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CARPENTRY
Exterior and interior walls usually support the
roof load and/or the ceiling loads. When
ceiling joists are used, interior partitions
usually sustain some of the ceiling loads.
These structures also serve as a solid base
for installing interior and exterior coverings.
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Building plans and schedules provide the
information as to where these structures are
located. In addition, they will include
information for bracing these structures for
plumbing, windows, doors, insulation, and
appliances. Knowing how to read these
instructions and understanding the framing
members used in their construction is critical
to the soundness of the structure.
Objectives ———————
1. Identify and define framing members
used in walls, partitions, and ceilings.
2. Select methods used to brace walls.
3. Review the procedure to calculate the
length of a regular stud.
4. Review the procedure to calculate rough
opening (R.O.) dimensions for doors.
5. Review the procedure to calculate the
length of trimmers for window and door
openings.
6. Review the procedure to calculate the
length of headers for rough openings.
7. Review the procedure to calculate the
amount of materials for wall and
partition framing.
8. Calculate the amount of materials for
wall and partition framing. (Assignment
Sheet)
9. Lay out wall partition locations on floor.
(On The Job Activity)
10. Construct wall sections. (On The Job
Activity)
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Objective 1:——————
Identify and define framing
members used in walls,
partitions, and ceilings
Walls, partitions, and ceilings consist of
many different framing members to
provide strength to the structure. Study the
framing members and their definitions
below.
●
●
Corner assembly – consists of a
post that forms an inside and
outside corner providing a good
nailing surface for tying together two
wall frames at right angles
Cripple stud – any part of a framing
stud that is cut less than full size, as
over a door or window or under a
window opening
●
Double top plate – a plate made
of two members to allow better
stiffening of the wall and for tying
together splices, corners, and
partitions that are at right angles to a
wall
●
Header – a horizontal structural
member that supports the load over
an opening, such as a window or
door
●
Partition wall assembly – an
assembled wall that subdivides
space within a building
●
Regular stud – main vertical
framing member in walls and
partitions
●
Rough opening – an opening in
framing formed by framing members,
such as for windows and doors
FIGURE 1
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●
Rough sill – a lower framing
member attached to the top of the
bottom cripple studs to form the
base of a rough opening for a
window
●
Sole plate – lowest horizontal
member of a wall or partition to
which the studs are nailed; rests on
the rough floor
●
Top plate – an upper horizontal
structural member of a wall used to
carry the rafters or trusses of a roof
●
Trimmer stud – vertical framing
member that forms the sides of the
rough openings for the doors and
windows and on which the header
rests
TechConnect - STUDENT WORKBOOK
You can learn
more about
wall and ceiling
framing at these
websites:
Hometips.com
http://www.hometips.com
Journal of Light Construction
http://www.jlconline.com/
Hometime.com
http://www.hometime.com
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Objective 2:——————
Select Methods Used to
Brace Walls
Wall bracing is very important for the
safety of the workers as well as the
stability of the framing members during
construction. Study the following methods
used to brace walls below.
2. Temporary bracing (wind bracing)
●
2 x 4 wall brace
(used inside or outside)
●
Adjustable metal wall brace
1. Permanent bracing
NOTE: Be sure the wall is square
and plumb before nailing the
braces.
●
Let-in corner bracing with 1 x 4
solid lumber
NOTE: This type of bracing is
done by marking and cutting out
a recess in each stud the
thickness of the brace, and then
nailing the brace in place so
that the face of the brace is
flush with the face of each stud.
Let-in bracing is set at 45
degrees when possible.
Sometimes because of the
openings this cannot be
accomplished.
●
Metal bracing
●
Plywood sheathing
(at least on the corners)
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Objective 3:——————
Review the Procedure to
Calculate the Length of
a Regular Stud.
step D to obtain the stud length.
EXAMPLE: The desired
finished ceiling height is 8', the
actual plate thickness is 1 1/2",
the ceiling thickness is 1/2", and
resilient tile flooring is used.
See Figure 2.
• WORDS TO KNOW •
Underlayment — material with low
vapor resistance such as asphaltsaturated felt
●
Finished ceiling height: 8'
●
Thickness of soleplate and double
top plate: 1 1/2" + 1 1/2" + 1 1/2" =
4 1/2"
NOTE: Precut studs are available in 92 1/2"
or 93 1/4" lengths.
1. Concrete floors (slab)
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FIGURE 2
A. Determine the
height of the
finished ceiling
from the finished
floor including
1/2" clearance for
finish material.
