor, and the surrounding Qena Governate, have a large pool of labor with a tradition in
agricultural production
(6) Luxor has an Agricultural Technical College.
(7) Luxor has a substantial tourism industry, both hotels and cruise ships, that are a potential market for
high-value crops. The close proximity of southern Red Sea tourist resorts extends the potential
domestic tourism market for Luxor crops.
(8) Luxor has the potential of two or three crops per year. This would increase the economic feasibility
of high-value crop production.
6.2
High-Value Crop Production and Agro-Processing in Luxor
The Government has announced plans to reclaim 80,000 feddan of land in Luxor, primarily for
agricultural purposes. The Government has a stated policy to promote high-value crops on newly
reclaimed lands. At present, 12,500 feddan on the East Bank and 13,500 feddan on the West Bank in
Luxor have been identified as potential suitable for agriculture. The Ministry of Agriculture is beginning
test well drilling on the East Bank to locate appropriate water sources as a first step in allocating the land.
On the East Bank, 3,500 feddan have already been earmarked for graduates of the Agricultural Technical
College in 5 feddan plots.
The ATUT project is beginning promotion of high-value crops in Upper Egypt. They are encouraging
farmers to cultivate melons, mangoes, strawberries and table grapes. Although no farms are located in
Luxor, there are nearby areas where farmers are enrolling in the program. The Ministry of Agriculture
will be taking steps to expand the Agricultural Technical School program in Luxor to focus on high-value
crops and expects to expand the curriculum from three to five years.
These measures will allow for meaningful improvements in the agricultural sector of Luxor. This will
contribute to the increase in the income of the population in Luxor as well as an increase in the levels of
population as the economy expands.
6.3
Agricultural Communities
Area to be reclaimed:
25,000 feddan9
Basic Assumptions:
Families per feddan:
Average family size:
One (1) (1 new job per 5 feddan = 1 family)
4.59 (1996 Census)
Most agriculture communities are not planned in Egypt. Farmers are relegated to informal villages or
farm housing that often result in substandard housing conditions and minimal services. With the advent
of agro-processing, there is the basis for developing a model agricultural community in the Luxor
reclaimed lands. Thus, planned communitie s to accommodate a total of approximately 50,000 residents
could be established on the new lands in Luxor. As illustrated in Figure 2, The Regional Structure Plan,
five agricultural communities are proposed. On the East Bank one agricultural community is proposed
9
The consultants have identified 25,000 feddans of reclaimable agriculture land. However, the Ministry of Agriculture has
planned to reclaim 80,000 feddans of land in Luxor.
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for New Luxor, while on the West Bank four communities are proposed. These communities include
Mrs. Mubarak Village and El Tarif. Each of the communities is expected to eventual have approximately
8-10,000 residents.
The key factor in determin ing the size of the agricultural communities is the minimum population needed
to accommodate a Compulsory Education School. According to the 1996 data, an average of 16-18% of
the Study Area total population was at the age of 6-12 years old . Assuming an average size of the school
of 700 pupils, the community would be around 5,000 inhabitants, at a minimum.
The agricultural new town would have full water, wastewater, solid waste, electric and telephone services
and public facilities for education, health care and recreation. As farmers have modest incomes,
especially small farmers, grant assistance and low-interest loans will be required to finance this
agricultural new town. A typical low-cost house (100 m2) will cost about LE 35,000. A total of 12,000
homes are estimated to support a population of 50,000 in the five communities, with the total housing
finance estimated at LE 420 million (US $123.5 million). The table below offers the land uses and area
for a typical agricultural community that can support 8-10,000 residents.
Table 48: Typical Agricultural Community Land Uses and Area
Service Center
Public Facilities & Servic es
Commercial
Parks
Parking
Commercial Workshops
Neighborhood Mosque
Commercial
Primary School
Nursery & Kindergarten
Parking
Park
Residential Areas
Housing
Open Space
Light Industrial/
Agro-Processing Facilities
Light Industrial Workshops
Total
Infrastructure
(15% of Developed Land Total)
Grand Total
Total Land Area Required
Totals by sub-category
Totals by category
(feddan)
(feddan)
25.75
5.80
4.40
5.50
0.89
1.19
0.44
0.98
5.10
0.56
0.39
0.50
95.00
85.00
10.00
6.5
4
2.5
127.25
19.09
146.34
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Annex 7: The General Enviro nment for Tourism
7.1
Global Tourism
Measures of worldwide tourism indicate a trend of steady growth in the industry in terms of total arrivals,
total receipts and average receipts per arrival. The following two Tables present data for the period 19921998 as compiled by the World Tourism Organization, with a breakdown of tourism into six regions.
Over this period, the world travel volume increased a substantial 26%, equal to an annual average rate of
growth of 4%. Total receipts rose 40% equating to an annual average rise of 5.8%. The main economic
factors underlying this growth trend include rising international trade relationships among nations, rising
personal income levels, falling international airfares [in real terms], a generally peaceful world
environment after the Gulf crisis in 1991, and continuing innovation in the packaging and marketing of
international travel in the key source areas of Europe, the USA and Japan.
7.1.2 Performance of the Middle East
The Middle East’s share of global tourism is a modest 2.4%. Travel to the region had contracted during
the Gulf Crisis of 1990-1, which explains the extraordinary rebound in arrivals in 1992, exceeding 30%
that year. Trends in this region clearly illustrate the fragility of tourism to political and economic
adversity, but also the resilience of the industry in its ability to revive once conditions return to normal.
Tourism to the Middle East has been a strong performer, with arrivals growing 38% and receipts 57%
over this period, leading the world trend. However, as regards average expenditure per arrival, the
region’s average of $533 is substantially below the world average of $692.
7.1.3 Observations on Tourism in the Eastern Mediterranean
In the Eastern Mediterranean Turkey and Greece are the dominant destinations with much of their tourism
focused along the coastlines and on the many islands in their territories. They are examples of
destinations offering substantial infrastructure designed for both cultural tourism and also for resort
tourism. Turkey in particular has benefited from substantial World Bank Group support from as early as
the 1960s with respect to development of virgin coastline to equip it to accommodate mass tourism from
Europe. Tunisia has also received similar aid for tourism development along its coastline. There has
been substantial foreign investment in tourism in all of these countries.
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Table 49: International Tourists Arrivals by Region 1992 – 1998
(Millions of arrivals; percent)
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
502.8
8.4
518.3
3.1
553.3
6.8
568.5
2.7
599.6
5.5
619.6
3.3
Middle East
10.9
11.4
12.8
13.5
14.1
14.8
15.0
% change
30.5
4.6
12.3
5.5
4.4
5.0
1.4
Africa
% change
18
18.0
18.5
2.8
19.1
3.2
20.3
6.3
21.9
7.9
23.2
5.9
24.7
6.5
1.37
America
% change
103.6
7.1
103.6
0
106.5
2.8
110.6
3.8
116.9
5.7
118.9
1.7
122.7
3.2
1.18
64.2
13.8
71.2
10.9
76.8
7.9
81.4
6.0
89
9.3
88
-1.1
86.6
-1.6
1.35
Europe
% change
302.4
6.9
310.1
2.5
334.3
7.8
338.5
1.3
353.3
4.4
369.8
4.7
381.1
3.1
1.26
South Asia
% change
3.6
9.9
3.5
-2.8
3.9
11.4
4.2
7.7
4.4
4.8
4.8
9.1
5.0
4.2
1.39
World
% change
East Asia/Pacific
% change
91
1998 growth
index
635.1
1.26
2.5
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The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
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Table 50: International Tourists Receipts by Region 1992 – 1998
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
313.6
13.0
323.1
3.0
352.6
9.1
403
14.3
437.6
8.6
438.2
0.1
5.1
5.7
6.4
7.5
8.2
9.1
8
% change
32.7
11.8
12.3
17.2
9.3
11.0
-12.1
Africa
% change
6.2
23.2
6.3
1.6
6.8
7.9
7.5
10.3
8.7
16.0
9
3.4
9.6
6.7
1.55
America
% change
85.5
9.8
91.1
6.5
95.2
4.5
102.7
7.9
112.4
9.4
118.9
5.8
120
0.9
1.40
East Asia/Pacific
% change
47.4
17.2
53.9
13.7
63.4
17.6
74.2
17.0
82
10.5
76.4
-6.8
68.6
-10.2
1.45
Europe
% change
166.7
12.6
163.5
-1.9
177.7
8.7
207.6
16.8
222.2
7.0
220.5
-0.8
228.9
3.8
1.37
South Asia
% change
2.8
19.0
2.7
-3.6
3.1
14.8
3.5
12.9
3.9
11.4
4.3
10.3
4.3
0.0
1.54
World
% change
Middle East
1998 growth
index
439.4
1.40
0.3
1.57
In this region, Israel is the example of a destination that has had to cope with intermittent outbreaks of
violence causing downturns in tourist arrivals because of security fears. It has managed this problem
through different security and public relations measures and has succeeded in maintaining a general
growth pattern for its tourism industry in past years. Its neighbor Jordan has also emerged as an
additional cultural destination in the region, facilitating surface links to Israel, to Syria and to Egypt to
earn a position along the region’s key touring circuits. The table below indicates the relative magnitude
in terms of international tourism receipts in selected destinations around the Mediterranean Sea, excluding
Italy, France and Spain. In the near term, once firmly re-established onto a growth path, Egypt might be
capable of overtaking the more mature destination of Greece to capture the second place in revenue
generation after Turkey.
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Table 51: Tourism Receipts for Selected Mediterranean Destinations
[US$ millions – 1996]
Destination
Turkey
Tunisia
Israel
Greece
Egypt
Cyprus
Receipts
5,962
1,436
2,800
3,660
3,200
1,670
World total
Note: Transport receipts are excluded.
7.2
Tourism to Egypt
7.2.1
Overall Dimensions of Tourism
425,262
Selected measures of tourism to Egypt as it has evolved since 1981 are contained in the table below.
These include tourist arrivals, nights spent by tourists in Egypt, and foreign exchange receipts for the
Egyptian economy.
Table 52: Aggregate Measures of Tourism to Egypt 1981-199810
Arrivals
[000s]
Touristnights
[000s]
Duration of
Stay
[nights]
Foreign Exchange Receipts [US$]
Total
[millions]
per tourist
Per day
change
1981
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1,376.0
1,518.0
2,600.0
3,133.0
3,896.0
3,961.0
3,450.0
9,805.0
9,007.0
19,943.0
20,451.0
23,765.0
26,579.0
7.1
5.9
7.7
6.5
6.1
6.7
498.2
255.5
1,060.2
2,298.9
3,009.0
3,646.0
2,941.0
362
168
408
734
772
920
50.81
28.37
53.16
112.41
126.61
137.18
12.6%
8.3%
1998 2nd half
2,560.0
17,408.0
6.8
1,927
753
110.68
-19.3%
It was in 1977 that total arrivals first reached the one million threshold, and it took over a decade more
to meet the 2 million threshold in 1989. Growth accelerated and arrivals reached the 3 million threshold
only 3 years later in 1992, just missing the 4 million mark in 1997, Egypt’s banner year. It is very
significant that despite occasional downturns in arrivals caused by violent incidents and regional tension
and conflict, the basic trend has been one of clear growth, as Egypt’s tourism diversifies its product line to
expand on a sustainable basis and consolidate its position in the world’s travel marketplace.
10
Sources: EIU Egypt Quarterly Reports; Egypt Stabilization and Structural Change, The World Bank, January 1999
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The Luxor attack in late 1997 has caused a major downturn in 1998 [arrivals for the nation down 13%,
receipts down 19%] affecting tourism across the country. The year 1999 has been one of rebound in
traffic and some tourism specialists expect the year’s count of arrivals to well exceed 4 million and
possibly exceed the 4.5 million mark. This rebound is evidence of the success of the government’s
remedial security measures and the industry’s success in publicizing the heightened security in the source
markets.
The industry represents one of the country’s prime foreign exchange sources, exceeding US$3.6 billion
[26.7% share] in 1997, ahead of other major generators such as oil and workers’ remittances [Table 46].
The economic damage of the industry’s downturn in 1998 is apparent in Table 46 where tourism has
slipped in ranking behind both of these same categories [22% share]. In its banner year of 1997, tourism
earned an average expenditure per tourist of $920. Recent trends in terms of average length of stay and
spending per tourist are less clear since there has been some fluctuation in these measures. There is some
evidence that the average length of stay is declining, having fallen from 7.7 nights in 1990 to 6.7 nights in
1997. However, the levels of expenditure per tourist and per day have undergone strong growth in the
years before the downturn of 1998 as shown in the table below.
Table 53: Aggregate Measures of Tourism to Egypt 1981-199811
[US$ millions]
Main Foreign Exchange Earnings
1997
share
1998
share
Tourism
Workers' Remittances
Oil exports
Non-Oil Exports
Suez Canal
3,646
3,256
2,578
2,352
1,849
26.7%
23.8%
18.8%
17.2%
13.5%
2,941
3,519
1,728
3,400
1,777
22.0%
26.3%
12.9%
25.4%
13.3%
Total
13,681
13,365
Source Markets for Tourists
It is the European market that dominates the visitor profile to Egypt; in 1997 representing 60% of tourists
and 63% of tourist-nights far exceeding shares for the second source, the Middle East. In that same year,
the total of tourist-nights in Egypt rose nearly 12% over the year before because of an exceptional 17%
rise in tourist-nights for Europeans. The categories Europe and America taken together represent 67% of
tourists and nearly 70% of tourist-nights. The next source is the Middle East with 22.5% of tourists and
21.2% of tourist-nights. The increase in tour operations and the opening of new scheduled and charter air
services by Egyptian and foreign airlines between different European points and Egyptian airports has
been a major factor for the strong growth in European arrivals.
11
Source: Egypt: Stabilization and Structural Change, January 1999, The World Bank
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Table 54: Inbound Tourism to Egypt by Main Generating Groups:12
Tourists
Tourists
Touristnights
1996
Touristnights
1997 change
share
Average
nights
1997
7.8%
5,649,882
5,645,915 -0.1%
21.2%
6.3
Africa
115,808 120,145
3.7%
Americas 259,057 256,668 -0.9%
Europe
2,342,709 2,394,414
2.2%
Asia
288,328 260,318 -9.7%
Others
61,313
36,520 -40.4%
814,985
1,470,667
14,375,407
1,433,260
20,440
868,201
1,693,623
16,827,259
1,523,618
20,214
3.3%
6.4%
63.3%
5.7%
0.1%
7.2
6.6
7.0
5.9
0.6
Totals
23,766,637
26,580,827 11.8%
1996
Middle
East
828,727
1997 change
893,351
3,897,938 3,963,413
1.7%
6.5%
15.2%
17.1%
6.3%
-1.1%
6.7
At the core of the lasting popularity of Egypt despite occasional setbacks is its cultural resources lead by
the Pharaonic monuments which are unique in the world. Egypt’s Islamic and Coptic heritage also form
part of the nation’s international appeal. However, it is the monumental heritage of ancient Egypt which
has long been celebrated in western literature and the arts that in the 19th century established the nation’s
image internationally giving it ready worldwide recognition. This positive renown has made it possible
for Egypt to emerge as an economical, successful beach destination offering a seaside resort experience,
available as in many parts of the world, combined with an Arab and ancient Egyptian cultural aspect that
tour operators have found highly marketable. The Western Europe market has responded to this strategy
with rising arrivals and tourist-nights.
International Accessibility
Once the sole international airport in the country, Cairo no longer dominates as the gateway for the
majority of visitors to Egypt. With the opening of land borders in Sinai, and the inception of international
air services into additional points along the Red Sea, in Sinai and in Upper Egypt, the country has greatly
improved access for its different regions from Middle Eastern and European points. In addition, with
improvements in border crossing conditions and ferry services to Jordan, mobility to and from Egypt for
travelers to the region has also improved substantially, helping to de-concentrate the industry from Cairo
and the Nile Valley and spread its benefits to other governorates. Table 48 below presents this
geographic distribution of arrivals by all modes of transport [air, road, rail, and water]. The entry points
of the Red Sea and Sinai make up nearly 40% of arrivals, approaching the share of Cairo. With an 11%
share Luxor clearly serves as the major international gateway for Upper Egypt.
12
Source: 1997 Tourism in Figures Ministry of Tourism
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Table 55: Foreign Arrivals via Main Points of Entry – 1997:13
7.2.2
Port of Entry
Cairo
Sinai
Red Sea
Luxor
Elsalum
Alexandria
Aswan
Suez
Port Said
Others
Arrivals
1,602,647
997,867
489,850
414,261
184,892
30,869
14,291
11,625
3,202
135
Totals
3,749,639
Share
42.7%
26.6%
13.1%
11.0%
4.9%
0.8%
0.4%
0.3%
0.1%
0.0%
Average per day
4,391
2,734
1,342
1,135
507
85
39
32
9
0
10,273
Geographic Distribution of Tourism
The distribution of tourism and its benefits around the country parallels to some extent the distribution of
its lodging capacity and its usage. Table 49 indicates the distribution of Egypt’s 83,000-room hotel
capacity by major zone, and the tremendous stock of 48,000 rooms under construction. The Greater
Cairo area as the nation’s prime gateway and economic center accounts for 24% of capacity [24,000
rooms]. The nation’s coastal capacity has been approximated by summing the capacities along the Red
Sea, in the Sinai governorates and at Marsa Matrouh and exceeds 34,000 rooms. This stock amounts to
41% of the national total. Luxor and Aswan together represent only 8.5% of the total, but if the floating
hotel capacity is included, the Upper Egypt share includes nearly 19,000 rooms or almost 23% of
capacity. Table 50 shows figures on tourist-nights in hotels, which reveals a pattern that approximately
parallels supply.
The country’s real estate developers are rapidly expanding Egypt’s capacity along the country’s Sinai and
Red Sea coasts in order to compete for the seaside holiday market that is operating on a large scale in
nearly all the nations along the Mediterranean Sea. The development of beach resorts along these two
coastlines has enabled Egypt to compete vigorously for mass seaside tourism, which formerly had
bypassed it. Egypt’s emergence as a seaside resort destination is a major success enabling it to scale up
its industry dramatically.
It is significant that some 34,000 rooms are under construction on the coastlines indicating the industry’s
increasing orientation to resort tourism as opposed to cultural tourism. Spatially the industry is becoming
more concentrated on the Red Sea and South Sinai coastlines, while the extent of construction along the
Nile Valley is quite limited [a combined total of 7,383 rooms in Luxor, Aswan and on the floating hotels].
The resort tourism is quite different in nature from cultural tourism and the two are being promoted in
tandem for mutual benefit since many visitors are combining stays along the coast with visits to the Nile
Valley. This high volume of construction along the coasts only indicates the high confidence the
investment community has in the Egyptian government and in the travel trade to double and triple tourist
volume in the coming years. It also is an indication that the current set of tax incentives offered by
government is adequate, and that both Egyptian and foreign capital availability is sufficient.
13
Source: 1997 Tourism in Figures Ministry of Tourism
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Table 56: Egypt's Lodging Capacity Distribution by Region – 199814
Cairo
Giza
Greater Cairo
Existing
rooms
11,327
8,425
19,752
Share
Under
Construction
13.7%
1,381
10.2%
2,337
23.8%
4,018
Share
Total
Share
2.9%
4.8%
8.3%
12,708
10,762
23,770
9.7%
8.2%
18.1%
Alexandria
Luxor
Aswan
Red Sea
South Sinai
North Sinai
Marsa Matrouh
coastal total
Others
4,592
4,309
2,708
18,731
12,597
564
2,266
34,158
5,633
5.5%
5.2%
3.3%
22.6%
15.2%
0.7%
2.7%
41.2%
6.8%
528
1,971
962
11,810
20,218
635
151
32,814
3,761
1.1%
4.1%
2.0%
24.5%
41.9%
1.3%
0.3%
68.1%
7.8%
5,120
6,280
3,670
30,541
32,815
1,199
2,417
66,972
9,394
3.9%
4.8%
2.8%
23.3%
25.0%
0.9%
1.8%
51.1%
7.2%
Floating hotels
11,673
14.1%
4,450
9.2%
16,123
12.3%
Grand Total
82,825
100%
48,204
101%
131,029
100%
Table 57: Hotel Nights in Selected Governorates - 1997 15
Governorates
Hotel Nights
[000s]
6,231.8
1,990.1
Percentage
per day
31.2%
9.9%
17,073
5,452
Luxor
Aswan
Luxor + Aswan
1,936.1
1,634.5
3,570.6
9.7%
8.2%
17.9%
5,304
4,478
9,782
Red Sea
South Sinai
5,457.8
2,751.9
27.3%
13.8%
14,953
7,539
Cairo
Alexandria
Total
20,002.2
Government’s Policy for Tourism
There are several main sector issues and government strategies the project will support as well as some
strategic choices that must be made. Tourism continues to be a principal source of foreign currency for
Egypt, playing a vital role in the balance of payments. The government foresees an even stronger role for
tourism with a greater reliance upon the sector as a job creator and foreign exchange earner in the future.
