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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
(27) Empire and Expansion
I.
II.
III.
America Turns Outward
A.
By the 1890's, America turned away from its isolationist policies and was beginning to look overseas,
toward imperialism. The European nations had been gobbling up colonies all during the 1800's, now
America wanted a slice of the world pie.
B.
There were several influences pointing toward imperialism…
1.
Yellow journalism, or sensationalism in reporting, stirred up the desire to take over lands. William
Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer's newspapers painted the far off lands as exotic, adventurous,
and captured young people's imaginations.
2.
Missionaries wanted to save souls in un-Christian lands. Namely, Rev. Josiah Strong pushed for
imperialism in his book Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis.
3.
Some people (like Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge) applied Darwin's survival-of-the-fittest
theory to nations. It was the order of things for the strong to conquer the weak.
4.
Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote a book titled The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783.
It said that the key to a nation's power is through naval power. Thus, to become a world power, the
U.S. needed to build up her navy.
C.
The U.S. had several international, political balancing-acts and/or crises at the time…
1.
James G. Blaine advocated the "Big Sister" policy toward Latin America. The idea was to get Latin
American countries behind the leadership of the U.S. To that end, he led the Pan-American
Conference in Washington D.C.
2.
A U.S.—Germany standoff occurred down in Samoa. Samoa was split in half.
3.
A U.S—Italy standoff occurred in New Orleans over captured Italians. The U.S. made payments.
4.
A U.S.—Chile standoff occurred over murdered Americans. Chile made payments.
5.
A U.S.—Canada standoff occurred over seal hunting rights. It was settled in arbitration (mediation).
6.
A U.S.—Britain standoff occurred over gold discoveries down in Guiana. The actual dispute was between
Britain and Venezuela; the U.S. just got in to stick up for her "little sister" by saying the Brits were
breaking the Monroe Doctrine's "stay out!" policy.
a.
Things got very tense, nearly to war. Finally, Britain (a) had other distractions by the Germans
down in South Africa and (b) decided a war with the U.S. simply wasn't worth it. The
gold lands were basically split and the crisis was over.
Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
A.
Hawaii had been alluring to Americans since the early 1800's when shippers, sailors, whalers, and missionaries went
there.
B.
By the later 1800's, a few things were pertinent to the Hawaii situation…
1.
America largely regarded Hawaii as an unofficial part of the U.S. America had warned other nations to
leave Hawaii alone (or, leave Hawaii to the U.S.).
2.
American fruit and sugar companies were deeply entrenched in Hawaii. They largely ran the islands due to
their economic power.
3.
There was growing resistance by the native Hawaiians __toward the U.S. due to the increased influence by
Americans.
C.
The sugar companies grew restless. Concerns were that (a) Japan might try to take over and (b) the McKinley tariff
had raised prices of Hawaiian sugar/fruit imported to the U.S.
1.
The solution, they figured, was to get Hawaii officially__ and for good.
2.
Queen Liliuokalani resisted. She said the native Hawaiians should run Hawaii.
3.
In 1893, the whites staged a revolt and the U.S. military helped to dethrone the queen. Notably, this was all
done locally in Hawaii, completely unofficially from Washington D.C. Papers were drawn up to
annex Hawaii and sent to Washington.
4.
Grove Cleveland had just become president and he didn't like the way Hawaii was taken and stopped the
annexation. (The U.S. would get Hawaii 5 years later, in 1898).
Cubans Rise in Revolt
A.
Cuba revolted against Spain in 1895. The Cuban "insurrectos" on the Sugar plantations revolted against their
Spanish overlords by burning everything.
B.
America watched with interest and the U.S. rooted for the Cubans since (a) America loves liberty and independence,
(b) it would be good for the Monroe Doctrine to get a European country out of the neighborhood, (c) Cuba
was at the gateway to the Caribbean where the U.S. was dreaming of a Panama Canal.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
C.
Spain sent Gen. Valeriano "Butcher" Weyler to stop the revolt. He cracked down harshly and started prison
camps where scores of insurrectos died from disease.
1.
The "yellow press" in America loved the Cuban revolution and Butcher Weyler's activities only made the
storylines even juicier. William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer's newspapers tried to
"outscoop" each other.
a.
Hearst sent artist Frederic Remington down to Cuba and said, "You furnish the pictures, I'll
furnish the war." Remington drew Spanish men stripping and searching American
women (in actuality, women searched). Still, the result of the stories and pictures was to
fire up Americans. The U.S. was decidedly leaning toward Cuba and away from Spain.
D.
More strain emerged with the de Lôme letter. Spanish official Dupuy de Lôme wrote a letter which criticized Pres.
McKinley and pointedly called him a wimp. William Randolph Hearst published the letter for all to read;
Americans were upset.
E.
The greatest event occurred on February 15, 1898, when the U.S.S. Maine exploded at night in Havana
harbor killing 260 American sailors.
1.
The cause of the explosion was a mystery, but in the public's mind, the cause was simple—Spain had done
it. (Though still a bit of a mystery today, it was much later concluded that the explosion was an
accident.)
2.
The yellow press went berserk with the Maine story. The American public clamored for war with the battle
cry, "Remember theMaine!". Pres. McKinley was still sluggish to enter the war though.
a.
War-hawk Teddy Roosevelt said that McKinley had "the backbone of a chocolate éclair."
3.
McKinley gave in to the public demand and on April 11, 1898 he sent a message to Congress asking for
war. Congress happily voted for war.
a.
Congress also passed the Teller Amendment that said the U.S. would give Cuba its freedom after
kicking out Spain.
IV.
Dewey’s May Day Victory at Manila This content copyright © 2010 by WikiNotes.wikidot.com
A.
America entered the war in a giddy, confident mood.
B.
Even before war was declared, under-secretary of the Navy Teddy Roosevelt ordered Commodore George
Dewey to move to the Philippines (controlled by Spain) if war broke out.
1.
On May 1, 1898, Dewey carried out Roosevelt's orders.
2.
America had 6 ships, Spain had 10. But, America's were modern whereas Spain's were antiques. Plus,
America's guns could literally out-shoot Spain's. The naval battle was very one-sided for the
Americans.
3.
Dewey had won the naval battle, but could not storm the fort ashore in Manila with sailors. Tensions grew
when German ships arrived. He had to wait until foot soldiers arrived—they did and they captured
Manila on August 13th.
a.
The U.S. was aided by Emilio Aguinaldo who led a group of Filipino insurgents against Spain.
He'd been exiled in Asia, but was brought along for this mission—a decision the U.S.
would later regret when he turned against the U.S.
C.
The U.S. grabbed the Philippines quickly. Now, the U.S. wanted to grab Hawaii to use as a half-way coaling station
between California and the Philippines. Congress and McKinley agreed to annex Hawaii on July 7, 1898.
V.
The Confused Invasion of Cuba
A.
When war broke, Spain sent their fleet to Santiago, Cuba where they entered a narrow harbor there.
B.
The U.S. hastily mounted up in Tampa, FL.
1.
The Spanish-American War is known for being very ill-prepared. For example, the men had wool uniforms
for use against Indians out west, not for the Caribbean tropics. Also, more U.S. soldiers would die
from disease than from fighting due to poor medication and planning.
2.
The U.S. was led by Gen. William Shafter, a large, gouty man.
3.
The "Rough Riders" cavalry were organized by Teddy Roosevelt. Eager for action, he'd resigned his navy
administration post. The Rough Riders were headed by Col. Leonard Wood, Roosevelt served as
Lt. Col.
a.
As another example of poor planning, the Rough Riders would eventually fight on foot, horseless.
No one had planned how to get the horses to the beach, so they forced the horses to swim
ashore—most of them drowned.
C.
The U.S. sent ships and troops down to Santiago. The navy trapped the Spanish fleet by blockading the mouth of the
harbor and the Army went ashore further up the beach.
1.
The Army swept around behind Santiago and began a strangle-hold on the city. The Spanish fleet was
surrounded and decided to run the gauntlet out of the harbor. They did so, and the U.S. navy
mowed down the Spanish ships.
D.
U.S. forces quickly went into Puerto Rico, met little resistance, and took the island.
E.
Seeing the loss, Spain signed an armistice on August 12 and the so-called "splendid little war" was over.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
F.
The U.S. forces that lingered in Cuba began dying by scores due to disease. There were 4,000 deaths in battle, 5,000
deaths from disease.
VI.
America’s Course (Curse?) of Empire
A.
Peace negotiations were held in Paris to "settle" the war. The stipulations were…
1.
Cuba was free and independent, as the Teller Amendment had said it would be. But there were strings
attached (see below).
2.
The U.S. gained (1) Puerto Rico, (2) Guam, and (3) assumed control of the Philippines.
B.
The Philippines posed the largest problem. Following are America's options and their consequences:
1.
Give the Philippines back to Spain. This option was out due to decades of Spanish misrule and abuse.
2.
Let the Filipino people run the country themselves. This was luring but the fear was that competitive
warlords would throw the country into total chaos.
3.
Take over the islands. This would make the U.S. look like an imperial bully. Plus, after finally getting
Spain off of their backs, the Filipino people didn't really want the U.S. controlling them.
4.
McKinley fretted over the decision, then finally decided the U.S. should take over the Philippines. This
decision conveniently meshed with the interests of the public and businesses.
a.
$20 million was paid to Spain for the Philippine islands.
C.
The Senate still had to okay the treaty so the question then became, "Should the U.S. Senate accept the Paris treaty
and thus acquire the Philippines?"
1.
Those against acquiring the island got organized. The Anti-Imperialist League emerged to halt
annexation.
a.
The difference was that the other lands were generally in North America. Plus, Alaska and Hawaii
were sparsely populated.
b.
The League held some prominent members including Mark Twain, William James, Samuel
Gompers, and Andrew Carnegie.
2.
Imperialists countered the argument. They said that the Philippines could eventually flourish, like Hong
Kong.
a.
Brit Rudyard Kipling (author of The Jungle Book) wrote of "The White Man's Burden." He
encouraged the U.S. to hold onto and civilize the Philippines.
b.
Passage of the Paris treaty was in the balance until William Jennings Bryan threw his weight in
favor of it. Once he did,the treaty passed by a single vote.
VII.
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba
A.
Puerto Ricans was owned by the U.S. but was neither a territory nor state. It was given a limited elected government
under theForaker Act. Full U.S. citizenship was granted to Puerto Ricans in 1917.
1.
Much improvement was done to the island in terms of sanitation, transportation, etc. Many islanders moved
to New York to become "New York Ricans."
B.
A question arose over taking Puerto Rico and the Philippines…"Do American laws and rights apply to these lands
and peoples?"
1.
The Supreme Court declared in the so-called Insular Cases that America's laws and customs do not
necessarily extend to these new lands.
C.
In Cuba, a military government was set up by Col. Leonard Wood. Much improvement was done there in
government, education, agriculture, etc.
1.
Col. William C. Gorgas and Dr. Walter Reed combined efforts to nearly wipe out the mosquitoes and
yellow fever.
2.
The Teller Amendment had said that the U.S. would leave Cuba to be independent; the U.S. kept this
promise and left in 1902. But, the U.S. wrote the Platt Amendment which said…
a.
Cuba couldn't make treaties that the U.S. didn't like.
b.
Cuba couldn't take on too much debt. The U.S. could intervene in these situations if necessary.
c.
Cuba must lease coaling stations for the U.S. military to use. This became the "Guantanamo
Bay" military base.
VIII.
New Horizons in Two Hemispheres
A.
Sec. of State John Hay called the 113 day Spanish-American War a "splendid little war."
1.
It showed the world that the U.S. was a world power, likely the world's strongest. Other nations, like
Russia, Britain, and France, took note and stepped up their diplomatic headquarters in Washington
D.C.
B.
America was marching to a joyous patriotism.
1.
Literally, they marched to the 2/4 marching beat of band-master John Philip Sousa, such as his with "Stars
and Stripes Forever."
2.
A strong military was accepted as a need. Folks were convinced of Cpt. Alfred Thayer Mahan's concept of
a powerful navy. And, Sec. of War Elihu Root started a War College.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
3.
The old North-South divide seemed to narrow a bit. At least in part, the enemy ceased to be one another
and became Spain. Old Confederate Gen. Joseph "Fighting Joe" Wheeler had even been given
command in Cuba. He'd apparently yelled in battle, "To hell with the Yankees! Dammit, I mean
the Spaniards."
C.
Despite the spoils of war, however, the Philippines pan out to be a thorn in America's side.
IX.
“Little Brown Brothers” in the Philippines
A.
The Filipino people felt tricked when they weren't given their independence after the Spanish-American War.
B.
An insurrection began against the American troops by the Filipinos on February 4, 1899.
1.
Their leader was Emilio Aguinaldo, who'd fought with the U.S. and against Spain. Like most Filipino's,
he'd believed the Philippines would gain independence from Spain. When it didn't happen, he
simply turned his aggression toward the U.S.
2.
America stooped below her ideals by (1) using the "water cure" of forcing water down throats to force
cooperation, (b) setting up prison camps similar to the ones Butcher Weyler had made in Cuba,
and (c) attacking people who simply wanted freedom.
3.
Fighting was sporadic and guerrilla-style, frustrating the Americans. It lasted well over a year and killed
4,234 Americans.
C.
The Americans gained the upper hand in 1901. Pres. McKinley sent William H. Taft to serve as the Philippines'
civil governor.
1.
A large (350 pounds) and jovial man, Taft got along well with the Filipinos. They generally like him and he
called them his "little brown brothers."
2.
Under Taft, America pursued a policy called "benevolent assimilation"—to kindly bring the Philippines up
to civilization. The process was slow but it bore fruits…
a.
With millions in American money, the infrastructure (roads, sanitation, etc.) was greatly
improved. Public health improved as well.
b.
Trade between the U.S. and the Philippines began, largely in sugar.
c.
Schools were built and American teachers were sent over.
d.
Still, the Filipino's wanted freedom. Independence was finally granted just after WWII, on July 4,
1946.
X.
Hinging the Open Door in China
A.
After Japan had defeated China in 1894-1895, China had been sliced up by Europe into "spheres of influence."
1.
This usually meant that a European nation controlled a coastal city and its surrounding area. The European
nation held exclusive trade rights for that city and area (for example, Britain's control of Hong
Kong).
2.
Needless to say, the Chinese people despised this situation.
B.
America was mostly uninvolved in this situation. Except, missionaries were concerned about access, and American
businesses worried they'd be shut out.
1.
Sec. of State John Hay drafted the Open Door Policy saying spheres of influence should be dropped and
Chinese cities should be open to all nations for business. Europe was not interested in giving up
their sweet situations.
C.
China took matters into their own hands with the Boxer Rebellion. In this, the Chinese rose up to oust/kill
foreigners who controlled their cities. 200 foreigners and thousands of Chinese Christians were killed.
1.
Europe and the U.S. responded together and smashed China, then charged China for damages.
2.
China's fine was $333 million; America's cut would be $24.5 million. Feeling guilty about such a high
amount, the U.S. used $18 million to educate Chinese students in American universities.
3.
Sec. of State Hay sent the Open Door Policy along again and this time it was accepted. China's borders
were to be respected and its cities open to trade to all.
XI.
Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?
A.
The 1900 election was a repeat of 4 years earlier: William McKinley versus William Jennings Bryan again.
1.
McKinley just held fast while Bryan did the personal campaigning. McKinley's running-mate was Teddy
Roosevelt. "TR" did considerable campaigning for McKinley.
B.
Bryan attacked imperialism. This was unproductive since people had grown weary of the subject by then.
C.
McKinley attacked what he called "Bryanism" as being the problem. McKinley struck fear again by implying that a
President Bryan would undercut America's prosperity.
1.
McKinley won his reelection easily.
XII.
TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
A.
Only six months after being reelected, McKinley was shot and killed in Buffalo, NY by a mentally unstable
man. V.P. Teddy Roosevelt became the youngest president ever at only 42 years old.
B.
Roosevelt was a very interesting character. Small of frame as a youth, and picked on, he put himself on a rigorous
workout routine and built himself into a short, barrel-chested powerhouse.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
1.
He'd been born into an elite family and was a Harvard grad. His motto was, "Speak softly and carry a big
stick," which was odd in that Roosevelt was not one to speak softly.
2.
He had a temper, was boisterous, stubborn, decisive, passionate, always thought he was right, and was
always the center of attention.
C.
Roosevelt was a fantastic politician. The people adored the likeable "Teddy." Cartoonists loved his wire-framed
glasses, huge teeth, rowdy nature—he was almost a walking, living caricature of himself.
1.
As president, TR's opinion was that the president should lead, and he did. He's often considered the "first
modern president."
XIII.
Building the Panama Canal
A.
America, and Teddy Roosevelt, lusted after a canal across isthmus of Central America.
1.
The Spanish-American War showed that lacking a canal meant naval weakness. The U.S.S. Oregon had
been "trapped" in the Pacific Ocean and took weeks to travel around South America to the
Caribbean.
2.
A canal would also be a huge boost for business.
B.
There were obstacles to building a canal.
1.
The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty with Britain (1850) said the U.S. couldn't control the isthmus route alone. By
the early 1900's, Britain was willing to let this slide however. Britain signed the Hay-Pauncefote
Treaty (1901) that gave the U.S. the okay to go solo.
2.
The next question was the location of the canal.
a.
Nicaragua was the initial choice, but the volcano Mt. Pelée erupted, killed 30,000 people, and
changed minds about the location.
b.
A French company was eager to move the U.S.'s attention to Panama where it'd tried and failed at
constructing a canal. Engineer Philippe Bunau-Varilla got the price of the canal
holdings dropped from $109 to $40 million. Congress decided to give it a go.
c.
Panama was a part of Colombia, posing the next problem.
1.
TR worked a deal with the Colombian president to lease the canal zone, but the
Colombian senate reneged on the deal. TR was furious.
2.
Bunau-Varilla worried the whole deal would fall through. He incited Panama to revolt
against Colombia. The revolution began on November 3, 1901 with the killing
of a Chinese citizen and a donkey. The U.S. navy was conveniently offshore to
give aid and the revolution was pulled off.
3.
TR recognized Panama as independent and the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed.
It leased the canal to the U.S. for $10 million and $250,000/year for a 10 mile
wide canal strip.
C.
Roosevelt didn't try to sever Panama from Colombia, but it looked that way and was perceived that way. U.S.—
Latin American relations took a major hit by Teddy Roosevelt's use of his Big Stick policy (bullying).
D.
Construction began in 1904. There were huge obstacles yet again.
1.
Obstacle #1 was sanitation. Tropical diseases forbade workers from even getting to the job site. Col.
William C. Gorgasdrained the swamps and eradicated the mosquitoes and diseases.
2.
Obstacle #2 was the scope of the task. It was likely the largest modern engineering undertaking to date.
West Point engineerCol. George Washington Goethals headed up construction to its fruition—a
modern marvel when completed in 1914. It'd cost $400 million to construct.
XIV.
TR’s Perversion of the Monroe Doctrine
A.
Relations with Latin America would take another turn-for-the-worse. Nations like Venezuela and the Dominican
Republic were constantly behind in loan payments to European lenders. R
1.
Roosevelt worried that Europe would take action to collect their money, and thus violate the Monroe
Doctrine. This put TR in a bit of a pickle: would he allow delinquency of payments or allow
Europe to breech the Monroe Doctrine? He chose neither.
B.
His decision was the Roosevelt Corollary (an addition to the Monroe Doctrine). It said that the U.S. would
intervene in Latin America and collect the debts for Europe.
1.
Whereas the Monroe Doctrine had said, "Europe, don't intervene!" the Roosevelt Corollary added, "We'll
intervene for you!"
2.
In practical terms, the U.S. would take over customs houses and collect taxes and/or use the U.S. navy to
seal off Latin American ports for tax collection purposes.
C.
Latin America did not appreciate TR's Big Stick being thrown at them again. The Good Neighbor policy seemed to
be more like the "Bad Neighbor" policy.
1.
The Big Stick fell on Cuba in 1906. Revolutionaries created great instability and the Cuban president asked
for U.S. assistance. U.S. Marines moved in for 3 years to offer their help. Still, it was seen as
another Bad Neighbor policy move by the bully U.S.
XV.
Roosevelt on the World Stage
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
A.
Teddy Roosevelt jumped onto the international scene in 1904 when Russia and Japan went to war.
1.
The two nations were fighting over land, namely the Manchuria area and Port Arthur in particular.
2.
When peace negotiations broke down, Japan asked TR to mediate. This was a bit ironic for the War Hawk
Teddy Roosevelt to have turned peace-maker.
B.
TR negotiated a treaty at Portsmouth, NH (1905).
1.
Both nations wanted the Sakhalin island. Japan wanted payments since they felt they'd won the war.
2.
Russia got half of Sakhalin island. Japan was awarded no money but gained control over Korea. Neither
side was overjoyed, Japan was especially unhappy, but the war was over.
3.
