Alliance for Rural Electrification
The ARE Market Briefs
Series
THE PERU OFF-GRID MARKET
IN 12 PAGES
Players and Business Opportunities
The ARE Market Briefs Series
THE PERU OFF-GRID MARKET
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Alliance for Rural Electrification
Summary
Peru’s large untapped potential for rural electrification is coupled with the government’s willingness to
expand the renewable energy sector. While grid expansion in remote areas is becoming more costly, offgrid solutions based on hydro, solar, and wind energy present a viable alternative to energy provided
by the grid. Even today, several million households in rural Peru do not have access to electricity, despite
indicating a significant willingness to pay. In addition, Peru has the potential to become a large energy
exporter, providing growing neighbours like Brazil with energy generated from renewable sources.
Renewable Energies Overview
Hydro Power
Hydropower has been and will continue to be a pivotal
renewable energy source for Peru. In 2010 hydroelectric
power made up 60% of total electricity generation while
in 2012 hydropower was about 97% of Peru’s renewably
generated power (IEA 2012, EIA 2013). Yet, as of 2006,
the country had only exploited 5% of the potential of its
hydropower generation and has since been increasing
capacity through big projects (IEA 2012). Currently most
of the installed hydroelectric power is from big hydro,
though there is some interest in exploring small hydro
projects to exploit the potential (ESMAP 2011). In 2009,
the last large addition to hydropower was installed in
the form of the 600 MW Olmos-Tinajones hydroelectricirrigation project (article from 2009, andina.com).
Solar Energy
There is high potential for solar energy, especially
in rural Peru. While the solar energy potential in the
country ranges from 4 to 6 kWh/m2/day - a level that is
among the highest in the world - only 0.8 percent of all
households are currently estimated to use PV systems.
As marginal costs for connecting rural households to the
grid are rising, PV systems present a viable alternative
to electricity from the grid. The government is promoting
the expansion of solar energy systems in a pilot project,
installing 150,000 PV systems between 2014 and 2016.
Wind Energy
The Peruvian coast has significant wind power
potential with average wind speeds reaching 8 m/s in
Malabrigo, San Juan de Marcona and Paracas. Along
most of the coast site, annual averages reach 6 m/s,
which encourage analysing the untapped potential for
their use in generating electricity. Currently, off-shore
and conventional wind generation remains largely
unexploited. The first major wind park, approximately 80
MW, is currently being built in Cupisnique by the newly
founded Peruvian company Energía Eólica. Overall, the
Ministry for of Mines and Energy announced the potential
of 22 GW to be generated from wind energy in Peru.
Biomass
There is also high potential for the use of biomass
to produce electricity. The World Bank has funded a
company called Petramas to produce electricity from
methane gas produced by landfills. The Ministry of
Mines and Energy estimates the potential for electricity
produced through geothermal projects to be as high as
3 GW.
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1. Introduction
Peru’s territory offers a wide geographical diversity.
It ranges from the high-altitude Andean mountains,
through dense Amazonian tropical rainforest, to the dry,
flat coastal desert plains. The land area covers 1,285,216
km2, about half of the surface of its neighbouring country,
Argentina. With approximately 30 million inhabitants, it
has higher levels of demographic density than Argentina.
The country’s economy is in constant growth. During the
2000-2005 period, its Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
grew at an average annual rate of 4.1 %, and, during the
2006-2010 period, the rate increased up to 7.2%. During
2012, Peru’s growth rate decreased to 6.3%. Services
account for 53% of its GDP, followed by manufacturing
(22.3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9.7%).
Peru’s main exports are copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and
fish meal. Its major trade partners are Brazil, Chile, China
and the United States.
Peru has a relatively low total installed capacity of 7.982
million kW (2009), of which 59% is from fossil fuels and
44% is hydropower (CIA 2013). 62.9% of Peru’s total
annual electricity supply comes from hydroelectric
facilities, while thermal plants are operated only during
peak load periods or when weather factors dampen
hydroelectric output. The Government has announced
that it could produce almost eight times as much power
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just by harnessing the country’s renewable energy
capacity coming from its Amazonian rivers, wind and
solar power as well as from its natural gas reserves.