The government is promoting the substantial diversification of supply of facilities in order to equip the
14
15
Source: Ministry of Tourism, Information Department [with minor corrections]
Source: 1997 Tourism in Figures, Ministry of Tourism
97
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country to compete for new types of tourism having a broad range of interests and activities. This effort
is to be lead by the private sector relying primarily on private investment by a combination of Egyptian
and foreign investors.
The industry must find viable ways to quadruple the volume of national tourism, from a current level of 4
million [1997] to 16 million in 2017 which is the government’s target projection, and which would
generate 650,000 new jobs. This pace will require the construction of 315,000 new rooms of lodging
capacity at an investment of about 100 billion Egyptian pounds, and requiring an average annual
expansion of 15,750 rooms. This pace appears attainable in view of the current building momentum of
48,200 rooms [Table 49] across the country. The private sector is identifying opportunities and
responding to the incentives offered by the government and this pace of construction appears to be
adequate to reach this goal.
7.3
Tourism in Luxor
7.3.1
Key Attractions -The Magnets
The antiquities on both banks of the Nile in the region of Luxor constitute the area’s key attraction.
Luxor is an obligatory stop for the first time cultural tourist to Egypt and for many repeat visitors. A
second attraction is the natural beauty of the Theban Mountains and the Nile River, which offer
outstanding scenery for all types of tourists. A third attraction is the local village life present in the town
and throughout the river valley, relevant for the cultural tourist. This beauty is not at all unique to Luxor
as it is found throughout the Nile River valley and in many of the country’s oases. Finally a fourth
attraction is the mild, dry, sunny weather of the region for most of the year particularly in the winter
months, but excluding the summer months.
7.3.2
Measures of Tourism Activity
The Structure Plan for Luxor City has estimated a visitor volume in the 1.0-1.5 million-visitor range for
1997 and bases its planning on a 1.2 million-visitor level. This count includes visitors lodged in local
lodging establishments, in floating hotels, and also day visitors based at points along the Red Sea, in
Aswan and even in Cairo.
Tables 48-54 provide various measures of tourist activity at Luxor as contained in the lodging statistics
issued by the Ministry of Tourism. To approximate the economic role of Luxor tourism in generating
foreign currency, one can use different measures to allocate to Luxor a share of total national foreign
exchange earnings from tourism [Table 46].
(1) Its share of hotel capacity , 5.2%
(2) Its share of hotel nights sold, 9.7% [which includes an allocation of floating hotels]
(3) Its share of foreign arrivals, 11.0%
The share of hotel capacity is the best measure since it excludes the contribution of floating hotels which
capture a significant part of the foreign air arrivals to Luxor. The occupancy performance of Luxor’s
hotels as a group has largely paralleled the national trend [Table 51] except in 1998 when with Aswan it
suffered a severe downturn in occupancy, sinking to 26% versus the 45% national average. The Aswan
performance is the weakest of them all, while the Red Sea and South Sinai averages are clearly the
strongest ones, which is motivating the continued expansion along the coasts.
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Table 58: Annual Occupancy Rates of Hotel Rooms 1994-99 [percentages] 16
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
South Sinai
Cairo
Red Sea
Giza
Alexandria
Luxor
Aswan
82
67
65
59
53
41
21
75
64
74
62
56
47
24
76
65
77
64
57
66
33
71
67
72
61
56
66
45
61
54
53
49
50
26 decline
26
1999
5 months
77
70
77
66
51
51 rebound
50
Average
55
57
63
62
45
63
7.3.3
Foreign Currency Generation
An estimate of foreign currency generation for Luxor and Aswan is shown in Table 52. For Luxor
tourism only it equals $190 million excluding any floating hotel contribution. In reality a pro-rata share
of the floating hotel contribution could be allocated to Luxor and to Aswan on whose local economies the
floating hotel industry depends. The Luxor share so defined is estimated at $360.7 million if simply half
the floating hotel allotment is allocated to it. This amount equaled a substantial injection of one million
dollars per day of foreign currency expenditure for 1997, falling to less than half that for the depressed
industry in 1998. These estimates of foreign currency generation reflect initial injections into the
economy, and reflect no multiplier effect upon it which would be greater.
Table 59: Estimation of 1997 Foreign Exchange Earnings -Luxor Share
[US$ millions]
share
Luxor
Aswan
Luxor + Aswan
earnings
5.2%
3.3%
17.9%
189.7 Hotels only
119.2 Hotels only
650.8 Hotels & floating hotels
Floating hotels
Luxor + floating
National total
342.0 Derived
360.7 Derived
100%
3,646.0
Note : Estimate for floating hotels is derived from Min. of Tourism information.
7.3.4
Tourism at Luxor’s Hotels
Some additional indicators of tourism to Luxor appear in Table 53 and 54. A flow of approximately
405,000 tourists to Luxor is estimated by this method, which excludes day visitors staying outside the
area and tourists lodged in the floating hotels. If these two groups can be estimated, a total exceeding 1
16
Source: Ministry of Tourism - Computer Center.
99
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million visitors for 1997 may be a reasonable estimate since the allocation of a share of the floating hotel
tourism alone [having over 11,000 rooms] would more than double this amount. These estimates hold
that on an average day in 1997, 1,135 tourists arrived on international flights at Luxor airport, and an
average guest population in the city’s hotels was 5,547 persons. For 1998 the numbers are drastically
lower.
Table 60: Selected Measures of Tourism at Luxor
daily
average
1,135 tourists
3,082 rooms
1,120 rooms
5,547 guests
2,017 guests
Tourist arrivals by air - 1997
Occupied rooms -1997, 66%
Occupied rooms -1998, 26%
Hotel guest count 1997
Hotel guest count 1998
Estimated hotel guests:
1997 year total
1998 year total
Change
year total
404,914 guests
147,213 guests
-63.6% decline
Notes:
1. Average stay assumption is 5 nights.
2. Guests per room assumption is 1.8.
The table below indicates the geographical composition of guests lodged at the hotels in Luxor. It is
notable that visitors from Europe and the Americas make up a 57% share of total resident nights. The
Arab share is only 6.3%. The average length of stay is 5 nights.
Table 61: Luxor Hotel Residents by Geographic Group - 1997 17
Residents
17
Res.-nights
NS&W Europe
Egyptians
North America
Australasia
South America
Arabs
East Europe
Africa
103,176
55,945
55,193
53,425
39,350
29,398
26,107
25,013
491,211
263,169
233,657
223,571
193,990
186,115
184,723
159,680
4.8
4.7
4.2
4.2
4.9
6.3
7.1
6.4
Res.-nights
Share
25.4%
13.6%
12.1%
11.5%
10.0%
9.6%
9.5%
8.2%
Total
387,607
1,936,116
5.0
100.0%
Source: 1997 Tourism in Figures, Ministry of Tourism
100
Average nights
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
7.3.5
The Functions of Luxor for Egypt’s Tourism
The Luxor area fulfills different functions regarding the tourism that it serves. The listed functions
describe the role Luxor currently is playing for Egypt’s tourism; they do not include any potential or
unrealized ones.
(1) A Prime Destination for Cultural Tourism – Traveling in organized groups or individually, these
tourists use hotels and guest-houses and are motivated by their interest in the Egypt’s past. Luxor
serves as the primary gateway to Upper Egypt.
(2) A Base for the Cruise Industry – Luxor serves at the main port for Nile cruisers. Nearly all cruises
operate between Luxor and Aswan as the extended cruise between Cairo and Upper Egypt has been
discontinued.
(3) An Emerging Destination for Long-stay Vacationers – The long-term vacationers favor the
Mövenpicke Hotel on Crocodile Island, and a number of homes and guesthouses located on both
banks of the river. As temporary residents for several weeks or months, their average daily
expenditure is typically much less than the general average for tourists.
(4) A Prime Destination for Day-long Excursions – Tourists lodged in Cairo, on the Red Sea coast or in
Aswan can easily purchase day-long excursions by bus or airplane to visit Luxor. These generate the
least benefit for the local economy.
The gateway function for Luxor is highly important as Luxor links Upper Egypt with the outside world
through three channels. Firstly, air and rail links to the country’s prime gateway, the capital city Cairo,
form the key domestic travel corridor between Lower and Upper Egypt. Secondly, the road link between
Luxor and the Red Sea coast is growing in importance as the country’s largest concentration of tourist
capacity expands. Finally, international air services into Luxor link Upper Egypt directly with major
metropolitan areas in the Middle East, Europe and Britain with nonstop flights of from 3 to 5 hours, a
major advance in travel efficiency. If conditions remain peaceful, the foreign carriers that canceled
scheduled services after the 1997 attack will reinstate them and provide direct flight connections from
cities in North America and Japan into Luxor.
Aspects characterizing tourism to Luxor representing its strengths and weaknesses are summarized below.
Strengths
(1) The enduring popularity of its cultural attractions– Luxor will retain its prominent status in
international promotions and along the main touring circuits for the foreseeable future.
(2) Mild wintertime climate – The climate of Upper Egypt is mild and pleasant throughout the winter
season; the industry regularly increases prices during the peak season.
(3) Excellent Transportation nexus – Luxor functions as a good transport hub for all modes [international
& domestic air, road, cruise and rail] and enjoys easy road proximity to the Red Sea coast.
(4) Factor availability - Labor and land are plentiful and unhindered by binding shortages enabling
further expansion in the scale of tourism in the area as the demand for more services grows.
(5) Low price level – This is true of all parts of Egypt excluding the metropolitan Cairo area. Hotel and
restaurant prices are very competitive internationally during most seasons of the year.
Weaknesses
(1) One-dimensional product – The offering of attractions and activities at Luxor is quite limited since it
consists mainly of the extraordinary antiquities and the Egyptian village life with little more. There is
an absence of facilities and activities such as cultural events and performances, sports facilities,
meetings and conferences, language schools or cultural institutes, or health spas.
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(2) Substandard service quality – The unfamiliarity of foodservice and hotel staff with international
standards of service results in unsatisfactory service in tourism establishments and dissatisfaction of
visitors.
Both of these weaknesses have solutions. The second falls in the realm of human resources development
[training]. The first one was identifie d in interviews with hotel managers and tour operators familiar with
Luxor and Egypt generally. It is the first of these two weaknesses that the El Toad project will address
squarely if it is implemented as recommended in this report.
7.3.6
The Projection of Tourism to Luxor
The CDCL has examined the MOT’s growth target in arrivals and has measured the implications for
tourism to Luxor taking into account a number of factors such as the volume of day visitors, the visitor
capacity at the ancient tombs, and the increase in cruise ship capacity. This plan foresees a need for a
total of 6,600 additional rooms in hotels to be located in the Luxor area. Table 55 below indicates the
ideal allocation of capacity to Luxor City, New Luxor, Other Markhaz [Khuzam and West Bank], and to
the project site at El Toad.
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Table 62: Estimated Hotel Capacity Requirement, 2017 18
Existing Hotel Room Supply
1997 Tourists/day=12,420
Planned Additions to Hotel Room Supply
Add 100 cruise ships likely
Add rooms planned
Sub-total, Supply
Hotels in Luxor Cruise Ships
Study Area (rooms divided
by 3)
3,858
3,386
1,693
2017 Hotel Room Demand
Total Room Demand, based on increased
capacity of West Bank tombs in 2017
Tourists/day=28,875
Required additional rooms in Study Area
Total
7,244
1,348
5,206
5,079
1,693
1,348
10,285
11,804
5,079
16,883
6,598
Rounded =
Approximate Distribution of Estimated New Rooms:
Luxor City
500
New Luxor
700
Other Markhaz
900
Khuzam
600
Other West Bank
300
El Toad
4,500
Total
Plus rooms already planned or started in Luxor City
6,600
6,600
1,348
This increase of 6,600 rooms represents a 127% rise over the 5,206-room level in existing and planned
projects. This increase is far below the 300% rise in total arrivals to Egypt targeted by the MOT because
of the buildup of substantial new capacity along the coastal areas of Sinai and the Red Sea, and also
because of the continued expansion of the floating hotel industry. The distribution of this added capacity
by category is contained in Table 56 below, which depicts the dominance of the four and five star
categories.
18
Source: CDCL Phase II, Draft Structure Plan Report; Table 4.
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Table 63: Distribution of New Hotel Capacity by Type 19
Breakdown by Hotel Type
Typical Size, rooms/hotel
Total New Rooms
Five Four Three New
Stars Stars Stars Hotels
300
250
200
Luxor City
New Luxor
El Toad
Other Markhaz
7
Totals
7
2
2
4
2
1
7
2
2
3
18
4
500
700
4,500
900
10
10
27
6,600
.
7.4
Existing Economic Pressures and Impacts
A number of factors influencing the economic environment for tourism in Upper Egypt and specifically in
Luxor are discussed below.
7.4.1
Limited Employment Opportunities for South Egypt
There is an exodus from South Egypt of new entrants into the labor force to Cairo and the delta area,
more recently to the Red Sea coastline, or abroad to jobs in foreign countries. The amount of entry-level
job opportunities in the region is inadequate to absorb the expanding labor force. Many people are
partially occupied in low-yield agriculture, in minor retailing activities or in the informal sector. As a
result pay levels are low. As tourism makes major use of unskilled and low-skill labor, the industry
benefits from the low prevalent wage level.
7.4.2
Insufficient Dispersal of Activity and Participation of Rural Citizenry
In Luxor, most of the food, lodging and entertainment needs of visitors are met by businesses in the
central part of the city itself and only secondarily by establishments on the West Bank or in rural areas.
The same is probably true for the cruise industry, which is using both Aswan and Luxor for basing
purposes. Most commercial tourism activity is quite concentrated in the immediate areas of Luxor and
Karnak temples, and at a limited number of ancient sites on the West Bank. Rural areas of Luxor are
basically bypassed by tourist activity.
7.4.3
Hotel Development Activity
Despite these pressures, but in view of the reviving hotel occupancy figures, investors are proceeding
with several hotel construction projects that will directly expand the capacity for international tourism.
Some of the existing hotels are undergoing renovation programs as well to remain competitive. Projects
under construction and proposed ones with permits are listed in Table 57. It is significant that a few of
the projects are stalled or proceeding very slowly. Construction ceased on the largest one, the Sofitel site,
some 3 years ago. It is apparent that an unclear legal environment has slowed and even stalled some of
these projects. The decision to proceed for all or most these projects was taken prior to the tourist attack
of November 1997. The ultimate completion of all of them is uncertain. In view of the problems some of
19
Source: CDCL Phase II, Draft Structure Plan Report; Table 5
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these projects are facing, a situation of over-building and over-supply in the hotel industry does not
appear probable over the short run.
Table 64: New Hotel Projects in Luxor20
Project, sponsor
1 Sofitel,
Intercontinental Co.
Status
Construction
Advanced, stalled 3
years in litigation
Size
350 rooms
Comments
Semi-rural site north of town
Low-rise design riverside site
2 Memphis, I. Dusuki
Proposed
55 rooms
Salaheldin Square
3 Marriott, Egyptian
General Org. for
Tourism & Hotels
Proposed for site
involving litigation
268 rooms
Riverside site adjacent to
Novotel
4 Queens Valley, B. Fakri
Under construction
60 rooms
Yusef Hussein St.
5 Meridien Nile Palace,
Dr. Galad Zaki
Construction
advanced
296 rooms
Narrow river frontage,
between Isis, Sonesta hotels
6 Sunrise, P. Markos
Under construction
25 rooms
City location on river
7 El Abte, Mohamed
Shaba
Proposed
118 rooms
River site in Awameya
8 King Tut, Egyptian
Projects for Tourism
Co.
Proposed
300 rooms
River site in El Bogdadi
Total rooms
1,472 rooms
Total under
construction
731 ROOMS
7.4.4
UNDER
CONSTRUCTION
Other Tourism-related Developments
Two other developments in the Luxor area of major importance for tourism to Upper Egypt are described
below.
The Royal Valley Golf Club
The Royal Valley Golf Club is a private development situated north of the airport on a 500-feddan site
east of the city. This project is an undertaking of the Tulip Co. of Cairo, which undertakes other real
estate development including villa and golf course development, some of which is in the greater Cairo
area. Tulip is using a desert site for this project, which eventually will have as many as 3 hotels, villas,
and a museum, in addition to the club house and 18-hole golf course which is now nearing completion.
Its strategy is to use the golf course to market the other components of the project and it intends to build
20
Source: Ministry of Tourism, Luxor City Office
105
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Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
this resort community fully up to international standards. This golf club intends to serve as the pioneer
golf resort in Upper Egypt and establish the name of Luxor internationally as a golfing destination. This
project significantly parallels the subject project of this report. It is evidence of the confidence that the
private sector has in the future of tourism to Upper Egypt. Its completion is a major step towards the
needed product diversification for tourism at Luxor that the MOT holds as an objective.
Cruising Port at the new Nile River Bridge
Some berths for cruise ships have been built on the down-river [north] side of the new bridge on the east
bank, but are not as of yet in full use since few shore facilities are installed. The prospect of development
of the immediate vicinity on either side of this bridge as a functional facility for the cruise ship industry
has several tangible advantages such as:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Sufficient land for a well-designed shore base containing all needed facilities
Excellent road access to the berths for vehicles of all sizes
Proximity to the Cairo-Aswan highway in an uncongested environment
Proximity to the West Bank and its ancient sites
Accessibility to Luxor airport in 15 minutes
Space for complementary activities (retail, food outlets, etc.)
7.4.5
International Airline Access
The initiation in recent years of nonstop charter flights into Luxor from European points is a major
advance for Upper Egypt, substantially improving the logistics of moving volumes of tourists between the
region and the source countries. The domestic air service on the Cairo-Luxor run is not suffic ient in all
seasons of the year for moving groups handled by the tour operators or cruise operators. The capability
for tourist flows to reach Luxor directly and entirely bypass Cairo is a major advantage for tour operators
managing flows of travelers to Upper Egypt in groups. The reinstatement of regularly scheduled flights,
on either a seasonal or year-round basis, between Luxor and regional and European points [Athens, Tel
Aviv, Beirut, Frankfurt, London, Paris, etc] is to be encouraged to gain ready access for Upper Egypt to
those markets, and to facilitate connections from the more distant North American and Far East cities.
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Annex 8: Heritage Concept
8.1
Heritage Overview
The purpose of the Heritage Concept Report is to establish the basic direction for the Heritage Element of
the Comprehensive Development Plan for Luxor. This concept will be amplified and refined in Phase II
of the Comprehensive Development for the City of Luxor Project and will be documented in final report
form in Phase III.
The Comprehensive Development Plan for the City of Luxor will include both a Structure Plan and a
Heritage Plan, as well as Investment Projects that can advance the implementation of each element of the
Plan. The purpose of this report is to present the Concept for the Heritage Plan.
The Heritage Plan will address the preservation, interpretation, development and use of the historic
resources within the study area:
(1) Preservation -- will protect the key antiquities sites and settings that make Luxor unique. Luxor’s
historic resources are the magnets that draw visitors; if these resources are not protected, the plan,
however well-intentioned, will fail. Preservation efforts must go beyond the individual monuments
that the Supreme Council on Antiquities and associated archeological missions have, over time,
conserved and made visible in the landscape. Preservation must also deal with the surroundings of
each monument and the regional settings that place each monument in a larger context.