With both countries going home disgruntled over the outcome of the war, America's friendship with Japan
and Russia went sour.
C.
Roosevelt also mediated a North African dispute in 1906 at a conference in Spain. For his peace-making, Roosevelt
was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
XVI.
Japanese Laborers in California
A.
Another issue with Japan emerged when Japanese laborers began to migrate into California. Their population was
only 3% of state's total, but a "yellow peril" swept over California.
B.
In 1906, San Francisco was recovering from a devastating earthquake and fires. The school board ordered
segregation of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students.
1.
The issue quickly erupted and the yellow press on both sides went wild. There was even talk of possible
war.
2.
Roosevelt invited the school board to the White House where he mediated a deal known as the
"Gentlemen's Agreement." It said that the school board would repeal the segregation policy and
Japan would halt the emigration of laborers to California.
C.
Roosevelt worried that Japan might interpret his actions as being motivated through fear—he wanted to show
America's strength.
1.
TR ordered the sparkling new U.S. naval fleet on a world-wide tour. The "Great White Fleet" went to
Latin America, Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia, and Japan. It was a diplomatic good-will mission
on the outside, and a not-so-subtle show of military muscle underneath.
2.
The U.S. had been cheered all along, but Japan was especially welcoming. The U.S. and Japan signed
the Root-Takahira agreement where both nations promised to respect one another's territorial
boundaries to honor China's Open Door policy.
(28) Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt
I.
Progressive Roots
A.
When the 1900's dawned, there were 76 million Americans. 1 out of 7 were foreign-born.
B.
A new reform movement immediately began, led by "Progressives". Their goals were to stop monopolies,
corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice.
1.
The method of the progressives was to strengthen the state—to give more powers to the government. Their
over-arching goal was to use the government "as an agency of human welfare."
C.
The roots of Progressivism began with the Greenback Party (1870's) and the Populist Party (1890's). A modern
industrial society seemed to call for more government action and to take a step back from pure, laissezfaire capitalism.
D.
Writers used the power of the pen to make their progressive points.
1.
Henry Demarest Lloyd wrote Wealth Against Commonwealth (1894) which struck at the Standard Oil
Company.
2.
Thorstein Veblen wrote The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) criticizing people who made money
seemingly for money's sake. He spoke of "predatory wealth" and "conspicuous consumption."
3.
Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lives (1890) about the lives of the poor. He wanted to divert
attention from America's infatuation with how the rich live and show the life of squalor in the New
York slums. This book would influence Teddy Roosevelt, a future New York police
commissioner.
4.
Theodore Dreiser made his points through his realist fiction. In The Financier (1912) and The
Titan (1914) he criticized promoters and profiteers.
E.
Other causes gained steam during the Progressive era.
1.
Socialists, influenced by strong European governments, called for more government action in the U.S. and
started gaining votes in the ballot box.
2.
Advocates of the "social gospel" (Christian charity) called for helping the poor.
3.
Female suffragists also called for social justice, as well as the right to vote. They were led by Jane
Addams and Lillian Wald.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
II.
Raking Muck with the Muckrakers
A.
Around 1902, a new group of social critics emerged—the muckrakers. They typically exposed what they saw as
corruption or injustice in writings. Favorite outlets for the muckrakers were liberal, reform-minded
magazines like McClure's, Collier's,Cosmopolitan, and Everybody's.
1.
They were called "muckrakers" first by Teddy Roosevelt. It was a derogatory term, him being unimpressed
with their tendency to focus on the negatives and "rake through the muck" of society.
B.
The muckrakers were very active and prolific…
1.
Lincoln Steffens wrote "The Shame of the Cities" (1902) which exposed city corruption in cahoots with
big business.
2.
Ida Tarbell wrote an exposé in McClure's that laid bare the ruthless business tactics of John D. Rockefeller
and the Standard Oil Company. Some thought she was just out for revenge because her father's
business had been ruined by Rockefeller. But, all of her facts checked out.
3.
Thomas Lawson exposed the practices of stock market speculators in "Frenzied Finance" (1905-06),
published inEverybody's. (He'd made $50 million himself playing the market.)
4.
David Phillips wrote "The Treason of the Senate" (1906) in Cosmopolitan. He said that 75 of the 90 U.S.
senators represented big businesses rather than the people. He backed up his charges with enough
evidence to also impress Teddy Roosevelt.
5.
John Spargo wrote The Bitter Cry of the Children (1906) exposing, and critical of, child labor.
6.
Ray Stannard Baker wrote Following the Color Line (1908) about the still-sorry state of life for Southern
blacks.
7.
Dr. Harvey Wiley criticized patent medicines which were largely unregulated, habit-forming, and
normally did more bad than good. He and his "Poison Squad" used themselves as guinea pigs for
experiments.
C.
Muckrakers were loud about the ills, but didn't offer cures. To the muckrakers, the cure for societal ills was
democracy. They had no faith in politicians leading the charge, but wanted to get the story out to the
public. Muckrakers believed that the public conscience would eventually remedy the problems.
III.
Political Progressivism
A.
The progressives generally came from the middle class. They felt somehow sandwiched between the big business
trusts and tycoons on the top and the immigrant, working class on the bottom.
B.
Progressives pushed for a variety of political reforms to help their cause. They favored and generally got the
following accomplished:
1.
The initiative where voters could initiate laws, rather than waiting and hoping a legislator might do it.
2.
The referendum where voters could vote proposed bills into law, circumventing unresponsive legislators
altogether.
3.
The recall where voters could remove elected officials rather than waiting for his term to expire. The
thought was, "We voted them in, we can vote them out."
4.
The secret ballot, called the Australian ballot, to help get a true vote and avoid intimidation at the polls.
5.
The direct election of senators by the people. At the time, U.S. senators were chosen by state legislators,
not the people. This became reality in 1913, with the 17th Amendment.
6.
And female suffrage. This would have to wait a bit longer (until 1920).
IV.
Progressivism in the Cities and States
A.
Progressivism really got its start and took off on a more local level rather than national.
B.
Galveston, TX successfully used the city-manager system. The idea was to use professional people trained in their
field of city management, rather than using "friends" of a corrupt mayor or city boss. The result was much
greater efficiency and other cities took note of Galveston.
C.
Local Progressives cracked down on "slumlords," rampant prostitution, and juvenile delinquency.
D.
Wisconsin was the Progressive leader for states. Led by Gov. Robert "Fighting Bob" LaFollette, Wisconsin was
able to grab power back from the big businesses and return it to the people.
1.
Other states took note and attacked trusts, railroads. Examples included Oregon and California (led by Gov.
Hiram Johnson). Gov. Charles Evan Hughes, of New York, took on the wrongs of gas and
insurance companies.
V.
Progressive Women This content copyright © 2010 by WikiNotes.wikidot.com
A.
Women were an indispensable catalyst in the Progressive army. They couldn’t vote or hold political office, but were
active none-the-less. Women focused their changes on family-oriented ills such as child labor.
B.
Court decisions impacted women.
1.
The Supreme Court case of Muller v. Oregon (1908) said that laws protecting female workers were indeed
constitutional. The case was successfully argued by attorney Louis Brandeis saying women's
weaker bodies suffered harmful effects in factory work.
a.
This victory, however, came with a cost to women. Brandeis' own argument of weaker female
bodies would later be used to keep women out of certain "male" jobs.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
2.
A loss occurred in the case of Lochner v. New York (1905). In the case, the Supreme Court struck down a
10-hour workday for bakers.
C.
Women reformers gained speed after the Triangle Shirtwaist Company burnt down in 1911, trapping and killing
146 mostly young, women workers. The tragedy gained much attention and gave the women momentum.
1.
The public outcry prompted many states to pass laws regulating hours and conditions in such "sweatshops"
and to pass workers' compensation laws.
D.
Alcohol had long been under fire by women. During the Progressive era, temperance would reach its peak.
1.
Francis Willard, founder of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) got 1 million women to
join the cause against alcohol. The WCTU was joined by the Anti-Saloon League. They were
well-organized and well-financed.
2.
Many states and counties went "dry." In 1914, 1/2 of Americans lived in dry areas.
3.
The movement culminated in 1919 with the 18th Amendment (AKA Prohibition) that banned alcohol's
sale, consumption, and possession.
VI.
TR’s Square Deal for Labor
A.
President Roosevelt had been moved the by muckrakers and the Progressives' ideals. He pursued the "three C's": (1)
control of the corporations, (2) consumer protection, and (3) conservation of natural resources.
B.
A strike took place in 1902 at the anthracite coal mines of Pennsylvania. The workers called for a 20% pay increase
and a reduction of work hours from 10 to 9 hours.
1.
Coal supplies dwindled and the nation felt the effects of the coal shortage so TR called in strike workers to
the White House. Roosevelt was not impressed with the strike leaders.
2.
Roosevelt finally threatened to use federal troops to operate the mines. At this threat, the owners agreed to
go to arbitration. The workers were given a 10% increase and the 9 hour day. The workers' union,
however, was not officially recognized for bargaining.
C.
Roosevelt called on Congress to form the Dept. of Commerce and Labor, which it did. The department split in half
ten years later.
1.
The Bureau of Corporations would investigate interstate trade and become important for breaking up
monopolies during the "trust-busting" days.
VII.
TR Corrals the Corporations
A.
The Interstate Commerce Commission (1887) had been designed to regulate railroads but it was proving to be
ineffective. Therefore, it was decided more needed to be done.
1.
Congress passed the Elkins Act in 1903. It banned and prosecuted rebates awarded by railroaders.
2.
The Hepburn Act placed restrictions on free passes handed out by railroads (usually to the press to ensure
good reports).
B.
Teddy Roosevelt nurtured the reputation of a trust buster. TR concluded, however that there were "good trusts" and
there were "bad trusts." The bad trusts had to go.
1.
TR's most noteworthy target was the Northern Securities Company run by J.P. Morgan and James Hill.
a.
TR busted up Northern Securities (his decision was upheld by the Supreme Court). Busting J.P.
Morgan's outfit angered Wall Street but this high-profile bust furthered TR's trust buster
image.
2.
In all, Roosevelt attacked some 40 trusts, including busting the beef, sugar, fertilizer, and harvester trusts
3.
Despite his reputation as a trust buster, TR allowed the "good trusts" to survive. He believed his actions
against the bad trusts would prevent the good ones from going astray.
4.
William Howard Taft, who succeeded Roosevelt, would actually be more of a trust buster than TR. Taft
actually busted moretrusts than TR.
a.
Another example occurred over the U.S. Steel Company. U.S. Steel wanted to acquire the
Tennessee Coal and Iron Company. TR had said that the move of this good trust would
be okay, but Taft felt otherwise. Roosevelt was very angry over Taft's reversal of his
position.
VIII.
Caring for the Consumer
A.
Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle about the meat packing industry's horrible conditions. Sinclair's goal was to reveal
the plight of the workers. But, the real effect was to gross out America and initiate action in Congress.
1.
His book motivated Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act (1906). Henceforth meat would be
inspected by the U.S.D.A.
2.
The Pure Food and Drug Act was also passed. Its goal was to ensure proper labeling of food and
drugs.and to prevent tampering.
B.
These acts would help Europe to trust American meat and thus help exports..
IX.
Earth Control
A.
Americans had long considered their natural resources inexhaustible. By about 1900, they were realizing this was
not true and that conservation was needed. Acts of Congress began preserving the land…
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
1.
The first conservation act was the Desert Land Act (1877). It sold desert land at a cheap rate on the
promise the land would be irrigated.
2.
The Forest Reserve Act (1891) gave the president permission to set aside land as parks and reserves.
Millions of acres of old-growth forests were preserved under this authority.
3.
The Carey Act (1894) gave federal land to the states, again on the promise of irrigation.
B.
Teddy Roosevelt's presidency truly started a new era in conservation. Roosevelt was a consummate outdoorsman,
was very concerned about the nation's timber and mineral depletion, and started the conservation movement
with action.
1.
Others helped Roosevelt in the push to conserve, notably conservationist and Division of Forest
head Gifford Pinchot and naturalist John Muir, the most well-known spokesman for Mother
Nature.
2.
TR got the Newlands Act (1902) passed to begin massive irrigation projects out West. The Roosevelt Dam
(on Arizona's Salt River) and dozens of other western dams created reservoirs to water, and bring
life to, the arid land.
3.
TR wanted to save to the trees. By 1900, only 1/4 of the nation's once-vast virgin trees still stood.
a.
Roosevelt set aside 125 million acres of forest land (3 times the acreage of his 3 predecessors).
Large quantities of land were also set aside for coal and water reserves. Purely as an
example, he had no White House Christmas tree in 1902.
C.
The public shared TR's concern and passion for nature.
1.
Jack London's outdoorsy novels became popular, such as The Call of the Wild about Alaska's Klondike
gold rush.
2.
Outdoorsy organizations emerged, such as the Boy Scouts of America and the Sierra Club (whose goal
was/is conservation).
D.
The Hetchy Hetch Valley of Yosemite National Park exposed a philosophical rupture amongst the conservationists.
1.
Hetchy Hetch was a beautiful Gorge that John Muir and the Sierra Club wanted to save. San Francisco
wanted to dam it up for the city's water supply. In this case, TR sided with the city.
a.
Notably, TR and Muir were good friends, but TR was a pragmatist—always seeking a practical
solution over an idealized solution.
b.
The division was clearly shown. The question asked, "Should land be simply set aside and
untouched forever?" as John Muir advocated. Or, "Should the land be wisely managed
for man's benefit?", as Teddy Roosevelt advocated.
2.
The federal government gave San Francisco the okay to dam up the valley. Roosevelt's policy of "multipleuse resource management" was set. The policy tried to use the land for recreation, reservoirs (for
drinking, irrigating, water recreation), saw-then-replant logging, and summer stock grazing.
X.
The “Roosevelt Panic” of 1907
A.
Theodore Roosevelt was loved by the people, witnessed by the "Teddy" bear. Conservatives thought of him as
unpredictable due to his Progressive ways they meddled the government into businesses.
1.
After winning his election in 1904, he announced he would not seek a third term. This cut his power a bit
since everyone then knew he'd be out in four years.
B.
The economy took a sudden and sharp downtown in 1907. Wall Street was pounded, banks were run, suicides went
up, and there were many Wall Street "speculators" were indicted on sneaky dealings.
1.
As with any economic downtown, the president was blamed, justly or not. Conservatives, especially,
charged that Roosevelt's meddling in business had fouled up the cogs of the economy. They called
it the "Roosevelt Panic."
2.
The Panic did reveal the need for a more elastic currency supply. In other words, the banks needed reserves
to release into circulation if times got tough.
a.
Congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1908) authorizing national banks to release money
into circulation.
b.
This law/action paved the way for the monumental Federal Reserve Act (1913).
XI.
The Rough Rider Thunders Out
A.
In 1908, TR was still very popular. He used his popularity to endorse a candidate that had similar policies as
himself—William Howard Taft.
1.
Taft was a big fellow and very likable. The old saying was that "everybody loves a fat man" and in Taft's
case the saying seemed to fit.
2.
The Democrats put forth William Jennings Bryan yet again. Bryan also painted himself as a Progressive.
3.
Riding on TR's popularity, Taft won the election easily, 321 to 162 in the electoral.
a.
As a sign-of-the-times Socialist Party candidate Eugene Debs (of Pullman Strike fame) garnered a
surprising 420,000 votes.
B.
After the election, TR went to Africa on a hunting safari. His exploits were much followed and he returned as
energetic as ever, still only 51 years old.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
1.
TR's legacy was to begin to tame unbridled capitalism. He wasn't an enemy of business, but brought it
under control. He sought the middle-ground in between the "me alone" idea of pure capitalism and
the "father knows best" ideas of a government that controls people's lives.
2.
Other parts of his legacy include: (1) increasing the power of the presidency, (2) he initiated reforms, and
(3) he showed that the U.S. was a world power and thus held great responsibilities.
XII.
Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole
A.
At first, Taft seemed just fine. He was likable, seemed capable, had a solid background in experience.
B.
Tricky problems soon bogged him down. TR had been able to work through problems due to his force-ofpersonality and political instincts.
1.
Taft took a hands-off approach toward Congress which did not serve him well.
2.
He was a mild progressive only, more inclined toward the status quo than reform.
XIII.
The Dollar Goes Abroad as Diplomat
A.
President Taft encouraged a policy called "Dollar Diplomacy" where Americans invested in foreign countries to
gain power.
1.
Wall Street was urged to invest in strategic areas, especially the Far East and Latin America.
2.
The Dollar Diplomacy policy would thus strengthen the U.S. and make money at the same time. Whereas
TR had used the in-your-face Big Stick policy, Taft used the sneakier Dollar Diplomacy policy.
B.
A Dollar Diplomacy mishap occurred in China's Manchuria region.
1.
Taft wanted to buy Manchuria's railroads from Russia and Japan, then turn them over to the Chinese. This
would keep the Open Door policy open, and strengthen the U.S.'s position in China.
2.
Russian and Japan blocked Sec. of State Philander Knox's deal and Taft suffered a Dollar Diplomacy
black eye.
C.
Latin America was a busy spot for the Dollar Diplomacy policy. The Monroe Doctrine forbade Europe from
intervening, so the U.S. did.
1.
The U.S. invested heavily in Honduras and Haiti, thinking they may become trouble spots.
2.
Ordering Europe to stay away from Latin America, and investing heavily there, meant the U.S. now had a
vested interest and shouldered responsibility there.
a.
Several flare-ups required the U.S. to intervene militarily including Cuba, Honduras, the
Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua (for 13 years).
XIV.
Taft the Trustbuster
A.
Taft was more of a trust buster than Roosevelt; Taft brought 90 lawsuits against trusts during his 4 years in office
B.
Perhaps his most noteworthy bust was the Standard Oil Company. The Supreme Court ordered in broken into
smaller companies in 1911.
C.
The U.S. Steel Company was under fire from Taft, even though Roosevelt had agreed to let the company survive as
one of his "good trusts." When Taft sought to break it up, Roosevelt was furious at his successor's actions.
XV.
Taft Splits the Republican Party
A.
Two main issues split the Republican party: (1) the tariff and (2) conservation of lands.
B.
On the tariff, old-school Republicans were high-tariff; New/Progressive Republicans were low tariff.
1.
Taft, as the mild Progressive, had promised to lower the tariff. As president, he sought to do just that, if
only a small reduction.
2.
Sen. Nelson Aldrich added many increases to the bill while it was in the Senate. When passed and signed
by Taft, thePayne-Aldrich Bill actually broke his campaign promise and angered many.
a.
Pres. Taft even unwisely named it "the best bill that the Republican party ever passed."
3.
In actuality, the Payne-Aldrich Bill split the Republican party.
C.
On conservation, old-school Republicans favored using or developing the lands for business; new/Progressive
Republicans favored conservation of lands.
1.
Taft did set up the Bureau of Mines to manage mineral resources. This was a "Progessive-ish" move and
likely a popular one.
2.
However, Taft's involvement in the Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel (1910) was unpopular.
a.
Sec. of Interior Richard Ballinger said that public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska
would be open for development.
b.
Chief of Forestry Gifford Pinchot was critical of the decision. Apparently siding with Ballinger,
Taft fired Pinchot—an unpopular move.
D.
The Republican party split became apparent in the 1910 Congress election.
1.
In the election, the old-school Republicans and new/Progressive Republicans split the vote, thus the
Democrats won heavily in the House of Rep's.
2.
Also, Socialist Eugene Berger of Milwaukee won a seat in Congress—again, showing the movement
toward Socialism.
XVI.
The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
A.
The Republican split turned from differing opinions to different parties. The National Progressive Republican
League began in 1911. Sen. Robert La Follette ("Fighting Bob" of Wisconsin) seemed destined to become
their candidate.
B.
Teddy Roosevelt was so upset about Taft's policies that TR dropped hints that he'd be interested in running again for
president.
1.
He finally said, "My hat is in the ring!" arguing that he hadn't wanted three consecutive terms as president.
2.
La Follette was brushed aside and Roosevelt was named as the Progressive Republican.
C.
The Taft-Roosevelt showdown came in June of 1912 at the Republican convention. Both men vied for the
Republican nomination.
1.
As the sitting president, Taft was nominated as the Republican candidate for 1912.
2.
Roosevelt wasn't done, however. TR would simply run on his own as a third party candidate.
(29) Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad
I.
II.
The “Bull Moose” Campaign of 1912
A.
Democrats in 1912 felt they could take the White House (since being out for 16 years) because the Republicans had
split their party.
B.
Democrats looked to Dr. Woodrow Wilson, the governor of New Jersey.
1.
Wilson had been a mild conservative but had turned become an strong progressive.
2.
His background was in education as a history professor, then as president of Princeton Univ. As governor
of NJ, he made a name for himself by standing up to the bosses, trusts, and as a liberal.
3.
At their convention, it took 46 votes to choose Wilson. The final vote was cast after William Jennings
Bryan threw his support behind Wilson.