Peru has large potential for rural electrification and
renewable energy. As in 2006, over 6 million people
in rural areas had no access to electricity (World Bank
2006). As of today, this figure has improved but remains
close to 5 million.
The country is one of the Latin American countries with
the lowest rural electrification rates, with about 60%
of all rural households remaining un-electrified. Rural
household spend a significant share of their revenue
on expensive lighting solutions such as kerosene lamps
and/or candles. There are as well big differences in
terms of the structure of energy demand between the
richer coastal and poorer mountainous regions, such as
the Andes. Due to lower electricity access rates of the
mountainous population, the share of kerosene lamps
and candles is more widespread.
Public support for off-grid renewable energy rural
electrification interventions has improved over the last
years and will alleviate the big differences when it comes
to access to modern energy services in Peru.
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Peru indicators (Table 1)
IndicatorFigureSource of information
Surface (km2)
1,285,216
CIA (2013): The World Factbook: Peru.
Population (absolute numbers)
29,496,000
CIA (2013): The World Factbook: Peru.
Population density (people per sq.km)
22.9
UN Data: Peru.
Share of urban population
20,814,000 (77.6%)
UN Data: Peru.
Share of rural population
6,585,600 (28.6%)
UN Data: Peru.
GDP (in bn, current prices)
196 bn US$
World Bank (2013): DataBank: Peru.
GDP per capita ($)
6138.0
UN Data: Peru.
GDP growth rate (%)
6.9
UN Data: Peru.
Rank in Human development Index (Total 186)
77
World Bank (2013): DataBank: Peru.
Rank Ease of doing Business (Total 185)
43
Doingbusiness.org
Share of ODA in GDP (% of GNI)
0.4
World Bank (2013): DataBank: Peru.
Electrification rate (%)78.7INSHP
Rural electrification rate (%)
28
Esmap Report
Total installed capacity (MW)8,695REEGLE
Total electricity production 38.7 billion kWh
CIA (2013): The World Factbook: Peru.
Share of electricity in total energy production (GWh, 2010)
35,448Climatescope
Share of hydropower in total installed capacity (%)
59.0 (previous 65.3)
Tradingeconomics.com
Total electricity consumption
34.25 billion kWh
CIA (2013): The World Factbook: Peru.
Consumption of electricity per capita kWh/month
30
The International Bank for Reconstruction
Energy use per capita (in Terajoules/103 inhabitants)
20.87
Olade and Unido final report
Hydropower potential (MW)
70,000
MEM, 2011, General Directorate of Rural Electrification
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2. Framework
One of the challenges posed by Peru’s power sector
unbundling and privatisation was its lack of incentives
for concessionaries to extend the network and connect
rural households. Concession areas for distributors are
concentrated in small areas around the urban centers.
Concessionaries are only under the obligation to meet
service requests within 100 metres of the existing
network.
In 2007, a regulation that consolidated the role of the
Electric Infrastructure Management Enterprise (ADINELSA)
as a leader in rural electrification, was approved by
Supreme Decree No. 025-2007-EM. ADINELSA manages
the electric service provided by Solar Home Systems. The
company installs and maintains the equipment, while
the user pays the “rural rate” for use, an amount that is
subsidised by the state.
Rural electrification has increased in importance in
national policy over the years due to the consistent
requests from the rural population. The Rural Electrification
Act, No. 28749, passed on the 1st of June 2006, declared
the electrification of rural isolated communities a matter
of national necessity and public welfare, as it contributes
to socio-economic development, improves the quality of
life of the population, combats poverty and discourages
migration from the countryside to the city.
The Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) is conducting
research to establish guidelines to optimise the State’s
investment in Solar Home Systems (SHS). The government
calls for a tender to build at least 150,000 solar systems,
expected to be built between 2014 and 2016.
In order to expand coverage, the Government of Peru is
implementing the “Plan Nacional de Electrificación Rural
2011-2020” whose objective is to achieve a national
electrification rate of 88.4% by the year 2020. Recently, the
Peruvian Government has affirmed aims to reach the rural
electrification target of 95.8% by 2022, launching the “Plan
Nacional de Electrificación Rural 2013-2022”. The plans
strive to include different levels of governance as well as
foster cooperation between public and private players.