(2) Interpretation -- will define means and methods to convey to visitors an overview of the importance
of Luxor and the specific “story” of each individual monument and/or site. If the purpose and
structure of each site is made understandable, both visitors and residents will appreciate and will
respect these resources.
(3) Development and use -- will deal with improvements to sites and related areas. Site improvements
may include parking, transportation, pedestrian improvements, on-site visitor comfort facilities and
associated services. Related area development may include visitor accommodations and support
facilities (such as hotels, shopping, and related support facilities). Standards are needed for new and
rehabilitated development that adjoins antiquity sites to insure that the context of each site is
protected.
8.2
The Story of Luxor
The modern city of Luxor is the site of ancient Thebes, which extended across both banks of the Nile.
The eastern portion of Thebes has been so thoroughly swallowed up by the modern towns and fields that
only the majestic ruins of the temples of the god Amun in Karnak and Luxor and the great processional
way (the Avenue of the Sphinxes) between the two temples remain. The West Bank was the city of the
dead, reserved for the tombs and ceremonial places of deceased kings and the burials of their followers.
The region of Thebes was settled by man in prehistory during the Old Stone Age, and Paleolithic tools
dating back tens of thousands of years have been found on the desert cliffs of Western Thebes. During
the Predynastic Period (4500- 3200 BC) numerous settlements were established to the north and south of
the present-day Qurna. During the Archaic Period (3200-2700 BC), Thebes was one of four small
townships within the confines of the fourth Upper Egyptian nome, the others being Toad, 20 miles to the
southeast, Hermonthis (Armant) opposite Toad across the river, and Madamud, to the north of Thebes
near the eastern desert. Residents of all four settlements observed the cult of the warlike falcon-headed
god Montu, ultimately raising stately temples in his honor.
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It is unknown how Thebes or Waset, as the town is referred to in Egyptian, came to outstrip its
companions so vastly, but the beauty of its setting may have been the decisive factor, for the entire land
might be searched in vain for equal magnificence of scenery. The western desert, at no great distance
beyond the fields, is dominated by the massive bluff of the Qurn, beneath whose lofty eminence smaller
hills offer unrivaled opportunity for rock-tombs. To the north, almost facing the temple of Karnak, the
long and narrow gorge of the Valley of the Kings winds into the mountain.
About a mile to the south and separating Qurna and Draa Abu El-Naga the shorter and wider recess
called Deir El-Bahri, after the Coptic monastery which was placed there, leads to a sheer cliff of
indescribable grandeur. On the east bank, a large green expanse of cultivated fields provides a setting for
a distant line of hills behind which the sun rises in all its glory.
In the Old Kingdom, Thebes was the seat of the provincial administration of the entire southern part of
Egypt. Its real rise to prominence came toward the end of the twenty-first century BC, in Dynasty XI,
when, after a period of strife and civil war, the Princes of Thebes once more united the whole of Egypt,
from the Mediterranean in the north to the First Cataract of the Nile at the southern border.
The rulers of Thebes held dominion over the country from their province until the kings of Dynasty XII
moved the capital to Ithet-tawy down river from Thebes. After the Second Intermediate Period, which
saw the domination of the Nile Valley by the Hyksos from Western Asia, it was again a Theban family
which reunited the two Kingdoms, Upper and Lower Egypt, after having defeated the enemy. Now the
seat of power remained at Thebes, and under the Kings of Dynasties XVIII, XIX and XX - the Tuthmosis
and Ramessides - the local god Amun "The Hidden," became the chief deity of Egypt and of the
territories conquered abroad between the Sudan in the south and Anatolia and Mesopotamia to the
northeast.
Splendid temples were erected at Thebes, to the glory of Amun and his family (Wife Mut and son
Khonsu) at Luxor and Karnak on the East Bank, and to the memory of the dead rulers on the West Bank
such as Deir El-Bahri, the temple of King Seti I, the Ramesseum and Medinet Habu. All the power
and wealth of the far-reaching Egyptian empire were concentrated at Thebes, and some of the fame the
region acquired at that time has lasted over the millennia to this day. The worship of the god Amun of
Thebes, to which the great temple of Karnak owes its existence, and of the other Theban deities Montu,
Khonsu, and Mut, brought with it a flourishing of architecture and the arts of relief and sculpture in the
round unparalleled elsewhere in the Nile Valley. Schools of artisans, and especially of expert stone
sculptors, must have existed there for nearly 2000 years, and generations of faithful followers of the gods
of Thebes deposited in the temple not only figures of their favorite gods, Amun and Osiris, but also
statues of themselves. Statuary include Kings as well as commoners, priests and officials alike.
During the Third Intermediate Period, Thebes had its own dynasty of priest-kings, and when the Kushites
invaded Egypt in the middle of the eighth century BC, the new rulers from the Sudan established their
religious center at Thebes for nearly a hundred years.
After the Assyrians sacked Thebes briefly, it was restored under the Saites (26th dynasty, 664- 525 BC).
Persian kings (525 BC) are said to have destroyed it again, but it greatly benefited from the rule of
Alexander and his successors, the Ptolemies. It is not surprising that soon after the conquest of Egypt by
Alexander the great (332 BC) the building of monumental temples and sanctuaries of the Pharaonic
period was continued. The earliest Ptolemaic structure is that of Philip Arrhidaeus at Karnak, a halfbrother of the great Macedonian, who nominally ruled Egypt from 323 to 317 BC Soon thereafter a
number of other building activities took place, new sanctuaries were erected on both banks of the Nile,
and existing structures, such as the Second Pylon of Karnak, were newly decorated. These construction
activities at Theban temples also continued during the Imperial Period.
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The Romans maintained a garrison at Thebes and laid out a large military establishment on both aides of
the Luxor Temple which has given rise to the present name of the town, a Europeanized version of the
Arabic name, al-Qusur, "The Castles.” Today, however, the river road has covered up a good deal of the
Roman installations so that only a few ruins are still visible on the west side of the temple.
Although Herodotus, who visited the Nile Valley in the fifth century BC and described what he saw and
heard, may be called one of the first foreign tourist in Egypt, the stream of curious visitors to Thebes
really began with Diodorus of Sicily who came in 60 BC He was followed, decade after decade, by many
others, among them the Roman Emperor Hadrian. Special attractions at Thebes were the royal tombs in
the Valley of the Kings that were called "Syringes" or "Pan Pipes," due to their parallel entrance
corridors.
Another attraction, primarily during the Roman Period, was the so-called Colossi of Memnon because of
its "music of the spheres", which is attested by literary documents and especially by numerous visitors’
graffiti. In the same way, pilgrims in search of healing left their names on several temples , especially in
the sanctuary of Deir El-Bahri. By the second century, Christianity began to spread in Egypt. After AD
392, the practice of heathen rites was forbidden by threat of severe penalties. In AD 641, the Arabs
brought Islam to Egypt; the mosque of Abu El Hagag is one of Egypt’s first Islamic buildings at Luxor.
Thebes, through its long history, was a great city which occupied a vast area extending for many
kilometers on both sides of the Nile. Thebes was also known as Waset, which means stability, and was
referred to as niout, a word which means “the city” and is no small indication of its enormous prestige.
Also it was mentioned as no or no Amun, city of Amun. Homer, on the other hand, used the epithet
"Thebes-with-the-Hundred-Gates"
Thebes is today marked by two major groups of remains:
(1) On the East Bank there are the temples of Amun, (more than 20 temples), Mut (temples), Khonsu,
Montu and the Open Air Museum at Karnak and the Temple of Luxor at Luxor. Between the temples
of Karnak and Luxor is the Avenue of Sphinxes, which has been partially excavated. At a distance
from the center of Luxor, the remains of the Temples of Madamud and Toad are located at early
settlement villages which were part of the region of Thebes. These la tter temples contain remains
which date to the earliest Theban periods.
(2) On the West Bank beyond the green valley there are the rocky hills containing the Necropolis of
Thebes - the site of the Valley of The Kings (62 tombs ) the Valley of Queens (75 tombs) and many
funerary temples. This hillside fronts the city, dominating the view.
The two parts of the city, on the east and west, are inexorably bound together across the river and the
bond between both sides of the river must never be broken. It is an essential element of the beauty of
Thebes, created by the clear relationship of the city of Thebes, on the eastern bank, to the river and the
green valley stretching away to the Necropolis of Thebes in the hills of the West Bank. This grand and
beautiful regional landscape, an important symbol of beliefs in antiquity and a clearly visible setting
Today, transcends the contemporary settlements and 20th century life of Luxor. 21
21
The story of Luxor is based on a narrative provided by Dr. Mohammed El Saghir, Director of the Upper Egypt, Supreme
Council on Antiquities
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8.3
Interpretive Goals and Approaches
Current visitors receive “object-oriented” interpretation, which varies greatly depending on the sites they
visit and the capabilities and interests of their guides. However, there are few structured opportunities for
visitors to understand the larger context and story of Luxor. This Heritage Concept Report proposes that
a series of “outcome-oriented” expectations be defined for visitors to understand about Luxor:
Visitors should appreciate the powerful physical setting of Luxor (the Nile, East Bank, West Bank, and
climate) and the role of this environment in the development of a culture and system of beliefs.
Critical to visitor’s comprehension of the historical development of human settlement in the area is an
understanding of the physical geography of Luxor, and its impact on the genesis of ancient Egyptian
culture. The exceptionally powerful landscape; the defining presence of the River Nile, the inhospitable
Sinai to the east, and the sun-drenched mountains to the west, significantly shaped the belief systems and
societies of the Egyptian ancients. Visitors should be given an appreciation of this landscape’s influence
through, for example, interpretation of images and text of religious figures such as the goddess Mut, who
was believed to reside on the West Bank of the Nile and was said to swallow the evening’s sun and give
birth to it anew each morning. Site interpretation directed at connecting Luxor’s geography to the
development of it’s human societies and occupants will serve to undergird visitor’s grasp of Luxor’s
overall context and will allow them to better place significant individuals and events within that context.
Visitors should understand the general role of Thebes as a capital of Egypt and seat of culture in
antiquity.
Along with imparting visitors with tangible knowledge regarding the physical landscape’s impact on
Luxor, a primary goal of interpretive efforts in Luxor should be to outline the general role of Thebes as a
capital of Egypt, and as a center of culture in ancient times. The rationale behind this goal is to illustrate
the regional connection Luxor has to the rest of Egypt. Site-specific interpretation can often lead to a
localized understanding of historic places and structures. Presenting visitors with information that
explains how Thebes developed into a capital city and functioned as a center of political and cultural
influence will stimulate visitor interest in other parts of Egypt, and will serve to strengthen their
perceptions of Luxor/Thebes as a historically significant place beyond its immediate vicinity. As just one
example, the role of Montjuhotep II in unifying the monarchy of the Middle Kingdom shortly after 2000
BC, and installing Theban loyalists as provincial governors, is but one historical episode that could be
emphasized to assist in creating awareness in visitors of Luxor/Thebes influence in greater Egypt.
Visitors should comprehend the span of time over which Luxor has been significant and appreciate the
resulting layering of artifacts from diverse cultures (Pharaonic, Roman, Ptolemaic, Islamic, Coptic)
which is evident within monument settings and the city.
Visitors should grasp the fact that Luxor has been a site of influence and development for well over 4000
years, they should also learn that it has been significant to many cultures. The various layering of
artifacts from a diversity of cultures including Pharaonic, Roman, Ptolemaic, Islamic, Coptic and modern
should be used to instill an appreciation in visitors of the totality of Luxor’s history. The considerable
visual impact of the Pharaonic monuments could easily overshadow the visitors’ perception and
understanding of the meaning and value of the cultural antiquities of both the Coptic and Islamic societies
that settled and developed in Luxor. An interpretive goal of the Heritage Plan should be to ensure that
visitors are exposed to artifacts which represent these cultures and come to understand how they intersect
the visually powerful Pharaonic antiquities. This exposure will convey a sense of the time span Luxor has
been important, as well as the breadth of people to whom it has had significance.
Visitors should comprehend the relationship of individual sites and settings to the breadth of history and
environment which is encompassed by Luxor.
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Visitors to Luxor should depart with a comprehension of the relationship of individual sites and settings
to the overall history and environment represented by artifacts of Luxor. Heritage tourism in Luxor
should be structured such that the typical visitor gains some knowledge of where particular sites, and
especially prominent ones, fit into the historical time line of Luxor. For example, a tourist viewing the
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut should be made aware of the fact that Hatshepsut was the granddaughter of
the famous Queen Nefertari, and that Hatshepsut’s temple is part of a complex that was originally started
by the XI Dynasty, some 550 years prior to her reign. This type of contextual knowledge allows visitors
to see individual sites as part of an interconnected system of historic events, rather than as static places
removed from one another.
Visitors should be encouraged to understand, within the time constraints of their length of stay, specific
stories of individuals and groups associated with each monument site.
Current site interpretation provided by guides for tour groups conveys much anecdotal information, based
on explanation of architectural elements, carvings, and sculpture within each site. However, a baseline
body of knowledge for each site should be gathered and presented to visitors in a standardized format.
Personal guides can give unique and valuable interpretations of specific sites, while also attaining varying
levels of historical accuracy. An important goal for long term interpretation would be to develop an
interpretive prospectus that defines “base-line” interpretive objectives for each site. Through various site
specific mechanisms, visitors could be encouraged to internalize this information and utilize it in
comprehending the totality of peoples who have contributed, over time, to the creation of Luxor.
Visitors should appreciate the many types of innovation which were inherent to the culture of the
Egyptian people (architectural, technological, artistic, cultural, etc.) and should be encouraged to
support preservation of the antiquities of Luxor.
A key component of heritage tourism and informing visitors about human development in ancient places
such as Luxor, is the concept of technological innovation. Visitors to the sites at Luxor should be given
an overview of some of the primary technological innovations that have occurred throughout the
development of Luxor. Architectural elements are the most obvious. For example, the central nave at the
Temple of Karnak was started under Amon-Ofis III towards 1375 BC and continued by Seti I, Ramesses
II and completed by Ramesses IV. The architectural style of construction developed over this period of
time evolved so that the introduction of the "claustra," large openwork windows, was possible in the final
compositio n of the nave. Emphasizing technological innovation such as this will assist in orienting
visitors towards the importance of preserving the antiquities of Luxor. Other innovations, such as the
written hieroglyphic language, papyrus manufacture, mummification, and the decorative arts are welldocumented, but could be strongly linked to this theme.
First-time visitors should leave with the understanding that the story of Luxor is complex and compelling
and should be encouraged to return to enrich their understanding.
Finally, and perhaps most critical in creating a minimum level of understanding for visitors to Luxor, is to
impart an appreciation for the richness and complexity of Luxor’s story. A careful balance must be used
to make visitors aware of this concept. Further curiosity should be fostered to encourage visitors to return
again to Luxor, while at the same time avoiding the frustration that can be associated with becoming
aware that a trip or intellectual journey is not entirely complete. Visitors should move beyond the brief
thrill of visits to famous places to realize that they have just begun to gain a true picture of Luxor, ancient
Egypt and the peoples who have lived there. This realization should be framed in a manner that will
encourage them to continue learning more and to return to Luxor and Egypt.
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8.4
The Resources and Setting of Luxor
The key antiquities resources22 of Luxor and the study area, including:
East Bank Antiquities
Temple of Luxor
Temple of Karnak
Avenue of the Sphinxes
Temple of Madamud
Temple of Toad
Coptic Monasteries
Historic Mosques
Historic Buildings
Roman Ruins
West Bank Antiquities
Tombs of the Necropolis
Valley of the Kings
Valley of the Queens
Deir El Medina and Tombs of the Nobles
Tombs of Qurmet Murai
Tombs of Sheikh Abd EL Qurna
Tombs of Khokha and Asasif
Tombs of Dra-Ahu El-Nagga
Tombs of Tarif
Mortuary Temples
Temple of Nebjepetre Mentuhotep I
Temple of Hatshepsut
Temple of Seti I
The Ramesseum
Colossi of Memnon
Medinet Habu
Coptic Monasteries
Historic Mosques
Historic Buildings
Roman Ruins
For each of the above resources, a summary description has been provided, along with a highlight of key
resource and visitation characteristics. This information has been developed in cooperation with the
Luxor Office of the Supreme Council on Antiquities.
8.4.1 Regional Setting
In addition to the key sites mentioned above and enumerated in the Appendix, these resource include
numerous structures in the Malqata area, south of the Qurna necropolis. The Malqata inclu des the
22
An Overview of the Monuments of Luxor has been included in the Appendix.
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Temple of Shalweet as well as sites associated with Pharaonic settlement, many of which are ruins of mud
brick structures such as the Chapel of Amenhotep III, the Palace of Amenhotep III, and various associated
settlements, largely unexcavated. Within this area is a Coptic monastery, various Coptic settlements, and
many earth mounds which are likely to contain remains of archeological interest.
Important character-defining elements of the Luxor setting, as well as the location of major antiquity
sites, are indicated in Figure 2. The environmental setting of Luxor, characterized by the desert, the Nile,
the East and West Banks of the river, and cultivated agricultural lands, retains many of the characteristics
which must have been present in the early days of Thebes. If a current day visitor stands on the East
Bank of the Nile with his back to the city, facing the necropolis of the West Bank and watching the
setting sun disappear behind the mountains, the environment retains the power and majesty that prompted
the development of a system of beliefs and a way of life thousands of years ago.
The major West Bank viewshed is defined by the edges of the West Bank topography, as viewed from the
key East Bank settings of Karnak and Luxor Temples, as well as from the Corniche and areas between the
two temples. An important character-defining element is the agricultural, cultivated land which is located
along the airport road along the entry to the City, which complements the urban form of the developed
area. Equally, the sharp junction between desert environment and cultivated land, especially along the
West Bank within the prime viewshed, is a strong character-defining element of the landscape.
Key comments on strengths of and threats to the regional historical and cultural setting of Luxor are as
follows.
Strengths
(1) Viewsheds from the East Bank temples which encompass the Nile, agricultural lands, and prominent
topography of the West Bank necropolis and its desert environment.
(2) Views of Luxor Temple, the Karnak Temple complex, and the city from the West Bank.
(3) Agricultural landscapes along the approach road from the airport and from Luxor City to the Luxor
Bridge / West Bank monuments.
(4) Small vernacular villages which add interest to the West Bank.
Threats
(1) Inappropriate development along West Bank , particularly at ferry landings.
(2) Docked cruise ships which block views across the river.
(3) Informal settlements along the East Bank which obscure views of Karnak Temple and the Avenue of
the Sphinxes.
(4) Contemporary informal settlements that strain area infrastructure and blight the overall environmental
setting.
(5) Figure 3 indicates protected agricultural areas and other lands either owned by or under the
jurisdiction of the Supreme Council on Antiquities.
8.4.2 East Bank
Luxor and Karnak Temples were, in the 19th and early 20th century, major monuments surrounded by
sparse settlement. Today, these imposing sites are surrounded by the growing traditional and
contemporary districts of Luxor City.
Strengths
(1) The Luxor Temple area, including the open character of the site which enable views across the river
from within the grounds.
(2) Night lighting adds a dramatic presentation
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(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
The defined and separate precinct of Karnak Temple , within the perimeter wall.
Intermittent views from the Temple complex grounds across to the West Bank.
Archeological remains in the Karnak vicinity outside the perimeter wall.
Mut Temple site
Excavated portions of the Kebash Avenue (Avenue of the Sphinxes), and their relationship to the
Sphinx-lined entrance to Karnak Temple.
(8) Remaining parcels of open and agricultural lands along the Nile near Karnak Temple and along the
airport entry corridor.
(9) Approach to the bridge on the east bank and along the monument access route on the West Bank.
(10)Rehabilitated and well-landscaped portions of the Corniche, which provide excellent views of the
West Bank.
(11)Remaining 19 th and early 20 th century buildings within the City , including the Winter Palace Hotel
(original building) and associated gardens, and historic buildings along segments of the Corniche.