C.
The Democrats now had a candidate in Woodrow Wilson and they added a platform they named the "New
Freedom."
1.
The New Freedom platform was made up of liberal and progressive policies.
D.
At the Progressive party convention Teddy Roosevelt was nominated by reformer Jane Addams (of Hull House in
Chicago). Roosevelt's speech enthralled its listeners.
1.
TR won the nomination (which was a foregone conclusion) and commented that he felt "as strong as a bull
moose." The Progressive party then had a symbol and a nickname: the Bull Moose Party.
E.
The 1912 presidential campaign was thus set and the campaigning began.
1.
The 1912 candidates were…
a.
Republican: Pres. William Howard Taft
b.
Democrat: Woodrow Wilson
c.
Progressive: Theodore Roosevelt
2.
Talk between Taft and TR got nasty as the two old friends laid into one another. Wilson could enjoy just
letting his other two opponents rip themselves.
3.
Personality wars aside, Wilson's New Freedom plan and Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" plan came frontand-center.
a.
The New Nationalism plan had been inspired by The Promise of American Life by Herbert Croly
(1910). The book agreed with TR's old policy of leaving good trusts alone but controlling
bad trusts.
b.
The New Nationalism also pushed for female suffrage and social programs such as minimum
wage laws social insurance programs. These such programs would later be manifested
during the Great Depression in Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal.
1.
These "socialistic" social welfare programs would be a hard pill to swallow for business
folks and conservatives.
c.
The New Freedom plan supported small business and wanted to bust all trusts, not distinguishing
good or bad. The plan did not include social welfare programs.
4.
TR was shot in the chest in Milwaukee while on the campaign trail. Though shot, TR delivered his speech,
went to the hospital, and recovered in 2 weeks time.
Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President
A.
With the Republicans split, it was time for the Democrats. Woodrow Wilson won the 1912 electoral vote handily:
Wilson had 435 electoral votes, Roosevelt had 88, and Taft had 8.
1.
The popular vote was much different however. Wilson garnered only 41% of the people's votes, TR and
Taft totaled 50%. Thus, most people in America did not want Wilson as their president.
2.
The conclusion seemed clear—Roosevelt's Bull Moose party had cost Republicans, and given the
Democrats, the White House.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
B.
The Socialist party continued to be on the rise. Eugene V. Debs got 6% of the popular vote—a strong showing by a
third party and, again, a sign-of-the-times for people liking what the Socialists were saying.
C.
Taft didn't just go away after his one term. He would later become the chief justice of the Supreme Court.
III.
Wilson: The Idealist in Politics
A.
He was born and raised in the South who sympathized with the Confederacy's struggle to rule itself during the Civil
War. This may have influenced his "self-determination" policy of post-WWI where the people chose their
government.
B.
His father was a Presbyterian minister and Wilson was deeply religious himself as well as a superb speaker. It was
noted that he was born halfway between the bible and the dictionary and never strayed far from either.
C.
Like Teddy Roosevelt, he believed the president should strike out and lead the country.
D.
Wilson's personality was very much unlike Roosevelt, however.
1.
Wilson was an idealist, not a pragmatist like TR. He was completely stubborn at times, not budging an inch
on his ideals or beliefs. Consequently, his stubbornness meant at times not getting anything done.
2.
Wilson also was an intellectual who lacked the people's touch. Whereas TR had been loved by the people,
Wilson was scholarly and arrogant. Or in other words, whereas TR might have had a beer with the
people, Wilson might scoff at their ignorance and move on.
IV.
Wilson Tackles the Tariff
A.
As a Progressive, Woodrow Wilson entered the White House saying he wished to attack what he termed the "triple
wall of privilege": the tariff, the banks, and trusts.
B.
Wilson sought to bring the tariff down. He helped Congress pass the Underwood Tariff (1913) which did two main
things…
1.
It considerably reduced tariff rates on imports.
2.
It started a graduated income tax (the tax rate went up as a person's salary went up). The 16th Amendment
had recently been passed legalizing an income tax, the Underwood Tariff law simply laid out the
rules.
V.
Wilson Battles the Bankers
A.
America's financial system had been set up by the National Banking Act back during the Civil War. The Panic of
1907 had shown the system to have faults and to be incapable of addressing emergency needs. Wilson set
up an committee to look into the banking system.
1.
The committee was headed by Republican Senator Aldrich (of the Aldrich-Vreeland Act which addressed
banking back in 1908). The committee recommended what amounted to a third Bank of the United
States.
2.
The Democrats, following a House committee chaired by Arsene Pujo, concluded that the "money monster"
was rooted in the banking system.
3.
And, Louis D. Brandeis wrote Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It (1914) which fired
people up even more to reform a supposedly corrupt banking system.
B.
Wilson's mind was made up. In June of 1913 he asked a joint session of Congress to make broad reforms to the
nation's banking system.
1.
Congress reacted and passed the monumental Federal Reserve Act (1913).
a.
The law created the Federal Reserve Board (appointed by the president) which oversaw 12
regional, federal banks.
b.
The Federal Reserve Board was given the power to issue paper money (AKA "Federal Reserve
Notes"). Thus, it could regulate the amount of money in circulation by issuing, or holding
back, paper money.
VI.
The President Tames the Trusts This content copyright © 2010 by WikiNotes.wikidot.com
A.
Last on Wilson's "triple wall of privilege" were the trusts. Congress passed the Federal Trade Commission
Act (1914) which set up a position, appointed by the president, to investigate activities of trusts.
1.
The goal would be to stop trade practices deemed unfair such as unlawful competition, false advertising,
mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery.
B.
Congress wanted to strengthen the largely ineffective Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890), so it passed the Clayton
Anti-Trust Act(1914).
1.
The Clayton Act put real teeth into anti-trust law. It added to the Sherman law's list of objectionable trust
practices byforbidding price discrimination (a different price for different people) and interlocking
directorates (the same people serving on "competitors" boards of trustees).
2.
It also (a) exempted labor unions from being considered trusts and (b) legalized strikes as a form of
peaceful assembly.
VII.
Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide
A.
Several other reforms followed Wilson's attack on the "triple wall of privilege."
B.
Farmers got a bit of government help from the Progressive-minded Wilson.
1.
The Federal Farm Loan Act (1916) offered low interest loans to farmers.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
2.
The Warehouse Act (1916) offered loans on on security of staple crops.
C.
Workers made gains under the Progressive-minded Wilson.
1.
Sailors were guaranteed good treatment and a decent wage under the La Follette Seamen's Act (1915). A
negative result was that shipping rates shot upward with the new governmental regulations.
2.
The Workingmen's Compensation Act (1916) offered help to federal civil-service employees during a
time of disability.
3.
The Adamson Act (1916) set an 8-hour workday (plus overtime) for any worker on a train engaged in
interstate trade.
D.
Wilson named Louis Brandeis to the Supreme Court—the 1st Jew to sit on the bench. But, Wilson's Progressivism
did not reach out to blacks in America. His policies actually moved toward greater segregation.
E.
Wilson played politics too.
1.
The business community largely despised all of Wilson's and the government's meddling into business. To
keep business folks somewhat happy, and hopefully get reelected, Wilson made conservative
appointments to the Federal Reserve Board and to the Federal Trade Commission.
2.
To get reelected in 1916, Wilson new he'd have to lure most of TR's Bull Moose backers to the Democrat
party. So, despite "throwing a bone" to business, most of his energies were put into the
Progressive arena.
VIII.
New Directions in Foreign Policy
A.
Woodrow Wilson took a very different path in foreign policy when compared to his two predecessors. Wilson was a
pacifist at heart, a peacemaker. He hated TR's Big Stick Policy and Taft's Dollar Diplomacy.
1.
He got American bankers to pull out of a 6 nation loan to China.
2.
Wilson got Congress to repeal the Panama Canal Tolls Act (1912) which allowed American ships to pass
through the canal toll free.
B.
Wilson signed the Jones Act (1916) granting territorial status to the Philippines. It also promised independence
when a "stable government" was established.
1.
The Philippines were finally granted their independence on July 4, 1946.
C.
Other foreign situations forced the peaceful president to take action.
1.
Wilson defused a situation with Japan. California forbade Japanese-Americans from owning land in the
U.S. Tensions ran high and violence seemed a real threat. Wilson sent Sec. of State William
Jennings Bryan to speak to the California legislature and the situation calmed down.
2.
He was forced to take military action in 1915 in Haiti. Chaos erupted there and Wilson sent U.S. Marines to
protect Americans and American interests there. They stayed for over a year and a half.
3.
Marines were also sent to the Dominican Republic in the same year to keep order.
4.
In 1917, Woodrow Wilson purchased the Virgin Island from Denmark. It was clear by this time that the
arms of America were reaching into the Caribbean.
IX.
Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico
A.
For years, the resources of Mexico had been used by American oil, railroad, and mining businesses. The Mexican
people were extremely poor and they revolted in 1913.
1.
The president was assassinated. Placed as president was an Indian, Gen. Victoriano Huerta. The result of
the chaos was a massive immigration from Mexico to Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and
California.
B.
Huerta's regime put Wilson in a tight spot.
1.
The revolutionaries in Mexico were violent and threatened American lives and property. Americans called
for Wilson to offer protection but, he would not.
2.
On the flip side, Wilson also would not recognize Huerta and his regime. Wilson allowed American arms to
go to Huerta's rivals Venustiano Carranza and Francisco "Pancho" Villa.
C.
A situation emerged in Tampico, Mexico when some American sailors were seized by Mexico. Wilson sought
Congress' okay to use military force and actually had the navy seize Vera Cruz, Mexico. Huerta and
Carranza both were not happy about this move.
1.
The ABC Powers (Argentina, Brazil, and Chile) stepped in to mediate the situation.
2.
Huerta was replaced after considerable pressure and Carranza became president.
D.
Carranza's rival Pancho Villa began stirring up trouble. Pancho Villa was something of a Mexican Robin Hood. He
was hated by some who considered him a thief and murderer; he was loved by some who saw him as
fighting for the "little man."
1.
Pancho Villa raided a train, kidnapped 16 American mining engineers, and killed them.
2.
He and his men raided Columbus, New Mexico and killed 19 more people.
E.
Wilson sent the Army, headed by Gen. John. J. Pershing, after Pancho Villa.
1.
Pershing took a few thousand troops into Mexico, fought both Carranza's and Villa's troops, but couldn't
catch Pancho Villa.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
2.
While hunting Villa, World War I broke out and Pershing was recalled. (Villa would soon be murdered by
a Mexican rival.)
X.
Thunder Across the Sea
A.
In 1914, Austrian heir-to-the-throne Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. This started a
domino-effect where Europe quickly fell into war.
B.
The powers of Europe chose sides due to culture and to alliances…
1.
The main Central Powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey (aka the Ottomon Empire).
2.
The main Allied Powers were Russia, France, England, and Australia.
C.
Most Americans favored the Allies but many supported the Central Powers due to ethnic heritage. Nearly all
Americans were happy that an ocean separated them from the war and wanted to stay neutral.
XI.
A Precarious Neutrality
A.
Adding to the somber tone of the times, President Wilson's wife had recently died. He declared that the U.S. was
officially neutral.
B.
Both the Central and Allied Powers sought America's support.
1.
The Central Powers of Germany and Austro-Hungary were reliant on Americans that shared their heritage.
There were 11 million Americans with ethnic ties to these nations (roughly 20%).
2.
The Allies had most of the cultural, political, and economic ties with America. Generally speaking, most
Americans were sympathetic to the Allies' side.
a.
The leader of Germany, Kaiser Wilhelm II, was a military autocrat and was easy for most
freedom-loving Americans to dislike. Anyone "on the fence" would almost certainly side
with the Allies and against the Kaiser/Central Powers.
b.
Additionally, any fence-sitters likely had their minds made up against the Central Powers in a
New York subway incident. There, a Central Powers operative left his briefcase on the
subway. Inside were plans to sabotage American industries.
XII.
America Earns Blood Money
A.
Being officially neutral, American businesses sought to trade with either side in the war to make money.
1.
Trade with the Allies was possible and took place.
2.
Trade with the Central Powers was much trickier with the British navy controlling the sea. This trade
effectively pulled the U.S. out of a mini-recession that it'd been in prior to the war.
B.
Germany was aware of their inferior naval status and the benefits of Allied-American trade.
1.
Germany knew they could not compete with the British navy one-on-one. The German solution was to rely
on U-boats, or submarines.
2.
Germany announced "unrestricted submarine warfare" on the Allies or anyone assisting the Allies. The
U.S. would not be targeted, but no guarantees were made.
3.
President Wilson said Germany would be held to "strict accountability" for any American damages.
C.
The greatest U-boat attack was on the Lusitania, a British cruise liner. Nearly 1,200 souls were killed in the attack,
including 128 Americans.
1.
The Lusitania and the Americans had been warned of a possible attack. Still, the effect was to motivate
many Americans to call for war.
a.
William Jennings Bryan resigned from his post as Secretary of State due to the possibility of going
to war.
D.
Other ships were soon sunk by German U-boats.
1.
The Arabic was sunk, a British ship, killing two Americans.
2.
The Sussex was sunk, a French passenger ship, and prompted Pres. Wilson to pressure Germany.
a.
Germany gave the "Sussex Pledge" in response. It promised that no attacks would be made on
ships without warning.
b.
Germany quickly realized that such a pledge undermined the purpose of a submarine (surprise
attack). They retracted the pledge and reverted back to unrestricted submarine warfare.
E.
Wilson's neutrality was teetering on the brink.
XIII.
Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916
A.
1916 was another presidential election year. The candidates were…
1.
Republicans nominated Charles Evans Hughes. He was infamous for changing his position depending on
his audience. He as thus nicknamed "Charles Evasive Hughes."
2.
Democrats nominated Pres. Wilson for another 4 years. The campaign slogan was "He kept us out of war."
B.
By this time America's neutrality was slipping away. Still, the slogan was appealing.
C.
Wilson won the election, 277 to 254 in the electoral vote.
1.
The irony of the election was that Wilson would lead America into war only 5 months later, in April of
1917.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
(30) The War to End Wars
I.
II.
III.
IV.
War by Act of Germany
A.
By January 22, 1917, Woodrow Wilson still wanted the U.S. to avoid war. He gave a speech and called for “peace
without victory” (defeating Germany without embarrassing them).
B.
Germany responded with an iron fist. They announced they would erase the Sussex pledge and turn to a policy of
unrestricted submarine warfare. This meant any ship, warship or civilian, belligerent or peaceful, was fair
game to German u-boats.
1.
Woodrow Wilson sought to arm merchant ships. But, he was met with opposition by a group of
Midwestern senators.
C.
The "last straw" came in the Zimmerman note.
1.
German foreign secretary sent a secret telegram from Germany to Mexico. The telegram, however, was
intercepted by British spies.
2.
In the note, Germany encouraged Mexico to wage war against the U.S. After a victory, Mexico would
regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
D.
Meanwhile, German u-boats were indeed sinking ships. Four unarmed American merchant ships were sunk by
German subs.
E.
And to the east, Vladimir Lenin's communist revolution overthrew the Russian czar.
F.
President Wilson decided the time had undoubtedly come for the U.S. to enter the war. On April 2, 1917, Wilson
asked Congress to declare war. Congress declared war on April 6, 1917.
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
A.
The challenge now was to lead many reluctant Americans into war.
1.
Six senators (including the first congresswoman, Jeanette Rankin) and 50 representatives had
voted against the war.
B.
Stopping u-boats would not be convincing enough to Midwesterners. Thus, Wilson's new slogan and purpose for the
war was to, "make the world safe for democracy."
1.
This slogan laid out a very idealized goal: not to fight for the riches or war, but to free others from the
tyranny of autocrats.
2.
Wilson successfully sold the idea. Americans eagerly joined the effort to "hang the Kaiser." The expense
was Wilson's initial goal of "peace without victory."
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
A.
Wilson became the de facto moral leader of the war. In January of 1917 he gave his Fourteen Points Address to
Congress.
B.
The Fourteen Points laid out Wilson's idealistic goals. Oddly, before ever entering the war, Wilson was laying out
his goals for peace after the war. The main points were…
1.
Abolishing secret treaties.
2.
Freedom of the seas.
3.
Removal of economic barriers between nations.
4.
Reduction of armaments.
5.
Changing colonial claims to help both colonizers and native peoples.
6.
"Self-determination" where groups choose their government for themselves.
7.
A committee called the League of Nations to hopefully settle international disputes peacefully. This was
idealistic Wilson'smost desired point.
Creel Manipulates Minds
A.
In order to ratchet up and to keep up the war's enthusiasm in America, the Committee on Public Information was
created to sell the war.
B.
George Creel headed up the committee and was very successful using the following tactics:
1.
He sent out 75,000 "four-minute men" to give patriotic speeches.
2.
Posters were pasted everywhere saying things like "Battle of the Fences" or encouraging people to buy war
bonds.
3.
Leaflets and pamphlets told of the idealistic goals of the war.
4.
Although radio and TV hadn't been invented yet, the movies had. Creel used movie shorts (often featuring
America's first big movie star, Charlie Chaplin) or propaganda films like The Kaiser, the Beast of
Berlin or To Hell with the Kaiser.
5.
Songs helped sell the war too, especially Over There.
C.
Perhaps a drawback of Creel's success was that he was too successful. Americans entered the war with too-lofty
ideals. The reality was a dirty war in the trenches, with no glorious battle, high casualties, and a generation
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
of disillusioned young men who survived. This would be later immortalized in Hemingway's novels The
Sun Also Rises and especially in A Farewell to Arms.
V.
Enforcing Loyalty and Stiffing Dissent
A.
German-Americans (about 8% of the U.S. population) were largely loyal to the United States. However, rumors and
gossip spawned the wide belief that they were actually spies and saboteurs loyal to Germany. Some were
tarred-and-feathered or beaten.
B.
Anti-German feelings affected all.
1.
German names were re-branded. For example, German composers like Beethoven were not performed by
orchestras, sauerkraut became "liberty cabbage," dachshunds became "liberty pups."
C.
Congress joined the general mood by passing two anti-foreign laws.
1.
The Espionage Act of 1917 sought to prosecute "spies". 1,900 prosecutions followed under the Espionage
Act.
a.
Noteworthy was Eugene V. Debs, the leader of the Socialist. He was sentenced to ten years under
the law.
b.
Also targeted were members of the Industrial Workers of the World (I.W.W.), a group that held
the goal of creating an international labor union. The leader of the I.W.W., William D.
Haywood, also was convicted under the Espionage Act.
2.
The Sedition Act of 1918 sought to prosecute anyone engaging in "seditious" activity.
a.
Essentially any activity interpreted as anti-government could be prosecuted—a very general
definition that could be applied widely.
b.
Both the Espionage and Sedition Acts pushed the boundaries of the First Amendment, and likely
flat-out broke them.
c.
Notably, these two laws were very similar to the Alien and Sedition Acts of the 1790's, under
President Adams'.
d.
After the war, presidential pardons were given to many of those jailed under these laws. Eugene
Debs was pardoned by President Warren G. Harding in 1921.
VI.
The Nation’s Factories Go to War This content copyright © 2010 by WikiNotes.wikidot.com
A.
The U.S. entered the war very unprepared. Wilson had taken a few steps early on, including (1) forming a Council
of National Defense to study economic mobilization, (2) increasing shipbuilding, and (3) increasing the
size of the army (although the U.S. still ranked 15th in the world in size).
B.
The first major problem was mobilizing industry. There was much ignorance everywhere and reluctance by statesrights advocates who didn't want the federal government ramming things down their throats.
1.
Somewhat late, in March of 1918, Wilson appointed Bernard Baruch leader of the War Industries
Board to orchestrate industry in the war effort. Baruch was a savvy stock speculator and very able,
but the Board's powers were a bit weak. America's love of laissez-faire (government staying out of
business) was strong even in time of war.
VII.
Workers in Wartime
A.
Americans went to work in large measure, motivated by the governments "work or fight" policy.
B.
Former Pres. Taft headed the National War Labor Board to settle any worker disputes and thus keep folks on the
job.
1.
Businesses were encouraged to keep wages high and hours long.
2.
The government did not agree to workers' top desire—a government guarantee to organize labor unions.
C.
Samuel Gompers, head of the American Federation of Labor (AF of L), loyally supported the war.
1.
Some smaller unions, including the I.W.W., did not support the war. The "I Won't Work" union engaged in
some sabotage in complaint of poor working conditions.
2.
The AF of L, however, benefited from its work and loyalty. By war's end, membership had more than
doubled to over 3 million and wages in certain industries had increased by 20%.
D.
Problems still remained.
1.
Wartime inflation threatened to negate the wage increases.
2.
Strikes ran rampant—there were some 6,000 strikes, often violent.
a.
For example in 1919, over 250,000 steel workers struck (America's largest strike). Steel officials
would not bargain. Instead, 30,000 African-American workers were brought in to keep
the mills going. Violence followed, a dozen workers were killed, and the strike failed.