In 2008, US$ 925 million had already been invested and
6.7 million people have benefited. Two funds have been
created to stimulate rural electrification:
The Electricity Social Compensation Fund (FOSE) that
establishes a cross-subsidy system among consumer
tariffs that benefits users with monthly consumption
below 100 kWh through fixed and proportional discounts.
The cooperation Fund for Social Development
(FONCODES) that promotes the sustainable economic
autonomy of the rural areas, the production development
and, indirectly, also green energy.
‘Plan Nacional
de Electrificación Rural
2013-2022’
The Government is committed to increase the share of
renewable energies in its energy mix. The “Long Term
Energy Policy” approved by the government through
the S.D. 064-2010 MS, where one of its key objectives
is the diversification of the national energy matrix, with
significant emphasis on renewable sources and energy
efficiency. The “Ley para la Promocion de la Inversion para
la Generacion de Electricidad con Energias Renovables”
provides some incentives to private generators such
as: a fixed guaranteed price established through public
auctions, supply energy contracts up to 20 years, priority
in the energy dispatch and electricity network access.
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Energy Authorities in Peru (Table 2)
InstitutionRole
National Electricity Office (DGE - Dirección General de la
Electricidad), under the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM)
Set electricity policies and regulations and of granting
concessions.
Adjunct Office for Tariff Regulation (GART or Gerencia Adjunta
de Regulación Tarifaria) (it contains the old Energy and Mining
Investment Supervisory Body)
Fix generation, transmission and distribution tariffs and
the tariff adjustment conditions for the end consumers;
scale up solar energy systems.
National Rural Electrification Office (DGER)
Execute and coordinate of projects in rural areas and
regions of extreme poverty.
National Institute for Defense of Competition and the
Protection of Intellectual Property (INDECOPI)
Monitor compliance with the Anti-monopoly and Antioligopoly Law of 1997.
The Ministry of the Environment (MINAM)
Governance of greenhouse gases (GHG).
The National Environment Fund (FONAM)
Promote and financially support for the environmental
investments.
The National Environmental Council (CONAM)
Promote and support the financing of the public and
private investment in environmental projects, as well as
support the financing of the policy and environmental
management of the country.
Policy Framework in Peru (Table 3)
Policy
Objective
Plan Nacional de Electrificación Rural 2011-2020 + Plan
Nacional de Electrificación Rural 2013-2022
Achieve a national electrification rate of 88.4% by the
year 2020, 95.8% in 2022 respectively.
Electricity Social Compensation Fund (FOSE)
Establish a cross-subsidy system among consumer
tariffs that benefits users with monthly consumption
below 100 kWh through fixed and proportional
discounts.
Reference Plan of Electricity from 2006 – 2015
Promote private investment in the energy sector,
monitor of the energy sector and provide subsidies to
rural electrification project.
The Política Energética Nacional del Perú (2010 – 2040)
Passed in November 2010 by the Decree
N 064-2010-EM.
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Legislations and Regulations in Peru (Table 4)
Legislation and Regulation Objective
Law of electricity concessions (Ley de Concesiones electricas,
No 25844)
Regulate the conditions under which generation,
transmission and distribution activities need a
concession granted by the Peruvian Government.
Open the sector to private investment.
Law on the Regulatory Framework on Investment in Public
Services (Law No 27332-Ley Marco de los Organismos
Reguladores de la Inversion Privada en los Servicios Publicos)
Conditions for further investment into electricity
generation and transmission.
Law to ensure efficient development of electricity generation
(Ley para asegurar el desarrollo eficiente de la generacion
electrica-No 28832)
Ensure sufficient power generation to reduce the
exposure to the volatility prices and the risk of electric
rationing, and ensuring at the same time competitive
tariffs for the users.
Law against oligopolies and monopolies (Ley Antimonopolio y
Antioligopolio Del Sector Eléctrico, Nº: 26876)
Limit the horizontal concentration of firms a 15% market
share in the electricity sub-sectors of generation,
transmission or distribution and to a 5% market share in
the case of vertical concentration.
Cogeneration regulation (D.S.No.037-2006-EM)
Methods for the calculation of prices for heat generated
in heat and power cogeneration plan.