(12)High quality landscaping in some public open spaces throughout the City, including parks near
Karnak and Luxor, as well as the Corniche.
(13)Horse carriages which retain a slower pace and can co-exist with automobiles.
(14)Traditional shopping areas (souks) which are located nearby to Luxor Temple.
Threats
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
Encroachment of the contemporary city on eastern and northern edges of Luxor Temple
Encroachment of informal settlements on all sides of Karnak Temple
Inadequate definition of the “buffer” space surrounding Karnak Temple
Commercial uses adjacent to Karnak Temple entry which are visually incompatible with the resource
and its setting.
Views from entry of Karnak complex to Nile and West Bank which are obstructed by major vehicular
access, parking, overhanging trees, and river edge development.
Some hotels and contemporary developments along the River between Luxor and Karnak Temples,
which detracting from the sense of connection of these resources to one another and to the river.
Obstruction of future excavation of the remainder of the Kebash Avenue by contemporary
development, both existing and on-going.
Future growth in vehicular traffic, which may require additional road widening (to the extent required
vehicular roads encroach upon historic settings.)
Inadequate provisions for bus parking, forcing loading and unloading in awkward locations that
intrude on the historic setting and diminish the quality of the visitor experience.
8.4.3 West Bank
This area is characterized by the dramatic topography of the necropolis and exhibits sharp transitions
between cultivated agricultural land and the harsh landscape of the desert foothills. The West Bank has
been substantially explored, but is so rich in resources that new areas may be discovered at any time,
causing the designation of a Protection Zone, within which nearly all residences will be relocated to
enable access to tombs which are below sites in the existing villages of Gourna. Key features of the
major antiquity areas within the West Bank include:
Strengths
(1) Tombs and their immediate settings in the Valley of the Kings and Valley of the Queens. There are in
excess of 500 known tombs within the West Bank of which slightly less than 10% are open to the
public and only 5% are visited heavily. In general, the site development in the immediate vicinity of
the tombs is well done and in character with the setting.
(2) Overall quality of approach to Valley of the Kings (winding through the hillside, with actual sites out
of view of the parking).
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(3) Deir El Bahiri Temple and its setting below a distinctive bluff line, visible from across the river, and
associated archeological sites.
(4) Ramesseum, Medinet Habu, and Seti I Temples, within site perimeters. These temple sites are very
impressive and tend to get lower levels of visitation than Luxor and Karnak temples on East Bank.
Additionally, these temples are located on the junction between agricultural land and the barren
necropolis hillside, providing a landscape transition.
(5) Deir El Medina and Tombs of the Nobles, which are in a well-defined topographic and physical
setting.
(6) Major unexcavated tomb sites, many of which are in several locations which are sites of existing
settlements to be removed. These tomb areas, enumerated in the Appendix, include:
• Tombs of Qurmet Murai
• Tombs of Sheikh Abd EL Qurna
• Tombs of Khokha and Asasif
• Tombs of Dra-Ahu El-Nagga
• Tombs of Tarif
(7) Visual prominence of Colossi of Memnon on the approach road to the necropolis, serving as an
entrance marker to the West Bank
(8) Approach to West Bank sites (in general) across agricultural settings with quaint vernacular
agricultural villages
(9) Views back to East Bank across agricultural settings
Threats
(1) Damage to tombs from existing traditional villages (see list immediately above) from water
infiltration, as well as visually inappropriate commercial development (such as brightly painted
commercial uses).
(2) Confusing road access which conveys a poor sense of entry and orientation to the historic resource
area.
(3) High humidity from visitors deteriorates the wall paintings.
(4) Parking, vehicular circulation, and retail structures at Deir El Bahiri, which obstruct the view of the
Temple.
(5) Informal and other settlements too close to archeological sites.
(6) Inappropriate vending and sales at the entry to the Valley of the Queens, which detracts from quality
of entry experience.
(7) Poorly sited parking too close to Colossi of Memnon, obstructing views.
(8) Intrusion of large tour buses which obstruct key views, conflict with pedestrian movement, and tend
to “take over” the approaches to key sites.
(9) General intrusion of parking and vehicular traffic on the necropolis setting.
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8.5
Visitor Patterns and Impacts
8.5.1 Visitor Patterns
Information has been provided from the Supreme Council on Antiquities and the Luxor Information and
Decision Support Center regarding tourist visitation in Luxor, overall and by specific site. Partial
information has been provided regarding overall tourist volumes indicating the number of tourists visiting
key sites, by month, for the first six months of 1997.
A summary of key aspects of this information is attached in tabular form at the end of this section. Table
58 through Table 63 indicate the visitor volume at key Luxor sites for the first six months of 1997. These
Tables indicate that nearly all visitors to Luxor go to both the Valley of the Kings and Karnak Temple.
Table 64 indicates the relative percentage of tourist visitor volume over this period at key sites for which
data were available, setting the Valley of the Kings and Karnak Temple at 100% of tourist visitation.
Key findings and observations which can be made from this information are as follows:
(1) Nearly all tourists visit both the East and West Banks. This can be concluded because the number of
visitors to the prime sites on each bank (the Valley of the Kings and Karnak Temple) are nearly
identical. However the other sites which they visit (and presumably, the time spent at each) vary
substantially. The Valley of the Kings is visited by nearly all tourists, and its visitation is slightly
larger than that of Karnak Temple. Accordingly, the total visitation to the Valley of the Kings may be
assumed to be an approximation of the total number of tourists visiting Luxor.
(2) The total number of tourists per month (in the first six months of 1997) ranges from a low of 50,000
visitors per month (in June) to a high of 123,000 visitors per month (in April). The high monthly
total over the last number of years has been in excess of 190,000.
(3) Luxor Temple is visited by almost as many people as Karnak Temple, although the patterns of
visitation are somewhat different. If Karnak Temple’s visitation is equal to the total East Bank
visitation (e.g. - 100% of East Bank tourists), then the day visitor volume to Luxor Temple is
approximately 68% that of Karnak Temple, although another 21% visit Luxor Temple at night for a
total of 89%. In other words, nearly all visitors to Luxor enter Luxor Temple, but almost 1/4 of those
who do elect to visit at night, when it is cooler. This leads to the observation that extended night
hours for selected sites could be an effective mechanism to both meet visitor demand and disperse
visitors throughout their stay.
(4) Luxor Museum visitation is 21% of the Karnak visitor number. Data was not immediately available
for the recently opened Mummification Museum.
(5) West Bank attraction visitation varies substantially. Compared to visitation at the Valley of the
Kings (defined to be 100% of West Bank visitors), the visitor volume of other West Bank sites is
substantially lower, as follows:
Deir El Bahiri
Valley of the Queens
Medinet Habu
Ramesseum
Deir El Medina
30-40%
26%
18%
15%
13%
These percentages are relatively consistent, month-by-month. In other words, there is significant
additional capacity to accommodate visitors at the above sites. This matches on-site observations,
which noted that visitor volumes at Medinet Habu and the Ramesseum were very low, in comparison
to those noted at the other West Bank sites. Better “marketing” and information about these Temple
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sites might prove to be effective in dispersing West Bank visitors and reducing impacts on
overcrowded sites.
(6) The typical tourist visits approximately 5 “sites,” counting the Valley of the Kings and the Valley of
the Queens as single sites (but including additional tickets for individual tombs separately). Clearly,
this varies with length of stay, although specific data is not available on behaviors of different types
of tourists. The average number of tombs visited in the Valley of the Kings is 3-4, whereas the
average number of tombs visited in the Valley of the Queens is 2.
(7) Visitation to individual tombs varies greatly. Only selective data were available (and it should be
noted that data for the visits to the tombs which are included as part of the ticket to the Valley of the
Kings were not available). Those tombs which are ticketed separately for which data are available
include the following (expressed as a percentage of total West Bank visitation):
Tut Ankh Amun Tomb
Nefertari Tomb(limited to 100/day)
25%
4%
(8) This data seems to indicate that visitor choices are quite price sensitive, inasmuch as the Nefertari
Tomb is one of the most expensive, at a price of 100 Egyptian pounds. Additionally, it does appear
that if better data were available about tombs which were available to be visited, it is possible that the
capacity of the Valley of the Kings could be increased, subject to environmental and impact concerns.
(9) Foreign visitors comprise 93% and Egyptian visitors 7% of the total visitors to Luxor attractions.
(10)The average revenue per visitor from ticket admissions over the initial six months of 1997 was
approximately 87 Egyptian Pounds. The average visitor buys tickets for approximately 5 sites.
Based on this information, it would appear that a Luxor Passport could be priced competitively to
include an overview presentation as well as the majority of key admissions. Premium tomb
admissions might be priced flexibly, to manage visitor demand.
Some types of information which would be useful, and might be investigated in Phase II, include the
ratio of free and independent to group tourists, the distribution of visitors, by length of stay, and the
specific visitor use patterns, by attraction, by time of day and day of the week.
8.5.2 Visitor and Other Impacts
Numerous impacts and threats to the antiquities have been documented by archeological missions,
Egyptologists, and international study missions. The principal concerns which have been noted include:
(1) Water infiltration (from groundwater and habitation) which threatens the structural underpinnings of
major temples as well as the integrity of underground tombs.
(2) Humidity and carbon dioxide (from inadequately ventilated, contained spaces that have visitor traffic)
which can damage wall paintings.
(3) Vibration (from vehicular and other traffic) which can jeopardize foundations and structural
underpinning.
(4) Other environmental pollution (from vehicular and industrial emissions) that can damage stone
carvings and exterior decorative elements.
It has been suggested that additional visitor volumes can jeopardize the very quality of Luxor’s resources
and that strict capacity management should be instituted. The most acute areas of risk which have been
noted appear to be the tombs on the West Bank, particularly in the Valley of the Kings, which is subject
to the highest visitation. There are substantial differences of opinion on this matter. Discussions with
representatives of the Supreme Council on Antiquities (SCA) reveal that only 5% of the nearly 500
known tombs on the West Bank are subject to any significant visitation, and that 37 additional tombs will
be opened by the end of 1998. Potential measures to accommodate additional tourist volumes might
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include, individually or severally , expansion of the resources open to the tourist public, ventilation of
vulnerable settings, extension of hours of operation, visitor management, and appropriate resource
marketing.
Other, more subtle, impacts include:
(1) Overcrowding that would diminish the visitor experience, by having the perception of visitor
densities overpower the power of the resources.
(2) Additional traffic , both bus and vehicular, that could overcrowd road and parking facilities and
intrude on resource settings as well as risk damages due to vibration.
The severity of these latter types of impacts are debatable; some argue that overcrowding would create an
unpleasant experience that would constrain or limit potentials for tourism growth. However, there is little
empirical evidence in the research literature on precise thresholds where tourists or recreation users feel
so uncomfortable that they are discouraged or leave with negative impression. Vehicular intrusions also
are in the eye of the beholder - tour operators and business interests rarely see a definable limit, even
though historic preservation and conservation interests perceive threats to resources.
8.5.3 Monument and Tomb Capacity and Visitor Projections
The director of the Supreme Council on Antiquities, Upper Egypt section, has cooperated with the study
team by assessing the potential tourist capacities of various Luxor attractions. A summary of this data, by
attraction, is presented in Table 66 Several observations can be made about this information:
(1) In many cases, the hourly capacity of monuments, or types of resources, can be increased by adding
and restoring new areas or sites. In the case of the Karnak Temple complex, for example, several
areas (including the entire Temple of Mut) could increase the area which could accommodate visitors
and meet their interests.
(2) In other cases, the capacity of areas can be increased by adding additional resources, such as
additional tombs in West Bank areas. In the case of the West Bank, this could be accomplished by
opening new tombs in existing areas (such as the Valley of the Kings or the Valley of the Queens) or
by opening areas which do not now receive visitors (such as the tomb areas which are now
interwoven with the occupied Gourna villages in the areas of Qurmet Murai or Sheikh Abd ElQurna). The current inventory of 40 tombs open for visitation could be doubled in a relatively short
term (5-10 years) and could be substantially increased beyond this period.
(3) Extension of visiting hours would dramatically increase capacity. Estimates are offered for
expansion of various sites from 10 hours to 16 hours of operations through illumination. This would
dramatically affect capacity and could also contribute considerably to increase visitor comfort by
making resources available for viewing in evening hours, when temperatures are cooler. The
experience of Luxor Temple is interesting; as over one third of the visitors experience the site at
night.
(4) In the case of tomb capacity estimates, the hourly and daily figures are based upon SCA best
judgments, taking account of the size, orientation, ventilation, and decorative sensitivity of each tomb.
Additionally, it is assumed that mechanical ventilation would be added as required to protect the
resources within sensitive and highly visited tombs.
Based on the overall visitor patterns to Luxor it is evident that the most acute constraint on overall tourist
visitor growth is the capacity of the tombs, inasmuch as existing visitors appear to most heavily visit the
Valley of the Kings and seem to be most uniformly fascinated with the tombs. Accordingly, several
assessments of maximum capacity of the tombs have been prepared, assuming that adequate ventilation is
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provided and using the capacity constraints as provided by SCA. Key data of that analysis are presented
in Table 68-71 and have led to the following observations:
(1) Table 68 -- indicates the simple maximum capacity of the tombs on the West Bank, assembling data
provided in the Appendix. The number of tombs which could be open for visit ors could be increased
from 40 to 84 within a relatively short time period, nearly doubling the hourly peak tomb visitor
capacity from 1,656 visitors per hour to 2,789 visitors per hour. It is important to note that these
estimates of capacity are conservative - in some cases existing visitor volumes substantially exceed
these capacities in peak months and days. In the long term, the capacity of tombs to accommodate
visitors could be increased to 3,850 visitors per hour, a doubling of existing capacity, by opening
additional tombs, although this number does not include every single tomb on the West Bank.
(2) Tables 69 and 70 -- provide an assumed model of visitor accumulations and peak visitation to West
Bank tombs, with varying hours of operation. Although this model uses several assumptions which
may require “fine-tuning,” it provides useful insight into probable existing tourist behavior on the
West Bank.
(3) Table 69 indicates an assumed pattern of arrival, based on several key assumptions, which seem
reasonable based on examination of typical tourist and visitor patterns: (1) tombs are open from 6:00
to 16:00 hours, a period of ten (10) hours; (2) Typical visitors stay approximately four (4) hours on
the West Bank; (3) Sixty percent (60%) of the daily visitors arrive between the hours of 06:00 and
09:00, with diminishing percent of arrivals over the hotter hours of the day; (4) The typical West
Bank tourist spends one hour within tombs of the total four hours spent on the West Bank.
Accordingly, Table 69 shows that approximately 18% of total West Bank tourists are within tombs at
the peak visitor hour, which is between 09:00 and 10:00. Also in this peak hour, approximately 73%
of all daily visitors are on the West Bank, with associated implications for bus and vehicle parking
and needs for visitor services.
(4) Table 70 shows comparable visitor assumptions for West Bank tomb visitors over a sixteen (16) hour
day, from 06:00 to 22:00, based on illumination of sites. Several differences are apparent, compared
to the ten hour model: (1) the 16 hour model assumes that 25% of tomb visitors would arrive at
17:00 or after, to take advantage of cooler weather, if illumination were provided; (2) accordingly,
even though the peak tomb visitation would still be at 09:00, this would drop to 14% of the daily
volume, due to an assumed dispersion of visitors in night time hours, allowing for increased daily
volume even though the peak hourly capacity remains constant; (3) the peak visitor accumulation in
the West Bank overall drops to 54% of the daily volume, with a corresponding diminishing of
necessary parking and services, compared to the 10 hour schedule.
It is important to note that Tables 69 and 70 illustrate that the total daily capacity of the tombs cannot be
computed by simply multiplying the hourly capacity by the total hours of operation (most visits are
concentrated in the 8:00am to 12:00am period.) Clearly, the opening hours are not likely to be ‘“full,”
and the closing hours are not likely to be fully utilized, inasmuch as late arrivals realize that their hours
for visiting will be curtailed. Based on these assessments, it is believed that the “practical” capacity of the
any given tomb is probably no more than 75% of its “maximum” capacity.
(5) Table 71 provides an estimate of overall West Bank visitor capacity, using the capacity of all
potential West Bank tombs as the constraining factor. As a cross-check on these computations, the
computed capacity of the Valley of the Kings (under existing and future condit ions) is shown,
inasmuch as the visitor volume to this attraction is known by historical data. Several sequential
computations are shown for the Valley of the Kings and all West Bank tombs:
• Peak hour tomb visitor-hours - using estimates provided in Table 68.
• 10 hour day maximum tomb visitor-hours - multiplying peak hour times ten hours/day
• 10 hour day likely tomb visitor-hours - estimated at 75% of the maximum
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•
•
•
•
10 hour day likely West Bank visitors - assuming that typical visitors spend 1/4 of West Bank
time inside tombs, this number equals the previous estimate.
Peak month likely West Bank visitors -- assuming that the peak day is 5% of the peak month
visitation (e.g. - peak month visitors = peak day visitors / 0.05)
Annual visitors to West Bank (and Luxor) -- assuming, based on historical seasonality of
visitation, that the peak month is 14% of the annual visitation (e.g. - annual visitors = peak
month visitors / .14)
Annual visitors, assuming extended hours -- assumes an additional 35% of visitors, based on
spreading peak visitation over a longer visitor day.
The findings of Table 71 include the following:
• Existing annual capacity of the Valley of the Kings is approximately 143,700 per month or
1,026,429 per year. This is somewhat higher than peak monthly visitation to this site during
the first half of 1997, but lower than historical visitation during the highest peaks over the last
decade.
• The capacity of the Valley of the Kings could be increased to 1,589,000 per year through
opening additional tombs and to in excess of 2.1 million by extending hours through
illumination.
• If the number of tombs in the West Bank could be substantially increased by opening
additional tombs and by marketing them to visitors to relieve the most heavily impacted sites,
the total annual visitation could increase to nearly 3 million with current 10 hour operations
and over 4 million with extended hours in the 5-10 year period. Over a longer term, the
annual tomb visitation could increase to in excess of 5 million.
• Any of these increases would assume that illumination and ventilation would be implemented
to protect resources and that additional tomb areas would be marketed to relieve existing
areas which are heavily impacted in the Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens.
The work to date indicates that such marketing might be possible, inasmuch as many of the
tombs which have not been opened are large and have substantial decorative interest.
If these volumes of tomb visitation could be achieved, the likely maximum volumes (e.g. - 21,000
likely visitors/day to the West Bank) would still be less than the approximate practical capacity of the
two combined Temples (Luxor and Karnak) of the East Bank, which could accommodate, together, in
excess of 25,000 daily visitors.