E.
African-Americans began moved north during the war by the tens of thousands seeking jobs. Appearing in formerly
all-white neighborhoods, tension and sometimes violence resulted. Chicago and St. Louis are good
examples.
VIII.
Suffering Until Suffrage
A.
While the men were at war, many women took jobs.
B.
Women working created a split in the women's movement—those against and for the war.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
1.
Against the war, the National Woman's party were pacifists. The party was led by a Quaker, Alice Paul.
She organized marches and hunger strikes against Germany.
2.
Most women supported the war. The National American Woman Suffrage Association backed Pres.
Wilson's efforts. They argued that women must engage in the war effort in order to participate
after the war. They gained Pres. Wilson's endorsement of women's suffrage.
C.
Several states began granting women the right to vote including New York, Michigan, Oklahoma, and South
Dakota. Several western states had already granted women's suffrage. The domino effect had begun.
D.
In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment was passed granting women the right to vote nationwide.
E.
A Women's Bureau emerged after the war with the goal of protecting women's newfound rights in the workplace.
However, most women left the jobs and returned to the homes after the war.
1.
Congress also essentially endorsed the traditional role of women as homemakers by passing the SheppardTowner Maternity Act (1921). The law gave instruction on maternal and infant health care.
IX.
Forging a War Economy
A.
Mobilization to a wartime economy would be fueled by emotion and patriotism rather than the rule of laws.
B.
Since he'd successfully organized a voluntary food drive for Belgium, Herbert Hoover was chosen to head up
the Food Administration.
1.
Hoover relied on voluntary efforts, not mandates of law.
2.
Slogans were very successful in drumming up support and food. Examples were "meatless Tuesdays" and
"wheatless Wednesdays."
3.
Most Americans planted "victory gardens" in their backyards to grow their own vegetables.
4.
No grains were to be wasted on making alcohol. This also helped propel the prohibition movement. In
1919, one year after the war ended, the Eighteenth Amendment was passed prohibiting alcoholic
drinks.
C.
The increased need for food was because the U.S. had to feed citizens at home, package food to ship to
soldiers, and feed the allies in Europe.
1.
Hoover's program and people's efforts were very successful. Food production increased by 25% and food
exports to Europe tripled.
2.
His program was mimicked by others.
a.
The Fuel Administration encourage folks with "heatless Mondays", "lightless nights," and
"gasless Sundays." "Daylight saving time" was also started to conserve fuel since there
was one less dark hour to light up.
b.
The Treasury Dept. sought money for the effort through Liberty Loan and Victory Loan drives.
People were also encouraged to buy "war bonds."
1.
The government collected $21 billion, 2/3 of America's war effort. The other 1/3 of the
cost was paid via increased taxes.
D.
Although voluntary efforts were the preference, the government did exert its power at times.
1.
The government took over the railroads in 1917 when they got log-jammed.
2.
And, they seized many ships for the war.
X.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
A.
Americans had envisioned a somewhat secondary role in the war effort. By 1917, however, it became clear that the
European Allies were out of men, money, and everything else. America would have to go "all in" to the
war.
B.
To gain the needed soldiers, a draft was started by the Selective Service Act (a draft hadn't been used since the Civil
War).
1.
All men, age 18 to 45, were required to register. A man couldn't purchase his exemption either, as in the
Civil War.
2.
Despite some fussing, the draft was relatively smooth and successful. The army swelled to 4,000,000 men.
3.
Troops were supposed to get six months training, but usually they were just shuffled off to war.
C.
Women served in the military for the first time.
D.
Blacks also served, still in segregated units. Racial attitudes of the time still held that black soldiers shouldn't be
trained for combat, but rather should serve in support roles.
XI.
Fighting in France—Belatedly
A.
In Russia, the communist Bolsheviks had taken over in late 1917. By early 1918, Russia had pulled out of the war.
With the Eastern Front now dormant, the result was that German soldiers could now relocate over to the
Western Front.
B.
Despite the Allies urging, America was late getting "over there." Partly that was due to the huge tasks of logistics, of
organizing, and partly it was due to America's desire to train the troops and keep them under American
officers.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
C.
Americans began spilling over to Europe and first served as Allied replacements in the quieter sections. Others
served in Belgium, Italy, and even Russia to prevent Russia from falling to Germany. Some troops went to
Siberia to hold back Japan's interests there.
1.
The Bolsheviks disliked these interventions by capitalists trying to undermine their communist revolution.
XII.
America Helps Hammer the “Hun”
A.
The Allies knew Germany would make a big push in the Spring of 1918—and they did.
B.
French commander Marshal Foch's motto was, "To make war is to attack." But, really, France was just hanging on
until America arrived.
C.
U.S. soldiers arrived en masse in the Spring of 1918. America's main roles in the war were (1) in stopping the
German assault on Paris, (2) providing a much-needed boost to morale, and (3) providing supplies.
1.
American soldiers helped stop Germany at Château-Thierry, only 40 miles from Paris.
2.
Americans helped at the Second Battle of the Marne which started the German withdrawal.
3.
Americans helped stop Germany at the southern flank at St. Mihiel.
4.
American Gen. John J. Pershing didn't want to just help in the war. He wanted Americans to fight on their
own.
a.
U.S. Marines proved themselves at Belleau Wood. Due to there fiere fighting. There they were
given the nickname "Teufel Hunden" by the Germans—"Devil Dogs."
b.
Pershing engaged in the Meuse-Argonne offensive, the largest military endeavor in American
history to that time. The numbers were huge, and with the machine gun in use, so were
casualties.
c.
Sgt. Alvin C. York became a hero when he killed 20 Germans and captured 132 others, by
himself.
D.
By this time, Germany's back was broken and was about to give up. To speed the psychological process, the Allies
were distributing propaganda leaflets encouraging Germany to surrender.
XIII.
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
A.
Wilson achieved his goal of kicking the Kaiser out of power. Many Germans were sick of war and the Kaiser fled to
Holland.
B.
Germany quit fighting at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918 (Nov. 11, 1918). This was an
armistice only (a cease-fire). An official surrender would have to come later amongst the politicians.
1.
This day became known as "Armistice Day" and then later, "Veterans' Day."
C.
Even more than losses on the battlefield, what really stopped the Germans was the possibility of seemingly endless
American troops and supplies.
XIV.
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
A.
Both at home and across the world, Woodrow Wilson's popularity was flying high at the end of the war. Still, in the
mid-term elections of 1918, Republicans gained a slim majority in Congress.
B.
Wilson decided to personally travel to Europe peace talks. Republicans were not happy about this—to them it
seemed like he was showing off.
1.
Worse still for Wilson was that he didn't invite a single Republican along on the trip. Henry Cabot
Lodge was chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations committee, but Wilson and he despised one
another.
2.
Leaving out Republicans alienated them even more and would prove to be a costly mistake.
XV.
An Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
A.
The "Big Four" met at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 to settle terms of peace. The Big Four were Vittorio
Orlando (Italy),Georges Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (Britain), and Woodrow
Wilson (U.S.).
B.
Conflicting ambitions ruled the conference. Britain and France wanted to punish Germany, Italy wanted money or
land, the U.S. wanted to heal wounds through Wilson’s League of Nations.
C.
Wilson’s big dream was the League of Nations to "end all wars." He'd "sell the ranch" to get the League. So he
bargained with Britain and France.
1.
Britain and France agreed to go along with the League, Wilson reluctantly agreed to go along with
punishment.
2.
The War Guilt Clause was included doing two things: (1) it formally placed blame on Germany, a proud
and embarrassed people, and (2) it charged Germany for the costs of war, $33 billion.
XVI.
Hammering Out the Treaty
A.
Meanwhile, back in the U.S., opposition to the Treaty of Versailles was growing. A 2/3 vote by the U.S. Senate is
needed to approve a president's treaty. A group, led by William Borah and Hiram Johnson, desired
isolation and/or it would be unwise to turn American decision-making over to a group of foreign nations
(the League of Nations).
B.
Europe noticed the American opposition—this put them in a better bargaining position. They set out to use their new
power.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
1.
Clemenceau pressed for the Rhineland and Saar regions (in between France and Germany). This went
against Wilson's idea of "self-determination." Wilson agreed to:
a.
Let France occupy the region for 15 years, then let the people vote: France or Germany? (they
voted Germany).
b.
The "Security Treaty" saying the U.S. and England would come to France's aid if they ever needed
help.
2.
Italy wanted the strategic seaport of Fiume. Again, this interfered with self-determination. Talks broke
down and Italy turned against Wilson.
3.
Japan wanted China's Shantung peninsula and German islands in the Pacific. Yet again, this was not selfdetermination. Wilson eventually agreed to let Japan keep the islands and the peninsula on the
promise that the Shantung would go back to China later on.
XVII. The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
A.
Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles. Many Germans had hoped Wilson's Fourteen Points would be
built into the treaty, but due to necessary bargaining, few made it. The Germans felt betrayed. This would
be a main crying point by Adolf Hitlerin the near future.
B.
Wilson had been forced to bargain—no bargaining would've meant no treaty. Now, he was a fallen hero. Liberals
felt he'd "sold out" and imperialists felt he was too soft.
XVIII. The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
A.
Upon his return to the U.S., Wilson entered a whirlwind of opposition on many sides.
1.
Isolationists didn't want to get in "entangling alliances," as Washington and Jeffeson had warned against.
2.
"Hun-haters" thought the treaty was too soft; liberals thought it was too tough.
3.
"Hyphenated Americans" felt the treaty too harsh on their home country. Irish-Americans thought it gave
Britain too much world power.
XIX.
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
A.
Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge did not want the Treaty of Versailles approved in the Senate. He felt he could not defeat it
outright, but intended to change it to a favorable form.
B.
To stall, he held meetings and read the 264 page document aloud in the Senate. The slow-down began to confuse
public opinion on the Treaty.
C.
While bogged down in the Senate, Wilson decided to take his case on the road—to appeal to the people themselves.
It would be a physically grueling summer tour.
1.
Early on, Wilson's tour went somewhat poorly. Midwestern tour stops had lots of German-Americans who
weren't enthusiastic.
2.
Also, "irreconcilable" senators (Borah and Johnson) followed Wilson's tour and made stops at the places
he'd just spoken.
3.
The western mountains and Pacific Coast welcomed Wilson warmly. After a speech in Pueblo, CO, Wilson
collapsed due to exhaustion. Days later, a stroke paralyzed half of his body. He laid in the White
House for months, essentially inactive as president.
XX.
Defeat Through Deadlock
A.
Henry Cabot Lodge drew up fourteen "reservations" to the Treaty of Versailles. His goal was to protect the Monroe
Doctrine, the Constitution, and retain America's right to rule herself, rather than an international committee.
1.
Of special concern was Article X of the Treaty. It required the U.S. to help a League nation that is attacked.
Lodge and the Congress wanted to retain that right themselves. Lodge tacked on amendments to
make those changes.
B.
By voting time, with the amendments in place, the roles had been switched—Lodge was now for the treaty and
Wilson was nowagainst it.
1.
Wilson personally despised Lodge and would not accept Lodge's perversions of the Treaty of Versailles.
Though weak, he convinced Democrats to vote against Lodge's amended version of the treaty.
The treaty failed to get Senate approval, 55 yes to 39 no (it needed a 2/3 vote to pass).
2.
Surprised at the defeat, the treaty was brought up for a second vote. It failed a second time, with a 49 yes to
35 no vote.The U.S. never did accept the Treaty of Versailles or, thus, the League of Nations.
3.
The treaty was not ratified due to many reasons. A major one was Wilson's refusal to compromise. Wilson
was a man of high ideals—he would not compromise his ideals in the reality of politics.
XXI.
The “Solemn Referendum” of 1920
A.
Twice voted down and still unratified, Wilson planned to take his case straight to the people in a "solemn
referendum." This was simply unrealistic in the dirty world of politics.
B.
By 1920, the Republicans had reorganized. Teddy Roosevelt's death in 1919 helped draw the Republicans back
together. They drew up a party platform to appeal to both those for and those against the League of
Nations. Their candidate would court both sides.
1.
Warren G. Harding was chosen as the Republican candidate and Calvin Coolidge as V.P. candidate.
Harding was chosen largely because he was folksy and looked like a president. He ran saying
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
America wanted to take a break from Wilsonian high-mindedness and just "return to normalcy," a
non-word, but he was probably right.
2.
The Democrats chose Ohio governor James M. Cox (pro-League of Nations) and for V.P., a
young Franklin D. Roosevelt.
C.
Harding won the election in a big way (16 million to only 9).
1.
Notably, Socialist party candidate Eugene V. Debs got almost 1 million votes—a substantial number. This
raised the alarm that socialism/communism was growing in the U.S.
XXII. The Betrayal of Great Expectations
A.
The ultimate irony of WWI was that it was billed the "war to end all wars," and yet it did much to start the biggest
war ever, World War II.
B.
At end of WWI, the door was open for the U.S. to become the world's leader, but instead, America retreated into
isolationism. American isolationism helped lead to WWII in several ways:
1.
Without a allies to help in time of need, France went ahead and built up a massive military.
2.
Punishment of Germany led to considerable suffering. This opened the door for Adolf Hitler to gain
support with wild ideas. Isolationism would also allow Hitler Germany to re-arm themselves
largely without interruption.
(31) American Life in the Roaring ‘20s
I.
II.
III.
Seeing Red
A.
Following WWI, America's mood changed to isolationism and anti-foreigner. "Radicals" were shunned and
foreigners were expected to change their ways to American.
B.
A "Red Scare" (a fear of communism) emerged. This fear was fueled by (1) the recent Russian revolution, (2)
Eugene Debs growing numbers, (3) loads of strikes, and (4) a series of mail bombs.
1.
The logic went that communism was from Europe—all the more reason to shun foreigners and their ways.
2.
Right or wrong, people blamed the bombs on the reds. Atty. Gen. Mitchell Palmer vowed to round up the
reds. He arrested about 6,000 people; some were deported. He slowed down a bit after a bomb
blew up his house.
C.
Again, free speech, such as explaining one's political views, was under fire.
1.
States passed laws outlawing advocacy of violence for social change.
2.
Some elected officials were denied seats on the legislature because they were Socialists.
D.
The faces of the Red Scare were Sacco and Vanzetti.
1.
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants accused of murder.
2.
The importance is that although there was some evidence against them, many concluded their case was
based less onevidence and more on other strikes against them. The other strikes: they were Italian,
atheists, anarchists, draft dodgers. They were tried, convicted, and executed.
Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK
A.
The Ku Klux Klan was somewhat re-vamped at this time. The KKK had been started as an anti-black group. In the
20's, it added to its list of "we don't likes": Catholics, Jewish, pacifists, communists, internationalists,
revolutionists, bootleggers, gambling, adultery, and birth control.
B.
More simply, the KKK was pro-white Anglo-Saxon protestant ("WASP") and anti-everything else.
C.
By expanding its scope of hatred and by riding the mood of the time, the KKK reached its numerical peak during the
20's—about 5 million members strong.
1.
The KKK employed the same tactics as it always had: fear, lynchings, and intimidation.
D.
Finally, the KKK was given a stiff setback due to an internal money/initiation fee scam.
Stemming the Foreign Flood
A.
Congress took action in the anti-foreign mood to limit immigrants from Europe, specifically “New Immigrants”
(mostly from the southeastern Europe regions).
1.
The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 cut the number of immigrants who could enter America to 3% of their
nationality's U.S. population in 1910.
a.
This law somewhat favored the New Immigrants (the group they wanted to limit) because their
numbers in 1910 were so large. A new bill was desired.
2.
In 1924, the Immigration Act sliced the number down to 2% of a group's U.S. population in 1890.
Changing from 1910 to 1890 (before many New Immigrants had arrived). This change clearly had
racial undertones beneath it (New Immigrants out, Old Immigrants in).
a.
This law also closed the door to Japanese immigrants.
b.
Canadians and Latin Americans were not included in the law. They were desired to work jobs.
B.
In 1931, for the first time, more foreigners left American than came. Aside from the Chinese Exclusion Act of
1882, this marked the first restriction on immigration or the end of free and open American immigration.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
C.
America was a patchwork quilt of ethnic groups, especially in the big cities. New ideas on the "melting pot" grew.
Two theories emerged in the intellectual circles:
1.
Horace Kallen argued that the ethnic groups should keep their old-world traditions. They would harmonize
like an orchestra.
2.
Randolph Bourne argued that the groups should interact with one another to create a trans-nationality in
America.
IV.
The Prohibition “Experiment”
A.
In 1919, the Eighteenth Amendment was passed prohibiting alcohol. Congress passed the Volstead Act later in the
year to carry out the amendment.
B.
The amendment was more popular in the South and West.
C.
Many did not like the amendment. America has a long tradition of liking a strong drink and a weak government.
Many folks violated or ignored the prohibition.
1.
Since it was costly and risky to deal in alcohol, the stronger the alcohol the better. Straight moonshine
might blind or kill.
D.
There were positive results: bank savings increased and absences at work went down.
V.
The Golden Age of Gangsterism
A.
Prohibition created an entire industry for organized crime: liquor distribution.
B.
Gangs emerged and staked out their territories for liquor and their accompanying "speakeasy" bars, gambling,
narcotics, whore houses, and extortion money.
C.
Chicago led the gang world. About 500 gangsters were murdered in the 20's in Chicago. Arrests were few and
convictions were rare since gang members would not rat out others.
1.
"Scarface' Al Capone was the biggest and the baddest. Bloodshed and murder followed his armor-clad,
bulletproof windowed car through Chicago. The feds named him "Public Enemy Number One."
The "G-men" never got him for the dirty stuff; they did jail him in Alcatraz for tax evasion.
2.
By 1930, the estimate of gang income was between $12 and $18 billion—several times the income of the
Washington D.C. government.
D.
Gang violence/extortion hit the headlines in 1932 when Charles Lindbergh's baby was kidnapped for ransom. The
baby was soon found murdered. Congress passed the "Lindbergh Law" making interstate kidnapping
punishable by death.
VI.
Monkey Business in Tennessee This content copyright © 2010 by WikiNotes.wikidot.com
A.
Education began to change from rote memorization to more hands-on learning. This was the idea of progressive
education John Dewey who advocated "learning by doing" and "education for life."
B.
Science made gains. The Rockefeller Foundation funded a health drive that nearly eliminated hookworm which
mostly struck the poor. Nutrition and health care extended the life expectancy from 50 years in 1901 to 59
years in 1929.
C.
Scientists butted heads with traditionalists in the 20's in the "Scopes Monkey Trial" over Darwin's theory of
evolution.
1.
Fundamentalists believed in a literal reading of the Bible. They'd grown in numbers, especially in the
"Bible Belt" of the South.
2.
Tennessee passed a law banning teaching evolution in public schools. A young biology teacher, John T.
Scopes broke this law and taught evolution.
3.
Dayton, TN became a national stage for the first evolution vs. creation showdown. Big-name lawyers led
both sides: the evolution side was argued by Clarence Darrow, presidential candidate William
Jennings Bryan argued the creation side.
a.
Bryan was passionate, a Bible expert and expert speaker. Darrow was an expert trial lawyer and
likely got the better of Bryan. Perhaps the most famous "gotcha" point came when
Darrow got Bryan to comment on Jonah being swallowed by a whale. Darrow then said
the Bible quotes a "great fish," and not a whale.
b.
The trial itself was almost a non-factor—Scopes had broken the no-evolution law. He was
convicted and given a slap-on-the-wrist.
c.
The stress and passion of the case literally led to Bryan's death. He died of a stroke only five days
afterward.
4.
Fundamentalism may have gained a victory in that, through mocking, their faith was strengthened even
more. And, their numbers continued to grow, especially with Baptists and the new Church of
Christ.
VII.
The Mass-Consumption Economy
A.
After the immediate post-war recession, the 1920's generally enjoyed a robust economy. Treasury Sec. Andrew
Mellons low-tax policies helped encourage growth.
B.
Machinery got better and ran on cheap energy.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
1.
The business period was personified by Henry Ford. He perfected the assembly line at his Rouge Rive
Plant and could produce a new car every 10 seconds. Ford-style mass production was then applied
to other industries, lowering costs, and starting mass consumption.
C.
To sell the tons of new stuff, new advertising techniques were needed. Ads began to employ persuasion and sex
appeal.
1.
The ad-master was Bruce Barton. He wrote a best-seller called The Man Nobody Knows. That man
was Jesus Christ, whom Barton said was the best advertiser ever and others marketers would do
well to follow his steps.
2.
People began to buy things they didn't know they'd needed or wanted, until they saw the ad. Folks followed
new (and dangerous) buying techniques…they bought (1) on the installment plan and (2) on
credit. Both ways were capable of plunging an unsuspecting consumer into debt.
D.
The growing mass media, like newspapers, magazines, and infant radio, made America more homogeneous, more
the same from coast-to-coast. This was great for mass consumption.
