Global Growth: Harsh Ocean Environment, Canada, 2017
Prepared by:
Alana Prashad, Innovation Norway Toronto
Lori Woloshyn, Innovation Norway Toronto
Contents
Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 1
Algal Biomass................................................................................................................................................. 2
Aquaculture ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Ice Management............................................................................................................................................ 3
Ocean Energy................................................................................................................................................. 7
Offshore Oil and Gas ..................................................................................................................................... 7
Oil Spill Preparedness and Response .......................................................................................................... 11
Offshore Infrastructure/ Northern Transportation and Logistics ............................................................... 13
References ................................................................................................................................................... 13
Executive Summary
The intention of this document is to outline where areas of opportunity exist for Canadian-Norwegian
collaboration and commercial pursuits. Indeed, Canada and Norway share common challenges of
harnessing resources from harsh environments and northern oceans; and solutions that exist in Norway
can be employed in Canada to optimize operations. The topics listed were chosen dually as the most
relevant to Norwegian strengths as well as where Innovation Norway sees areas of growth in the harsh
ocean environment of Eastern Canada. This document is not exhaustive, however, the aim is to
stimulate further conversation and connections about these specific industrial areas of need; and how
Innovation Norway can connect Norwegian companies to these opportunities.
Across all sectoral opportunities, the overarching themes include sustainability, reduced environmental
impact, harsh environments requiring ruggedized equipment, and considerations on how to best
interface with local communities for mutual benefit.
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Algal Biomass
The government of Canada, through the National Research Council, is working with a flagship program
called the Algal Carbon Conversion (ACC) program. The ACC program will address and identify algae
strains for industrial deployment, increasing productivity/reducing energy costs of photobioreactors, and
developing high value sustainable products from algal biomass. Canada is noted as a world leader in
converting carbon dioxide emissions into algal biomass, renewable biofuels and other value added
products through integrated algal biorefineries.
By 2060, it is projected that Canada will be able to divert up to 20% of CO2 emissions from large final
emitters as a result of the deployed fleet of biorefinery facilities.
The ACC flagship goal is to establish a pilot-scale algal biorefinery at an industrial site. A number of
partners have already come on board and the ACC is currently looking for additional R&D streams to
support this flagship. The National Research Council (NRC) is firmly interested to partner with
international companies that have innovative technologies, expertise, and who are well positioned to
contribute to this algal environmental initiatives. Project partners will benefit from connecting to a
strong knowledge and capacity base, leveraging close links to industry, and cross sectoral expertise in
marine bioscience, biotechnology and plant biology; all with the aim to explore development and myriad
uses of algae for commercially viable applications.
In addition to the industrial biorefinery, NRC's flagship initiative features four R&D streams that support
the pilot project, as well as future commercial deployment of the technology. The streams are as follows:
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Algae: Identifying the most appropriate algae strains for deployment and the optimal
conditions for their growth.
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PBR & Light: Improving algal productivity and minimizing operating costs for
photobioreactors.
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Harvesting and Dewatering: Reducing costs for processing algal biomass.
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Additional Value Streams: Creating high-value, sustainable products from algal biomass.
Algal biomass in Canada is a strong possibility for collaboration with Norway. Currently large industrial
projects are located in Ontario and Alberta, which are non-coastal provinces. However, SabrTECH in
Halifax has a modular bioreactor solution which can be interesting for a meeting or visit.
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Aquaculture
Canada is the 4th largest salmon producer after Norway, Chile, and the UK with production at
approximately 120,000 tonnes. Although British Columbia on the West Coast is the main producer of
salmon, East Coast production is growing (representing over 42,000 tonnes) and predicted to double in
10 years. Mussels mainly produced in Prince Edward Island Newfoundland (over 29,000 tonnes in 2013)
also is expected to be a growth product.
An Atlantic Canada salmon farm typically has several round net pen systems, each approximately 8-10
metres deep and 70-150 metres in circumference. Although waste management is a high concern, the
locations are chosen in areas with swift currents and a tidal movement that can flush out the pens
naturally to eliminate buildup.
To reduce the risk of disease the industry uses a bay management area approach with site rotation and
grow-out periods. This allows for the coordination of health management practices on all farms in the
area.