8.5.4 Visitor Pattern Supplemental Data
The following tables provide insight into visitor use patterns, tourism expenditures, and the relationship
of monument capacity to overall visitation to Luxor’s antiquity sites:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Table 58:· Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, January 1997
Table 59:· Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, February 1997
Table 60: Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, March 1997
Table 61:· Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, April 1997
Table 62:· Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, May 1997
Table 63:· Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, June 1997
Table 64: 1997 Distribution of Visitors, by Site for East and West Banks
Table 65: 1997 Monthly Revenues at Antiquity Sites: Total and per Visitor
Table 66:· Antiquities Resources (Capacities)
Table 67:· Antiquities Resources (Fees)
Table 68: West Bank Tomb Capacity
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•
•
•
Table 69: Assumed Pattern of Arrival to Tombs, 10 hours of Operation
Table 70: Assumed Pattern of Arrival to Tombs, 16 hours of Operation
Table 71: Estimate of Overall West Bank Visitation, Based on Tomb Capacity and Seasonal
Patterns
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Table 65: Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, January 1997
Site
Dandara
Deir El Madina
El Deir El Bahri
Habu
Luxor Museum
Luxor Temple - Day
Luxor Temple - Night
Nefertari Tomb
Open Museum, Karnak
Ramesseum
Seti I Temple
Temple of El-Toad
Temple of Esna
Temple of Karnak-day
Tut Ankh Amun Tomb
Valley of Kings
Valley of Queens
Total
Foreigners Egyptians
Total
visitors
student
visitors
student visitors
7,196
176
412
361
8,145
16,376
1,280
389
18,045
5,163
4,746
2,229
2,574
14,712
14,852
2,132
1,182
18,166
14,717
1,399
577
373
17,066
55,800
2,418
2,732
798
61,748
10,553
806
687
93
12,139
5,875
217
180
36
6,308
658
98
53
21
830
9,088
1,301
10,389
8,770
145
8,915
36
20
56
24,150
471
308
108
25,037
80,163
4,719
3,437
1,108
89,427
32,720
4,263
2,227
13,347
52,557
80,779
5,334
2,760
497
89,370
22,365
2,940
915
753
26,973
389,261
32,465
18,088
20,069 459,883
Source: Supreme Council on Antiquities and Luxor Information and Decision Support Center
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Table 66: Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, February 1997
Site
Dandara
Deir El Madina
El Deir El Bahri
Habu
Luxor Museum
Luxor Temple - Day
Luxor Temple - Night
Nefertari Tomb
Open Museum, Karnak
Ramesseum
Seti I Temple
Temple of El-Toad
Temple of Esna
Temple of Karnak-day
Tut Ankh Amun Tomb
Valley of Kings
Valley of Queens
Total
Foreigners
Egyptians
Total
visitors
student
visitors
student visitors
9,869
297
3,267
391
13,824
11,387
1,362
1,603
14,352
25,133
4,956
2,114
2,079
34,282
15,662
2,324
2,467
20,453
18,983
2,108
1,223
1,843
24,157
72,200
3,617
9,391
2,457
87,665
7,224
675
2,813
324
11,036
5,034
170
219
14
5,437
895
90
390
1,375
11,822
1,603
13,425
8,972
35
9,007
25
23
48
28,450
818
682
280
30,230
92,116
5,543
10,851
3,725 112,235
18,294
2,704
2,466
23,464
91,800
5,479
6,712
3,017 107,008
24,504
3,471
2,183
1,646
31,804
442,370
35,275
46,381
15,776 539,802
Source: Supreme Council on Antiquities and Luxor Information and Decision Support Center
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Table 67: Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, March 1997
Site
Dandara
Deir El Madina
El Deir El Bahri
Habu
Luxor Museum
Luxor Temple - Day
Luxor Temple - Night
Nefertari Tomb
Open Museum, Karnak
Ramesseum
Seti I Temple
Temple of El-Toad
Temple of Esna
Temple of Karnak-day
Tut Ankh Amun Tomb
Valley of Kings
Valley of Queens
Total
Foreigners
Egyptians
Total
visitors
student
visitors
student visitors
12,269
1,692
386
653
15,000
9,161
680
471
10,312
38,240
4,717
1,900
44,857
17,716
1,047
932
19,695
22,284
28,365
647
1,200
52,496
43,450
35,150
2,569
890
82,059
10,861
11,480
537
194
23,072
4,955
247
127
5,329
864
830
53
1,747
22,749
1,377
24,126
10,613
25
10,638
20
70
90
33,322
2,580
180
40
36,122
109,556
62,220
3,189
1,035 176,000
19,441
2,629
1,801
23,871
109,765
5,444
2,970
961 119,140
27,506
3,008
828
462
31,804
492,772 161,561
16,590
5,435 676,358
Source: Supreme Council on Antiquities and Luxor Information and Decision Support Center
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Table 68: Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, April 1997
Site
Dandara
Deir El Madina
El Deir El Bahri
Habu
Luxor Museum
Luxor Temple - Day
Luxor Temple - Night
Nefertari Tomb
Open Museum, Karnak
Ramesseum
Seti I Temple
Temple of El-Toad
Temple of Esna
Temple of Karnak-day
Tut Ankh Amun Tomb
Valley of Kings
Valley of Queens
Total
Foreigners
Egyptians
Total
visitors
student
visitors
student visitors
9,929
305
1,844
837
12,915
12,084
947
594
13,625
34,995
4,364
39,359
19,007
1,172
934
21,113
15,986
2,072
650
524
19,232
68,300
3,750
4,741
774
77,565
10,286
958
1,543
146
12,933
3,349
381
91
9
3,830
699
182
11
892
17,808
1,233
19,041
6,515
214
6,729
93
19
112
26,131
858
188
97
27,274
90,814
9,305
5,092
895 106,106
13,446
1,857
1,337
16,640
93,500
5,669
6,310
17,808 123,287
14,895
2,890
799
266
18,850
437,837
36,176
24,134
21,356 519,503
Source: Supreme Council on Antiquities and Luxor Information and Decision Support Center
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Table 69: Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, May 1997
Site
Dandara
Deir El Madina
El Deir El Bahri
Habu
Luxor Museum
Luxor Temple - Day
Luxor Temple - Night
Nefertari Tomb
Open Museum, Karnak
Ramesseum
Seti I Temple
Temple of El-Toad
Temple of Esna
Temple of Karnak-day
Tut Ankh Amun Tomb
Valley of Kings
Valley of Queens
Total
Foreigners
Egyptians
Total
visitors
student
visitors
student visitors
8,401
132
164
141
8,838
8,039
561
8,600
125,643
2,463
305
128,411
13,263
648
532
14,443
12,818
950
362
158
14,288
47,500
135
1,240
58
48,933
11,660
852
929
82
13,523
2,346
285
71
2
2,704
313
135
10
16
474
11,549
673
239
12,461
4,876
7
4,883
24
24
1,344
214
124
12
1,694
68,430
3,016
1,541
102
73,089
6,425
30,325
489
37,239
71,385
3,350
3,337
1,507
79,579
19,300
1,679
383
23
21,385
413,316
45,425
9,726
2,101 470,568
Source: Supreme Council on Antiquities and Luxor Information and Decision Support Center
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Table 70: Visitors to Selected Luxor Antiquity Sites, June 1997
Site
Dandara
Deir El Madina
El Deir El Bahri
Habu
Luxor Museum
Luxor Temple - Day
Luxor Temple - Night
Nefertari Tomb
Open Museum, Karnak
Ramesseum
Seti I Temple
Temple of El-Toad
Temple of Esna
Temple of Karnak-day
Tut Ankh Amun Tomb
Valley of Kings
Valley of Queens
Total
Foreigners
Egyptians
Total
Visitors
student
visitors
student visitors
4,984
195
390
246
5,815
5,326
777
294
6,397
15,272
2,435
1,450
19,157
6,798
558
367
7,723
7,060
1,045
373
264
8,742
30,852
1,669
1,408
131
34,060
6,409
1,050
1,086
96
8,641
1,161
268
30
1,459
126
69
5
200
6,482
693
7,175
2,444
10
2,454
6
3
9
12,283
193
191
20
12,687
42,352
3,286
1,565
150
47,353
8,732
840
350
9,922
45,765
3,579
545
107
49,996
12,293
1,861
572
2
14,728
208,345
18,531
8,626
1,016 236,518
Source: Supreme Council on Antiquities and Luxor Information and Decision Support Center
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Table 71: 1997 Distribution of Visitors, by Site for East and West Banks
Average
Jan-Jun 1997
%
West
%
East
Average
Jan-April, June 1997
%
Others
11.42%
%
West
Dandara
12.89%
13.22%
Deir El Madina
55.40%
31.28%
El Deir El Bahri
17.85%
17.71%
Habu
20.96%
Luxor Museum
68.04%
Luxor Temple - Day
14.00%
Luxor Temple - Night
4.32%
4.53%
Nefertari Tomb
3.84%
Open Museum, Karnak
15.07%
14.84%
Ramesseum
7.42%
7.54%
Seti I Temple
0.05%
Temple of El-Toad
22.66%
Temple of Esna
100.00%
Temple of Karnak-day
23.85%
26.82%
Tut Ankh Amun Tomb
100.00%
100.00% 100.00%
Valley of Kings
26.40%
26.27%
Valley of Queens
%
East
%
Others
11.35%
21.40%
67.76%
13.39%
4.51%
0.06%
26.82%
100.00%
100.00%
West Bank expressed as percentage of visitors at Valley of the Kings East Bank expressed as percentage
of visitors at Karnak Temple.
Data shown in second set of columns omits May 1997 to remove unusually high visitation at Deir El
Bahiri, which is atypical of other months for which data was available
Source: Supreme Council on Antiquities and Luxor Information and Decision Support Center.
Table 72: 1997 Monthly Revenues at Antiquity Sites: Total and per Visitor
January
February
March
April
May
June
Total - 6 months
Visitors, Visitors, %
Valley of
by month
the Kings
89,370
15.72%
107,008
18.83%
119,140
20.96%
123,287
21.69%
79,579
14.00%
49,996
8.80%
568,380
128
100.00%
Total
Revenue/
Revenue
Visitor
Le, (000)
8,533,997
95
9,025,419
84
11,116,606
93
8,632,041
70
7,930,893
100
4,124,276
82
49,363,231
87
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Table 73: Antiquities Resources (Capacities)
Name of monument
EAST BANK
Temple of Luxor
Temple of Karnak
Open Museum of Karnak
Temple of Toad
Temple of Madamud:
WEST BANK
Valley of the Kings
Tombs of the 18th dynasty
Thutmosis III
Queen Hatshepsut
Amenophis III
Amenophis II
Tutankhamun
Ay
Thutmosis IV
Horemheb
Tombs of the 19th dynasty
Ramesses I
Sethos I (closed)
Ramesses II
Son of Ramses II
Septah
Current Potential Average Current Current Maximum Maximum Practical
Visit
Visit
Daily
Capacit Capacit Capacity Capacity Capacity
y
y
Duration Duration Visits, ‘97 per
per Day per Hour per Day Per Day
Hour
note 5
note 8
(minutes) (minutes) note 1
60
60
note 2
60
60
90
360
note 2
60
60
Current
Hours of
Maximum
Hours of
Operation Operation
per Day
per Day
2,280
3,318
30
2
0
500
1,000
note 2
NA
NA
8,000
11,000
note 2
NA
NA
750
1,340
note 2
150
73
12,000
21,500
note 2
1,650
800
9,000
16,125
note 2
1,238
600
16
11
11
11
11
16
11
11
11
11
3,411
958
,
9,580
1,483
22,600
16,950
16
16
16
16
16
16
30
NA
NA
20
10
25
30
30
30
30
30
20
10
25
30
30
note 3
note 3
note 3
note 3
600
note 3
note 3
note 3
60
0
0
60
60
50
60
45
600
0
0
600
600
500
600
450
60
60
70
60
60
50
60
45
960
960
1,120
960
960
800
960
720
720
720
840
720
720
600
720
540
10
note 4
10
0
0
10
10
10
10
10
20
NA
NA
NA
20
20
30
30
30
20
note 3
NA
NA
NA
note 3
30
0
0
0
75
300
0
0
0
750
30
70
70
80
75
480
1,120
1,120
1,280
1,200
360
840
840
960
900
10
0
0
0
10
129
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Name of monument
Queen Tawsert/King
Setnakh
Sethos II
Merneptah
Tombs of the 20th dynasty
Ramesses III
Ramesses IV
Ramesses VI
Ramesses VII
Ramesses IX
Montu Herkhopshef
Other Tombs (40)
Valley of the Queens
Khaemwaset
Set-Her-Khopshef
Prince Amun-herKhepshef
Queen Tawi
Unknown Queen No. 40
Queen Titi
Additional Tombs (10)
Nefertari
Deir El-Medina
Tomb of Senenmut
Tomb of Inherkhau
Pashedu
Additional Tombs (52)
Village and temples
Current Potential Average Current Current Maximum Maximum Practical Current
Maximum
Visit
Visit
Daily
Capacit Capacit Capacity Capacity Capacity Hours of
Hours of
y
y
Duration Duration Visits, ‘97 per
per Day per Hour per Day Per Day
Operation Operation
Hour
note 5
note 8
(minutes) (minutes) note 1
per Day
per Day
20
20
note 7
75
750
75
1,200
900
10
16
20
30
20
30
note 3
note 3
45
70
450
700
45
70
720
1,120
540
840
10
10
16
16
20
20
20
20
20
15
NA
20
20
20
20
20
15
varies
20
20
20
60
60
75
45
60
28
0
208
45
45
45
600
600
750
450
600
280
0
1,950
450
450
450
75
60
75
45
60
28
160
363
45
45
45
1,200
960
1,200
720
960
280
1,600
5,030
720
720
720
900
720
900
540
720
210
1,200
3,810
540
540
540
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
16
16
16
16
16
16
10
20
20
20
note 3
note 3
note 3
note 4
note 3
note 3
NA
870
note 3
note 3
note 3
NA
NA
20
NA
15
20
20
20
varies
15
0
0
45
0
28
0
0
450
0
150
30
45
45
80
28
480
720
720
800
150
360
540
540
600
150
10
10
15
NA
45
10
10
15
varies
45
note 3
NA
NA
NA
178
561
note 3
note 3
note 3
NA
note 3
45
45
45
0
120
450
450
450
0
1,200
45
45
45
varies
120
720
720
720
varies
1,200
540
540
540
varies
1,200
130
10
10
10
6
10
10
10
10
10
16
16
16
16
16
16
10
6
16
16
16
10
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Name of monument
Qurmet Murai
Additional Tombs -short
term (8)
Additional Tombs - long
term (12)
Sheikh Abd El-Qurna
Existing Open Tombs
(10)
Additional Tombs -short
term (10)
Additional Tombs - long
term (126)
Khokha and Asasif
Existing Tombs (5)
Additional Tombs -short
term (5)
Additional Tombs - long
term (101)
Dra-Abu El Naga
Tombs suitable short term
(2)
Other Unopened tombs
(86)
Temple of Nebjepetre
Hatshepsut Temple
Temple of Tuthmosis III
Temple of Sethos I
The Rammessseum
Colossi at Memnon
Current Potential Average Current Current Maximum Maximum Practical
Visit
Visit
Daily
Capacit Capacit Capacity Capacity Capacity
y
y
Duration Duration Visits, ‘97 per
per Day per Hour per Day Per Day
Hour
note 5
note 8
(minutes) (minutes) note 1
Current
Hours of
Maximum
Hours of
Operation Operation
per Day
per Day
NA
60
NA
80
800
80
800
600
10
10
NA
varies
NA
varies
varies
80
800
600
10
10
20
20
note 3
235
2,350
235
2,350
1,763
10
10
NA
varies
NA
0
0
200
2,000
1,500
10
10
NA
varies
varies
varies
varies
varies
varies
varies
10
10
10
10
10
30
NA
30
varies
note 3
NA
120
0
1,200
0
120
250
1,200
2,500
900
1,875
10
10
10
NA
varies
NA
0
0
230
2,300
1,725
10
10
NA
varies
NA
21
210
21
210
158
10
10
NA
varies
NA
varies
varies
varies
varies
varies
10
10
60
45
45
45
30
10
60
60
note 3
1,288
note 3
217
427
note 3
70
150
700
1500
70
200
700
3,200
700
3,200
65
80
varies
650
800
varies
65
80
varies
1,040
1,280
varies
1,040
1,280
varies
10
10
10
10
10
12
45
45
10
131
16
16
16
12
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Name of monument
Current Potential Average Current Current Maximum
Visit
Visit
Daily
Capacit Capacit Capacity
y
y
Duration Duration Visits, ‘97 per
per Day per Hour
Hour
(minutes) (minutes) note 1
Temple of Medinet Habu
45
550
2,000
Luxor Museum
45
743
Mummification Museum
45
68***
132
Maximum Practical
Capacity Capacity
Current
Hours of
Maximum
Hours of
per Day
Per Day
Operation Operation
note 5
note 8
per Day
per Day
10
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Table 74: Antiquities Resources (Fees)
Name of monument
F
EAST BANK
Temple of Luxor
Temple of Karnak
Open Museum of Karnak
Temple of Toad
Temple of Madamud:
WEST BANK
Valley of the Kings
Tombs of the 18th dynasty
Thutmosis III
Queen Hatshepsut
Amenophis III
Amenophis II
Tutankhamun
Ay
Thutmosis IV
Horemheb
Tombs of the 19th dynasty
Ramesses I
Sethos I (closed)
Ramesses II
Son of Ramses II
Septah
Queen Tawsert/King
Setnakh
Sethos II
Merneptah
Tombs of the 20th dynasty
Ramesses III
Ramesses IV
Ramesses VI
Ramesses VII
Ramesses IX
Montu Herkhopshef
Other Tombs (40)
Valley of the Queens
Khaemwaset
Set-Her-Khopshef
Prince Amun-herKhepshef
Queen Tawi
Unknown Queen No. 40
Queen Titi
Fees
Egyptian Pounds
FS
N
NS
20
20
10
20
NA
10
10
5
10
NA
1
1
1
1
NA
1
1
1
1
NA
20*
10*
1*
0.5*
NA
NA
NA
NA
40
10
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
20
5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
10
1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
5
1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
12
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
6
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
133
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Name of monument
Additional Tombs (10)
Nefertari
Deir El-Medina
Tomb of Senenmut
Tomb of Inherkhau
Pashedu
Additional Tombs (52)
Village and temples
Qurmet Murai
Additional Tombs -short
term (8)
Additional Tombs - long
term (12)
Sheikh Abd El-Qurna
Existing Open Tombs
(10)
Additional Tombs -short
term (10)
Additional Tombs - long
term (126)
Khokha and Asasif
Existing Tombs (5)
Additiona l Tombs -short
term (5)
Additional Tombs - long
term (101)
Dra-Abu El Naga
Tombs suitable short term
(2)
Other Unopened tombs
(86)
Temple of Nebjepetre
Hatshepsut Temple
Temple of Tuthmosis III
Temple of Sethos I
The Rammessseum
Colossi at Memnon
Temple of Medinet Habu
Luxor Museum
Mummification Museum
Fees
Egyptian Pounds
F
FS
N
NS
NA
NA
NA
NA
100
50
10
5
12
6
1
5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
10
5
1
1
NA
NA
NA
NA
10
5
1
1
20
10
2
1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
12
6
1
1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
12
NA
NA
6
NA
NA
1
NA
NA
1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
12
12
NA
12
30
20
NA
NA
NA
6
6
NA
6
15
10
NA
NA
NA
1
1
NA
1
4
3
NA
NA
NA
1
1
NA
1
2
1
134
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Table 75: West Bank Tomb Capacity
Number of Tombs
Area
Existing Tomb Visit
Capacity
Total
Total
Total
Open 1997 Open in 5- Open in
10 years 20 + years
Per Hour
Short Term Tomb Visit
Capacity
Absolute
Maximum
Per Day
(10 hrs.)
Per Hour
Absolute
Maximum
Per Day
(10 hrs.)