E.
Mass media helped sports grow in popularity. Baseball was the king of American sports with heroes like Babe Ruth.
It was now practical to follow your team on a daily basis, home or away. Boxing was popular, with champ
Jack Dempsey. Horse racing was the second most popular sport by attendance.
VIII.
Putting America on Rubber Tires
A.
Americans took European know-how and further developed the gasoline engine.
B.
Frederick Taylor promoted efficiency in production. He would put the stopwatch on a worker then orchestrate his
movements to eliminated wasted movement and quicken his time. It was effective as workers became very
effective (though they were little more than machine parts).
C.
Early moguls in the automobile industry were Henry Ford and Ransom E. Olds (the Oldsmobile).
D.
These cars were unreliable—a driver would have to also be half mechanic. But, they were inexpensive, especially
Ford's Model T. When Ford switched to the Model A, the assembly line technique made the Model A
affordable for practically any working person.
1.
When the stock market crashed in 1929, there were 26 million registered cars—1 car for every 4.9 people
America.
IX.
The Advent of the Gasoline Age
A.
Cars created 6 million new jobs and quickly became America's number one mode of transportation.
B.
Cars brought fundamental changes to America:
1.
Roads were now needed—there was a boom in paving and cars' accompanying gasoline industry started
and mushroomed.
2.
There were social changes as well. Cars brought independence to young people who "dated" in them and
America began to reshape itself by spreading out into suburbs. There were many crashes too. By
1951, a million people had died in car crashes—more than all the wars combined.
X.
Humans Develop Wings
A.
The gas engine also led to airplanes. In Orville and Wilbur Wright man flew for the first time on December 17,
1903 for 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk, N.C.
B.
Airplanes grew as heard spread. Many first saw a plane when a stunt flier would barnstorm their town or county fair.
C.
Planes were used minimally in World War I—mostly for recon (spying), dog fighting each other, and crude
bombing.
D.
After WWI planes really got going. They were used for air mail. The first transcontinental airmail route started from
New York to San Francisco in 1920.
E.
America got a hero when Charles Lindbergh was the first to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927. It took him
33 1/2 hours, he won a $25,000 prize, and instantly became a celebrity.
1.
Lindbergh was sort of represented the anti-Jazz Age. Whereas many young people were living the high life
of fast cars, illegal booze, jazz, nightclubs, "petting parties", Lindbergh was traditional,
wholesome and shy. It was said that for a brief moment, the Jazz Age crowd paused their party
and tipped their glasses to Lindbergh's accomplishment.
XI.
The Radio Revolution
A.
Guglielmo Marconi invented wireless telegraphy in the 1890's. His invention was used in WWI. The beep-beep
radio would soon give birth to voice radio.
B.
The first major radio broadcast was made by KDKA it Pittsburgh. They broadcast the results of Warren Hardings
presidential victory.
1.
Radio spread out from being local, to powerful national shows that often drowned out the local stations.
Entrepreneur Powel Crosley's station sent out 500,000 watts (10 times the limit today) and could
be reached nearly anywhere in the U.S.
C.
Like the car, the radio also changed society.
1.
Radio standardized or homogenized Americans in a way never before possible—everyone could hear the
same news at exactly the same time.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
2.
Whereas the car scattered people, the radio drew them back to their homes. Sitting as a family listening to
the radio was the norm. Popular shows were "Amos 'n' Andy.
3.
Radio was a new and powerful medium for advertisers as well. They sponsored shows like the "A&P
Gypsies" and the "Eveready Hour."
4.
It was even easier for sports fans to follow their teams—sports grew even more in popularity.
5.
Politicians had to adjust to the new media as well.
XII.
Hollywood’s Filmland Fantasies
A.
Thomas Edison helped invent/develop the "picture show" (movies).
B.
Largely considered the first movie was The Great Train Robbery in 1903. The first full-length movie was made in
1915 by D.W. Griffith called The Birth of a Nation. It dealt with the Civil War and Reconstruction and
was controversial because it seemed to glorify the KKK. Technically, though, it stunned viewers with its
battle scenes and ability to draw out emotions on a personal level.
1.
After viewing the movie, Pres. Woodrow Wilson said it was like writing "history with lightning."
C.
Hollywood became the movie headquarters with its sunny climate. Early films often featured nude women and
"vamps" (female vampires) until criticism clothed things.
D.
Movies really took off during WWI as many propaganda shorts were created.
E.
The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson in 1927, a "minstrel" movie with white men dressed as black men, was the first
"talkie" (movie with sound).
F.
Movies quickly became America's foremost form entertainment. Early movie stars like Charlie Chaplain, Douglas
Fairbanks, and Mary Pickford quickly emerged.
G.
There were critics of radio and the movies. They said it turned America away from grandma's story-telling to mere
clown-shows. Still, the times had changed for good.
XIII.
The Dynamic Decade
A.
By the census of 1920, for the first time, more Americans lived in urban areas than in rural areas. This red-letter
year marked a teetering point in American history socially—the change from an agrarian to an urban
society.
B.
There were many social changes during the 20's. The decade marked the break from old-to-new, from traditional-tomodern. This break often came with culture clash (the Scopes Monkey Trial is a great example).
1.
Margaret Sanger promoted birth-control for women. The National Women's Party emerged in 1923
with the ambition of getting an Equal Rights Amendment passed to the U.S. Constitution.
2.
Religion was watered-down too. "Modernists" pushed back at Fundamentalists. Modernists viewed God as
an old chum, as opposed to the traditional view that man was a born sinner and in need of
forgiveness through Christ.
3.
The young "Jazz Age" set of "flaming youth" shocked the older crowd. The young modern women in the
20's, the "flappers" were the worst:
a.
They dressed scantily and danced "dirty" to the Charleston.
b.
They drank booze, bobbed their hair short, courted boys in motorcars, and openly spoke of sex.
c.
It was popular to read of Sigmund Freud's psychological theories (always involving sex and
violence). Freud said sexual repression led to many ills, mental and physical. Thus,
sexual gratification was needed for both types of health.
C.
Jazz came on in a big way during the 20's (so that F. Scott Fitzgerald coined the term the "Jazz Age").
1.
Jazz pioneers were W.C. Handy with his Memphis blues style, "Jelly Roll" Morton, and "Joe" King Oliver.
Jazz was mostly started by black artists, but white performers got most of the profits.
D.
Black pride emerged, largely in the cities.
1.
Poet Langston Hughes penned the voice of black America.
2.
Marcus Garvey founded the United Negro Improvement Association to re-locate blacks to their native
homeland. They alsosponsored black enterprises to try and keep blacks' money in blacks' hands.
a.
Garvey's enterprises usually failed and he was jailed for mail fraud. The sense of pride he helped
create remained and helped later start the Nation of Islam (Black Muslim) movement.
XIV.
Cultural Liberation
A.
The 1920's was also a turning point in literature. The Victorian era writers had died: Henry James, Henry Adams,
and William Dean Howells. There were a few popular writers, especially Edith Wharton and Willa Cather
(who wrote plainly about life on the Plains).
B.
The new writers were from broad backgrounds (not just New England protestants) and they were very good.
1.
H.L. Mencken used wit and biting criticism to jab at almost every aspect of society in his American
Monthly.
2.
F. Scott Fitzgerald was the de facto spokesman for the Jazz Age (his term). He gained fame with This Side
of Paradise(partying college-kids) and then his best work The Great Gatsby (a ruined WWI vet).
His stories, along with his life and wife Zelda, described the period's glamor and senselessness.
24
07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
3.
Theodore Dreiser wrote in the ugly form of a realist (not a romantic) in An American Tragedy. It told of a
pregnant woman murdered by her socially ambitious lover.
4.
Ernest Hemingway wrote The Sun Also Rises (young adults partying in Paris, Spain) and A Farewell to
Arms (young officer fleeing war, seeking love).
a.
Roughly based on his own life, both stories showed the empty, hollow lives of young adults.
Hemingway became the voice of the "Lost Generation"—those who'd gone to WWI with
Wilsonian ideals, only to become disillusioned and ruined by the realities of war.
5.
Sherwood Anderson wrote Winesburg, Ohio which dredged the insides small-town America.
6.
Sinclair Lewis also depicted small-town America in Main Street and 20's materialism/consumerism
in Babbitt.
7.
William Faulkner wrote hauntingly about the Southern experience in novels such as The Sound and the
Fury, As I Lay Dying, and Absolom, Absolom! His books sometimes stunned or confused readers
with the new, choppy "stream of consciousness" writing technique.
8.
Poetry cut new paths too, led by Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot with his poem "The Waste Land." Robert
Frost wrote of New England ("The Road Not Taken"). And e.e. cummings experimented with the
typeset, diction, and punctuation—his poems sounded different but also looked different, adding to
their effect.
9.
Eugene O'Neill was one of America's greatest playwrights. Plays like "Strange Interlude" which meddled
with Freudian ideas of sex.
C.
In New York there was a "Harlem Renaissance", an outpouring of African-American art and culture. It was led by
writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, and Zora Neale Hurston. And also by jazz musicians Louis
Armstrong and Eubie Blake.
D.
Architecture was perhaps the most symbolic of the changing society because it mixed art and science in a very
tangible way.
1.
Frank Lloyd Wright was an understudy of Louis Sullivan (of earlier Chicago skyscraper fame). Wright
stunned people with his use of concrete, glass, and steel and his unconventional theory that “form
follows function.”
2.
The crowned king of skyscrapers was the Empire State Building, with its ultra modern "Art Deco" style,
completed in 1931.
XV.
Wall Street’s Big Bull Market
A.
Always the prelude to recession or depression, there was too much speculation in too-risky areas during the 20's.
1.
A Florida land boom shot prices on sunny property through the roof. Then a hurricane dealt reality and the
land boom went bust in 1926.
2.
The stock market was the speculator's paradise in the 20's. The desire to get rich quick on rising stock
prices created a "buy-now" feeling. This is turn, drove the market higher, and built on that buynow feeling, artificially.
a.
Worse, many people bought "on margin", meaning they bought with borrowed money. Usually
10% was paid up-front, 90% borrowed. That meant wild profits if the stock went up, wild
debt if it dropped.
b.
This type of structure was like building a house of cards, it could not stand forever.
B.
The federal government tried to get their financial house in order when Congress passed the Bureau of the Budget.
1.
Sec. of Treasury Andrew Mellon disliked the high taxes leftover from WWI.
a.
He felt they forced the rich to put their money in tax-exempt securities, not in factories. His idea,
still around today, said that in desiring more tax revenue through high taxes, the higher
rate cripples the economy and actually leads toless revenue for the government.
b.
Congress did ease the tax burden on the rich and the economy did boom during the 20's. He also
succeeded in lowering the national debt.
c.
If there is such a thing as a bad side to prosperity, it was simply that the profits enabled people to
give in to their greed and over-speculate in risky businesses—this was the main cause of
the Great Depression.
(32) The Politics of Boom and Bust
I.
The Republican “Old Guard” Returns
A.
Pres. Harding looked the part as president—tall, handsome, silver-haired and was friendly and popular. But, he was
of average intelligence and he was gullible.
B.
The saying was that George Washington couldn't tell a lie and Harding couldn't tell a liar.
C.
Harding sought to collect the "best minds" to be in his administration.
1.
Charles Evans Hughes became secretary of state. He was very able in that role.
25
07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
2.
Andrew Mellon became secretary of the treasury and managed the budget extremely well.
3.
Due to his food-saving successes in WWI, Herbert Hoover became secretary of commerce.
D.
Despite the highlights above, there were also huge duds in the Harding administration.
1.
Albert B.Fall was a schemer and anti-conservationist, yet was appointed secretary of the interior to
manage natural resources.
2.
Harry M. Daugherty was a small-town lawyer, was crooked, yet was appointed attorney general.
II.
GOP Reaction at the Throttle
A.
Harding was a good man at heart, but he lacked the vigor of a strong leader. In Harding, the less-than-honest had the
perfect front for their schemes.
1.
The "Old Guard", McKinley-style industrialists sought to further laissez-faire; in other words, to let
business run wild and free.
2.
Harding appointed 4 Supreme Court justices. Three were standard traditionalists. The other was former
president William Taftas chief justice. He judged a bit more liberal.
B.
The conservative court halted progressive laws.
1.
A federal child-labor law was stopped.
2.
In the case of Adkins v. Children's Hospital the court reversed its own reasoning that had been set
in Muller v. Oregon. TheMuller case had said women need special protection in the work place.
The Adkins decision erased the idea of women's protection at work and wiped out a minimum
wage law for women.
C.
The Anti-trust laws which had been applied during the Progressive years were set aside. The Harding-era trend was
clear for businesses: it's a go for expansion and free from fear that the government might interfere.
1.
An example would be the I.C.C. (the Interstate Commerce Commission, set up to regulate the railroads). It
was made up of men sympathetic to the railroad managers.
III.
Aftermath of the War
A.
With the war over, the government stepped back and away from business intervention. Two examples were that the
War Industries Board was gone and control of the railroads went back to private enterprise in the EschCummins Transportation Act.
B.
The federal government got out of shipping by passing the Merchant Marine Act (1920). It authorized the
Shipping Board to sell some 1,500 WWI-era ships to private shippers. This meant a smaller navy and less
hassles.
C.
In the era of laissez-faire and pro-business policies, the labor movement struggled badly.
1.
A bloody strike was broken in 1919, crippling the labor movement.
2.
In 1922, the Railway Labor Board cut wages by 12%. This started a two month strike. Atty. Gen.
Daugherty laid down a stinging injunction and crushed the strike. This was a near-death blow to
labor unions and union enrollment dropped by 30%.
D.
Veterans began organizing. Teddy Roosevelt started the American Legion in Paris in 1919.
1.
Vets got together socially, but also for other reasons, mainly seeking money. The vets sought wages lost
while away and/or veterans benefits.
2.
Their pressure got Congress to pass a "bonus" bill, Harding vetoed it. Congress passed another, the
Adjusted Compensation Act, Pres. Calvin Coolidge vetoed it, but Congress overrode the veto.
IV.
America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens
A.
Because the Senate had not approved of the Treaty of Versailles, America was still, technically, at war. Thus,
Congress passed a joint resolution officially ending the war in July of 1921.
B.
Officially, the U.S. did not participate with the League of Nations. "Unofficial observers" were at the meetings to
keep a suspicious eye on things. The lack of real participation though from the U.S. helped to doom the
League.
C.
In the Middle East, Harding recognized the need for oil. He secured the rights, along with England, for drilling
there.
D.
Disarmament was the trend of the time. A cautious eye was on Britain and Japan who were starting a ship-building
race.
E.
A "Disarmament" Conference was held in 1921-22. All major powers were invited, except Bolshevik Russia. Sec. of
State Charles Evans Hughes suggested a ratio of ships at 5:5:3 (U.S. to Britain to Japan). Several treaties
were made:
1.
The Five-Power Treaty set up the 5:5:3 ratio and gave Japan a bonus to save face.
2.
The Four-Power Treaty required Britain, Japan, France, and the U.S. to keep the status quo in the Pacific.
3.
The Nine-Power Treaty kept open the Open Door policy with China (free trade for all).
4.
At the meetings end, the Harding crowd boasted of disarmament. But, there were technicalities: (1) there
was no limit on small ships and (2) the U.S. agreed to the Four-Power Treaty, but was
not bound by it (it had no muscle).
26
07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
F.
In keeping with Woodrow Wilson's "war to end all war" ambition, there was an international trend to end warfare as
a means of solving disputes. Later, in 1928 under Pres. Coolidge, Sec. of State Frank B. Kellogg won the
Nobel Peace Prize. He signed theKellogg-Briand Pact which outlawed war. 62 nations signed this treaty—
a beautiful idea, yet incredibly naive.
V.
Hiking the Tariff Higher
A.
In the pro-business mood of the time period, businesses sought to up the tariff to protect themselves from cheaper
European goods. They got their wish in the Fordney-McCumber Tariff which increased tariff rates from
27 to 38.5%.
B.
Presidents Harding and Coolidge were given the authority to fluctuate the tariff all the way up to 50%. And, being
pro-business men at heart, they leaned toward the higher rather than lower tariffs.
C.
There was a snag in this high-tariff system: Europe owed money to the U.S. for WWI, in order to pay it back, they
needed to export, but the U.S. tariff crippled those exports. Thus, the WWI money was not getting paid
back.
VI.
The Stench of Scandal This content copyright © 2010 by WikiNotes.wikidot.com
A.
Pres. Harding was an honest man, but many in his administration were not. Harding either didn't, couldn't, or didn't
want to see this fact.
B.
Col. Charles R. Forbes skimmed money as chief of the Veterans Bureau. He and his crowd pilfered about $200
million while building veterans hospitals. He spent a whopping two years in jail.
C.
The worst was the Teapot Dome scandal involving oil.
1.
Sec. of Interior Albert B. Fall was to manage natural resources. When oil was discovered near the "Teapot
Dome" in Wyoming, Fall sneakily had the land placed under his power.
2.
Fall then accepted bribes for oil drilling rights from Edward Doheny and Harry Sinclair for about $100,000
and $300,000 respectively.
3.
Word leaked out in 1923 and it drug through the courts for six years. Doheny and Sinclair got off the hook,
Fall served one year in jail.
D.
These high-priced scandals and skimpy sentences jolted people's trust in the court system.
E.
There were more scandals. Atty. Gen. "Harry Daugherty's name kept coming up for possibly selling pardons and
liquor permits(this during Prohibition).
F.
Pres. Harding died at this time, August 2, 1923, of pneumonia and thrombosis. The scandals and their stress may
well have added to the illness.
VII.
“Silent Cal” Coolidge
A.
At Harding's death, V.P. Calvin Coolidge became president. He was serious, calm, shy, moral, boring, and unlike
most politicians, didn't speak much.
1.
It was ironic that in the Twenties, the “Age of Ballyhoo,” the U.S. had a very traditional, old-timey
president.
B.
Coolidge was even more pro-business than Harding had been. He once said, "the man who builds a factory builds a
temple" and "the man who works there, worships there."
VIII.
Frustrated Farmers
A.
During WWI, farmers had enjoyed a boom. There much much food needed, they provided it, and earned good
money in doing so.
B.
After the war, new technologies like the tractor made farm work much easier and increased production. But,
increased supply with the same demand yields decreased prices. Whereas many enjoyed an economic boom
during the decade, farmers fell onto tough times during the 20's.
C.
Farmers turned to Congress.
1.
The Capper-Volstead Act was passed exempting farmer cooperatives from antitrust laws.
2.
The McNary-Haugen Bill tried to keep the price of agricultural goods high. This was to be done by the
government buying up excess surpluses then selling them to other nations. Coolidge, the thrifty
conservative, vetoed this bill twice.
IX.
A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924
A.
1924 was a presidential election year. Calvin Coolidge was to be reelected for the Republicans as a conservative.
B.
John W. Davis was nominated by the Democrats after much debate. In the changing times, Democrats had a hard
time defining themselves and their positions at their convention in New York City.
1.
They did define their position on race when a Democrat party vote failed to condemn the K.K.K.
C.
The Progressive party refused to die and nominated Sen. Robert La Follette. He was endorsed by the American
Federation of Labor (A.F. of L.) labor union and by the Socialists and would receive a sizable 5 million
votes.
D.
Still, times were good, thus Coolidge was reelected easily.
X.
Foreign-Policy Flounderings
A.
With regards to foreign policy, isolationism was the rule. The U.S. would have nothing to do with the League of
Nations new "World Court."
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
B.
The U.S. pulled troops out of the Dominican Republic (1925), keep them in Haiti ('til 1934), and settled a situation
with Mexico over disputed oil rights (1926).
1.
The trend in Latin America was clear by this time: Latinos didn't like big Yankee America pushing them
around.
C.
The issue of Europe's debt to America was intricate; and besides, Europe was unable to pay up anyway.
XI.
Unraveling the Debt Knot
A.
America demanded that Britain and France pay their debts to the U.S. They couldn't. So, they placed a huge pricetag onto Germany who certainly could not pay. Germany printed paper money en masse, thus creating
inflation and making the money completely worthless.
1.
Inflation was crippling in Germany: a loaf of bread was 480 million marks, it got so bad that it was
immeasurable.
B.
Coolidge, conservative and thrifty, would not just erase the debt. The situation for paying off debt was hopeless.
C.
Charles Dawes came up with the Dawes Plan for payments. America would loan money to Germany. Germany
would make payments to Britain and France. Then, they would repay their loans to America.
1.
The plan was simply a circle of money from-and-back-to America. Nothing would really be gained in the
U.S., but at least on paper, the debts would be repaid.
D.
The U.S. never did get repaid for the loans. The only thing America got was resent from Britain and France who
thought the U.S. was a greedy bully.
XII.
The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928
A.