Atlantic fish farmers developed the Environmental Policy and Codes of Practice for marine cage based
operations termed the Environmental Management Plan. This plan serves as a guide for the long-term
environmental sustainability of the industry. Moreover the industry follows an Integrated Pest
Management Plan which outlines a multi-level approach for controlling sea lice combining preventative
farming practices with approved treatments as necessary.
Growers
Cooke Aquaculture is the main grower (head office in New Brunswick) and is considered a fully vertically
integrated company with 15 hatcheries, 100 marine farm sites, processing facilities, cage production, and
their own feed company. Cooke develops many in house solutions for the operations and overall
reaches out directly to suppliers for specific requirements. In general they do not have an open door
policy for meeting suppliers. Other growers include Northern Harvest Sea Farms, and Benson
Aquaculture.
Grieg recently announced plans to begin operations in Newfoundland in 2017. Grieg's plans include a
new $75 million state-of-the-art hatchery/nursery facility in Marystown that will produce seven million
smelts annually to stock 11 sea cage sites for the subsequent grow out and harvest of 33,000 tonnes of
Atlantic salmon (by 2023). Grow-out operations will include new cage and netting system technology,
automated feed systems, well boats and value added processing. In 2016 Grieg encountered obstacles in
obtaining licenses from the province partly due to opposition from environmental groups. The company
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plans to use triploid salmon eggs imported from Iceland causing concern that the wild stock will be at
risk if they escape.
Marine Harvest purchased Grays Aquaculture sites (7 licenses and a processing plant in Newfoundland
and 2 licenses and a hatchery in New Brunswick) in December 2016. The sale is in the process of being
finalized. No timeline has been set for the commencement of operations. It is important to note that
smaller finfish and shellfish producers often lack the financial resources to support technology
innovation resulting in low productivity, and low profit margins. The industry is seeing more acquisitions
and this is expected to continue in 2017 onward.
Currently in Newfoundland there are 87 commercial Atlantic salmon sites. Approximately one third of
these sites would be in fallowed after harvesting. There are a number of smaller finfish companies
producing steelhead trout and arctic char.
In New Brunswick, there are approximately 90 finfish sites located in three different bay management
areas. They have a single year class fish in each area and the third would be harvested and then fallowed.
Growth in near show operations in New Brunswick is limited and any growth likely will take place in
more exposed or offshore sites. In New Brunswick, there are approximately 85 shellfish growers mainly
producing oysters.
There are 12 finfish sites in Nova Scotia. There is substantial room for expansion but the industry is
waiting for regulatory changes (which are expected). Growth will likely take place offshore.
Mussel production is focused mainly in Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland with several players in
operation including: Ocean Fresh Mussels, Allen’s Fisheries, Norlantic Processors, Green Seafoods,
Atlantic Aqua Farms, Confederation Cove, L&C Fisheries and PEI Mussel King.
Due to its harsh and often remote environments on the east coast however, the following challenges
occur for both finfish and shellfish production:
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Environmental impacts (Super chill, algal blooms)
Cage integrity (strong winds, tidal currents, corrosion, ice damage)
Access to sites (for feeding, maintenance, repair, animal health, etc.)
Operational remoteness: distance to facilities and markets
Winter darkness (affecting growth rates)
Communication (between personnel and technology – mobile, data transfer solutions for field
equipment, etc.)
Access to skilled workforce in remote areas (recruitment and retention)
Worker safety (survival skills, response, mitigation strategies, etc.)
Waste management (by/co-product solutions)
Wildlife encounters
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Land based logistics (transportation, storage, recycling, by-product containment and usage)
Technology focus areas include:
• Automation (both on-farm and in processing plants)
• Communication (mobile, data transfer solutions)
• Remote sensing
• Real-time environmental management tools
• Fish health technology (e.g. sea lice prevention and treatment)
• Feeding systems for remote and hard to service areas
• ROVs including underwater cameras and manipulators
• Waste management (mainly within by/co-product)
• Tools for containment and escape prevention
• Submersible platforms
Local Considerations
Although there are usually no formal requirements for local content in Canada, tenders are often
designed to give full and fair opportunity for Canadian companies to provide goods and services, with
first consideration to Newfoundland and Labrador companies on a competitive basis.