Long Term Tomb Visit
Capacity
Per Hour
Absolute
Maximum
Per Day (10
hrs)
Valley of the Kings
17
22
62
958
9,580
1,333
13,330
1,483
14,830
Valley of the Queens
5
7
17
208
280
2,800
363
3,630
Qurmet Murai
0
8
20
0
1,950
Note 1
0
80
800
160
1,600
Deir El Medina (Nobles)
3
15
55
135
1,350
270
2,700
504
5,040
10
20
146
235
2,350
435
4,350
640
6,400
Khokha and Asasif
5
10
111
120
1,200
370
3,700
600
6,000
Dra-Abu El Naga
0
2
88
0
0
21
210
100
1,000
40
84
499
1,656
16,430
2,789
27,890
3,850
38,500
Sheikh Abd El Qurna
Total
Note 1 Number adjusted to account for reduced visitation to Nefertari Tomb
135
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Table 76: Assumed Pattern of Arrival to Tombs, 10 ho urs of Operation
Percentage of Total Daily Visitors Present During Each Hour of Tomb Operations
6:00
Arrival
6:00
20%
% of total
7:00
22%
daily
8:00
18%
visitors
9:00
13%
10:00
9%
11:00
7%
12:00
4%
13:00
4%
14:00
2%
15:00
1%
20%
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00 12:00
13:00 14:00
15:00
20%
20%
20%
22%
22%
22%
22%
18%
18%
18%
18%
13%
13%
13%
13%
9%
9%
9%
9%
7%
7%
7%
7%
4%
4%
4%
4%
4%
4%
4%
2%
2%
1%
16:00
Total
Percent of Daily Visitors
in Tombs during
each one hour interval
100%
20%
42%
60%
73%
62%
47%
33%
24%
17%
11%
25%
5%
11%
15%
18%
16%
12%
8%
6%
4%
3%
136
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Table 77: Assumed Pattern of Arrival to Tombs, 16 hours of Operation
Percentage of Total Daily Visitors Present During Each Hour of Tomb Operations
Time
%
Arrival
6:00
15%
% of total
7:00
15%
daily
8:00
15%
visitors
9:00
9%
10:00
7%
11:00
4%
12:00
1%
13:00
1%
14:00
1%
15:00
2%
16:00
4%
17:00
5%
18:00
9%
19:00
8%
20:00
3%
21:00
1%
Total
100%
Percent of Daily Visitors
in Tombs during
each one hour interval 25%
6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00
15% 15% 15% 15%
15% 15% 15% 15%
15% 15% 15% 15%
9%
9%
9%
9%
7%
7%
7%
7%
4%
4%
4%
4%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
2%
2%
2%
2%
4%
4%
4%
4%
5%
5%
5%
5%
9%
9%
9%
9%
8%
8%
8%
3%
3%
1%
15% 30% 45% 54% 46% 35% 21% 13%
4%
8% 11% 14% 12%
9%
137
5%
3%
7%
5%
8% 12% 20% 26% 25% 21%
2%
1%
2%
3%
5%
7%
6%
5%
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Table 78: Estimate of Overall West Bank Visitation, Based on Tomb Capacity and Seasonal Patterns
Valley of the Kings
Units
Assumptions
Existing
Short
Term
West Bank, Overall
Long
Term
Existing
Short
Term
Long
Term
Peak Hour
Tomb visitor-hours
10 Hour Day Maximum
Tomb visitor-hours available visit-hours
10 Hour Day Likely
Tomb visitor-hours actual visit-hours
10 Hour Day Likely
WB
visitors
1 tomb visit-hour = 4 hour
visit
Peak Month Likely
WB
visitors
Peak Day, % of Mo.
Annual Visitors Site
WB
visitors
Peak Month, % of
Yr.
14.0% 1,026,429 1,428,214 1,588,929 1,774,286 2,988,214 4,125,000
Increase, Extended Hours WB
visitors
Extend to 16 hours
35.0% 1,385,679 1,928,089 2,145,054 2,395,286 4,034,089 5,568,750
75.0%
5.0%
958
1,333
1,483
1,656
2,789
3,850
9,580
13,330
14,830
16,560
27,890
38,500
7,185
9,998
11,123
12,420
20,918
28,875
7,185
9,998
11,123
12,420
20,918
28,875
143,700 199,950 222,450 248,400 418,350 577,500
Note 1: assume that West Bank tomb capacity defines overall capacity
Note 2: assume each visitor spends 1 hour inside tomb; 3 tomb-visits at 20 minutes. Therefore, each tomb visit-hour equals 1 West Bank visitor
138
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Annex 9: The National Plan for the Development of the South of
Egypt, 201723
9.1
South Of Egypt Strategy, 2017
The Government of Egypt's general strategy for the development of Egypt over the coming two decades
calls for a “Comprehensive Development” approach; not only at the sector level but also at the regional
level. This strategy has received specific focus in those regions that have received equitable development
resources. This strategy attempts to transform these regions into “population attracting” ones and also to
achieve a better and balanced population distribution outside the inhabited Nile Valley.
Within the framework of this general strategy, several national projects have been planned and are
currently underway. At the forefront of these is the National Project for the Development of Sinai, the
National Project for the Development of the South of Egypt, the National Plan for Rural Development
and others.
9.1.1 Objectives
These National Projects share a number of objectives:
(1) To boost the private sector’s role in development and to create a favorable environment for private
sector participation.
(2) Mobilizing Governorates’ resources for effective utilization at both the local and national levels.
(3) To achieve balanced development for various Governorates and resolve problems resulting from
population and activities centralization.
(4) To achieve an equitable distribution of investments and services among Governorates.
(5) To offer the chance for regional institutions for effective participation in development activities.
9.1.2 Strategic Directions
The major strategic directions for Comprehensive Development are:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
To raise the real growth rate of GDP to an average of 8% annually.
To create more than 12 million jobs.
To construct about 4 million housing units.
To provide potable water to each settlement, no matter how small it is and to provide sewerage
facilities and treatment in all cities, districts and villages.
(5) To achieve complete absorption (full enrollment) in primary education, to eradicate illiteracy and to
lower classroom density in all education levels to about 30 students per class.
(6) To develop and upgrade universities, emphasis on scientific research and linkages to community and
development needs.
(7) To improve health indicators, emphasis on preventive health.
(8) To disperse population outside the inhabited Valley to achieve balance and emphasizing rural
development as one of the bases for national development.
(9) To reclaim and cultivate around 2 million feddan.
(10)To develop industries at a real growth rate between 10% and 14%.
23
Ministry of Planning, Summary National Plan for the Development of the South of Egypt to the Year 2017, February 18, 1996
(in Arabic).
139
The Comprehensive Development of the City of Luxor Project
Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
(11)To increase attention given to tourism and tourism infrastructure to reach an overall tourism flow of
15 million in 2012 and around 129 million touristic nights.
(12)To increase generated electricity.
(13)To upgrade and improve road networks, railroads and telecommunications.
(14)To gradually increase rural citizens’ participation in the development process.
9.1.3 Background
The South of Egypt encompasses two planning regions:
(1) South Upper Egypt Region – including the Luxor City, Governorates of Sohag, Qena, Aswan, and the
southern part of the Red Sea Governorate, and
(2) Middle Upper Egypt Region (Assiyut Region) – including the Governorates of Assiyut and El Wadi El
Gedid (New Valley), in addition to the remainder of Red Sea Governorate.
The overall area of the South of Egypt is slightly more than half the total area of Egypt. However, the
population of the area is no more than 10 million inhabitants, or 17% of total Egypt’s population. Most of
this population is concentrated in the Nile Valley whereas only less than 0.25 million reside in the Red
Sea and El Wadi El Gedid Governorates.
The region encompasses one of the two major areas for out migration; that is, Assiyut, Sohag and Qena
where population density is very high. The Red Sea is the only Governorate positively impacted by
migration. With proposed developments, it is expected that the total population of the South of Egypt
would reach approximately 16.2 million inhabitants by 2017.
9.1.4 Principals and Objectives
The principals and objectives of the National Project for the Development of South of Egypt are
summarized as:
(1) Improvement of locals’ living standards and minimizing economic and social gaps between them and
the rest of Egypt’s population;
(2) Transforming promising zones of this region into attracting areas for activities and population;
(3) Exploring new horizons for agriculture, industry and tourism to participate in national development;
(4) Attracting the private sector to participate and support the development of the region;
(5) Contribution to the resolution of security problems within the framework of economic and social
development;
(6) Improvement of comprehensive development management and local administration and supporting
local administration.
9.1.5 Economic Resources
Tourism represents one of the most important activities in the South of Egypt region. There are two main
types of tourism: cultural tourism in antiquity sites in Luxor and Aswan and resort and water sports
tourism in Hurghada and along the Red Sea shores.
The South of Egypt encompasses some 1.3 million feddan of agriculture land, primarily in the
governorates of Assiyut, Sohag, Qena and Aswan. Agriculture land, on the other hand, is minimal in the
two desert governorates of El Wadi El Gedid and Red Sea. However, these two governorates hold the
largest potential for land reclamation. El Wadi El Gedid governorate, alone, has some 365,000 feddan of
land suitable for reclamation. The other four governorates, between them, hold some 951,000 feddan of
land suitable for reclamation.
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The South of Egypt also includes two major fishing grounds, namely Lake Nasser and the Red Sea
shores.
The region is also rich in its mineral resources, particularly in the southern parts of the Eastern Desert:
gold, copper, iron, phosphate, zinc, lead and others, in addition to quarries for marble, granite, white
sands and gypsum. El Wadi El Gedid governorate has the richest deposits of phosphate in Abu Tartour.
Although processing industries do not constitute a major element of the region’s economic structure, the
region is not void of some important industries such as sugar in Qena and Aswan, aluminum in Nagaa
Hammady (Qena), cement in Assiyut and fertilizers and chemicals in Aswan.
9.1.6 Human Resources
Governorates of the South of Egypt region enjoy a pool of human resources that can aid in the
establishment and operation of many productive projects, which will lead to considerable social and
economic improvements in the region.
9.2
Tourism
9.2.1 Major Issues
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Importance of diversifying the tourism product.
Support/Expand Nile tourism.
Upgrading and landscaping of antiquity sites and environmental preservation.
Importance of integration and linkages between tourism areas in El Wadi El Gedid, Red Sea and the
Western Desert.
9.2.2 Sector Objectives
(1) Achieving effective utilization of tourism resources, with emphasis on existing infrastructure and
public utilities.
(2) Directing tourism development away from congested, fast growing areas to alleviate environmental
pressures on natural and cultural resources.
(3) Definition of tourism centers with promising potentials to accommodate tourism growth in the region.
(4) Achieving integration among tourism areas through linkages between circulation networks.
(5) Distribution of tourism products and their integration among different areas.
9.2.3 Planned Projects to 2017
Tourism Accommodation
Projected new accommodation for the South of Egypt is estimated at 228,000 new rooms, 88% of which
in the Red Sea mainly for resort and recreational tourism and 11% in Aswan and Luxor for historic
tourism. These new rooms are distributed as follows:
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Table 79: Projected New Tourism Accommodation in the South of Egypt, 2017
Governorate
Red Sea
Aswan *
Luxor
Qena
Sohag
El Wadi El Gedid
Assiyut
No. of Rooms
200,000
15,741
9,259
800
724
575
375
Pe5rcentage
87.92
6.9
4.07
0.35
0.32
0.27
0.16
227,474
100.00
Total
* Inclusive of cruise ships with new capacity of up to 5,000 rooms.
Luxor:
•
Construction of a Nile docks complex.
•
Establishment of a golf course and areas for recreational facilities.
•
Construction of a Nile port south of the City.
•
Streetscape and paving of city roads.
•
Shading areas on the West Bank.
Aswan Governorate:
•
Construction of a repair and maintenance center for Nile ships.
•
Improvement and upgrading of roads leading to antiquity sites in the cities of Aswan, Kom Ombo,
Esna and Edfu.
•
Construction of a new dock in Aswan and repair of existing ones.
•
Streetscape of roads leading to hotels.
•
Construction of a bridge over the Nile.
•
Construction of Kalabsha bridge and Kalabsha Institute.
Red Sea Governorate:
•
Development of Sahl Hashish area.
•
Development of Ras Benias area.
•
Development of Marsa Alam area.
•
Development of Abu Soma area.
•
Development of Wadi El Gemal area.
Assiyut Governorate:
•
Construction of a cruise ships port and development of docking area.
•
Upgrading and landscaping of antiquity areas around Mon. area.
•
Completion of the Assiyut Wadi road.
•
Construction of a bridge on Nagaa Hammady El Sharkeyia.
•
Grading and paving of the governorate’s roads.
•
Construction of a fence for the touristic project in El Haggameyia.
Sohag Governorate:
•
Paving of Akhmim area roads.
•
Expansion of El Baliana dockings and completion of the Corniche.
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•
Completion of Akhmim cafeteria.
Qena Governorate:
•
Establishment of a control, communication and rescue center.
•
Construction of a cruise ships port.
•
Corniche Qena bridge.
•
Construction of gates at Qena entrance.
•
Construction of gates at Esna City entrance.
•
Completion of El Kallabeyia Canal Corniche.
•
Development of Denderra Temple area.
El Wadi El Gedid Governorate:
•
Establishment of an advanced center for desert safari in El Dakhla and El Kharga, in addition to
recreational and facilities areas.
•
Establishment of an emergency and accidents medical center.
9.2.4 Urban Fabric and Development
The National Plan for the South of Egypt aims to put in place new bases for the urban fabric an structure
so that the Nile would become a major source of water but the only attracting factor influencing the urban
structure. The objective being to re-distribute population in a way that preserves the Valley and allows
use of desert and coastal stretches that have not received their fair share of development.
9.2.5 Spatial Distribution of Population
The population of the South of Egypt resides in a total of 867 settlements, a third of which (303
settlements) are of more that 10,000 inhabitants each – as of January 1994 – accommodating nearly 70%
of the total population. The remaining settlements (564) accommodate about 30% of the region’s
population. These two facts put together indicate the concentration and imbalanced distribution of
population. Further, nearly 86% of the population are concentrated in the three governorates of Assiyut,
Sohag and Qena. Luxor, El Wadi El Gedid and Red Sea accommodate only 4% of the population and the
remainder 10% resides in Aswan.
The continuation of this pattern will lead to either of two possibilities, or both:
(1) The South of Egypt will continue to be a rebelling region for population leading to more pressures on
the northern regions, or
(2) More agricultural lands will be encroached upon for urban development and land holdings will be
further fragmented.
9.2.6 Projected Urban Structure, 2017
While redirecting population growth outside the narrow Valley remains a driving objective; the
establishment of new communities in desert areas requires substantial investments. Therefore, the
projected urban structure have been based on a number of assumptions:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Population growth rates will remain low.
Preservation of existing agricultural lands and the antiquities.
Preservation and safeguarding the environment.
Integration between the South of Egypt and the rest of the country’s regions.
Gradual change in the urban structure and concentrated growth at the edges of the Valley.
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The main bases for the proposed urban structures are:
(1) Creation of two corridors parallel to the Valley at the edge between agriculture and desert serving as
a starting point for attracting growth through environmenta lly sound plans.
(2) Creation of west-east corridors in the Eastern Desert linking the Valley to the Red Sea and start
development of new communities along these corridors.
(3) Development of large cities at the edges of desert; that applies for Assiyut and Qena.
(4) Preservation of the touristic character of both Luxor and Aswan by absorbing growth in New Aswan
and New Luxor cities and enforcement of laws and regulations that safeguards the protected zones in
these two areas.
(5) Emphasis on the development of Al Owinat – Kom Ombo – Bernis corridor to become an
international circulation route, and encourage urbanization along it through the development of new
communities.
(6) Urbanizing El Wadi El Gedid and development of most existing settlements and creation of large
urban centers in six main cities: El Farafra, Abu Tartour, Moutt, Shark Al Owinat, Paris and El
Kharga.
(7) Development of the Red Sea coast in an environmentally sound approach. Safaga and Bernis are to
absorb 40% of population. New communities are to be established away from the coast to
accommodate industrial and commercial growth to safeguard the shores.
The projected spatial distribution of population would be as follows:
(1) Settlements of less than 10,000 inhabitants, in 530 villages all of which in the Nile Valley
governorates.
(2) Settlements of 10,000 to 100,000 inhabitants, mainly urban ones, totaling 289 towns.
(3) Settlements of more than 100,000 inhabitants. These are eight (8) main cities in the Valley
governorates including Assiyut and Qena (more than 400,000 inhabitants), Sohag and Aswan
(250,000 to 400,000 inhabitants) and Luxor, Guerga, Tahta and Akhmim (100,000 to 250,000
inhabitants). This group of settlements will accommodate nearly 12% of the total region’s
population, or 10% of the expected growth.
(4) Existing settlements to be developed: including 62 towns and villages, 23 of which in the Valley and
the remainder in El Wadi El Gedid and Red Sea. This group will accommodate 2.1 million
inhabitants (13.3% of total population, or 21.4 of the expected growth.
(5) New agricultural settlements: this group is linked to land reclamation and expected to accommodate
1.35 million inhabitants, primarily in El Wadi El Gedid and Aswan representing 8% of the region’s
population, or 20.7 of expected growth.
(6) New towns: including 27 new town totaling 2.15 million inhabitants and ranging from 25,000 to
250,000 person/town. This group includes some of the towns that are currently being developed: El
Safa in Assiyut, New Sohag/Akhmim, New Luxor and New Aswan. These towns will accommodate
13% of the region’s population, or 32 of expected growth.
To accommodate the expected population growth, and to substitute for loss in existing urban stock, nearly
1.69 million new housing units will have to be constructed.
9.3
Agriculture
9.3.1 Major Issues
(1) Imbalance between cultivated land and population, especially in the governorates of Assiyut, Sohag,
Qena and Aswan.
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(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Small agriculture land holdings depriving the sector from large-scale economics.
Low productivity per feddan.
Decreasing agricultural lands due to all sorts of encroachment.
Inefficiency of transportation and storage facilities leading to an increasing loss of crops.
Imbalance between livestock and poultry production and population.
Minimal fishery production compared to the fast fishing ground available in the region.
Minimal available investment resources.
9.3.2 Sector Objectives
(1) Horizontal expansion in agriculture with the reclamation of nearly 1,25 million feddan.
(2) Increase economic revenue of available agricultural resources, which will be reflected in an increase
of production and individual’s share of income.
(3) Increase agricultural production through development and upgrading of current production systems.
(4) Increase both self -sufficiency ratio of strategic crops and export of other crops.
(5) Increase the added value of agricultural production through industrial and agricultural integration,
especially in newly reclaimed lands.
(6) Creation of more job opportunities.
(7) Increase the inhabited area of the region/nation through relocation in newly reclaimed lands.
(8) Building the capacity of the private sector through the establishment of large companies to allow for
optimum utilization of agricultural resources.
9.3.3 Planned Projects to 2017
Vertical Development Projects
These projects aim to increase the productivity of existing agricultural lands:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
Inventory and classification of lands: in light of recent changes to soil characteristics.
Soil Improvement.
Generalization of covered drainage systems.
Improvement of irrigation system.
Completion of substitution and renewal of the High Dam and Aswan Dam infrastructure/facilities.
Support research in the field of high-value crops.
Veterinary care projects.
Agricultural marketing.
High-productivity seeds production.
9.3.4 Horizontal Development Projects
In light of current and foreseeable ground and water resources, some 600,000 feddan can be reclaimed,
using primarily Nile water and partially underground water, in the Nile Valley and adjacent desert lands
and in some areas of the Red Sea governorate. 350,000 feddan can also be reclaimed on underground
water East of Owinat and the oases of Kharga, Dakhla and Farafra. Additionally, about 300,000 feddan
can be reclaimed south of the El Wadi El Gedid (Paris) on Nile water, through a new canal to be dug.
9.3.5 Livestock Development Projects
Fodder resources in newly reclaimed lands is estimated at 16 million tons (green fodder) which is enough
for nearly 1 million units. In light of these resources, the private sector can be encouraged to invest in
these projects in newly reclaimed lands.
9.3.6 Development of Fishing Resources
This projects aim to increase fish production from around 45,000 to 70,000 tons. The program includes:
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(1) Construction and development of fishing ports on the Red Sea, improvement of the current fishing
fleet and intensive cultivation of natural and man-made lagoons.
(2) Establishment and development of incubators for Lake Nasser supply, three incubators in Garf
Hussein, Amada and El Alaqui areas and construction of fishing ports inclusive of ice factories,
refrigerators and services that facilitate handling.
(3) Fish incubation/cultivation in cages in lagoons and small bays along the Nile and canals is an
important means to increase fish production.
9.4
Potable Water and Sewerage
9.4.1 Potable Water
The overall capacity of water plants in the region is 960,000m3 /day whereas current needs are estimated
at a total of 1,340,000m3 /day – assuming an average consumption rate per individual of 115 liter/day and
190 liter/day for rural and urban residents, respectively.
Water plants are located in Assiyut, Sohag, Qena and Aswan. There are no plants in either the Red Sea or
El Wadi El Gedid governorates; the former depends on pipelines from Suez and El Korimat.
The National Project for the Development of the South of Egypt aims at raising the average consumption
rate to 200 liter/day and 240 liter/day per individual in rural and urban areas, respectively.
9.4.2 Sewerage
The National Project for the Development of the South of Egypt aims at raising the average rate of
sewerage to approximately 192 liter/individual/day, or nearly 2.9 million m3 /day.