Calvin Coolidge decided to not run for reelection in 1928. Sec. of Commerce Herbert Hoover became the nominee
for Republicans and ran on the prosperity the 20's enjoyed.
1.
Hoover spoke of “Rugged Individualism” which was his view that America was made great by strong, selfsufficient individuals, like the pioneers of old days trekking across the prairies, relying on no one
else for help. This was the kind of folk America still needed, he said.
B.
The Democrats nominated NY Gov. Alfred E. Smith. Smith had the people's touch, but he was Catholic (which
turned off many) and he was a drinker (still the days of prohibition).
C.
Radio was a factor in the election. Hoover sounded better on the new media than Smith's New York accent.
1.
On the air Hoover spoke of rugged individualism. But, he also lived it. He'd paid his dues, done jobs well,
and earned his way up the ladder. He was dignified, restrained, but somewhat aloof and very
mediocre with personal skills.
D.
The campaign was full of mudslinging on both sides. The "Solid South" normally would go Democratic, but couldn't
swallow Smith—an Irish Catholic, drinker, and city-slicker. It split its vote.
E.
Hoover won big, 444 to 87 electoral votes.
XIII.
President Hoover’s First Moves
A.
At first, Hoover enjoyed the economic prosperity of the day.
B.
Hoover's philosophy of helping one's self prompted his to get the Agricultural Marketing Act passed. It set up
a Federal Farm Board which was to lend money to farmers.
1.
The board started the Grain Stabilization Corp. and Cotton Stabilization Corp. in 1930. They were to buy
up surpluses of those crops to keep prices high.
C.
Isolationism was carried in the economics as well as politics. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff was hiked up to almost
60%. To other nations, this was like an economic act of war.
1.
This increase had negative effects: (1) it went against a trend toward lower tariffs, (2) it would slow trade
and thus deepen the depression when it hit, and (3) it helped move the U.S. to full-fledged
isolationism and thus help allow Hitler to rise to power.
XIV.
The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties
A.
In 1929, Hoover was growing drunk on the prosperity and thought it would be never-ending. The end came soon.
B.
The stock market had been shooting higher and higher all decade. Some saw that a house-of-cards built that high
could not stand. All it took was a little something to trigger the fall.
1.
On "Black Tuesday," October 29, 1929, the bottom dropped out of the stock market on some bad
economic news from Britain. The sell-off had begun and prices plummeted: stockholders had lost
$40 billion in value by the end of 1929.
C.
The stock crash was the trigger and the circle-of-bad-news had begun.
1.
Businesses began to go out of business (since people couldn't or wouldn't buy now).
2.
Unemployment shot up.
3.
Over 5,000, banks went bankrupt as folks withdrew their money in fear of their bank going bankrupt (a
self-fulfilling prophecy).
4.
The only things growing were soup kitchens and homeless shelters.
XV.
Hooked on the Horn of Plenty
A.
Though the stock crash was the trigger, the causes of the Great Depression were deeper. At their roots, it was same
as nearly all recessions and depressions: over-speculation (in stock) and over-production (in farms and
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
factories). American production and consumerism had over-reached the consumers ability to buy things
using real money.
1.
Purchasing is always good for business, purchasing on credit is too, until the debt gets called in and the
consumer can't pay up.
B.
The Great Depression was an international one. Europe, who was still struggling from WWI, suffered again. The
effect was for each nation to draw inward to protect themselves, further into isolationism.
C.
There were natural disasters to add to the man-made ones. A drought sizzled the Mississippi Valley in 1930 and
ruined many farmers. The Dust Bowl was coming soon.
D.
Out of work and perhaps deeply in debt, Americans were hurting. Despite "rugged individualism," Americans
looked to the president.
1.
"Rugged individualism" took and cynically ironic turn when folks took care of themselves in homemade
slums and were called "ragged individualists." These shanty-towns would soon be named
"Hoovervilles."
XVI.
Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists
A.
Like all presidents in economic bad times, Hoover took the blame. This was probably unfair.
1.
He didn't help himself though—his "rugged individualist" nature made him slow to take any government
action.
2.
Hoover-critics pointed out that he'd fed millions in Belgium during WWI, but no one in the U.S.
3.
A true conservative would even question whether the government's "help" was beneficial or
actually hindered any growth. Changing away from laissez-faire might slow the economy even
more.
B.
Hoover's analysis was simple: this was a natural part of the "business cycle." The business cycle being the cyclical
ups and downs of an economy, like a roller coaster.
1.
His solution was also simple: just wait it out. This is not what the people wanted to hear.
C.
Eventually, Hoover did go against his nature and get the government to take some action.
XVII. Hoover Battles the Great Depression
A.
Pres. Hoover got the government involved in the Great Depression by recommending Congress dole out $2.25
billion. The theory was to jump start the economy through government spending.
1.
The massive Boulder Dam was begun in 1930, completed in 1936, and renamed to Hoover Dam. The
resulting Lake Mead served to generate electricity, irrigation, flood control, and recreation. It still
does.
2.
Hoover, however, didn't like all dams. He vetoed the Muscle Shoals Bill to dam the Tennessee River. This
would be done later by Franklin Roosevelt under the Tennessee Valley Authority (the TVA).
B.
Hoover's most far-reaching effort wasn't construction in nature, but financial. He got the Reconstruction Finance
Corporation(the RFC) passed. It would lend money to finance the massive government projects of FDR's
"New Deal."
1.
The real beneficiaries of the RFC were the government agencies lending the money. They were essentially
banks profiting on the interest of loans. This also was a point of criticism toward Hoover.
C.
When the economy is good, labor unions struggle (like the 1920's), when the economy is bad, labor unions tend to
gain steam (like the Depression).
1.
Congress passed the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act which outlawed antiunion contracts (AKA
"yellow dog" contracts) which forced workers to sign promises to not join a union. It also said
the federal courts could not hinder strikes, boycotts, or peaceful protesting by unions.
D.
Despite his slogan of "rugged individualism," belief in the business cycle and laissez-faire economics, and
something of a reputation for not caring about people, Hoover did get the government involved in fighting
the Great Depression. It just happened later rather than sooner.
XVIII. Routing the Bonus Army in Washington
A.
Many WWI veterans were still clamoring for "bonuses" for saving the world for democracy. The "Bonus
Expeditionary Force" (the BEF) was drummed up. It consisted of 20,000 people who marched to
Washington, set up camp (literally), and demanded their bonuses.
1.
The situation got out of hand. Riots emerged in the unsanitary encampment.
2.
Pres. Hoover criticized the BEF as being made up of riffraff and reds (communists). Hoover ordered the
BEF evicted.
B.
The eviction was carried out by Gen. Douglas MacArthur and the Army., and it was ugly.
1.
MacArthur used bayonets, tear gas, and fire to roust the BEF out. The "Battle of Anacostia Flats" was not a
pretty picture in American History.
2.
The whole sad affair also hurt Hoover's image even more.
XIX.
Japanese Militarists Attack China
A.
Meanwhile, across the Pacific, problems were budding. In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria (northern China).
1.
This involved the U.S. a bit since Open Door policy was shut in Manchuria.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
B.
Those who believed in the idealistic League of Nations and the Kellogg-Briand Pact which outlawed war on paper,
were shocked. This was simply a stronger nation in Japan taking over a weaker one in China.
1.
Steps were suggested the League use boycotts and blockades to put the economic stranglehold on Japan.
2.
But, the U.S. was not a member of the League of Nations.
3.
Sec. of State Henry Stimson issued words as actions. The "Stimson doctrine" said the U.S. would not
recognize any territories acquired by force. These were the right words, but in the end, only words.
C.
The words may have even backfired. Japan was insulted and bombed Shanghai on the coast of China in 1932.
1.
Some Americans engaged in informal boycotts. But, this was just piecemeal and unorganized. Since the
Depression was foremost on their minds, most Americans didn't care to do much else toward
Japan.
D.
The Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 taught a lesson: aggressive nations could take over weaker nations, the
free nations would complain, but they would take no action. The first step to WWII had been taken.
XX.
Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy
A.
U.S. relations with Latin America had been hurting since around 1900. Hoover wanted to change that.
1.
Hoover went on a good-will tour of Latin America in attempt to extend the hand of friendship.
B.
In the Depression, Americans had less money to engage in Taft-like "dollar diplomacy" (AKA "economic
imperialism") with Latin America.
C.
New policies saw American troops were pulled out of Haiti and Nicaragua.
D.
These policies laid the groundwork for FDR's "Good Neighbor" policy.
(33) The Great Depression and the New Deal
I.
II.
III.
IV.
FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair
A.
1932 was likely the worst year of the Great Depression and it was an election year. Hoover was a goner.
B.
Hoover ran for reelection saying what he was doing was helping the situation.
C.
The Democrats nominated Franklin Delano Roosevelt, better known as FDR.
1.
FDR had been as a young man tall, handsome, and athletic. He got polio in 1921, however, and was since
confined to a wheelchair. This may have helped temper and humble his personality—FDR had the
people's touch.
2.
He was articulate with his words and conveyed a sense of caring.
D.
His wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, was also active in politics. Essentially, they came as a buy-one-get-two team.
1.
She would by far become the most involved First Lady up to that time, maybe of all time.
Presidential Hopefuls of 1932
A.
During the campaign, the Democrats appealed to the common man and exuded confidence. They took the theme
song of "Happy Days are Here Again" and one of his buzzwords was "confidence." FDR had a mile-wide
smile.
B.
Hoover was sour-faced and used slogans like "The Worst is Past" and "It Might Have Been Worse." Folks just
looked around and saw through those words. Hoover was a goner.
Hoover's Humiliation in 1932
A.
FDR won the election in a landslide, 472 to 59 in the electoral vote.
B.
A unique voting trend ended and started in this election: black voters switched from the Republican party to the
Democratic party.
1.
This was a big change. The Republicans had been the Party of Abe Lincoln, anti-slavery, and
Reconstruction whereas the Democrats had been the pro-slavery, anti-black party. In 1932, blacks
were tired of being the "last hired, first fired" and saw the Democrats as the party to help in that
department.
C.
Hoover was something of sore loser. During the four month lame duck period (when the president-elect waits for the
leaving president to depart), Hoover tried to wrangle FDR into some unflattering politics. FDR stayed
away.
D.
The switch of 1932-1933 was the rock bottom. Unemployment was at 25%, the highest in America's history and
bankruptcies were an epidemic.
1.
Cynical opponents of FDR said he purposely allowed things to get worse just so he could emerge that much
more as the savior.
FDR and the Three R’s: Relief, Recovery, and Reform
A.
In his inaugural address, FDR famously said, "…the only thing we have to fear is fear itself." He was referring to
people's fears of spending until things got better and that their money was not safe in banks.
1.
In essence, FDR was saying, "If we don't panic, we'll be okay. Confidence!"
2.
To help cut the panic in banks, FDR quickly issued a "bank holiday" which closed banks for one week. It
was simply a "time out," to stop the bleeding, sit and relax before moving forward.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
B.
FDR started the "Three R's": relief, recovery, and reform. Relief was for the right-now (food, shelter), recovery was
for a year or so to get out of the Depression, reform was to ensure it wouldn't happen again.
1.
Congress was controlled by far by the Democrats. Anything FDR wanted passed, was passed.
2.
FDR's first "Hundred Days" saw a shipload of bills passed into law. The laws are often called the
"Alphabet Soup" because they're a dizziness collection of acronyms, like the TVA, CCC, WPA,
PWA, and on and on. The New Deal, FDR's plan for fighting the Great Depression, was under
way.
V.
Roosevelt Manages the Money
A.
In only eight hours, Congress passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act which set up the bank holiday.
B.
Roosevelt saw the power of radio. Most families had one by then and FDR used a series of "Fireside Chats" to talk
to America on the radio. He went over what the problems were and what was being done about them. These
talks were very popular.
C.
The Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act set up the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). It insured
people's money in the bank up to $5,000. There was no need to fear losing one's money in the banks
anymore.
D.
In fear of paper assets, people were hoarding gold. FDR took the dollar off the gold standard, ordered people to
relinquish gold in exchange for paper money.
1.
FDR wanted to create inflation (a rise in prices). This would make it easier for debtors to pay off their debts
(since the money had less value and was thus easier to get). Those who'd given the loans were not
happy to get back not-so-valuable money.
2.
To create inflation, FDR ordered the Treasury to buy up gold at increasingly higher prices. $35 per once
became the norm for 40 years. This meant more paper money in circulation, which is less valuable
than gold, and did cause inflation.
3.
Critics said FDR was creating "baloney" money. FDR did backtrack and, in 1934, put the U.S. back on the
gold standard partially (when trading with other nations).
VI.
Creating Jobs for the Jobless
A.
FDR was willing to use government money to help those in need. One of his main weapons was to "prime the
pump", or use federal money on programs in hopes that it would jump start the economy to run on its own.
B.
Likely the most popular New Deal program was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).
1.
In the CCC, young men were hired to work in the national forests. They lived in camps like boy scouts and
did things like clearing land, blazing trails, planting trees, draining swamps, etc.
2.
The CCC provided some experience, some adventure, and a wage to send home to the folks—things
healthy young men couldn't turn down.
C.
The Federal Relief Administration (FERA) sought relief in the form of the dole (government hand-outs). Harry L.
Hopkins was placed in charge of the administration and $3 billion was given to the states for doling out.
1.
He proudly said they'd spend, tax, and get themselves reelected. Others saw this scheme as simply taking
one person's money in taxes and giving it to another person to buy his vote.
D.
The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) offered low interest loans to farmers.
E.
The Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) refinanced people's home loans at lower interest rates.
F.
Unemployment was a lingering problem. In hopes of fighting it, FDR started the Civil Works
Administration (CWA). It was to provide temporary jobs to see folks through a short period (winter).
1.
Finding jobs was hard to do and many were just made-up jobs, called "boondoggling." Critics saw the
frequent result of a boondoggle job - just leaning-on-a-shovel and while collecting taxpayer
money.
2.
Notably, the Great Migration was wrapping up at about this time. It's the massive movement by blacks
from the rural South to the cities up North. It roughly went on between 1910 and 1930.
VII.
A Day for Every Demagogue This content copyright © 2010 by WikiNotes.wikidot.com
A.
There were many voices on the subject of the Great Depression. Catholic priest Father Charles Coughlin was one
of the most persistent. He gave a regular radio address discussing "Social Justice."
1.
He was first pro-FDR, then very much anti-New Deal. He eventually went overboard and was silenced by
higher-up clergy.
B.
One of the more flamboyant critics was Sen. Huey Long of Louisiana. He ranted about a "Share the Wealth" plan
and promised "every man a king."
1.
He spoke of giving $5,000 per family to the poor, likely taking it from those who had it. The mathematics
of the scheme were silly.
2.
King got passionate responses. Many down-and-out folks loved him. Many despised him and feared he
might become some type of dictator. One person assassinated him, in 1935.
C.
Dr. Francis Townsend also came up with a wild idea. He proposed to dole out $200/month to 5 million senior
citizens. They would have to spend it, thus helping pump-prime the economy. Like Huey Long's idea, this
was a mathematically ludicrous plan.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
D.
Congress started the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in part to quiet these troublemakers. $11 billion was
spent building public facilities like bridges, public buildings, and roads.
1.
The WPA's goals were to help curb unemployment (9 million people were put to work) and help improve
the nation's infrastructure (roads, bridges, etc.).
2.
Many students were set up with part-time jobs. Work was also drummed up for artists and writers, although
it was often boondoggling: John Steinbeck, future Nobel literature prize winner, counted dogs in
Salinas county California.
3.
There was some other waste, like controlling crickets and building a monkey pen.
VIII.
New Visibility for Women
A.
After having the right to vote for over 10 years now, women began taking a more active role in things. Leading the
way wasEleanor Roosevelt but there were other ladies too.
B.
Frances Perkins was the first female cabinet member as Sec. of Labor.
C.
Mary McLeod Bethune was in charge of the Office of Minority Affairs. She was the highest ranking black in
FDR's administration. She later held found a college in Daytona, FL.
D.
Ruth Benedict, an anthropologist, studied cultures as personalities in Patterns of Cultures.
1.
One of her understudies was Margaret Mead. She wrote the landmark anthropology book Coming of Age
in Samoa about adolescence in that culture.
E.
Novelist Pearl S. Buck wrote the timeless The Good Earth about a peasant farm family in China. She won the
Nobel prize for literature in 1938.
IX.
Helping Industry and Labor
A.
The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was the most complex of the New Deal programs. It's goal was to
help industry, labor, and the unemployed.
1.
To try and achieve those goals, it set codes of "fair competition." This meant working hours would be
spread out to more people. Maximum work hours were set up; minimum wages were set up.
2.
Labor unions were given the right to organize and collectively bargain. Antiunion yellow-dog contracts
were forbidden; child-labor was curbed.
B.
Businesses could agree to go along with the NRA's principles. If they did, they displayed the blue NRA eagle and
slogan, "We do our part."
1.
There was enthusiasm for the NRA. Philadelphia named their new pro football team the "Eagles." Still,
FDR knew the NRA was a gimmick in essence, and temporary, saying, "We can't ballyhoo our
way to prosperity."
C.
The NRA soon fell to unpopularity. Businesses, at heart, hate running themselves in any way other than what's best
for them (not with artificial restrictions). Henry Ford called the eagle "that damn Roosevelt buzzard."
1.
The final blow came in the 1935 Schechtner case when the Supreme Court declared the NRA
unconstitutional.
D.
In the same law as the NRA, Congress had set up the Public Works Administration (PWA). Like the PWA,
it sought to build public works and infrastructure.
1.
Headed by Sec. of the Interior Harold Ickes, it started 34,000 projects. Noteworthy was the Grand Coulee
Dam on the Columbia River. It was the biggest human-built structure since the Great Wall of
China.
E.
Early on, FDR and the Democrats passed legislation legalizing beer and wine with alcohol not over 3.2%.
1.
The Twenty-first Amendment (1933) repealed the Eighteenth, thus ending the prohibition of alcohol.
X.
Paying Farmers Not to Farm
A.
The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) tried to help farmers by creating "artificial scarcity." It paid farmers
to not farm, thus reducing the supply.
1.
The AAA's start was shaky. Cotton farmers plowed under already planted crops. Pigs were slaughtered and
some of the meat turned to fertilizer. The law seemed cruel and wasteful.
2.
Farm incomes did rise, but farmer unemployment rose too.
3.
The Supreme Court ended the AAA when it declared the AAA unconstitutional in 1936.
B.
Congress passed the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act. It paid farmers to plant crops that preserved
and reinvigorated the soil, like soybeans. The Supreme Court went along with this plan.
C.
A Second Agricultural Adjustment Act was passed in 1938. Farmers were encouraged to plant less acreage in
exchange for payments. Again, it was simply payment to not farm.
XI.
Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards
A.
A long drought hit the lower Plains in 1933. The winds kicked up and started the Dust Bowl. The fertile topsoil of
many farms simply blew away, mostly in parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas.
1.
The causes were drought and wind, but also the "dry-farming" technique where farmers repeatedly plowed
the top few inches of soil. It created a powdery layer that simply blew away.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
2.
With the farms not unable to grow crops, many people headed west to California in search of farm-jobs.
This inspired John Steinbeck's classic novel The Grapes of Wrath about the "Okies" long,tough
trip looking for work.
B.
Congress tried to aid debtors with the Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act (1934). It held off mortgage
foreclosures for 5 years. However, the Supreme Court struck it down the next year.
C.
The Resettlement Administration (1935) tried to resettle farmers onto better soil.
D.
The CCC boys planted 200 million trees trying to grow windbreaks.
E.
The government's relationship with the Indians was changing again.
1.
John Collier headed the Bureau of Indian Affairs and wanted to change the policies of the old Dawes
Act (1887). It had tried to end tribes and the old ways of the Indians—to force Indians to become
"white."
2.
Collier's new plan was the Indian Reorganization Act (1934), called the "Indian New Deal", did the
opposite of Dawes—itencouraged Indians to keep their traditional ways.
3.
To many Indians, this was a slap in the face too. This "back-to-the-blanket movement" implied Indians
were to be like museum artifacts, frozen in the stone age, hunting buffalo and weaving baskets.
Almost 200 tribes accepted the Reorganization Act, 77 did not.
XII.
Battling Bankers and Big Business
A.
Prior to the stock crash, some businesses had fudged on their financial reports. Investors invested, and lost, partly
due to the phony numbers. Congress tried to fix this with the Federal Securities Act (AKA the "Truth in
Securities Act"). It required companies to report honest financial numbers.
1.
The Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) was set up as the stock watchdog.
B.
The multi-billion dollar financial empire headed by Chicagoan Samuel Insull crashed in 1932. He held the tip of the
pyramid, but headed up the entire rest of the pyramid—when he came down, everything did. Congress
passed the Public Utility Holding Company (1935) in hopes of avoiding to such schemes.
XIII.
The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River
A.
The electricity industry attracted New Dealers. They felt electricity companies of gouging consumers with high
rates. They also wanted to expand electricity to rural areas.
