Definitions
BIODIVERSITY I
BIOL 1051
TAXONOMY
Professor Marc C. Lavoie
[email protected]
• Taxonomy: Science of biological classification.
– Classification:
• « Natural »: mutual similarities
• Phylogenetic: evolutive relationship.
– Nomenclature:
• attribution of names to taxonomic groups in
accordance with the published rules.
– Identification:
• Practical aspect of taxonomy. Process by which it
is determined that a particular isolate belongs to a
known taxon.
Main taxonomic ranks
Empire
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Eukaryota
Alveolata
Ciliophora
Nassophorae
Peniculada
Eukaryota
Opistokonta
Basidiomycota
Hymenomycetes
Agaricales
Amanitaceae
Eukaryota
Archaeplastida
Chlorophyta
Chlorophyceae
Volvocales
Chlamydomonadaceae
Genus
Paramecium Amanita
Chlamydomonas
Species
Paramecium Amanita virosa
aurelia
Chlamydomonas
eugametos
Criteria for the classification
of organisms
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Morphological
Physiological
Metabolic
Ecological
Genetic*
Molecular*
Main taxonomic ranks
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EMPIRES:
ARCHEA
BACTERIA
EUKARYA
• GENUS
• SPECIES
Main organisms classification
systems
• Two Kingdoms System
• Five Kingdoms System
• Six Kingdoms System
• Eight Kingdoms System
• Universal Phylogenetic Tree
(The Tree of LIFE)
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Two Kingdoms System
Animalia
Plantae
Five Kingdoms System
• CLASSIFICATION
CRITERIA
• Mode of Nutrition
• Metabolism
• Mode of
Reproduction
• Type of Motility
• Morphology
Eight Kingdoms System
Two Kingdoms System
Six Kingdoms System
• Monera or
Prokaryotae were
divided into two
kingdoms:
• Eubacteria
• Archaea
RECENT CLASSIFICATION
• Two Empires and eight
Kingdoms.
• Empire Bacteria: Eubacteria &
Archaea.
• Empire Eukaryota: Six eukaryotic
Kingdoms. Two new Kingdoms:
• Archezoa: Unicellular eukaryotes
(Giardia) no Golgi, mitochondria,
chloroplasts or peroxysomes.
• Chromista: photosynthetic,
chloroplasts in the lumen of RER.
(Diatoms, Brown algae,
Cryptomonads & Oomycetes).
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Universal phylogenetic tree
• Bacteria:
– prokaryotes,
– membrane lipids : diesters of
diacyl-glycerol,
– rRNA :16S.
• Archaea:
– procaryotes,
– membrane lipids : tetraethers of
diglycerol or diethers of
isoprenoid-glycerol,
– rRNA: 16S.
BACTERIA
• Eukaryota:
– eukaryote,
– membrane lipids : diesters of
acyl-glycerol,
– rRNA: 18S.
ARCHEA
EUKARYA
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Classification based on the
acquisition of organelles
Patterson
1993
AM O E BO ZO A
O P IS T O K O N T A
EU K A RY O T A
C e rc o z o a
H a p l o s p o r i d ia
F o r a m in if e r a
G ro m ia
R a d i o la r ia
A R C H A E P L A S T ID A
G la u c o p h y ta
R h o do p h yceae
C h lo r o p la s ti d a
C H R O M A LV E O L AT A
In c e r ta e s e d i s
Unikonts
F u ng i
M e s o m y c e to z o a
C h o an o m o n ad a
M e taz o a
R H IZ A R IA
E XC A VA T A
Cavalier-Smith, 2004
T u b u lin a e
F la b e l lin e a
S te r e o m y x id a
A c a n t h a m o e b id a e
E n ta m o e b i d a
M a s ti g o m o e b id a
P elo m yx a
E u m y c e to z o a
In c e r ta e s e d i s
S p o n g o m o n ad id a
C
H
S
A
Bikonts
ry p to p h y c e a e
a p t o p h y ta
tr a m e n o p ile s
lv e o la ta
F o r n ic a ta
M a la w i m o n a s
P a r a b a s a l ia
P r e a x o s ty la
J a k o b id a
H e te r o lo b o s e a
E u g len o z o a
A
A
C
C
E
S
K
S
n c y ro m o n a s
p o s o m o n a d id a e
e n t r h e li d a
o llo d ic t y o n id a e
b r ia c e a
p ir o n e m id a e
a th a b l e p h a ri d a e
te p h a n o p o g o n
Adl et al 2005
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SIX CLUSTERS OF EUKARYOTES
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1. AMOEBOZOA
2. OPISTOKONTA
3. RHIZARIA
4. ARCHAEPLASTIDA
5. CHROMALVEOLATA
6. EXCAVATA
MICRO-ORGANISMS
PROKARYOTES
BACTERIA
ARCHAE A
EUKARYOTES
AMOEBO ZO A
OPISTOKONTA
RHI ZARIA
ARCHAEPL ASTIDA
VIRUSES
CHROMALVEOLATA
EXCAVATA
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