B. Determine the
thickness of the
soleplate plus the
double top plate.
C. Determine the
thickness of the
ceiling material
and the flooring
material.
NOTE: For carpet
or a
resilient-type
flooring material,
the thickness is
negligible.
D. Add the thickness of the ceiling
and flooring material to the
finished ceiling height.
E. Subtract the thickness of the
plates from the sum achieved in
TechConnect - STUDENT WORKBOOK
●
Thickness of ceiling and flooring:
1/2" + 0 = 1/2"
●
Total wall frame required height:
8' + 1/2" = 8' 1/2"
●
Required stud length: 8' 1/2" - 4
1/2" = 7' 8" or 92"
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EXAMPLE: The desired finished
ceiling height is 8" 1/2", the
actual plate thickness if 1 1/2",
the ceiling thickness is 1/2", and
the underlayment thickness is
5/8". See Figure 3.
2. Wood floor
A. Determine the height of the
finished ceiling from the finished
floor including 1/2" clearance for
the finish material.
B. Determine the thickness of the
soleplate plus the double top
plate.
C. Determine the thickness of the
ceiling material and the
underlayment.
D. Add the thickness of ceiling and
the underlayment to the finished
height.
E. Subtract the thickness of the
plates from the sum achieved in
step 4 for the stud length.
●
Finished ceiling height: 8' 1/2"
●
Thickness of soleplate and
double top plate: 1 1/2" + 1 1/2" +
1 1/2" = 4 1/2"
●
Thickness of ceiling material and
underlayment: 1/2" + 5/8 = 1 1/8"
●
Total wall frame required height: 8'
1/2" + 1 1/8" = 8' 1 5/8"
●
Required stud length: 8' 1 5/8" 4 1/2" = 7' 9 1/8" or 93 1/8"
FIGURE 3
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Objective 4:——————
Review the Procedure to
Calculate Rough Opening
(R.O.) Dimensions for
Doors.
D. Add 3/4" (3/8" each) for the
clearance between the jamb and
the trimmer stud.
1. Width
A. Check the door schedule for the
door size.
B. Add 1/4' to the door width for the
clearance between the door and
the side jambs.
E. Round to the next larger halfinch to obtain the actual rough
opening width.
EXAMPLE: To find the rough
opening for a 3' x 7' door, the
correct calculation procedure
would read:
C. Add 1 1/4" (5/8" each) for the
side jambs.
Door width:
Door and jamb clearance:
Side jambs:
Side jambs and trimmer clearance:
Actual rough opening width:
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3'
1/4"
1 1/4"
+ 3/4"
3' 2 1/4"
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D. Add 5/8" for the clearance under
the door.
2. Height
A. Check the door schedule for the
door size.
B. Add 1/8" to the door height for
the clearance between the door
and the header jamb.
C. Add 5/8" for the header jambs.
E. Add 3/4" for the header jamb
and the rough header clearance.
EXAMPLE: To find the rough
opening for a 3' x 7' door, the
correct calculation procedure
would read:
Door width:
7'
Door and header clearance:
1/8"
Jamb header:
5/8"
Bottom clearance
5/8"
Jamb header and rough header clearance:
+ 3/4"
Actual rough opening width:
7' 2 1/8"
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Objective 5:——————
Review the Procedure To
Calculate the Length of
Trimmers For Window
and Door Openings.
4) Add 3/4" for the clearance between the
rough header and the jamb
header.
B. Subtract the thickness of the
soleplate.
EXAMPLE: To find the trimmer
length for a 3' x 6' 8" door, see
the correct calculation procedure
below.
The tops of all windows and doors should
be the same height from the floor unless
otherwise specified. Adjustments may be
necessary if 2 x 12 materials are used.
1. Concrete floor (slab)
A. Determine the height of the
rough opening from the finished
floor.
1) Determine the door height
and add 1/8” for the door/header
clearance.
Door height:
6' 8"
Door and header clearance:
1/8"
Bottom clearance
5/8"
Jamb header:
5/8"
Jamb header and rough header
clearance:
+ 3/4"
Actual rough opening width:
6' 10 1/8"
Soleplate:
- 1 1/2"
Trimmer and stud length:
6' 8 5/8"
NOTE: Standard doors are 6' 8"
high
2) Add 5/8" for the clearance at
the bottom of the door.
3) Add 5/8" for the jamb header.
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2. Wood floor – Repeat the procedure
for the concrete floor remembering
to add the thickness of the
underlayment to establish the
finished floor.