B.
The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was set up in 1933 to build a series of dams along the Tennessee River.
1.
This would be a "double-barreled" plan: provide jobs, help with housing via the jobs, provide electricity.
2.
The TVA's area would help improve the lives of some 2.5 million people.
XIV.
Housing and Social Security
A.
The Federal Housing Authority (FHA) was set up to offer low interest home loans. It was a "double-barreled"
program: it got people in homes and put people to work building them.
1.
It was a popular program and outlasted FDR and the New Deal.
B.
The program got a shot-in-the-arm in 1937 with the U.S. Housing Authority (USHA). It lent money to states or
localities for construction projects
1.
These laws helped stop the growth of slums.
C.
The Social Security Act (1935) was perhaps the most far-ranging law.
1.
It set up a payment plan for old age, the handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents.
2.
The payments were funded by taxes placed on workers and employers, then given to the groups above.
3.
Republicans opposed the act saying it was little more than a government-knows-best program with
socialist-leaning policies. Worse, taxing one person's work and giving the money to another
person seemed to discourage effort and encourage a feeling of entitlement to having someone else
pay.
XV.
A New Deal for Labor
A.
An epidemic of strikes occurred in 1934. Some were violent. Congress sought to replace the killed NRA and passed
the Wagner Act(AKA the National Labor Relations Act) (1935). It guaranteed the right of unions to
organize and to collectively bargain with management.
B.
Unskilled workers began to organize. They were usually left out because, being unskilled, they were easily replaced
in a strike.
1.
John L. Lewis, head of the United Mine Workers, organized the Committee for Industrial
Organization (CIO) which admitted the unskilled.
2.
The CIO started within the AF of L, but later split out on its own (the AF of L didn't want to weaken itself
with the unskilled). The CIO scored a victory in a dispute with General Motors in a "sit-down"
strike.
3.
The CIO won again vs. the U.S. Steel Company. Smaller steel companies fought back and bloody strikes
ensued, like the Memorial Day massacre in Chicago killing or wounding over 60.
C.
The Fair Labor Standards Act (AKA Wages and Hours Bill) set a minimum wage, maximum working hours, and
forbade children under 16 from working.
D.
Unsurprisingly, unions loved FDR. Membership in labor unions began to shoot upward.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
XVI.
Landon Challenges “the Champ”
A.
In 1936, the Republicans nominated Alfred M. Landon, governor of Kansas, as candidate for president.
1.
Landon criticized FDR's massive spending. But, he was hurt with a weak radio voice, a poor campaigner,
and the fact that he supported many of the programs that he criticized FDR for spending on.
2.
Some Democrats joined Republicans to form the American Liberty League. It didn't like the "socialist"
direction the New Deal was taking America.
B.
But, with FDR's wide popularity, the election was almost a moot point. FDR won 523 to 8 in the electoral vote.
1.
FDR won because he never forgot the "forgotten man."
XVII. Nine Old Men on the Bench
A.
FDR was sworn in for his second term on January 29, 1937 (instead of March 4). The Twentieth Amendment had
cut the "lame duck" period by six weeks.
B.
The Democrats still controlled Congress and were essentially "yes-men" to FDR, but the Supreme Court was a thorn
in FDR's side.
1.
In 1937, FDR proposed increasing the Supreme Court to perhaps 15 justices. This would greatly increase
FDR's power (because he'd make the appointments).
C.
Congress was shocked at this little disguised attempt at power-grabbing. Congress didn't want the power see-saw to
tip too far toward FDR, and for once, FDR did not get his way. Congress voted no. This was perhaps FDR's
first mistake and his first loss.
XVIII. The Court Changes Course
A.
FDR was widely accused of trying to turn dictator.
B.
Although the "court-packing scheme" was voted down, the Court did begin to sway FDR's way. Formerly
conservative Justice Owen j. Roberts started to vote liberal.
1.
For examples, by a 5-to-4 vote, the court upheld minimum wages for women. The court upheld the Wagner
Act and the Social Security Act.
C.
So, though not expanding the court's numbers, FDR did get the Supreme Court to go his way. The only bad news for
FDR was the suspicion that the court-packing scheme started. Very few New Deal-like bills were passed
afterward.
XIX.
Twilight of the New Deal
A.
Despite the New Deals plethora of spending and programs, the depression did not go away during Roosevelt's first
term.
1.
Unemployment went from 25% in 1932 to 15% in 1937, lower, but still very high.
B.
The economy took a second downturn in 1937. The "Roosevelt Recession" was caused the government's policies.
1.
Social Security was cutting into people's take-home pay, and thus, their spending power.
2.
FDR seemed to admit too much spending was risky and cut back on the spending.
C.
Then, FDR changed his mind and went back to heavy spending.
1.
British economist John Maynard Keynes ideas were coming en vogue. Keynesian economics says that it's
okay, even good, for governments to engage in "deficit spending" (spending more money than
they take in).
D.
Congress went along with more spending and FDR went back to work.
1.
The Reorganization Act gave FDR some authority for administrative reforms, including the new
Executive Office in the White House.
E.
The Hatch Act (1939) banned federal officials from political campaigning and soliciting, except for the highest
officers. The goal was to clean up campaigning and make sure federal employees weren't turned into just
political campaigners.
XX.
New Deal or Raw Deal?
A.
New Deal critics saw a ton of spending, a lot of waste, and little accomplished.
B.
FDR was criticized for moving away from American laissez-faire capitalism and moving toward Russian
communism/socialism/Marxism.
1.
The debt had been $19 billion in 1932; in 1939, the debt was $40 billion.
2.
The U.S. seemed to be attempting to achieve prosperity without working for it. Fears were that Americans
were getting a bad case of the "gimmies" and the U.S. was becoming a "handout state." When
times go tough in the 1800's Americans went west, in the 1900's Americans sought handouts.
C.
The New Deal may have helped, but it did not get the U.S. out of the depression. It would take WWII to end the
Great Depression.
1.
The war solved unemployment. Massive spending during the war jacked the debt up even higher, to $258
billion.
XXI.
FDR’s Balance Sheet
A.
FDR's supporters said the New Deal had avoided the Depression from being even worse than it was.
B.
FDR was hated by capitalists due to his taxation policies, but was also dislike by socialists. The New Deal may have
actually cut down on socialism by avoiding a more radical turn to the left or right.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
1.
In a very tough time, FDR provided considerable change with no revolution. Other nations (Italy,
Germany) were taking very radical changes.
C.
Like Thomas Jefferson, though wealthy and of the elite class, FDR always spoke on behalf of the "forgotten man."
D.
Maybe his greatest achievement was yet to come—his leadership during WWII.
(34) Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
The London Conference
A.
With the goal of coming up with an international fix to the Great Depression, the London Conference was set up in
1933.
B.
FDR initially planned to send Sec. of State Cordell Hull. Later he changed his mind and reprimanded Europe for
trying to stabilize currencies.
C.
Without America's participation, the London Conference got nothing accomplished (like the League of Nations).
1.
More importantly, America's non-participation in the conference solidified U.S. isolationist policies. In war
and in the economy, the U.S. would go at it alone.
Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians
A.
The Philippines had been a headache ever since the U.S. took over the islands. With times hard, Americans were
eager to let the Filipinos go.
1.
American sugar growers also wanted to cut free from Filipino sugar.
2.
Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934) that said the Philippines would become independent
after 12 years (in 1946).
B.
FDR formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933.
1.
His move was not popular with many Americans who didn't like acknowledging the communist nation. His
motive was hopes of trade with the huge nation and perhaps check the growing power of Germany
and Japan.
Becoming a Good Neighbor
A.
In his inaugural address, FDR affirmed America's ambition to be a "Good Neighbor" with Latin America.
B.
At the Pan-American Conference, FDR announced that the U.S. would no longer use military strength in Latin
America. He singled out Teddy Roosevelt's "Big Stick Policy" as particularly bad.
1.
The next year, 1934, the last of the U.S. Marines left Haiti. America lessened her influence in Cuba and
Panama as well.
C.
Mexico, however, seized American oil properties. This was a test to see if the Good Neighbor policy was the "Pushover Policy."
1.
Oil companies wanted armed intervention. FDR held back and came to a settlement in 1941 (though U.S.
oil companies did suffer losses).
D.
All told, the Good Neighbor policy was very successful in improving America's image to Latin America.
Secretary Hull’s Reciprocal Trade Agreement
A.
Sec. of State Cordell Hull believed in low tariffs. He felt low tariffs mean higher trade. He and FDR felt trade was a
two-way street. Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act which set up low tariff policies.
1.
The act cut down the most offensive parts of the Hawley-Smoot tariff law merely amending them. In some
instances, tariff rates were cut in half (provided the other nation did the same).
B.
The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act started to reverse the high-tariff trend and started a low-tariff trend that
would dominate the post-WWII period.
Storm-Cellar Isolationism
A.
Post WWI chaos and the Great Depression helped spawn totalitarian regimes (dictatorships with total power),
notably Joseph Stalin in the USSR, Benito Mussolini in Italy, and Adolf Hitler in Germany.
1.
In a totalitarian nation, the individual and his or her rights are nothing; the only thing that matters is the
state.
2.
Hitler was the most dangerous. He was a fantastic speaker who told the "big lie" often enough that people
started believing it. The big lie was that German problems were caused by the Jews and that he
could lead Germany back to greatness which ran in their blood.
B.
Germany and Italy linked up when Hitler and Mussolini agreed on the Rome-Berlin Axis (1936).
C.
Japan was becoming a military dictatorship, turning super isolationist, and seeking to create a mighty Japanese
empire for their god/emperor. This was a deadly mix.
1.
Like a rebel teen determined to go bad, they ignored the Washington Naval Treaty and rearmed their
nation. They walked out of the London Conference and quit the League of Nations.
2.
In 1940, Japan joined Germany and Italy with the Tripartite Pact.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
D.
Under Mussolini, more show than substance, Italy attacked and beat Ethiopia in 1935. Fascist nations love prepping
for war, fighting, then championing their victories, even if it means beating up on a very poor nation like
Ethiopia (they'd fought with spears).
1.
The League of Nations did nothing, not even cutting oil to Italy, and the League died as a nice idea that was
powerless.
E.
America simply stayed isolationist. The events were an ocean away, or more, the U.S. had her own problems, and
America didn't want to get drawn into Europe's problems like with WWI.
1.
Trying to avoid getting sucked further into foreign problems, Congress passed the Johnson Debt Default
Act which forbade countries that owed money to the U.S. from getting any more loans.
VI.
Congress Legislates Neutrality
A.
The Nye Committee was set up (1934) to study the idea that munitions producers only helped start wars and thus
earn profits. This was one of the ideas as to the causes of WWI.
B.
Determined to not get into a war, Congress passed the Neutrality Acts in 1935, 36, and 37. They said that when the
president declared a foreign war existed, certain restrictions would start.
1.
The restrictions were: (1) Americans could not sail on a belligerent (nation-at-war) ship, sell/haul
munitions, or make loans to belligerents.
C.
These were clearly to avoid the same mistakes that had occurred at the outset of WWI. WWII, however, would have
different circumstances. The U.S. declared absolute neutrality, no matter how hideous one side would be.
VII.
America Dooms Loyalist Spain
A.
The Spanish Civil War (1936-39) was a mini-WWII. It saw a fascist government led by Gen. Francisco
Franco fight a republican democratic government.
1.
Naturally, the U.S. wanted the republican government to win. But, isolationism ruling, the U.S. offered no
help. It was their war. America did start an oil embargo.
2.
Italy and Germany did help Franco. Knowing he'd soon put them to use, Hitler used the Spanish Civil War
as a testing ground for his tanks and planes. Franco and the fascists won and this helped embolden
the dictators, especially Hitler.
B.
Though neutral, America didn't build up her military for defense. America actually let the navy get weaker.
1.
Congress passed a law to build up the navy in 1938, very late in the game and only one year before WWII
broke open.
VIII.
Appeasing Japan and Germany This content copyright © 2010 by WikiNotes.wikidot.com
A.
Japan invaded China in 1937. FDR did not name the action a war, however, so the Neutrality Acts were not invoked
and both China and Japan could still buy American war-stuffs.
B.
In 1937, FDR gave his “Quarantine Speech." In it he asked for America to quarantine the aggressors (Italy and
Japan) and to morally side against them.
1.
This was a step away from isolationism. When isolationists complained, FDR backed off a bit in his words.
C.
Japan went at it again when they bombed and sank the American gunboat the Panay. Two were killed, 30
wounded—possible grounds for war.
1.
Japan apologized, paid an indemnity, and the situation cooled.
2.
Americans in China, however, were jailed and beaten as the Japanese took out anti-American frustrations.
3.
The "Panay Incident" further supported American isolationism.
D.
Back in Europe, Hitler was taking increasingly bold steps.
1.
He broke the Treaty of Versailles by (1) making military service mandatory and (2) marching troops into
the Rhineland region by France. Britain and France watched, but did nothing.
2.
Drunk on Hitler's book Mein Kampf about a German "master race", Nazi Germany began persecuting the
Jews.
a.
Persecution started out with restrictions on Jews, then corralling into "ghettos", then relocation
into labor camps, then to death camps to carry out the "final solution."
b.
All told, about 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust, about 11 million people total.
3.
Hitler kept up his march by taking his birth nation of Austria in 1938.
4.
Next he declared he wanted the Sudetenland, a section of Czechoslovakia inhabited mostly by Germans.
a.
At each step, Hitler said this would be his last. Naively, Britain and France were eager to appease
(give in) to Hitler.
b.
At the Munich Conference (Sept. 1938) British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain fell victim
to Hitler's lies. Chamberlain agreed to let Hitler have the Sudetenland.
c.
Chamberlain returned and gave his infamous claim that he’d achieved “peace in our time.” True,
but it proved to be a very short time.
d.
Hitler broke his promise and took over all of Czechoslovakia in March of 1939.
IX.
Hitler’s Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
A.
The world was stunned on Aug. 23, 1939 when Russia and Germany signed the Russo-German Nonaggression
Pact. In it, Stalin and Hitler promised to not fight one another. (Believing Hitler was becoming foolish and
Russia got suckered here—Hitler would later break this pact.)
1.
Without having to fear a two-front war like in WWI, the nonaggression pact opened the door for Germany
attack Poland.
2.
Still, little was done to halt Hitler. Britain and France did finally draw one last line-in-the-sand, saying that
if Poland was taken, war would start.
B.
Hitler attacked Poland anyway on September 1, 1939, and overran the nation in only two weeks. Britain and France
did declare war and WWII had begun.
C.
America rooted for Britain and France, but was committed to neutrality.
1.
The Neutrality Acts were invoked which cut supplies to belligerents. Wanting to help Britain and France,
FDR and Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1939 which said the U.S. would sell war
materials on a "cash-and-carry" basis.
a.
Cash-and-carry meant no credit and no U.S. ships hauled the stuff.
b.
Though technically open to Germany too, the British and French navies could keep the Germans
away.
c.
The U.S. improved her moral standing with the law, but also made some bucks.
X.
The Fall of France
A.
When Poland was fully under German power, there was a pause in the war as Hitler moved troops and supplies to
the west for an attack on France.
1.
The only action was when the USSR attacked Finland. The U.S. gave Finland $30 million for nonmilitary
supplies; Finland lost to Russia.
B.
The so-called "phony war" ended when Hitler suddenly (April 1940) attacked and conquered Denmark and Norway,
then the Netherlands and Belgium.
1.
The Germans used blitzkrieg ("lightning warfare") and hit with planes, tanks and ground troops very fast.
C.
The attack on France came very quickly and surrender came quickly, by late June of 1940.
1.
Mussolini attacked France while she was down to get some of the booty.
2.
The only good news was a miraculous evacuation at Dunkirk. Pinned against the English Channel, a waters
suddenly settled to an unusual calm and small boats were able to cross the channel and evacuate
the troops.
D.
Americans how realized Britain was now the only major European country left standing between the U.S. and Nazi
Germany.
1.
FDR called for America to build up the military. Congress appropriated $37 billion, a huge number.
2.
A conscription law was passed—America's first peacetime draft. It would train 1.2 million troops yearly
and 800,000 reserves.
E.
There was concern that Germany may take the orphaned Dutch, Danish, and French colonies in Latin America. At
the Havana Conference, it was agreed that the Europe-stay-away policy of the Monroe Doctrine would be
shared by 21 American countries.
XI.
Refugees from the Holocaust
A.
Adolf Hitler stirred up the old feelings of anti-Semitism (hatred of Jews).
1.
Old violence against Jews began to reemerge in the early 1900's Germany.
2.
The most infamous was Kristallnacht or "night of broken glass."
a.
Joseph Goebbels, master of Nazi propaganda, stirred up the German people into action.
b.
Mobs raided and destroyed Jewish homes and businesses. At least 91 Jews were killed.
B.
Many Jews tried to escape.
1.
Due to immigration restrictions, only a few Jews were allowed into the U.S. Perhaps most notable was
Albert Einstein, the brilliant physicist and mathematician.
2.
The vast majority of Jews were not admitted into the U.S.
a.
In one sad case, 937 Jewish passengers boarded the St. Louis and sailed to Havana, Cuba. They
were not welcome.
b.
They went to Miami and FDR seemed to open his arms, but Sec. of State Cordell Hull convinced
him to not allow the immigrants.
c.
In the end, they returned to various European nations and ultimately felt the wrath of Nazi
Germany during WWII.
C.
As reports of a Jewish holocaust began to trickle in, FDR started the War Refugee Board. It saved thousands of
Hungarians from the Auschwitz death camp.
D.
By the end of WWII, 6 million Jews had been killed in the Holocaust.
XII.
Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940)
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
A.
Britain was next on Hitler's list. To attack Britain, Hitler first needed air superiority. He began bombing, but the
British Royal Air Force fought back and halted Germany in the world's first all-air war, the Battle of
Britain.
B.
In America, two voices spoke to FDR on whether the U.S. should get involved:
1.
Isolationists set up the America First Committee. Charles Lindbergh was a member.
2.
Interventionists set up the Committee to Defend the Allies.
C.
Both sides campaigned their positions; FDR chose a middle route at this time.
1.
In the Destroyer Deal (1940), America transferred 50 old destroyers from WWI days to Britain. In return,
the U.S. got eight defensive bases in the Americas, from Newfoundland down to South America.
2.
The pattern (Quarantine speech, Neutrality Acts, cash-and-carry, Destroyer Deal) showed the U.S. was
clearly taking steps from isolation toward intervention.
XIII.
Shattering the Two-Term Tradition (1940)
A.
1940 was also an election year. Wendell L. Willkie came out of nowhere to capture the Republican nomination.
Franklin Roosevelt set aside the two-term tradition, and was nominated for a third term.
1.
Willkie criticized some of the New Deal mishandlings, but the New Deal was not the big issue anymore,
the war was. On foreign affairs, there wasn't much difference between the candidates. Willkie's
main point of attack was the two-term tradition which was around since George Washington.
2.
FDR's camp came back with, "Better a third term a third-rater" and Lincoln's old adage to not change
horses midstream was still strong. FDR also promised to not send "boys" to "any foreign war"
(which haunted him).
B.
FDR won big again, 449 to 82.
XIV.
A Landmark Lend-Lease Law
A.
Britain needed money. FDR wanted to help, but also didn't want another WWI-like debt mess. FDR's solution would
be to simply loan weapons and ships to the British. They can use them, them return them.
1.
Senator Taft countered lending tanks would be like lending chewing gum—you don't want it back
afterward.
B.
The Lend-Lease Bill passed and the U.S. would become the "arsenal of democracy." By 1945, America had sent
about $50 billion worth of arms and material to the Allies.
C.
Lend-Lease marked an almost official abandonment of isolation. Everyone realized this, from Mainstreet America to
Adolf Hitler. Germany had avoided American ships 'til this point. On May 21, 1941, a German sub
destroyed an American ship, the Robin Moor.
XV.
Charting a New World
A.
In June of 1941, Hitler broke his pact with Russia and invaded the USSR. Neither trusted the other, so Hitler moved
to double-cross Stalin first. This was great news for the democracies. Now those two could beat up on one
another.
B.
The thinking was that the Germans would quickly defeat the Russians.
1.
FDR sent $1 billion to Russia to help defend Moscow. Germany made quick and early gains, but the red
army slowed the Nazis until the winter set in. The Germans literally froze at the gates of Moscow.
C.
The Atlantic Conference (Aug 1941) saw Winston Churchill of England meet with FDR in Newfoundland.
D.
The Atlantic Charter was formed at the meeting and was later okayed by the Soviet Union. Oddly with the U.S. not
even in the war, the Charter set up goals for after the war was won. The main points of the Charter were
reflective of Wilson's Fourteen Points of WWI…
1.
There would be no territorial or government changes without the people's vote (self-determination).
2.
Disarmament would be sought.
3.