Although Norwegian companies may have the expertise to solve many of the challenges, it is necessary
to both show commitment to the province and to show and interest in building the competency of the
industry by local employment and community engagement. With only a few active large players in
Eastern Canada it is imperative to show commitment to the region, to work as a partner rather than a
one-off solution, and to be educated on the local conditions that exist in the region (lack of
infrastructure, remote conditions, scale of operations, regulations, etc).
Additional background information can be found in the reference section at the end of this document.
Ice Management
Icebergs pose a significant challenge to the offshore oil and gas industry. With an average weight of
600,000 tonnes, and over 400 passing offshore Newfoundland and Labrador annually, both government
and oil operators pay considerable focus on icebergs.
The common system exemplified in Hibernia uses a variety of means to detect icebergs:
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The International Ice Patrol of the US Coast Guard and the Canadian Ice Service of Environment
Canada for airborne surveillance briefings;
Data through satellite and radar technology and often an operator’s own radar system;
Platform support vessels equipped with technology that allows for the collection of ocean
current information and ;
Vessels that go alongside the iceberg and record a detailed profile of the iceberg using side scan
sonar.
Icebergs that require intervention are tackled proactively while they are still 20 km or more away from
the platform. Support vessels encircle the iceberg with a long cable or rope and tow the iceberg into a
different trajectory. In some cases water cannons are used to change the course of an iceberg.
The Provincial government, research institutions and private industry work together to continue to
improve the technologies within ice/iceberg detection; threat analysis and drift forecasting; towing;
towing automation; and ice management/pack ice. In an interview with Mark Murphy of Canada’s
National Research Council he highlighted specific needs:
) Iceberg Drift Model
b) Arctic Shipping Risk Assessment
c) Ice Forecasting
d) Iceberg Database Project
Overall Focus Areas within Ice Management
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Surveillance and monitoring of ice technologies
Detection and discrimination technologies
Ice and drift forecasting
Improved sea ice characterization technologies
Towing technologies
Risk assessment technologies
Acoustic instruments
Virtual environment to improve drills
Main industry players are listed in the reference section at the end of this document.
Local Considerations
Although there are usually no formal requirements for local content in Canada, tenders are often
designed to give full and fair opportunity for Canadian companies to provide goods and services, with
first consideration to Newfoundland and Labrador companies on a competitive basis.
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Although Norwegian companies may have the expertise to solve many of the challenges it is necessary to
both show commitment to the province and to show and interest in building the competency of the
industry by local employment and community engagement.
Ocean Renewable Energy
The highest tides in the world are located in the Bay of Fundy. Twice a day 160 billion tonnes of water
move in and out of the bay with intense force. Tidal power is attractive because it can be predicted
unlike solar and wind.
There is an estimated 60,000 MW of energy in the Bay of Fundy, so it’s among the best locations in the
world for companies to test their technologies. In 2009 the world’s first commercial sized in-stream tidal
turbine in the Bay of Fundy was deployed.
The Fundy Ocean Research Centre is the world leader for in-stream tidal energy technology. Companies
from the US, Netherlands and Ireland have participated in FORCE projects. FORCE received over $4
million in funding from the Nova Scotia government to expand electrical substation capacity to 20MW.
FORCE also began construction on a subsea platform and successfully installed underwater power cables
in the Minas Passage, totalling 11km.
The centre offers an opportunity for international companies to test tidal energy technology.
There is limited opportunity in other areas of harnessing waves and offshore wind.
Offshore Oil and Gas
The Atlantic Canada offshore O&G region currently has five producing projects (Sable, Hibernia, Terra
Nova, White Rose and Deep Panuke), one development project (Hebron) and ongoing exploration
activity mainly in the Flemish Pass/Bay du Nord area – 500 km offshore from St. John’s. Production of
oil reached 174,000 barrels per day and 1 billion of cubic meters of gas in 2015.
With the exception of Deep Panuke, offshore Canada O& G activity operates in harsh environments in
which ice prone conditions are prevalent. Hibernia and Hebron are located in a treacherous area known
as Iceberg Alley, and both GBS structures are designed with high-strength, steel-reinforced concrete with
pre-stressed tendons to withstand a 6 million tonnes iceberg impact.