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Objective 6:——————
Review the Procedure to
Calculate the Length of
Headers For Rough
Openings.
1. Rough header length for doors
NOTE: If prehung doors are
used, check the manufacturer’s
specifications for rough opening
size.
A. Check the door schedule for the
door size.
NOTE: After calculating one
header size, subtract the door
size from it and use this figure
to add to the other door sizes to
determine the header size.
Generally 5 1/4" may be added
to the door width.
B. Determine the rough opening
width.
C. Add 1 1/4" for the side jambs.
D. Add 1" for clearance to install
the jambs.
E. Add 3" to the rough opening
width for the trimmer studs.
EXAMPLE:
For a 3' x 6" 8" door:
Door height:
Side jambs:
Side jambs and trimmer clearance:
Rough opening:
Thickness of trimmer studs:
Header size:
Unit 8 - Wall Framing
3'
1/4"
+
1"
3' 2 1/4"
+
3"
3' 5 1/4" or 41 1/4"
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NOTE: Table 1 gives the size of
the headers normally required by
various rough opening widths with
several load conditions. It is to be
used as a guide only. Refer to the
plans and local regulations for
additional restrictions.
2. Rough header length for windows –
Check with the manufacturer to
determine the rough opening width,
then add the thickness of the two
trimmer studs, while considering the
return on the metal windows is to be
drywall or wood. See Table 1.
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TABLE 1
Maximum span for headers (exterior)
Header Material
Load
(Two members on
edge
Single story
Two story
Three story
2x4
3' 6''
2' 6''
2'
2x6
6'
5'
4'
2x8
8'
7'
6'
2 x 10
10'
8'
7'
2 x 12
12'
9'
8'
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Objective 7:——————
Review the Procedure to
Calculate the Amount of
Materials for Wall and
Partition Framing.
B. Allow one stud for each lineal
foot of wall.
C. If sixteen-foot material is used,
divide the total achieved in step
2 by two for the number of
pieces of sixteen-foot material
needed for the studs.
3. Studs for gable ends
Building plans
1. Wall plates (2 x 4s or 2 x 6s)
A. Determine the lineal footage of
all outside walls, including the
openings.
B. Determine the lineal footage of
all the inside walls, including the
partitions and openings.
NOTE: There are three plates:
soleplate, top plate, and double
top plate. The soleplate should
be treated if used on concrete.
C. Multiply the total inside and
outside lineal footage by three.
D. Divide the total lineal footage
obtained in step 3 by sixteen
and round up to the next full
number to get the number of
sixteen-foot 2 x 4s needed for
the plates.
A. On buildings with gable roofs,
use one-fourth the plate length
for determining the number of
gable studs needed on 2'
centers at each gable end.
B. Multiply one-half the plate length
by three-quarters if the gable
studs are on 16" centers to
determine the number needed.
C. Determine, to the nearest whole
foot, the length of the longest
gable stud from the double plate
to the top of the roof.
NOTE: One piece of stud
material will make a long and a
short gable stud; this is why
only one-half of the plate length
is used.
D. Order the number calculated in
step 1 or 2 in the next longest
length.
4. Headers
NOTE: The plate material is
usually ordered in sixteen-foot
lengths.
2. Studs - 16" on center
NOTE: The use of 2 x 12 headers
require more material but the time
saved more than makes up the
difference.
A. Determine the lineal footage of
all outside and inside walls.
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A. Determine the size of the doors
and windows from the door and
window schedule.
NOTE: List each door and
window separately.
B. Add 5' 1/4" to each door and
window width.
C. Double the length of the header
for each door and window
6. Ceiling joists on 16" centers
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Unit 8 • Wall Framing
A. Determine the size of the joists
needed from the specifications.
B. Determine the length of the
longest wall.
C. Order the number of ceiling
joists equal to one more than
three-fourths times the wall
length.
D. Combine the lengths obtained in
step 3 into convenient lengths
for ordering and to minimize
waste.
NOTE: A building greater than
sixteen feet wide will require a
combination of lengths of
joists.
EXAMPLE: For three headers of
4' 10" and 3' 11" use 14' 2 x
12s.
E. Order enough 1/2" CD plywood
to cut for spacers.
5. Diagonal bracing (if used)
NOTE: Diagonal bracing is required
at each end of all of the exterior
walls. These braces run from the
bottom plate at an approximate
angle of 45 degrees. Walls 8' high
would require material twelve feet
long for each brace.