Ley para la Promocion de la Inversion para la Generacion de
Electricidad con Energias Renovables
Provide some incentives to private generators such
as: a fixed guaranteed price establish through public
auctions, supply energy contracts up 20 years, priority
in the energy dispatch and electricity network access.
Main Electricity Companies in Peru (Table 5)
Generation companies
EDEGEL S.A.A.
(1,574 MW)
Electroperú S.A.
(ELP; 1,032 MW)
Energía del Sur S.A.
(ENERSUR; 725 MW)
EGENOR
(522 MW)
Transmission companies
Distribution companies
Red de Energía del Perú S.A.
Edelnor
(REPSA; 63% of transmission lines)
Consorcio Energético Huancavelica
(CONENHUA)
Consorcio Transmantaro S.A.
(S.A. Transmantaro)
Eteselva S.R.L.
Red Eléctrica del Sur.S.A.
(22.28% of distribution system)
Luz del Sur
(17.43%)
ELECTROCENTRO
(10.09%)
HIDRADINA
(11.03%)
(REDESUR)
ETENORTE
(37% of transmission lines)
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Key Donors and NGOs active in the electricity sector of Peru (Table 6)
Institution Role
World Bank
(“Foner 1, Rural Electrification project”)
Provide electricity to 100,250 rural households through
the extension of the grid and 39,300 through the
installation of SHS in isolated rural areas.
Inter-American Development Bank
(Development of a New Sustainable Energy Matrix Program)
Carry out technical diagnostics in the energy sector,
public consultations on sector politics, application of the
Strategic Environmental Assessment and strengthening
management practices associated with use of fiscal
resources.
European Union
(“EUROSOLAR 2010”)
Install hybrid (solar and wind) systems in 130
communities not grid connected, located in the Coastal,
Andean highlands and Amazonia regions.
GIZ EnDev
(Energizing Development)
Develop stratifies for supplying smallholder farmers,
municipalities, and private households in rural and periurban areas with clean sustainable energy at low cost.
The project was launched in 2007 and currently aims to
create access to sustainable energy supplies for 175,000
people.
Soluciones prácticas
(ITDG)
Develop numerous off-grid renewable energy projects in
Peru using hydro, wind and solar energies.
Associación Peruana de Energías Renovables
Promote renewable energy sources.
Asociacion peruana de energia solar
(APES)
Promote, disseminate, research and train on renewable
energy usage. This association is integrated by
consultants, private or governmental institutions and
organisations who carried out training, research and
projects on renewable energy.
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3. Demand for Electricity
The total demand of electricity during 2010 was 35.736
GWh. Power demand grew at an average annual rate
of 8 % between 2004 and 2009. More than 84 % of
households rely on fuelwood for cooking, while 24 %
use dung and 11 % use agriculture residue. The average
consumption in rural, already electrified villages is 35
kWh/household/month. Yet, these averages show
significant variation across regions. In the Andean South
region, the average is only 15 kWh/household/month.
Growth in consumption per connected household in
rural communities is assumed to be 0.5 to 1 % a year.
The International Bank for Reconstruction estimates
electrification costs per household to lie between US$445
and US$600.
Over 80% of households in rural Peru rely on fuelwood
for cooking. Use of fuelwood varies by region, reflecting
availability differences. Almost 95 % of households in
the Amazon region use fuelwood for cooking due to
its abundance. In these areas LPG is used primarily as
a cooking fuel, although a tiny fraction of households
use it for lighting. Availability of LPG is still limited in many
rural areas, because it requires a good transportation
network for distribution and high upfront costs, including
a deposit for the LPG cylinder.
Electricity is only used by 39 % of rural households. 11
% of rural households use car batteries to run electric
appliances, indicating a high, unmet demand and
willingness to pay for electricity services. A tiny fraction
of households, 0.6 %, have their own generators; and
0.8 % has solar home systems. The percentage of
households in the Andean Regions with access to grid
electricity ranges from 22 % in the North to 52 % in the
Central region. In the Coastal regions, coverage of grid
electricity ranges from 35 % in the North to about 71 % in
the South. Dry cell batteries are used extensively in rural
households, despite a very high cost per equivalent kWh.
The percentage of households using dry cell batteries is
the highest in the Amazon (91 %), where grid electricity
penetration is the lowest.
budget to an electricity bill: “It has been shown that even
poor people in rural areas already spend on average
between $2 and $10 per month on energy products that
would be replaced by electricity, which is a reasonable
proxy for willingness to pay.” (Cherni/Preston 2007).