Upcoming Arctic/Harsh Environment Projects
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Hebron:
Project type: Greenfield
Location: Jeanne d’Arc Basin 350 km southeast of St. John’s
Phase: Topsides development
First Oil: 2017
Operator: ExxonMobil
Partners: Chevron, Suncor Energy, Statoil and Nalcor
Located in the Iceberg Alley, the development of both the topsides and GBS must be able to able to
withstand extreme weather conditions and iceberg collisions. Worley Parsons has provided FEED work
for the projects topsides and in early December the topsides were added to the concrete base. Hook up
and commissioning of the GPS and topsides will continue until the middle of 2017. The structure will
then be towed to the Hebron field, with first oil anticipated in late 2017.
According to Geoff Parker, Hebron senior project manager, the two most important design
considerations have been ice and waves. In an interview at the fall Arctic Technology conference in St.
John’s in the fall of 2016, he stated that “we face icebergs, high waves, and lots of fog. The integrity of
the structure is paramount…iceberg management is a routine activity here. But we still have to factor in
the possibility of one hitting the structure.”
White Rose Extension:
Project type: Greenfield
Location: Jeanne d’Arc Basin 350 km southeast of St. John’s
Phase: FEED
Final Investment Decision: 2017
Construction: 2018-2022
Operator: Husky
Partners: Suncor Energy and Nalcor
The White Rose field is located on the eastern part of the Jeanne d’Arc Basin, 350 km east of St. John’s,
Newfoundland and Labrador. The existing project uses a FPSO with flexible flowlines and risers.
The White Rose Extension project is planned with either a platform or a subsea development tied back to
the SeaRose FPSO. A platform would be advantageous for future projects in the Flemish pass as it would
serve as a transition point to that region.
As the extension is in the Iceberg Alley, the solution chosen must be able to withstand collisions with
icebergs. The solution must also include the ability to withstand sub-zero temperatures, extreme
wind/sea conditions, fog, pack ice and surface sea ice. The subsea solutions to the extension also will
need to take into consideration iceberg scouring. The subsea equipment and flowlines will require
excavation in order to prevent icebergs from damaging the equipment.
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Considerations for vessels working on the extension and logistical transportation need to be developed
as well. Specialized vessels for iceberg management and for excavation work will be necessary during
several phases throughout the project’s lifetime.
INTSOK (now NORWEP) also commented that any technical improvements in motion sensing and motion
compensation for crane operations will be advantageous for the project.
Bay du Nord:
Project type: Greenfield
Location: Flemish Pass Basin, 500 km northeast of St. John’s
Phase: Definition
Final Investment Decision: 2018
Construction: 2021
Operator: Statoil
Partners: Husky
The Bay du Nord discovery is located in water depths of 1,500 metres and more than 500 km from St.
John’s, making it a challenging environment due to both the water depths and the distance from shore.
Statoil completed a 19-month drilling program in June to better understand the discovery and to test
new areas in the Flemish Pass. A deep draft floater study, a ship-shaped FPSO study and a subsea marine
study are planned to take place the first half of 2017.
Although the Flemish Pass is outside the Iceberg Alley icebergs may still be a threat. The deep water in
particular and ice prone location will require special consideration for the implementation of any
technology used. Corrosion, surface protections, advanced flow lines with disconnection abilities for
iceberg avoidance will also need to be considered.
Because of the similarities to the harsh environment of White Rose many of the same technological
considerations will be employed: motion sensing, radar, integrated operations, specialized vessels for
transportation and excavation, etc.
For drilling operations and well control for this project, the mobile offshore drilling units (MODU) are
required to be able to move off location in the event of an iceberg. For moored MODUs, emergency
shear links will be needed.
The distance from shore to the project site is logistically challenging especially when weather and ice are
considered. Specialized vessels and helicopters to accommodate the flow of personnel in and out of the
site will be required. Infrastructure is being examined when it comes to ferrying staff and supplies back
and forth. This could include bases that allow for refueling, accommodation, first aid, emergency
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response, etc. According to Rystad Energy exisiting infrastructure is very limited and upgrades will be
required as the industry continues to develop.
Additional sources for further information can be found in the references section at the end of this
document.