A. Determine the number of
outside and inside corners in the
exterior walls.
B. Multiply the number of corners
by two to determine the number
of 12' 1 x 4s or metal strips
needed for the bracing.
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Assignment Sheet
Objective 8:——————
Calculate the Amount of
Materials For Wall and
Partition Framing.
Introduction: Correctly estimating materials is a skill good carpenters must possess in
order to save time and money. Use the procedures found in Objective 7 to accurately
estimate framing materials.
Directions: Use the plan found on the next page to calculate the length and number of
ceiling joists needed. Write the answer in the blank provided.
1. Wall plates (2 x 6s, 16' long): _________________________________
2. Studs (2 x 6s, 16' long): ______________________________________
3. Headers (2 x 12s):
A. ____________________________________
B. ____________________________________
C. ____________________________________
4. Metal strap bracing: _________________________________________
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FIGURE 4
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On the Job Activity
Objective 9:——————
Lay Out Wall Partition
Locations on Floor.
Video: Watch the video titled "Lay Out and Partition Locations on a Floor.”
Introduction: Two common types of wall framing are platform framing and balloon
framing. Most construction will call for the platform type of framing to be used. Platform
framing is a wood frame construction method in which studs are one story high and a
platform is built on the plates over the studs and acts as a base for the next floor.
Platform framing is also known as western framing. Balloon framing is a residential
construction method in which one-piece studs extend from the sill to the roof plate and
the joists for the upper floors are nailed to the sides of studs. The most common of the
two methods is platform framing.
Partition walls or interior walls are of either bearing or non-bearing. A bearing wall
supports ceiling joists, while a nonbearing wall supports only itself. The building plans
will provide the sizes of the interior walls or partitions and their locations. A good
understanding of the building plans is essential to the overall quality of the finished
product.
Equipment and Supplies:
2 x 48d nails
25' tape
Chalk line
Framing hammer
Framing square
Personal protection equipment
Steel tape
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FIGURE 5
FIGURE 6
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PROCEDURE
NOTE: Refer to Figure 5 and 6 for reference.
Step 1:
Put on all appropriate personal protection equipment.
Step 2:
Lay out the outside walls.
A. Measure in the width of the soleplate from the outside edge of the floor on each
end of the structure and mark this distance.
NOTE: On concrete slab construction you must allow for sheathing thickness.
B. Start a nail at each mark.
C. Snap a chalk line between the marks. (Figure7)
FIGURE 7
D. Check for square of the sub floor by using the 3-4-5 method.
NOTE: On longer walls, be sure the line is straight and well marked. Secure
one end of the line and have someone hold the other end of the line and pull
the line tight. Place your thumb on the line approximately in the center. Be sure
to hold the line firmly to the floor. Carefully lift one side of the line with you other
hand and let it snap to the floor. Repeat this process on the other half of the
line.
E. Mark the other outside walls with the chalk line.
F. Make sure the outside walls are parallel.
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Step 3:
Lay out the inside walls
NOTE: Check for equal diameter dimensions and ensure overall square.
A. Mark each of the partitions.
FIGURE 8
B. Repeat this procedure for the other side of the wall.
C. Stretch a chalk line very tightly along the length of the partition and snap a line.
D. If the chalk lines are to be exposed to weather, protect the lines by using a clear
protective coating.
Step 4:
Have your instructor check your work.
Step 5:
Clean up the area and put away the equipment and supplies.
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On the Job Activity
Objective 10:——————
Construct Wall Sections.
Video: Watch the video titled "Construct Wall Sections.”
Introduction: Interior walls are framed in the same method without regard to the
system used for the exterior walls. There are a various ways to lay out and erect a
framed wall. However, the modified tilt-up method as described in the procedure
below is commonly used because of its efficiency and ease.
FIGURE 9
Equipment and Supplies:
2 x 4’ level
6’ step ladder
8d and 16d box nails
25’ tape marked 16” on center
Circular saw
Corners
Cripple studs
Extension cord
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Framing square
Headers
Metal strapping brace material
Personal protection equipment
Plate material
Regular studs
Speed square
Ts for partitions
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PROCEDURE
Step 1:
Put on personal protection equipment.
Step 2:
Plan the sequence for raising the walls.
NOTE: Use the most productive and efficient sequence for your situation.
Step 3:
Select the materials from stock for the plates.
Step 4:
Cut the sole plate and top plate for the first wall to length, following safety
procedures.