In addition, due its large potential in hydropower and
other renewables, Peru has the chance of becoming
one of Latin America’s major power exporters, supplying
electricity to growing neighbours like Brazil (Global
Business Reports 2010).
Overall, Peru’s demand for electricity significantly exceeds
supply. The majority of lower-income households still rely
on traditional fuels (kerosene, fuelwood, and agriculture
residue) for lighting and cooking and over half of the
ones with electricity continue to use kerosene, candles,
or both to supplement electricity lighting. Aside from
income and regional disparities that have a direct impact
on variation of electricity consumption, the electricity tariff
structure, and ownership of electric appliances also play
important roles in determining the level of consumption.
Rural households indicate a significant willingness to pay
for electricity by diverting large parts of their incomes
towards it. There is large potential for exporting energy
to neighboring countries.
Household energy expenditures depend primarily on
household income, so they are usually lower for the
poor, especially for those that live in rural areas. Despite
the fact that poor households spend less on energy
than non-poor households, their spending accounts
for a larger portion of their income. Part of the reason
for this discrepancy is that the poor often lack access to
relatively cheap grid electricity. All households without
access to grid electricity spend slightly more on lighting
fuels/energy. So they are paying comparable amounts
for much-lower-quality services. This suggests that
households that have no access to grid electricity have
the ability to pay for monthly electricity services by
reallocating their current lighting fuels/energy monthly
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4. Supply of Electricity
Peru produced 38.7 billion kWh in 2011; installed
production capacity in 2009 was 7.982 million kW,
of which 59% were fossil fuel based and 41% were
hydroelectric power plants (CIA 2013). Hence, despite
large potential and willingness to expand the sector,
other renewables do not play a significant role in Peru
yet.
Power in Peru is generated by private and state owned
companies, but it is the private sector that dominates
generation. In terms of participation, state companies
hold 30% of generation capacity, with the remaining 70%
in private hands. The company Electroperú (majorityowned by the Peruvian government) dominates
hydroelectric production, with 28% of the total, while
EDEGEL leads thermal generation with 18% of the total.
Peru has favorable conditions for the development of
solar energy technologies. However, the country solar
potential has only been exploited at a very small scale. In
the mountain ranges located in the South, solar energy
reaches average levels above 6 kWh/m2/day, which
are among the highest worldwide. On average, solar
radiation across a horizontal area of the Sierra is more
than 5kWh/m2 and in the forest ranges from 4 to 5kWh/
m2. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems represent an option
for providing electricity to households in remote rural
areas, where the costs of grid extension are particularly
high. However, the use of solar systems is quite rare
in rural Peru. Most of the households that would use a
solar PV system now use car batteries. Solar systems
are estimated to be present in 0.8 % of all households,
or about 16,700 rural households. Of this total, 13,345
are in households without electricity service from the
grid, while 3,373 (20.2%) are installed on the roofs of
grid connected households. Solar home systems are
concentrated in the Andean Central, Andean South, and
Amazon regions.
Mines and Energy sees the potential to produce 3 GW
from geothermal projects (Renewable Energy Latin
America 2010).
Small generators in rural Peru are uncommon. The
estimated cost of using a generator is much lower than
the cost of using a car battery, and it would give far
better service levels. It is likely that a significant barrier
to the adoption of generators is their high upfront costs,
which are 10 to 15 times higher than purchasing a car
battery. There is the need for microfinance to help shift
rural households from using car batteries to off-grid
renewable energy systems which can operate at lower
costs than oil powered generators. In addition to the
higher costs, existing rural tariffs generally do not cover
the expansion of the electrical rural system and so,
off-grid solution can be the best way to promote rural
electrification.
There are several technological opportunities to expand
the supply of electricity in rural Peru: “Competition
between the technologies is important because the
marginal cost of grid connection is rapidly increasing; this
is a consequence of increasingly dispersed customers
and difficult geography. The cost of grid connection per
household is currently $1100–$1300 [...], but by 2008 it is
expected to be $1500–$1800. [...] To place this in context,
ESMAP calculated that the cost of an appropriate microhydro scheme is $2500–$4500 per kW; which can
typically supply forty households, including productive
uses. Where there is very low demand, however, PV
panels are often the cheapest option. Complicated
modelling is a major barrier for wind projects, but in
certain circumstances it can be even cheaper than PV.”