Northern Territories/High North Projects
Although the Northern Territories of Newfoundland and Labrador were viewed as the next frontier for
drilling, at the end of 2016, both Canada and the US have agreed to ban oil and gas leasing for an initial
period of five years. This will not affect the Flemish Pass area. As there is no activity taking place in the
Canadian Arctic right now, it will have no effect on the industry.
Overall Technological Requirements in Harsh Offshore Environments
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Surface equipment protection and condition monitoring – to deal with corrosion
Sophisticated subsea technologies
Both subsea and remote monitoring technologies
Emergency technologies in the event of an iceberg, storms, oil spill, etc.
Continuous weather forecasting technologies and sensors
Integrated operations technology – IT/communication technology
Surveillance and monitoring of ice
Oil spill detection
Maritime vessels – must be able to withstand high sea waves of 30 m
Navigational systems for vessels
Technologies to redirect icebergs
Infrastructure – both GPS and FPSOs and structures to facilitate in the movement of personnel to
and from the Flemish Pass
Important Considerations for Entering Market
Although there are usually no formal requirements for local content in Canada, operators must submit
their Benefit Agreement to the regulator CNLOPB with details on local content in order to gain
developmental approval. This usually includes that in procurement and contracting the process will give
full and fair opportunity for Canadian companies to provide goods and services, with first consideration
to Newfoundland and Labrador companies on a competitive basis.
Although Norwegian companies may have the expertise to solve many of the challenges it is necessary to
both show commitment to the province and to show and interest in building the competency of the
industry by local employment and community engagement.
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Oil Spill Preparedness and Response
Oil spill preparedness and response is one key component of an operator’s overall management system
to ensure safe and environmentally responsible operations. It is the operator’s responsibility to ensure
process and engineering controls are in place and are effective in the event of a spill.
The Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) has detailed the programs operators must use
including:
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Risk identification and assessment
Detailed oil spill response
Operational preparations and procedures
Contracts with response organizations
Availability of response equipment
Research & development
Operators must also develop a three-tiered oil spill response structure that enables them to effectively
respond to different types of events:
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Tier 1: equipment and resources that are maintained onshore on either the installation or
support vessel (operator equipment).
Tier 2: equipment and resources that are maintained onshore in St. John’s that can be mobilized
to support offshore response (operator equipment and Eastern Canada Response Corporation
(ECRC)).
Tier 3: equipment and resources that are not available locally but can be accessed nationally or
internationally (Oil Spill Response Limited and/or the Global Response Network).
The ECRC is certified by Transport Canada is the oil spill response agency primarily contracted by
operators and ship owners for oil spill response. In February 2016, Canada passed a new environmental
protection legislation for oil spills. The Act states the polluter pays and increases absolute liability in
offshore operations. The legislation requires emergency planning, environmental plans and other
documents to be made available to the public.
The Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) is responsible for ensuring the clean-up for all oil, and other noxious
substance spills. This includes both the oil and gas and shipping industries. When the polluter has been
identified and able to respond, the CCG will advise the polluter of its responsibilities. In the cases where
the polluter is unknown, or unable to respond, the CCG will assume the overall management of the
incident and determine the appropriate response.
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The CCG performs regular training exercises to prepare for an oil spill. This also includes the testing of
existing and new technologies in a contained area leading to better operational effectiveness.
In harsh environments ship owners must also have detailed oil spill surveillance and response plans.
Advanced technologies for detection such as remote sensing, are needed, as are the continuous weather
forecasting technologies, and drift forecasting tools in the event of a spill.
Technologies For Detection :
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Remote sensing –can be used for detection and to provide data on rate and direction of oil
movement through multi-temporal imaging
High resolution sensors with a wide area coverage
Continuous forecasting technologies
Infrared video and photography from airborne and spaceborne SAR
Drift forecasting tools
Sensor Limitations
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Airborne sensors – costly and not optimal in harsh weather
Flourosensors are optimal and have the ability to identify oil on shores, ice and snow, and
determining what type of oil has been spilled – but need cloud free conditions for detection
SAR sensor – highly used but detection is strongly dependent upon the wind speed. At wind
speeds greater than 10 m/s, the slick will be broken up and dispersed, making it difficult to
detect
In harsh and sensitive environments a fast turnaround time for monitoring and detection data is
required. This includes highly integrated IT and communication systems.