9.5
Social Services
9.5.1 Strategic Objectives
(1) Provision of basic facilities to correspond to expected population growth so as to raise the standard of
facilities in the region.
(2) Meeting the expected needs of settlements in promising areas of the region.
(3) Achieving an acceptable level of balance in the distribution of facilities and services between rural
and urban areas and between populated and remote areas.
(4) Raising the standard of quality and improve operation.
9.5.2 Planned Projects, 2017
Educational Facilities
(1) Increase the carrying capacity of primary and secondary schools by increasing number of schools
and classes, which will lead to:
• Meeting expected needs,
• Lowering class density to 30 students/class,
(2) Increase number of teachers and upgrade general and technical education curriculum.
(3) Emphasis on women’s education and eradication of illiteracy.
(4) Achieving an acceptable balance in distribution of educational facilities between different areas of
the region.
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(5) Application of new approaches in education that are more suitable to the region’s characteristics and
needs.
(6) Expansion in one- or two-classes primary schools in rural and remote areas.
(7) Move towards community colleges, rather than new universities, as being more suitable to the local
community’s needs.
(8) Upgrading of technical and technological institutes in Aswan and transform them into a technological
university.
In light of these, the demand for educational facilities to the year 2017 is estimated as:
(1) Establishment of nearly 55,300 primary classes (general and Azhar education), 32,500 prep. Classes
and 26,400 secondary classes (general, technical and Azhar).
(2) Establishment of 20 community colleges in areas not served by university colleges or higher institutes
(2 in Assiyut and Sohag, 4 in Qena, Aswan and El Wadi El Gedid, 3 in Red Sea and 1 in Luxor City).
(3) Upgrading technical institutes in Aswan and transforming them into a technological university.
(4) Completion of the South of the Valley University (5 colleges, one of which for Agriculture and one for
tourism and antiquities in Qena).
(5) Rehabilitation of Assiyut University.
Scientific and Technological Research
(1) Establishment of regional research branches for the Ophthalmic Research Institute .
(2) Completion of the National Institute for Marine Science and Fishery in the Red Sea.
(3) Establishment of Magnetic Observatory and Regional Earthquake Center in Aswan and a main center
in El Wadi El Gedid.
Health Facilities
The main objectives for the development of this sector are summed as:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Emphasis on eradication of health illiteracy, especially in rural and desert areas.
Provision of health facilities in remote areas and reliance on mobile health units.
Emphasis on the importance of recording births and deaths, especially in infancy.
Support of targeted health programs, such as combating malaria, diarrhea and vaccination campaigns.
Quality and quantity upgrading supporting medical services such as nursing and tests.
Expansion of the social health insurance umbrella to cover the entire population.
Achieving an acceptable balance in distribution of medical and treatment facilities between urban
and rural areas and between the region’s governorates.
(8) Encouraging the private sector to build hospitals, clinics and medical centers.
(9) Support the privatization of an acceptable percentage of hospital beds for nominal fees.
The total number of beds needed by 2017 is estimated at 46,000 beds.
Religious Facilities
The strategy aims to the expansion in provision of these facilities to relatively deprived and new
development areas, in addition to making available the human resources required for these facilities.
Culture, Information and Youth and Sports Facilities
The development objectives for these sectors are as follows:
(1) Increase the number of establishments, especially in higher-density governorates.
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(2) Emphasis on cultural centers and convoys and mobile libraries to serve desert and rural areas, in
addition to emphasis on information (media) centers and convoys and the establishment of a
sufficient number in each governorate.
(3) Expansion in establishing youth and sports facilities, especially in Assiyut and Sohag.
(4) Making available the human resources required and training these resources.
Social Care Facilities
(1) Family and Childhood projects to reinforce the role of the family and its educational effectiveness.
(2) Emphasis on productive families projects and vocational training, bringing to the front the role of
local associations in organizing local efforts.
(3) Support the role of social and rural units in providing social care facilities in rural and deprived
desert areas.
Vocational Training Facilities
Expansion in vocational training facilities to meet the needs of development projects.
9.6
Electricity and Energy
9.6.1 Sector Plan, 2017
This plan aims to extend the National Grid to remote areas of Red Sea and El Wadi El Gedid
governorates, at a total of 4,400km in length of lines. 3,200km of these will be high-voltage power lines
and the majority of these will be in El Wadi El Gedid (1,670km) and the Red Sea (770km). The plan also
aims to raise the capacity of existing power plants by 750 Mega Watt.
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Table 80: Projected Increase in Electricity Generation, South of Egypt, 2017
Governorate
Power Plant
Assiyut
Qena
Aswan
Red Sea
El Walideyia Thermal
Assiyut Barrage
Hydroelectric
Nagaa Hammady
Hydroelectric
Nagaa Hammady Thermal
Diesel Plants (Abu Simbel)
Diesel Plans
Nominal
Capacity
Notes
(Mega watt)
300 Third expansion
40 New
Total
60 New
270 New
20 Expansion
60 New
750
Following are projects for transformer stations and lines:
(1) 20 new transformer stations of 500, 2020 and 132 KVolt with a total capacity of 3,825 Mega Volt
Ampere.
(2) 38 new transformer stations of 66 and 33 KVolt with a total capacity of 2,425 Mega Volt Ampere.
(3) Power lines of:
• 500, 220 and 132 KVolt at a total length of 3.192km.
• 66 and 33 KVolt at a total length of 979km.
Studies are currently underway to investigate the potential of unconventional and renewable energy
sources such as solar energy, wind and the biomass.
9.7
Transportation, Communication and Storage
9.7.1 Sector Objectives
(1) Improve the effectiveness of transportation axis in the Valley with utmost preservation of agricultural
lands through the following means:
• Minimizing intersections between roads and between roads and railroads in as far as feasible.
• Improve the effectiveness of Cairo – Aswan railroad, once doubled, by improving
communications and signals and increasing the speed limit.
• Improve the effectiveness of the Nile navigational channel by dredging, construction of Nile ports
and cruise ship ports together with maintenance and repair facilities for cruise ships.
(2) Creation of a new corridor parallel to the Valley in the form of a new western desert road to absorb
expected growth in traffic volumes and to encourage urban development, with linkages to the Valley.
(3) Creation and improvement of perpendicular axis to the Valley as a means of population
redistribution:
• Safaga – Qena – El Wadi El Gedid as the prime corridor
• Bernis – Aswan – West Coast of Lake Nasser – Abu Simbel – Shark Al Owinat
(4) Emphasis on Qena area as the intersection point between the Valley and the new prime corridor.
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9.7.2 Planned Projects, 2017
(1) Construction of new roads at a total length of 2,945km, most important of which is the extension of
Cairo – Assiyut west desert road to Aswan.
(2) Maintenance and rehabilitation of 2,760km of existing roads.
(3) Cancellation of 30 intersections between roads and between roads and railroads.
(4) Construction and maintenance of 1,200km of internal roads in governorates.
(5) Completion of three bridges across the Nile: Assiyut, Luxor and Aswan.
(6) Construction of four new bridges across the Nile at Quos, Guerga, Tama and Kom Ombo.
(7) Construction and improvement of about 90 passenger station in the governorates.
(8) Completion of doubling the railroad to Aswan.
(9) Re-routing of the railroad in Luxor City.
(10)Upgrading of Safaga and Bernis ports and small fishing ports.
(11)Construction and improvement of five cruise ship ports on the Nile.
(12)Upgrading and development of international airports in Hurghada, Luxor, Aswan and El Wadi El
Gedid, and construction and improvement of domestic airports in Assiyut, Farafra, Al Dakhla, Al
Owinat, Abu Simbel and Shala teen.
(13)Upgrading of telephone switch boards in cities and villages, and microwave lines.
(14)Construction and upgrading of post offices, radio and TV broadcasting stations and meteorological
stations.
(15)Construction of a grain cell in Qena with a capacity of 100,000 tons.
9.8
Industry and Mining
9.8.1 Major Issues
Statistics of late 1993 indicate that total number of employees in industry and mining in governorates of
the South of Egypt reached some 82,000, representing about 1.6% of the region’s total population. This
percentage rises to 2% in Qena and Aswan and declines to only 0.8% in El Wadi El Gedid whereas the
national average is 3.9% (7%, 7.4% and 8.3% in Cairo, Alexandria and Damietta, respectively).
It is, therefore, clear that governorates of the South of Egypt require substantial support to increase their
share of industrial and mining activities, especially with their wealth of resources.
9.8.2 Sector Objectives
(1) Increase growth rates, in general, in the South of Egypt and create more job opportunities.
(2) Effective use of available resources in each governorate.
(3) Improve the economic structure in favor of industry and mining and broaden the private sector
participation in the development of this sector.
(4) Minimize out-migration trends from these governorates and, moreover, to transform them into
attracting centers.
(5) Raising the technology level and, accompanying that, education, training and scientific research
standards.
9.8.3 Planned Projects to 2017
Projects Based on Agriculture Resources:
(1) Expansion in sugar industry through expansion in cultivating and processing of sugar beads in
addition to rehabilitation and renewal of existing factories.
(2) Establishment of paper mills and factories based on sugar-cane fibers (creating some 3,000 jobs).
(3) Better utilization of palm trees resources especially in El Wadi El Gedid.
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(4) Crop drying factories, especially for onion in Assiyut, Sohag and Qena through small units near
farms.
(5) An integrated complex for food oils, hydrated fats and fodder from sunflower seeds (investment cost
LE 2 billion).
(6) Factories for cotton fabrics, garments and textiles in cotton-producing governorates.
(7) Fish processing and packaging and fodder factories especially in Lake Nasser area, and fishing boats
and gear manufacturing.
(8) Other food processing factories: dairies, juices, jam in addition to traditional and non-traditional
fodder.
(9) Wood and leather products.
(10)Packaging material.
Projects Based on Mineral Resources:
(1) Completion of Abu Tartour Phosphate complex.
(2) Production of bi-ammonium phosphate near Safaga port, with a capacity of 250,000 tons per year and
a cost of LE 516 million
(3) Application of the Chinese experience studies in Qena – establishment of small cement factories, each
with one production line, or two at most, with a capacity of 44,000 tons annually to fulfill the needs
of remote areas.
(4) Introduction of the “small mine” concept.
(5) Building material industries.
(6) Industries that are based on deposited material.
(7) Electricity insulator industries
In addition to projects that will be established in the designated 11 “Industrial Zone” projects throughout
the South of Egypt.
9.9
Petroleum and Natural Gas
9.9.1. Major Issues
The major issue in this sector is the lack of infrastructure in most areas of current agreements and those
under negotiations as they are remote, uninhabited areas and, consequently, the substantial expenditures
required for provision of infrastructure.
9.9.2 Sector Objectives
(1) Production of petroleum and natural gas at rates suitable for both local and export demands without
over-use of reservoirs to maintain national reserves.
(2) Setting up and implementation of a clear policy for distribution of petroleum products without
bottlenecks.
9.9.3 Planned Projects to 2017
In the Field of Petroleum Agreements:
(1) Negotiate and sign more agreements with international companies and the Egyptian private sector to
work at new areas at the borders of these governorates.
In the Field of Exploration:
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(1) Concentrated efforts and work , especially in areas of current agreements and those under
negotiations.
In the Field of Refineries and Processing:
Continue work on rehabilitation, upgrading and expansion of the Assiyut refinery.
In the Field of Distribution and Transport:
(1) Installation of pipelines to cover the rest, or most, of the region’s governorates for various uses
(domestic and industrial) and, construction of more car services stations and propane-gas filling and
distribution centers; in addition to infrastructure projects that go with these projects.
(2) Studies have also proven the importance of installing a 24 inch pipeline, connected to the national
network near El Saff, heading south to Aswan with a total length of about 860km and a capacity of
240q.ft./day in an estimated investment cost of LE 825 million. This project will serve existing and
future industrial units along the route in addition to development efforts in Upper Egypt.
(3) Installation of a diesel pipeline from Assiyut to Aswan to serve new industrial zones and power
plants, in addition to a propane-gas line in Upper Egypt to serve residential settlements.
9.10 Commercial and Banking Services
9.10.1 Planned Commercial Services, 2017
(1) Adding about 620 wholesale establishments, creating some 2,480 jobs at an investment cost of nearly
LE 62 million.
(2) Adding about 38,220 retail outlets, creating some 51,162 jobs at a cost of nearly LE 764 million.
9.10.2 Banking Facilities
Major Issues
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Low density of banking facilities in the region’s governorates.
Concentration of banking units in the four State-owned banks.
Low rate of effectiveness in banking units.
Low saving capacity (average saving/individual is nearly 0.2 of the national average).
Low role of banking units in credit.
Planned Projects, 2017
(1) Adding about 116 banking units, with 7,630 jobs at an estimated investment cost of LE 174 million.
9.10.3 Employment and Population
(1) The total number of job opportunities projected for the South of Egypt to the year 2017 is estimated at
2.8 million jobs, about 68% of which in agriculture, industry and tourism.
(2) The corresponding population to these jobs is estimated at 6,3 million, which mean an increase in the
region’s population from 9.9 million in 1994 to about 16.4 million in 2017.
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Table 81: Projected Job Opportunities
Assiyut
Agriculture
Industry, Mining,
Petroleum
Tourism
Sub-total
Social & Public
Facilities
Other Facilities
Total
Sohag
Qena
Luxor
Aswan
Red
Sea
27
254
21
2242
48
321
3
21
180
240
3
66
El
Wadi
El
Gedid
140
56
3
284
34
3
266
36.4
9.2
378.2
55
6.1
30.1
11
39.8
459.8
29.6
30.6
99.6
29.6
208.3
404.3
35.4
300
1,922
231
104
422
103
405.4
128
561.2
16
57.1
187
676.4
79
208.2
52
491.7
669
2,822
Table 82: Analytic Indicators
Total new jobs
Estimated unemployment
Net new jobs
Corresponding population
Current population (1994)
Natural increase
In migrants
Total Population, 2017
2,822
227
2,595
6,264
9,980
13,246
2,998
16,244
Table 83: Investments of the National Project
Sector
Tourism
Agriculture
Industry and Petroleum
Urban Development & Housing
Electricity and Energy
Transportation & Communications
Potable Water and Sewerage
Commercial and Banking
Social
Total
Investment Cost
LE Billion
%
52.9
23.9
82.7
94.2
7.3
18.5
9.0
1.9
14.5
304.9
153
17.3
7.8
27.1
30.9
2.4
6.1
3.0
0.6
4.8
100
Total
422
1,200
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Annex 10: Profile of Egypt
Egypt’s economic fortunes have fluctuated sharply during the past two decades, but its economic future
now holds real promise. A decade of rapid growth ended in 1986 when a decline in oil prices caused a
regional economic slowdown. Egypt’s retreat at this time to inward-looking policies, combined with
heavy borrowing, resulted in severe macroeconomic imbalances. Between 1986 and 1992, per capita
income grew by only 10 percent.
The macroeconomic stabilization efforts that Egypt undertook in the early 1990s have been a success, and
longer-term structural reforms are underway. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth accelerated
from 1.9 to 5 percent from 1991–92 to 1995–96. GDP per capita has risen to $1,040, categorizing Egypt
as a middle -income country. During the same period, inflation fell from 21.1 percent to 7.2 percent. The
fiscal balance, foreign reserves, and external debt have also improved. With these positive trends now
well established, Egypt appears to be on the brink of a significant period of growth.
10.1 Challenges to the Economy
Unemployment looms as a crucial challenge. Solving the employment problem through growth is critical
not only for the economy, but also for social stability. Current estimates pla ce unemployment at between
9 to 13 percent, and the labor force is growing at around 3 percent annually.
10.2 Egypt’s Growth Strategy
Egypt is progressing with privatization, with reducing tariff and other trade barriers, and with
streamlining legal aspects of investment and commercial activities. It is promoting the Egyptian stock
market, creating a more equitable and transparent tax system, and structuring a financial system that is
more responsive to medium- and long-term credit needs. All of these actions will facilitate the transition
to a market economy and reduce policy impediments to economic development.
Egypt is moving to improve its domestic savings rate in several ways, the most important being
privatization. Above all, the expected gains in savings will come from improved productivity and
efficiency. Other reforms to increase savings include establishing a more efficient pension system, and
further developing capital markets.
The government has begun to identify major areas of legislative reform; eliminate obsolete laws; and deal
with commercial law, investment, leasing, acquisition of property by foreigners, and tax petitions.
The upcoming free trade agreements that Egypt is negotiating with the European Union (EU) and, more
recently, the United States, will bring about major opportunities. With these agreements, Egypt will gain
access to the world’s two largest markets and investors will view Egypt as a manufacturing base for
exports to these markets. The agreements will also accelerate the improvement of trade and investment
procedures in line with best international practices.
Egypt already offers major advantages to investors. With a population of 60 million and a per capita
income of more than $1,000, Egypt represents a large market in its own right. It also has very good
relations with other countries in the Middle East and North Africa, thus offering advantages in exporting
to the region. And the wage rate of the Egyptian labor force of about $3 per day is highly competitive for
capable, productive workers.
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Table 84: Profile of Egypt
Egypt
M. East and
North Africa
Lower-Middle
Income
POVERTY and SOCIAL
1997
Population, mid-year (millions)
GNP per capita (Atlas method, US$)
GNP (Atlas method, US$ billions)
60.3
1,180
71.2
Average annual growth,
1991-97
Population (%)
Labor force (%)
Most recent estimate
(latest year available, 1991-97)
Urban population (% of tota l population)
Life expectancy at birth (years)
Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births)
Child malnutrition (% of children under 5)
Access to safe water (% of population)
Illiteracy (% of population age 15+)
Gross primary enrollment (% of school-age
population)
283
2,060
583
2.0
2.8
2.3
3.2
1.2
1.3
45
66
51
9
64
49
100
57
67
48
..
71
39
97
42
69
36
..
84
19
111
KEY ECONOMIC RATIOS and LONG-TERM TRENDS
Environment
Forests
Deforestation
Water use
CO2 emissions
Energy use per capita
Electricity use per capita
Labor force:
total:
by occupation:
agriculture
services, including government
Industry
Unemployment rate:
0 thousands of sq. km
0.0 % change (1990-1995)
94.5 % of total resources
1.7 metric tons per capita
638 kg of oil equivalent per capita
924 kWh per capita
17.4 million (1996 est.)
40%,
38%,
22% (1990 est.)
9.4% (1997 est.)
155
2,285
1,230
2,818
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Budget:
Revenues:
Expenditures:
Including capital expenditures of $4 billion
(FY96/97 est.)
Industries:
Industrial production growth rate:
Electricity—capacity:
Electricity—production:
Electricity—consumption per capita: 778 kWh
(1995)
Agriculture—products:
Exports :
Total value:
Commodities:
Partners:
Imports:
Total value:
Commodities:
$19.2 billion
$19.8 billion,
textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals,
petroleum, construction, cement, and metals
.5% (1996 est.)
13.04 million kW (1995)
48.5 billion kWh (1995)
cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits,
vegetables; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats;
annual fish catch about 140,000 metric tons
$5.1 billion (f.o.b., FY96/97 est.)
crude oil and petroleum products, cotton yarn,
raw cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals
EU, US, Japan
Partners:
$15.5 billion (c.i.f., FY96/97 est.)
machinery and equipment, foods, fertilizers,
wood products, durable consumer goods,
capital goods
US, EU, Japan
Debt—external:
$30.5 billion (1996/97 est.)
Economic aid:
Recipient:
ODA, $1.713 billion (1993)
Currency:
Exchange rates:
1 Egyptian pound (£E) = 100 piasters
Egyptian pounds (£E) per US$1—3.4
Fiscal year:
1 July—30 June
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1976
13.4
28.4
22.3
16.7
..
-10.2
0.5
47.6
6.4
..
..
GDP (US$ billions)
Gross domestic investment/GDP
Exports of goods and services/GDP
Gross domestic savings/GDP
Gross national savings/GDP
Current account balance/GDP
Interest payments/GDP
Total debt/GDP
Total debt service/exports
Present value of debt/GDP
Present value of debt/exports
1986
35.9
23.7
15.7
13.8
..
-9.4
2.4
84.8
8.4
..