(Cherni/Preston 2007). This shows that, by applying the
right renewable energy technology in the rural context,
investments into electrification could be much more costeffective than expanding the national grid.
The Peruvian coast has significant wind power potential
with wind speed averages reaching 8 m/s in Malabrigo,
San Juan de Marcona and Paracas. Along most of the
coast, annual averages reach 6 m/s, which encourage
analysing the untapped potential for their use in
generating electricity. Wind remains widely unexploited.
The first major wind park, approximately 80 MW, is
currently being built in Cupisnique by the newly founded
Peruvian company Energía Eólica. Siemens was also
recently contracted to install 11 wind turbines near San
Juan de Marcona which will produce 32 MW, starting in
2014 (Energy Business Review 2013).
There is also high potential for the use of biomass
to produce electricity. The World Bank has funded a
company called Petramas to produce electricity from
methane gas produced by landfills. The Ministry of
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5. Expansion plans
•
The Peruvian government plans to expand the
900 MW Mantaro Complex in southern Peru
hydropower generation capacity through several
hydro-electric projects: Olmos (624 MW), Sheque
(600 MW), Cheves (525 MW), Chaglia (345 MW) and
Lluta (210 MW).
•
In 2011, the Ministry of Energy and Mines
(MEM), through its Directorate General for
Energy Environmental Affairs (DGAAE) approved
the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of
the “Hydro-Lluta and Lluclla” presented by the
Generation Company Arequipa SA (EGASA), through
Resolution N° 132-2011-MEM/AAE. The aim of the
project is the construction of the Hydroelectric: Lluta
I, with an installed capacity of 214.37 MW, Lluta II
with 52.47 MW and Lluclla, with 238.4 MW.
•
The MEM, through the DGAAE approved the
Environmental Assessment (EA) of the project
“Planta Solar Fotovoltaica Panamericana Solar 20
TS” presented by the company Panamericana Solar
S.A.C that will take place in the region of Moquegua.
The project involves the construction, operation
and maintenance of Solar Photovoltaic Plant and
equipment assembly with a maximum capacity of
power generation of 20 MW.
•
The Referential Plan for the Efficient Use of Energy
2009–2018 was approved in 2009. This is the
main instrument to achieve the economy’s energy
efficiency goals through action plans proposed for
each sector. The plan includes an analysis of energy
efficiency in Peru, identifying sector programs that
could be implemented to achieve the proposed
targets. The objective is to reduce consumption by
15% until the year 2018 in relation to the projected
demand for that year, without affecting production
and neither services of the different economy
sectors nor the comfort of the residential sector.
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6. Main challenges for off-grid renewable energies in Peru
With regard to the successful implementation of off-grid
energy technologies and services Peru faces these main
obstacles:
•
Insufficient financial resources to carry out
dissemination programs for off-grid technologies
or installation of mini-grids. Private companies
generally do not invest enough in this sector
and local communities do not dispose sufficient
proper financial resources to make infrastructure
investments in their community. This is due to a
lack of public policy that encourages private and
community investment.
•
Insufficient availability of micro-finance schemes
for energy technologies in rural areas. There
are no secure liquid savings options available to
households, which would enable them to build
assets over time. Existing micro-finance institutions
often have a narrow credit product line, limited
experience in rural markets and a lack of access to
best practice information and technical tools.
•
Lack of a marketing and maintenance structure for
energy technology devices in rural areas. Almost
all retailers are established in cities with no outlets
in rural communities. Thus, clients have to travel
to cities to purchase energy devices and for repair
orders, which is difficult for most rural families.
Establishing rural outlets are considered not to be
profitable.
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Annex 1 : References
Under consideration of the feedback received from ARE
members and partners active in the rural electrification
markets of Peru this paper is also reflecting facts and
figures from the following sources:
Andina (2007): Peru builds 20km water tunnel in
Lambayeque. Peru News Agency, Lima, Peru. http://www.
andina.com.pe/ingles/Noticia.aspx?id=oJLwr4C8BRI
(12/04/13).