Step 5:
Tack the sole plate and the top plate for the first wall together and lay them on
the edge at the wall location.
Step 6:
From the plans, lay out the following on the plates:
A.
Rough openings
B.
Corners
C.
Partition T’s
D.
Stud locations
Step 7:
Mark the plates for the corners.
Step 8:
Locate the centers of the openings and lay out the trimmer stud locations.
See Figure 10.
A.
Determine the distance from the end of the plate to the center of the
opening, according to the plan.
B.
Measure the required distance and mark it on the plate.
C.
Measure and mark 1/2 the header length on each side of the center of the
opening.
NOTE: This locates the outside of each trimmer stud.
D.
Recheck the dimensions.
E.
Mark the trimmer stud locations with a “T”.
F.
Mark the cripple stud locations with a “C”.
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FIGURE 10
Step 9:
Use a tape to lay out all of the full stud locations. See Figure 11.
A.
Measure 15 1/4” from the end of the outside corner to the leading edge of
the first stud.
B.
Drive a nail at this point and hook the end of the tape to the nail.
C.
Mark 16” centers and place a small “X” to the far side of each mark.
FIGURE 11
D.
Use a square to mark the stud locations across both of the plates.
See Figure 12.
NOTE: Another accepted method is to mark your plates on the edge.
Splices in the plate must fall at the center of the stud.
FIGURE 12
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Step 10: Build the wall with the inside of the wall facing down.
Step 11: Place the soleplate at the partition line with the marked side up.
Step 12: Move the top plate to the approximate stud length.
Step 13: Place the corner and partition Ts at the appropriate mark.
Step 14: Lay the studs at each “X” mark.
Step 15: Check all the studs and turn them so that the crown is up.
NOTE: If the studs are bowed too badly, they should be used for cripples or
blocking.
Step 16: Put the headers in place.
Step 17: Place the trimmer studs at each “T” mark.
NOTE: The trimmer studs and headers may be assembled prior to the wall
assembly.
FIGURE 13
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Step 18: Place the rough sills and cripple studs where the openings are located.
Step 19: Nail the framework together. See Figure 14.
FIGURE 14
A. Drive two 16d nails through the plate into the end of each 2 x 4 stud or three
nails for 2 x 6 studs.
NOTE: The use of a nail gun is common practice. Special training is required
to ensure safe use.
B. Install the headers and trimmers, or opening assemblies.
C. Nail the cripple studs in place.
D. Install rough sills and ensure all rough openings are the proper size.
E. Finish nailing the framework together.
Step 20: Measure and cut the double top plate. See Figure 15.
NOTE: Be sure to allow for the overlap of corners and Ts.
A. Cut the double top plate on the exterior walls to accept the plate from the other
walls or partitions.
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FIGURE 15
B. Install the double top plates by first driving two 16d nails at one end of each
double top plate section.
Step 21: Drive one 16d nail on each side of the stud locations on opposite sides of the
double top plate. See Figure 16.
NOTE: Some permanent bracing requires preparation prior to installation of
walls.
FIGURE 16
Step 22: Raise the wall section and nail it in place.
NOTE: To do this on wood floors, use two 16d nails every other floor joist.
On concrete slabs, use pre-set anchor bolts or powder-actuated pins where
appropriate. The use of powder-actuated tools requires special training to
ensure their safe use.
WARNING: Before using a powder-actuated tool, you must be certified and
possess a safety certification card.
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Step 23: Plumb the corners.
Step 24: Attach temporary exterior braces.
Step 25: Install remaining walls and brace in the same manner. See Figure 17.
FIGURE 17
Step 26: Check the corners and adjust plumb if necessary.
Step 27: Straighten the walls and nail the top of the temporary bracing in place.
See Figure 18.
A.
Nail a 3/4” block on each corner at the top of the walls.
B.
String a line from one end of the wall to the other.
NOTE: Be sure to stretch the line very tightly so that it does not sag.
C.
Use a 3/4” gauge block to check the wall line.
D.
Adjust and nail the bracing during the straightening process.
NOTE: Be sure the bracing does not extrude beyond the exterior wall.
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FIGURE 18
Step 28: Install the appropriate permanent bracing.
Step 29: Remove the exterior temporary bracing that is no longer needed.
Step 30: Have your instructor check your work.
Step 31: Clean up the area and put away the equipment and supplies.
TechConnect - STUDENT WORKBOOK
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Wall Framing - Unit 8
Unit 8 - Wall Framing
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STUDENT WORKBOOK - TechConnect