..
1996
67.6
16.6
20.2
10.8
15.8
1.6
1.5
46.3
11.5
30.9
105.0
1997
75.5
17.7
20.2
13.0
18.8
0.6
1.0
39.7
8.9
..
..
(average annual growth)
GDP
GNP per capita
Exports of goods and services
1976-86
7.1
3.7
2.7
1987-97
4.0
2.3
5.9
1996
5.0
3.6
1.6
1997
5.5
3.1
2.4
1998-02
5.2
4.0
10.4
STRUCTURE of the ECONOMY
(% of GDP)
Agriculture
Industry
Manufacturing
Services
Private consumption
General government consumption
Imports of goods and services
1976
28.3
26.2
16.1
45.5
58.5
24.8
34.0
1986
20.8
26.8
13.3
52.4
69.6
16.5
25.6
1996
17.3
31.6
24.3
51.1
78.8
10.4
26.0
1997
17.7
31.8
25.2
50.5
76.8
10.2
24.9
1976-86
3.0
8.4
..
9.7
6.2
5.0
6.9
3.2
6.4
1987-97
2.8
4.5
4.9
3.8
4.7
0.5
-0.4
2.4
4.4
1996
3.1
4.9
6.9
5.6
3.6
2.4
9.7
1.6
5.5
1997
3.4
4.6
8.3
6.4
3.9
4.8
10.4
1.9
6.1
1986
..
12.8
1996
8.3
9.0
1997
4.6
6.2
Average annual growth
Agriculture
Industry
Manufacturing
Services
Private consumption
General government consumption
Gross domestic investment
Imports of goods and services
Gross national product
PRICES and GOVERNMENT FINANCE
Domestic prices
(% change)
Consumer prices
Implicit GDP deflator
1976
..
12.5
Government finance
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(% of GDP, includes current grants)
Current revenue
Current budget balance
Overall surplus/deficit
..
..
..
21.3
-14.2
-23.1
25.1
2.5
-1.3
23.7
2.9
-0.9
1976
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1986
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1996
4,608
110
230
1,314
14,107
2,955
..
4,100
127
145
87
1997
4,930
107
164
1,304
14,718
3,193
..
4,029
128
145
89
TRADE
(US$ millions)
Total exports (fob)
Cotton
Other Agriculture
Manufactures
Total imports (cif)
Food
Fuel and energy
Capital goods
Export price index (1995=100)
Import price index (1995=100)
Terms of trade (1995=100)
Trade and finance
trade as share of PPP GDP
trade growth less GDP growth
high-technology exports
net barter terms of trade
present value of debt
total debt service
short term debt
aid per capita
18.5 %
-0.6 average % (1987-1997)
7 % of manufactured exports
103 (1995=100)
21,265 $ millions
1,928 $ millions
2,991 $ millions
32 $
BALANCE of PAYMENTS
(US$ millions)
Exports of goods and services
Imports of goods and services
Resource balance
Net income
Net current transfers
Current account balance
Financing items (net)
Changes in net reserves
1976
3,319
5,182
-1,863
-342
842
-1,363
1,049
314
1986
6,494
11,825
-5,331
-1,021
2,995
-3,357
3,533
-176
1996
15,245
17,541
-2,296
539
2,842
1,085
-515
-570
1997
15,644
20,342
-4,698
253
4,146
-299
2,211
-1,912
..
0.5
1,780
1.1
17,867
3.4
19,657
3.4
Memo:
Reserves including gold (US$ millions)
Conversion rate (DEC, local/US$)
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EXTERNAL DEBT and RESOURCE FLOWS
(US$ millions)
Total debt outstanding and disbursed
IBRD
IDA
Total debt service
IBRD
IDA
1976
6,357
50
126
267
3
1
1986
30,415
1,228
827
837
243
12
1996
31,299
1,075
1,090
2,283
272
23
1997
29,979
869
1,206
1,871
297
24
Composition of net resource flows
Official grants
Official creditors
Private creditors
Foreign direct investment
Portfolio equity
910
841
122
61
0
0
1,712
534
0
0
1,324
-17 19
-376
636
0
..
-157
..
..
197
78
0
78
4
74
617
369
114
256
141
115
172
108
192
-84
102
-186
75
260
241
19
80
-61
World Bank program
Commitments
Disbursements
Principal repayments
Net flows
Interest payments
Net transfers
Note: 1997 data are preliminary estimates.
Geography
Area: Total
Land
Water
1,001,450 sq. km
995,450 sq. km
6,000 sq. km
Land boundaries
Total
border countries
2,689 km
Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 255 km, Libya 1,150 km, Sudan 1,273 km
Maritime claims
contiguous zone
continental shelf
exclusive economic zone
territorial sea
24 NM
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
200 NM
12 NM
Climate
desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
Terrain
vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta
Elevation extremes
lowest point
highest point
Qattara Depression -133 m
Mount Catherine 2,629 m
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Natural resources
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese,
limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc
Land use
arable land
permanent crops
permanent pastures
forests and woodland
Other
2%
0%
0%
0%
98% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land
32,460 sq. km (1993 est.)
Environment—
current issues
agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands;
increasing soil salinization below Aswan High Dam;
desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and
marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides,
raw sewage, and industrial effluents; very limited
natural fresh water resources away from the Nile which is the only
perennial water source; rapid growth in population overstraining
natural resources
Environment—
party to
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of
the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber
94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified.
Geography—note
Government type
Controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and
remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest
sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and
juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern
geopolitics
Republic
National capital
Cairo
Administrative divisions
26 governorates (muhafazat, singular—muhafazah); Ad
Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al
Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al Isma'iliyah, Al Jizah, Al
Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al
Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf,
Bur Sa'id, Dumyat, Janub Sina', Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina,
Shamal Sina', Suhaj
Independence
National holiday
Constitution
28 February 1922 (from UK)
Anniversary of the Revolution, 23 July (1952)
11 September 1971
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Legal system
Based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic
codes; judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State
(oversees validity of administrative decisions); accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch
Chief of state
Head of government
Cabinet
Elections
President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (since 14 October 1981)
Prime Minister Kamal Ahmed El-GANZOURI (since 4 January
1996)
Cabinet appointed by the president
President nominated by the People's Assembly for a six-year term,
the nomination must then be validated by a national, popular
referendum; national referendum last held 4 October 1993 (next to
be held NA October 1999); prime minister appointed by the
president
Election results
National referendum validated President Mubarak's nomination by
the People's Assembly to a third term
Legislative branch
Bicameral system consists of the People's Assembly or Majlis alSha'b (454 seats; 444 elected by popular vote, 10 appointed by the
president; members serve five-year terms) and the Advisory
Council or Majlis al-Shura—which functions only in a
consultative role (264 seats; 176 elected by popular vote, 88
appointed by the president; members serve NA-year terms)
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Elections
Election results
People's Assembly—last held 29 November 1995 (next to be held
NA 2000); Advisory Council—last held 7 June 1995 (next to be
held NA)
People's Assembly—percent of vote by party—NDP 72%,
independents 25%, opposition 3%; seats by party—NDP 317,
independents 114, NWP 6, NPUG 5, Nasserist Arab Democratic
Party 1, Liberals 1; Advisory Council—percent of vote by party—
NDP 99%, independents 1%; seats by party—NA
Judicial branch
Supreme Constitutional Court
Political parties and leaders
National Democratic Party (NDP), President Mohammed Hosni
MUBARAK, leader, is the dominant party;
Legal opposition parties
Khalid MUHI AL-DIN; Socialist Liberal Party, Mustafa Kamal
MURAD; Democratic Unionist Party, Mohammed 'Abd-alMun'im TURK; Umma Party, Ahmad al-SABAHI; Misr al-Fatah
Party (Young Egypt Party), le ader NA; Nasserist Arab Democratic
Party, Dia' al-din DAWUD; Democratic Peoples' Party, Anwar
AFIFI; The Greens Party, Kamal KIRAH; Social Justice Party,
Muhammad 'ABDAL-'AL
International organizations
ABEDA, ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AG (observer),
AL, AMF, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CCC, EBRD, ECA,
ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO,
MONUA, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OSCE
(partner), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR,
UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNOMIL, UNPREDEP,
UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WtrO
Communications
Telephones
2.2 million (1993)
Telephone system
Large system by Third World standards but inadequate for present
requirements and undergoing extensive upgrading
Principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia,
Suez, are connected by coaxial cable and microwave radio relay
Domestic
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International
satellite earth stations—2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian
Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat; 5 coaxial submarine cables;
tropospheric scatter to Sudan; microwave radio relay to Israel;
participant in Medarabtel
Radio broadcast stations
Radios
Television broadcast
stations
Televisions
AM 39, FM 6, short-wave 0
NA
41
5 million (1993 est.)
Transportation
Railways
Total
Standard gauge
Highways
Total
Paved
Unpaved
Waterways
4,751 km
4,751 km 1,435-m gauge (42 km electrified; 951 km double track)
64,000 km
49,984 km
14,016 km (1996 est.)
3,500 km (including the Nile, Lake Nasser, Alexandria -Cairo
Waterway, and numerous smaller canals in the delta); Suez Canal,
193.5 km long (including approaches), used by oceangoing vessels
drawing up to 16.1 m of water
Pipelines
Crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas 460
km
Ports and harbors
Alexandria, Al Ghardaqah, Aswan, Asyut, Bur Safajah, Damietta,
Marsa Matruh, Port Said, and Suez
Merchant marine
Total
Ships by type
Airports
Airports—
with paved runways
Total
Over 3,047 m
2,438 to 3,047 m
1,524 to 2,437 m
914 to 1,523 m
Under 914 m
Airports—with unpaved
runways
Total
161 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,225,989 GRT/1,899,818
DWT
Bulk 24, cargo 60, liquefied gas tanker 1, oil tanker 15, passenger
42, refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 15, short-sea
passenger 3 (1997 Est.)
89 (1997 est.)
70
11
39
15
2
3 (1997 est.)
19
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2,438 to 3,047 m
1,524 to 2,437 m
914 to 1,523 m
Under 914 m
2
2
6
9 (1997 est.)
Heliports
2 (1997 est.)
Military
Military branches
Military age
Military manpower—
availability
Males age 15-49
Military manpower—fit for
military service
Males
Military manpower—
reaching military age
annually
Males
Military expenditures—
percent of GDP
Army, Navy, Air Force, and Air Defense Command
20 years of age
17,350,925 (1998 est.)
11,247,896 (1998 est.)
683,868 (1998 est.)
8.2% (FY95/96)
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Annex 11: Documents in the Project File
1. Abt Associates Inc., 1998, Final Submittal of the Final Report on the Comprehensive Development of
the City of Luxor Project, (English and Arabic), Abt Associates Inc., Cairo, Egypt
2. Abt Associates Inc., 1997, Avenue of Sphinxes project analysis through the 3 phases, (English), Abt
Associates Inc., Cairo, Egypt
3. Abt Associates Inc., 1997, Draft Submittal of the Final Report on the Comprehensive Development of
the City of Luxor Project, (English and Arabic), Abt Associates Inc., Cairo, Egypt
4. Abt Associates Inc., 1997, ICON Architecture Heritage Framework, (English), ICON Architecture,
Boston Massachusetts, USA
5. Abt Associates Inc., 1996, Technical Proposal on the Comprehensive Development of the City of
Luxor Project - Submitted to the Ministry of Housin g, Utilities and Urban Communities (English),
Abt Associates Inc., Cairo, Egypt
6. American Research Center in Egypt, 1996, Annual Report of American Research Center, (English),
Cairo, Egypt
7. Bello, Carlos Dr., 1997, Review of Abt Associates Work in Luxor (English), Cairo, Egypt
8. Cabinet Office - Government of Egypt (GOE), 1997, Egypt and the 21st century, (Arabic), Cairo,
Egypt
9. Cairo Times, 1997, Cairo Times, Article on Luxor, (English), Cairo, Egypt
10. Cairo University, 1996, Workshop & Symposium on Radar imaging Training, (English), Cairo
University, Cairo, Egypt
11. Camp Dresser Mckee (CDM), 1996, Action Plan For Institutional Developing of an Autonomous
Local Water Wastewater Authority in Luxor., (English), Camp Dresser Mckee, Cairo, Egypt
12. Camp Dresser Mckee (CDM), 1996, Draft Environmental Assessment Report of Luxor City,
(English), Camp Dresser Mckee Cairo, Egypt
13. Camp Dresser Mckee (CDM), 1997, Final Environmental Assessment Report of Luxor City,
(English), Camp Dresser Mckee, Cairo, Egypt
14. Camp Dresser Mckee (CDM), 1996, A Priority Action Plan for Institutional Development of
Autonomous Local Water Wastewater Authority, (English), Camp Dresser & Mckee, Cairo, Egypt
15. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS), 1997, Preliminary Results of the
1996 Population Census , (Arabic), Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, Cairo,
Egypt
16. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS), 1987, Preliminary Results of the
1986 Census , (Arabic), Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, Cairo, Egypt
17. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS), N/A, Population Estimates for
Qena Government 1996/1996 , (Arabic), Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics,
Cairo, Egypt
18. Chemonics, 1996, Environmental Assessment Report for Luxor City, (English), Chemonics, Cairo,
Egypt
19. Chemonics, 1996, Environmental Assessment, Report for Luxor City, (Arabic), Chemonics, Cairo,
Egypt
20. Chemonics, 1996, Water & Wastewater Development Plans, (Arabic), Chemonics, Cairo, Egypt
21. Egyptian Civil Aviation Authority , 1992, Extracts from Annual Civil Aviation Report, (Arabic),
Egyptian Civil Aviation Authority, Cairo, Egypt
22. Egyptian Civil Aviation Authority, 1993, Extracts from Annual Civil Aviation Report, (Arabic),
Egyptian Civil Aviation Authority, Cairo, Egypt
23. Egyptian Civil Aviation Authority, 1994, Extracts from Annual Civil Aviation Report, (Arabic),
Egyptian Civil Aviation Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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24. Egyptian Civil Aviation Authority, 1995, Extracts from Annual Civil Aviation Report, (Arabic),
Egyptian Civil Aviation Authority, Cairo, Egypt
25. Egyptian Civil Aviation Authority, 1996, Extracts from Annual Civil Aviation Report, (Arabic),
Egyptian Civil Aviation Authority, Cairo, Egypt
26. Egypt Hotel Association, 1997, Egyptian Hotel Guide, (English), Cairo, Egypt
27. Egypt Official Newsletter, 1997, Extracts from Egypt Official Newsletter, (Arabic), Egypt Official
Newsletter, Cairo, Egypt
28. Egyptian Geological Survey and Mining Authority (EGSMA), 1997, Geological & Land Use Study
of East of Luxor, (Arabic), Egyptian Geological Survey and Mining Authority, Cairo, Egypt
29. Egyptian Geological Survey and Mining Authority (EGSMA), 1997, Geological & Land Use Study
of West of Luxor, (Arabic), Egyptian Geological Survey and Mining Authority, Cairo, Egypt
30. El Gallala Company, N/A, Proposal for a hotel for the handicapped in New Thebes, (Arabic), Cairo,
Egypt
31. El Kholie, Ahmed, 1997, Heritage Work Paper 1, (English), Cairo, Egypt
32. El Yousr Company, 1997, A New Hotel Construction Projects Benefits
33. Studies, (Arabic), El Yousr Company, Cairo, Egypt
34. Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, 1997, Nile Cruising Plan Sector Aswan - Cairo, (Arabic),
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
35. George Washington University, N/A, Hotel capacity and Growth Strategies for Red Sea Coast,
(English), Washington, USA
36. HABITAT (UN), 1996, The HABITAT Agenda, (English), Cairo, Egypt
37. Higher Council for Luxor City (HCLC), N / A, Luxor in 21st Century, (Arabic), Luxor, Egypt
38. Higher Council for Luxor City (HCLC), 1996, Relocation of Gorna Residents to El Tarif Area,
(Arabic), Luxor, Egypt
39. Hotel Association, N / A, Membership list of Hotel Association in Luxor, (Arabic), Cairo, Egypt
40. Ibrahim, Amer Dr. 1997, Conditions for conserving the Cultural Heritage in Luxor City, (Arabic),
Cairo, Egypt
41. Ibrahim, Amer Dr. 1997, Preliminary vision about Cultural Heritage, (Arabic), Cairo, Egypt
42. ICON architecture, 1997, Egypt Trip Report, (English), ICON architecture, Boston, Massachusetts
USA
43. Institute of National Planning (INP), 1995, Egypt Human Development Report, (English), Institute of
National Planning, Cairo, Egypt
44. Luxor Information & Decision Support Center (LUXOR IDSC), N / A, List of owners of properties
encroaching on the Kebash Avenue., (Arabic), Luxor, Egypt
45. Luxor Information & Decision Support Center (LUXOR IDSC), 1997, Tables from Luxor
Information & Decision Support Center., (Arabic), Luxor, Egypt
46. Middle East Library, N / A, Investment Guarantees, (Arabic), Middle East Library Cairo, Egypt
47. Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, N/A, South of the Valley Development Project, (Arabic), Ministry of
Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt
48. Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities/Research and Studies Organization
(MHUUC/RSO) and United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 1996, Luxor City Profile,
(English), Research and Studies Organization, Cairo, Egypt
49. Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities/Research and Studies Organization
(MHUUC/RSO), 1997, Social funds Paper In financial Support in Luxor City, (English), Research
and Studies Organization, Cairo, Egypt
50. Ministry of Housing, Egypt, 1994, Saving Luxor Heritage, (Arabic), Ministry of Housing, Egypt,
Cairo, Egypt
51. Ministry of Housing Utilities and Urban Communities/Research and Studies Organization
(MHUUC/RSO) Egypt, 1997, Private Sector Participation in the prevision of water & wastewater
services in Luxor City, (Arabic), Ministry of Housing, Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
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52. Ministry of Housing Utilities and Urban Communities/ General Organization of Physical
Planning(MHUUC/GOPP) Egypt, 1993, Planning Developing of Luxor, (Arabic), Ministry of
Housing, Cairo, Egypt
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(GOPP)and HPRC, , 1985, Planning and Norms and standard for services, (Arabic), General
Organization of Physical Planning, Cairo, Egypt
54. Ministry of Housing Utilities and Urban Communities/Research and Studies Organization
(MHUUC/RSO), 1997, Private Sector Participation in the prevision of water & wastewater services in
Luxor City, (English), Ministry of Housing, Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
55. Ministry of Tourism, Egypt, 1996, Structure Plan for the city of Marsa Alam, (Arabic), Ministry of
Tourism, Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
56. Ministry of Tourism, Egypt, 1996, Tourism In Figures, (English), Ministry of Tourism, Egypt, Cairo,
Egypt
57. Ministry of Tourism, Egypt, 1997, Age of Tourism, (Arabic), Ministry of Tourism, Egypt, Cairo,
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Tourism, Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
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78. Yassin, Mahmoud, N / A, Avenue of Sphinxes Papers, (Arabic), Cairo, Egypt
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Final Structure Plan, Volume II: Supplementary Documents
Prepared by:
Ministry of Housing Utilities and Urban Communities/ Research and Studies Organization
(MHUUC/RSO)
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
Abt Associates Inc.
ICON Architecture
Baraka Trading and Investments
Abt Associates Inc. staff who worked on the project included:
Gabriel Abraham, Project Director
Howard Kane, Senior Associate
Alan Edmond, Senior Associate
Dr. Ashraf Bakr, Senior Urban Planner
Onsi Thomas Aghabi, Office Manager
Dina Hassanballah, Junior Researcher
ICON architecture, inc. team who worked on the project included:
Jonathan Lane, Principal-in-Charge
Matt Carpenter, Planner/Urban Designer
Lucia Vasak, Urban Designer/Landscape Architect
Socorro Alatorre, Landscape Architect
Roxana Esparza, Landscape Architect
Brian Goldson, Architect
Andrew Kasper, Graphics support
Randall Imai, Illustrative Drawings
Baraka Trading and Investments staff who worked on the project included:
Nasser Jawhary, Baraka Trading and Investment
169