Business Insights Latin America (2013): Energia
Eolica. Description and Contact Details. http://www.
bnamericas.com/company-profile/en/energia-eolicasa-energia-eolica (10/22/2013).
Cherni, J./Preston, F. (2007): Rural Electrification under
Liberal Reforms: the Case of Peru. In: Journal of Cleaner
Production, Volume 15, Issue 2, Elsevier 2007, Pages
143–152.
CIA (2013): The World Factbook: Peru. https://www.cia.
gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/
pe.html (10/20/2013).
Climatescope publication, Multilateral Investment Fund
& Bloomberg New Energy Finance.
Energy Business Review (2013): Siemens wins 32MW
wind power contract in Peru. http://wind.energybusiness-review.com/news/siemens-wins-32mwwind-power-contract-in-peru-230913 (10/22/2013).
INSHP (International Network on Small Hydro Power)
August 2010.
International
Energy
Agency
(IEA)
(2012):
“Technology Roadmap Hydropower” http://www.
iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/
TechnologyRoadmapHydropower.pdf
Renewable Energy Latin America (2010): Peru:
Renewables Tender includes up to US$ 1 billion in
investments. http://latamrenewables.com/2010/04/06/
peru-renewables-tender-includes-up-to-us-1-billion-ininvestments/ (10/22/2013).
UN Data: Peru. http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.
aspx?crName=PERU (12/02/2013).
The World Bank (2013): The World Bank Databank:
World Development Indicators: Peru. http://databank.
worldbank.org/data/views/reports/tableview.aspx
(10/20/2013).
The World Bank (2006): Project Appraisal Document for a
Rural Electrification Project. http://www-wds.worldbank.
org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/20
06/02/21/000112742_20060221120152/Rendered/
PDF/32686010PE.pdf (10/20/2013).
Energy Information Administration, U.S. International
Energy Statistics, Hydroelectric. http://www.eia.gov/
cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=2&pid=2&aid=7
(12/2/2013)
ESMAP Report “Peru: National Survey of Rural Household
Energy Use” Peter Meier, Voravate Tuntivate, Douglas F.
Barnes, Susan V. Bogach, Daniel Farchy
ESMAP Report “Electrification Planning and Technology
Options: the Case of Latin America” by Xiaoping Wang,
May 2013
ESMAP Report “Peru Opportunities and Challenges of
Small Hydropower” by Peter Meier, Eduardo H. Zolezzi,
Susan V. Bogach, Terence Muir, and Karen Bazex,
March 2011 http://www.esmap.org/sites/esmap.org/
files/7747-ESMAP%20Peru%20English%20Web_4-1111_0.pdf
Final report by OLADE and UNIDO, November 2011
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in Peru. http://www.gbreports.com/admin/reports/
Power_Peru.pdf (10/20/2013).
The ARE Market Briefs Series
THE PERU OFF-GRID MARKET
13
Alliance for Rural Electrification
PERU OFF-GRID MARKET
Publication date: February 2014
About the Alliance for Rural Electrification (ARE):
ARE is an international business association focusing on the promotion and the development of off-grid stand-alone and
mini-grid renewable energy solutions for rural electrification in developing countries.
For more information: www.ruralelec.org
About Berkely Rural Energy Group (BREG):
As part of the Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory (RAEL) of the University of California, Berkeley, BREG was
established (1) to conduct interdisciplinary research in the field of rural energy development; (2) to provide expertise in
energy development and dissemination to foundations, NGOs and companies who are interested in enabling remote
energy access in developing country communities; (3) to provide a ‘go to’ entity to better network the Bay Area intellectual
community that focuses on energy access in developing countries.
Contributing BREG authors: Nikhil Gargeya and Maximilian Zaenker
Alliance for Rural Electrification
Renewable Energy House
Rue d’ Arlon 63-65
1040 Brussels
Belgium
Tel : +32 2 400 10 51
Fax: +32 2 400 10 10
E-mail: [email protected]
Facebook: AllianceforRuralElectrification
Twitter: @RuralElec
Linkedin: Alliance for Rural Electrification
www.ruralelec.org
The ARE Market Briefs Series
THE PERU OFF-GRID MARKET
14