In an oil spill many different technologies are used for cleanup and often several tools should be
employed at the same time.
Some of the technologies commonly used are:
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Booms – mainly early in the spill process but are not effective in high waves, or quick currents
Mechanical recover – skimmers or separators but are not effective in high waves or quick
currents
In-situ burning – fire-resistant booms and skimmers are used to contain the oil
Dispersants – work well in high waves but operators must seek special permission from
Environment Canada to use them
Novel Initiatives:
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Arctic Response Technology – Oil Spill Preparedness: The initiative focuses on improving the
technologies and methodologies for Arctic oil spill response. Nine oil and gas companies actively
participate in this initiative and much of their research has focused on the existing technologies and the
testing of new tools for response.
Several organizations including NRC, Petroleum Research Newfoundland & Labrador, and C-CORE do
commercial partnerships both domestically and internationally seeking best technologies for oil spill
detection and response.
Main industry players can be found in the reference section at the end of this document.
Offshore Infrastructure/ Northern Transportation and Logistics
Oil and gas exploration and development is moving further offshore, and northern shipping routes
opening up, so there is an increasing need for offshore infrastructure and logistics.
The Flemish Pass is 500 km northeast of St. John’s and will require either refueling or fewer passengers
to make the journey by helicopter. Health and safety become a factor in emergency preparedness and
either having vessels stationed in the vicinity or having offshore structures is viewed as possible
considerations.
Industry needs include advanced communication systems, environmental monitoring, underwater
imaging and acoustics, navigational technologies, emergency response equipment and technologies,
radar and sonar devices, and data analytics are required.
References
Aquaculture
Additional references can be found here:
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https://sencanada.ca/content/sen/Committee/412/pofo/rep/rep12jul15Vol1-e.pdf
Canadian Aquaculture Industry Alliance: http://www.aquaculture.ca/
Newfoundland:
http://www.fishaq.gov.nl.ca/publications/SYIR_2014.pdf
New Brunswick:
http://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/10/pdf/Publications/ReportRapport/AR2013-2014.pdf
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Nova Scotia:
http://novascotia.ca/fish/aquaculture/
PEI:
http://www.gov.pe.ca/fard/index.php3?number=77919&lang=E
Ice Management
Main Players:
• AMEC: http://www.amecfw.com/services/environmental-services/
• Canadian Coast Guard: http://www.ccg-gcc.gc.ca/eng/CCG/Home
• C-CORE: https://www.c-core.ca/
• Centre for Arctic Research and Development: https://www.card-arctic.ca/
• Environmental Studies Research Fund (ESRF): http://www.esrfunds.org/
• Marine Institute: https://www.mi.mun.ca/
• Oceans Ltd: http://oceansltd.com/
• PAL Aerospace: https://www.palaerospace.com/
• Petroleum Research Newfoundland & Labrador: http://petroleumresearch.ca
• Research & Development Corporation (RDC): http://www.rdc.org
• Rutter: http://www.rutter.ca
Oil Spill Response and Preparedness
Main Players:
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Canadian Coast Guard: http://www.ccg-gcc.gc.ca/eng/CCG/Home
C-CORE: https://www.c-core.ca/
Centre for Arctic Research and Development: https://www.card-arctic.ca/
ECRC: http://www.ecrc-simec.ca/en/
Environmental Studies Research Fund (ESRF): http://www.esrfunds.org/
Marine Institute: https://www.mi.mun.ca/
Oceans Ltd: http://oceansltd.com/
PAL Aerospace: https://www.palaerospace.com/
Petroleum Research Newfoundland & Labrador: http://petroleumresearch.ca
Research & Development Corporation (RDC): http://www.rdc.org
Rutter: http://www.rutter.ca
Offshore Oil and Gas
Additional references:
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http://www.noia.ca/Portals/0/Communications/Noia_AnnualReport_TheYear_2016_WEB.pdf
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http://www.norwep.com/rus/Market-info/Markets/Canada
http://www.nr.gov.nl.ca/nr/energy/petroleum/offshore/offshore.html
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