A new peace-keeping organization, like the League of Nations, would be set up.
E.
Isolationists criticized the Atlantic Conference and Charter. They simply failed to see that the U.S. was no neutral
anymore.
XVI.
U.S. Destroyers and Hitler’s U-Boats Clash
A.
Sending war materials to Britain would be risky with German sub "wolfpacks" prowling around. FDR concluded
that a convoy system would be used—merchant ships would be escorted by U.S. warships to Iceland. Then
the British would take over the escorting.
B.
Incidents happened, including German attacks on the American destroyer Greer. FDR declared a shoot-on-sight
policy.
1.
The American Kearny saw 11 men killed and was damaged.
2.
The destroyer Reuben James was torpedoed and sunk off of Iceland, killing over 100 Americans.
3.
In November of 1941, Congress stopped pretending and pulled the plug on the outdated Neutrality Act of
1939. Merchant ships could arm and enter combat zones.
XVII. Surprise Assault at Pearl Harbor
A.
Meanwhile, Japan was marching toward their vision of an empire of the rising sun. They were still beating the
Chinese.
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07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
B.
In protest of Japan's actions in China, the U.S. put an embargo on Japan. The main blow was cutting off oil, which
Japan needed for its sprawling empire. Japan's solution was to attack.
C.
American code-breakers knew the Japanese were up to some no-good. The best thinking was that Japan would
attack British Malaya or the Philippines.
1.
Japan certainly wouldn't try to hit Hawaii, maybe a sneak sabotage attack, but nothing foolish like an allout attack.
D.
An all-out attack on Hawaii is what came. The attack on Pearl Harbor was one of the most surprising in history.
1.
The attack came in the morning of December 7, 1941 (FDR's "date which will live in infamy"). Japanese
bombers caught the Americans sleepy.
2.
Several ships were sunk or damaged including the U.S.S. Arizona. 3,000 Americans were killed or
wounded.
3.
The only good news was that the American aircraft carriers were out at sea. If they'd been destroyed, the
American naval situation would've been hopeless.
E.
On December 8, the United States declared war on Japan. On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the
U.S. and the U.S. declared war right back. War was now official.
XVIII. America’s Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent
A.
Pearl Harbor galvanized the will of America. On December 8, 1941, there was no disagreement on isolationism.
B.
America had been riding a teeter-totter for several years: wanting to stop Germany and Japan, but wanting to do it
from a convenient distance. Those days were over.
(35) America in World War II
I.
II.
III.
The Allies Trade Space for Time
A.
Pearl Harbor jarred many Americans' minds out of isolationism and into revenge-on-Japan mode. This was
especially true on the west coast where there was only water between the U.S. and the Japanese fleet.
B.
FDR held back the reins against Japan, however, and vowed to "get Germany first." Many folks were upset at
putting Japan second on the list, but Germany was the more pressing problem.
C.
The plan was to absolutely not let Britain fall to Germany and meanwhile send just enough effort to hold Japan at
bay for the time being.
1.
The problem was preparedness. To execute this plan, the U.S. needed time to gear up for war.
2.
The task was monumental: to change industry for a total war, organize a massive military, ship everything
in two directions across the world, and feed the Allies.
The Shock of War
A.
National unity was strong after the Pearl Harbor attack.
B.
There were no ethnic witch-hunts, with the glaring exception of Japanese-Americans.
1.
Mostly living on the west coast, Japanese-Americans were rounded up and sent to internment camps.
2.
The official reasoning was to protect them from rogues on the streets who may want to take out their Pearl
Harbor frustrations on them.
3.
The ulterior motive was that there was distrust. Some believed the Japanese-Americans were more loyal to
Japan than the U.S. and were really spies. This was untrue.
4.
Though jailed without due process of law, the Supreme Court upheld the internment camps in
the Korematsu v. U.S. case.
a.
Notably, in 1988, the government apologized and offered reparations of $20,000 to each camp
survivor.
C.
Many New Deal programs were ended as the war began. Now, all jobs would be war jobs.
D.
Unlike WWI, WWII was not made out to be an idealistic crusade. It was just the dirty work of defeating the bad
guys.
Building the War Machine
A.
The Great Depression ended when huge orders for the war effort came in. More than $100 billion was ordered in
1942.
B.
Henry J. Kaiser was nicknamed "Sir Launchalot" because his crews could build an entire ship in only 14 days.
C.
The War Production Board took control of industry. It halted production of non-essential items like passenger
cars.
1.
Rubber was a much-needed item because Japan had overtaken the rubber tree fields of British Malaya.
Gasoline was rationed to help save tires.
D.
Agricultural production was incredible. Though many farm boys went to war, new equipment and fertilizers yielded
record harvests.
E.
Prices rose, however. The Office of Price Administration regulated prices.
1.
Critical items were rationed to keep consumption down, like meat and butter.
39
07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
2.
The War Labor Board set ceilings on wages (lower wages means lower prices).
F.
Though they hated the wage regulations, labor unions promised to not strike during the war. Some did anyway, like
the United Mine Workers led by John L. Lewis.
1.
Congress passed the Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (1943) giving the federal government the authority
to seize and run industries crippled by strikes. The government took over the coal mines and
railroads, briefly.
2.
All-in-all, strikes were minimal during the war.
IV.
Manpower and Womanpower
A.
There were some 15 million men and 216,000 women in the military during WWII.
1.
The most famous women were the WAACS (in the Army), the WAVES (Navy), and the SPARS (Coast
Guard).
B.
Since most able-bodied men were off at war, industry needed workers.
1.
The bracero program brought workers from Mexico to harvest crops. The program was successful and
stayed on about 20 years after the war.
2.
Women stepped up and took the war jobs. For many women, this was the first "real job" outside of the
home. Almost certainly, this was the first job for women in industry—women built planes,
artillery shells, tanks, everything.
a.
The symbol for women-workers was "Rosie the Riveter" with her sleeves rolled up and rivet gun
in hand.
b.
Without question, the war opened things up for women in the workplace. Women "proved
themselves" and gained respect.
c.
But, after the war most women (about 2/3) left the workplace. A post-war baby boom resulted
when the boys got home from war. Most women returned to their other "job" of being
homemakers and mothers.
V.
Wartime Migrations
A.
As during the Depression, the war forced people to move around the country.
B.
FDR had long been determined to help the economically-hurting South. He funneled money southward in defense
contracts. This would plant the seeds of the "Sunbelt's" boom after the war.
C.
African-Americans moved out of the South in large numbers, usually heading Northern cities, but also to the West.
1.
Black leader A. Philip Randolph prepared a "Negro March on Washington" to clamor for more blacks in
defense jobs and military. FDR responded by banning discrimination in defense industries.
2.
FDR also set up the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) to serve as a watchdog over the
discrimination ban.
3.
Blacks served in segregated units in the military.
a.
Aside from the segregation, there was discrimination such as separate blood banks for each race,
and often the roles of blacks were more menial such as cooks, truck drivers, etc.
b.
Generally, however, the war and the efforts of Blacks encouraged African-Americans to strive for
equality. The slogan was the "Double V"—victory overseas vs. dictators and victory at
home vs. racism.
4.
Black organizations increased in membership. The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People) neared the half-million mark and CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) was
founded.
5.
The mechanical cotton picker was invented. This freed blacks from the age-old cotton picking job—another
reason many moved.
D.
Native Americans also fought in the war in large numbers.
1.
Famously, Navajo and Comanche Indians were "code talkers." They traded messages using their traditional
language. Their "codes" were never broken.
E.
All the moving around mixed people who weren't accustomed to it, and there were some clashes. For example, some
white sailors attacked some Mexican and Mexican-Americans in L.A. in 1943. Also, 25 blacks and 9
whites were killed in a Detroit race riot.
VI.
Holding the Home Front This content copyright © 2010 by WikiNotes.wikidot.com
A.
The United States entered WWII still in the Depression. The U.S. came out of WWII very prosperous (the only
nation to do so).
1.
GNP (Gross National Product) had doubled. Corporate profits doubled too.
2.
Disposable income (money left to spend) also doubled. Inflation would suit and rise as well.
B.
Despite all of the New Deal programs, it was the production for WWII that ended the Great Depression.
1.
The war's cost was assessed at $330 billion (ten times WWI).
2.
To help pay for the war, four times more people were required to pay income taxes. Most of the payments,
however, were on credit. This meant the national debt shot up from $49 to $259 billion.
VII.
The Rising Sun in the Pacific
40
07 APUSH (27-35) (1890-1945) American Pageant Outline
A.
Japan began to take action on its dream of a new empire—the land of the rising sun. The Japanese took island after
island, including: Guam, Wake Island, the Philippines, Hong Kong, British Malaya, Burma, the Dutch East
Indies, and much of coastal China.
B.
The Philippines had been embarrassing for the U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur had to sneak away. The general
made a pledge, however, to return.
1.
After the U.S. lost in the Philippines, the Japanese made the captured soldiers hike the infamous "Bataan
Death March"—85 miles where, if you stumbled, you died.
2.
The U.S. finally gave up and surrendered Corregidor, an island/fort in Manila Harbor.
VIII.
Japan’s High Tide at Midway
A.
The first big U.S.-Japan naval battle was the Battle of Coral Sea. It was the world’s first naval battle where the
ships never saw one another (they fought with aircraft via carriers). Both sides had heavy losses.
B.
Intercepted messages hinted at an attack on Midway Island. American Adm. Chester Nimitz correctly sent the U.S.
fleet and theBattle of Midway (June 1942) followed. Instead of being surprised, the U.S. gave the surprise.
1.
Adm. Raymond Spruance was the the admiral on the water. Midway was a rout for the U.S. as four
Japanese aircraft carriers were sunk.
2.
Midway proved to be the turning point in the Pacific war, the place where Japanese expansion was halted.
C.
Japan did capture the islands of Kiska and Attu in the Aleutian chain of Alaska. The islands are home to a few
hundred native Aleuts, snow, and rocks, but the mere idea the Japanese taking American soil hit hard. The
northwestern states feared an invasion.
1.
The "Alcan" Highway was built from Alaska, through Canada, to the continental states to help protect
Alaska.
IX.
American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo
A.
Japan's expansion halted, America then began "island-hopping" toward Japan. The plan was to not attack the
stronghold, take the weaker islands and build airbases on them. The stronger islands would be taken by
bombing and strangling of resources.
B.
There would be two main thrusts: in the south led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur and in the central Pacific led by
Adm. Chester Nimitz.
1.
Island-hopping began in the south Pacific with victories at Guadalcanal (Aug. 1942). This southern strike
reached New Guinea in August of 1944. MacArthur was working his way back to the Philippines.
2.
Northward, Tarawa and Makin in the Gilbert Islands were captured. Next, the Marshall Island chain was
won.
a.
The "Marianas Turkey Shoot" was an American highlight where American "Hellcat" fighters had
their way in the air shooting down 250 enemy planes. The Marianas Islands also
were close enough so that B-29 bombers could strike Japan and return (if the winds were
favorable).
b.
This would later be the take-off point for the atomic bomb planes.
C.
Though island-hopping made steady progress, it was slow, hard-fought, and bloody.
1.
American sailors shelled the beachheads with artillery, U.S. Marines stormed ashore (while the navy
shelled over their heads), and American bombers attacked the Japanese. Heroism and self-sacrifice
were common.
2.
One example was when Lt. Robert J. Albert piloted a B-24 “Liberator” on 36 missions. His final run was a
record 18 hour and 25 minute strike. His tour of duty was complete, but his crew's was not. He
volunteered to pilot the flight so that his men would not fly behind a rookie pilot.
X.
The Allied Halting of Hitler
A.
As with the Pacific, progress in Europe has slow at first. History has shown the American war machine slow to get
going, but awesome when it is going.
B.
German u-boats were proving to be very effective. The German "enigma code" was broken thanks to spies' actions
and lives sacrificed to get an enigma machine to decode messages. These messages helped locate German
u-boat wolfpacks.
C.
The Battle of the Atlantic, the war for control of the ocean, went on until 1943 when the Allies gained control.
1.
The win over the seas was a close one. It was learned after the war that the amazing German engineers
were nearing completion of a sub that could stay submerged indefinitely and cruise at 17 knots.
D.
1942 was the turning point year in Europe (like Midway in '42 in the Pacific).
1.
The British bombed the Germans in Cologne, France. American B-17's bombed Germany itself.
2.
German Gen. Erwin Rommel (nicknamed the "Desert Fox" because he was clever with maneuvers) was
having great success in North Africa. He was almost to the Suez Canal in Egypt—taking the canal
would link the Mediterranean Sea (Italy and Germany) with the Indian and Pacific Oceans
(Japan).
a.
However, Brit. Gen. Bernard Montgomery, at the Battle of El Alamein (Oct. 1942) stopped the
Germans. From there, Germany would be pushed back.
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3.
The Russians also stopped the Germans at Stalingrad (Sep. 1942). A month later, Russia began pushing
back and recaptured 2/3 of their lost land in one year.
XI.
A Second Front from North Africa to Rome
A.
Some 20 million Russians would die by the end of the war so the Soviet Union wanted the allies to start a second
front against Germany and ease Russia's burden.
1.
Britain and the U.S. wanted this, but had different views. America wanted to ram straight at the Nazis
through France.
2.
Britain wanted to lure the war away from England. Winston Churchill suggested they hit Germany's "soft
underbelly", meaning up from North Africa and through Italy.
B.
The soft underbelly approach was decided upon.
1.
Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower led an attack on North Africa (Nov. 1942). The Allies pushed the Germans
out of Africa by May 1943.
C.
The Roosevelt and Churchill met at the Casablanca Conference to flesh out plans (Jan. 1943). They agreed to seek
the "unconditional surrender" of Germany.
D.
The soft underbelly attack continued.
1.
The Allies leapfrogged to Sicily. Mussolini was overthrown (and later murdered) at about the same time
and Italy surrendered(Sept. 1943). German soldiers were still in Italy, however, and they were
determined to keep fighting.
2.
The Allies then moved to the lower portion of the Italian boot, then started edging northward. By this time,
it was clear that the soft underbelly really wasn't very soft.
a.
The German were dug in at Monte Cassino. After taking a beachhead at Anzio, the Allies finally
took Rome on June 4, 1944.
b.
The Allied thrust essentially bogged down and stalled at this point, roughly half way up the Italian
peninsula. The D-Day invasion would make the Italian assault a mere diversion.
E.
The soft underbelly attack had mixed results. The good: it drew some of Hitler's men and supplies and it did defeat
Italy. The bad: it delayed the D-Day invasion and gave Russia extra time to draw farther into Eastern
Europe.
XII.
D-Day: June 6, 1944
A.
Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin met at the Tehran Conference (Nov.-Dec. 1943) to formulate goals and coordinate
attacks.
B.
The groundwork was laid for a massive assault across the English channel (eventual D-Day invasion).
1.
Gen. Eisenhower was placed in charge of the assault.
2.
The attack would take place on the beaches of Normandy on the French coast. The Germans had guessed
the sure-to-come attack would be at Calais because that's the narrowest point of the channel. The
Allies offered fakes and bluffs there to confuse the enemy.
C.
The D-Day Invasion began on June 6, 1944. It was the largest amphibious assault in history.
1.
The Allies had to cross the channel, wade ashore, cross the wide beach, scale 100 foot bluffs, and overtake
German bunkers—while being shot at by machine guns and artillery. The Allies did it.
2.
After gaining a toehold at Normandy, the Allies began spreading out. Gen. George S. Patton led U.S.
troops across the French countryside.
3.
Paris was liberated in August of 1944—a major morale boost for the Allies.
XIII.
FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944
A.
Despite the ongoing war in 1944, an election year came again. The Republican party nominated Thomas E. Dewey.
He was known as a liberal and attacker of corruption.
B.
The Democrats nominated FDR for a fourth term. There was no other viable choice for the party.
1.
The real question was who'd be the vice-presidential candidate. The nomination was made for Harry S
Truman who was largely without enemies.
XIV.
Roosevelt Defeats Dewey
A.
Dewey campaigned hard against Roosevelt. He attacked "twelve long years" and emphasized it was "time for a
change."
B.
FDR didn't campaign much until election day neared.
1.
Roosevelt got a lot of financial help from the CIO's new political action committee (PAC). The PAC was
set up to avoid a ban on using union money for politics.
C.
FDR won the election in a big way, again. The electoral vote was 432 to 99. The main reason that he won was that
the war was moving along well at this point.
XV.
The Last Days of Hitler
A.
The Nazi army was on the retreat at this point. Hitler made one last big push at the Ardenne Forest. The Americans
were surprised and pushed back; the result was a bulge in the battle line.
1.
The Americans held on at Bastogne. Germany asked for a surrender but Gen. A.C. McCauliffe answered,
"Nuts."
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2.
Reinforcements came and the U.S. won the Battle of the Bulge. From there, steady progress was made
toward Berlin. Russia was simultaneously converging on Berlin.
B.
Along the way, the Allies discovered the horrors of the Holocaust.
1.
There had been rumors of such goings-on, but it was believed they were either untrue or exaggerated. They
were not—the Holocaust was worse than imagined.
2.
The death camps, still stinking, made the horrors clear. Eisenhower forced German civilians to march
through the camps after the war to see what they're government had done.
C.
The Russians reached Germany first. Hitler killed himself in a bunker (Apr. 1945), along with his mistress-turnedwife Eva Braun.
D.
Only two weeks prior, while vacationing at Warm Springs, GA, Franklin Roosevelt suddenly died. Truman became
president.
E.
The German officials surrendered on May 7; May 8, 1945 was named V-E Day (Victory in Europe). The celebration
began.
XVI.
Japan Dies Hard
A.
The war with Japan was still on.
1.
American subs were devastating Japanese merchant ships—1,042 were destroyed.
2.
American bombers were devastating Japanese cities. In a two-day fire-bomb raid on Tokyo in March of
1945, the destruction was: 250,000 buildings, 1/4 of the city, and 83,000 lives. This was about the
equivalent of the atomic bombs that were to come.
B.
Gen. MacArthur was determined to return to the Philippines where he'd been booted.
1.
After retaking New Guinea, MacArthur made his Filipino return in October, 1944.
2.
Hard naval fighting followed at Leyte Gulf. The U.S. won, although Adm. William Halsey was suckered
into a feint. Leyte Gulf was the last huge battle in the Pacific—Japan's navy was all but
destroyed at this point.
3.
MacArthur then took Luzon and finally captured the capital city of Manila (Mar. 1945).
C.
The same month, the small island of Iwo Jima was captured by America in some of the toughest fighting yet. It was
strategically located halfway between the Marianas Islands and Japan. Thus, it provided an important
airstrip.
1.
The famous flag-raising photo was snapped atop Mt. Suribachi while the fighting still raged.
D.
Okinawa was the next target. It was the last island before the Japanese mainlands. Okinawa was taken (June 1945)
after 50,000 American casualties.
1.
In a last-ditch effort, Japan unleashed the full fury of their "kamikaze" suicide pilots. Likening themselves
to the samurai warriors of old the kamikazes felt they were dying for their god-emperor.
XVII. The Atomic Bombs
A.
Rookie Pres. Harry Truman met with Stalin and British officials at the Potsdam Conference (July 1945). The
final statement to Japan was: surrender or be destroyed.
B.
Meanwhile, the U.S. had been working on a super-secret project all along: to build the atomic bomb.
1.
Early on, many German scientists had fled Nazi Germany, notably Albert Einstein. In 1940, with FDR's
blessing, these scientists started working on the bomb.
2.
FDR had gotten Congress to approve the money in fear that Germany may well develop the bomb first.
The Manhattan Project secretly developed and built the world's first atomic bomb. It was tested
in Alamogordo, NM (July 1945) and was ready for use.
C.
Still belligerent, the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan (Aug. 6, 1945). 70,000 died instantly,
180,000 total casualties.
D.
On Aug. 8, Russia entered the war against Japan and attacked Manchuria.
E.
On Aug. 9, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. 80,000 were killed or missing. That's was it.
F.
Japan surrendered on Aug. 19, 1945. The Japanese emperor was aloud to stay on the throne as a symbolic gesture.
1.
The official and ceremonial surrender came a few weeks later aboard the U.S.S. Missouri. Gen. MacArthur
accepted the surrender from Emperor Hirohito.
XVIII. The Allies Triumphant
A.
One million casualties was the American cost of WWII. But, despite the sacrifices, America came out of the war
tougher and stronger-than-ever, whereas other nations came out of the war beaten down.
1.
The casualty number was incredibly large, but actually small as compared to other nations. The numbers
were kept down in part due to new drugs, particularly penicillin.
2.
The American homeland was almost entirely untouched (again, unlike other nations were in rubble).
B.
Though slow-starting, America had run the war well. It was a huge undertaking, but had been undertaken in a
systematic and effective manner.
1.
The U.S. had been blessed with great leaders during the war, civilian and military.
2.
Another major factor contributing to victory was America's incredible resources and industry.