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Question
General Certificate of Education
Advanced Level Examination
June 2014
Mark
1
2
3
Environmental Studies
Unit 3
ENVS3
Energy Resources and Environmental Pollution
Wednesday 4 June 2014
4
5
6
9.00 am to 10.30 am
7
You will need no other materials.
You may use a calculator.
8
TOTAL
Time allowed
 1 hour 30 minutes
Instructions
Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
 Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
 Answer all questions.
 You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write
outside the box around each page or on blank pages.
 Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not
want to be marked.

A
Information
The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
 The maximum mark for this paper is 80.
Two of these marks are for the Quality of Written Communication.
 You will be marked on your ability to:
– use good English
– organise information clearly
– use specialist vocabulary where appropriate.
 Question 8 should be answered in continuous prose.
Quality of Written Communication will be assessed in this answer.

(JUN14ENVS301)
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ENVS3
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Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
1
Table 1 shows some pollution control methods.
Complete Table 1 by adding one example of a pollutant that can be treated by each
control method.
Two rows have been completed for you.
[5 marks]
Table 1
Pollution control method
Dry flue gas
One pollutant treated by the method
Sulfur dioxide
Urea spray
Electrostatic precipitator
Baffle mound
Noise
Bacterial remediation
Tertiary sewage treatment
Vitrification
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2
The future contribution of different energy resources to the overall energy supply will
partly depend on the development of efficient new technologies.
2 (a)
Explain how tertiary recovery of oil increases the recovery rate.
[2 marks]
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2 (b)
Outline the advantages of using in-stream tidal turbines instead of tidal barrages.
[2 marks]
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2 (c)
Describe how improvements in technology have increased the amount of energy that
can be harnessed using:
2 (c) (i)
wind power
[2 marks]
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2 (c) (ii) photovoltaic and photothermal solar power.
[4 marks]
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Figure 1 shows the maximum amount of oxygen that can dissolve in water at different
temperatures.
Figure 1
16.0
14.0
10
12.0
0%
sa
tur
ate
d
10.0
Dissolved
oxygen / 8.0
mg l –1
6.0
Less than 100% saturated
4.0
2.0
0.0
3 (a)
0
5
10
15
20
Water temperature / °C
25
30
Use Figure 1 to estimate the amount of oxygen that will come out of solution if the
temperature of 1 litre of 100% saturated water at 5 oC rises to 20 oC.
[1 mark]
…………………………mg
3 (b)
Young Sockeye Salmon die if dissolved oxygen levels drop below 8.1 mg l–1.
Use Figure 1 to estimate the highest water temperature at which they can survive.
[1 mark]
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3 (c)
Describe one method that is used at power stations to reduce the temperature of
effluent water.
[2 marks]
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3 (d)
Pollution caused by inorganic nutrients or sewage effluent may also lower dissolved
oxygen levels in water.
Outline the similarities and differences between pollution caused by inorganic nutrients
and that caused by sewage effluent.
[6 marks]
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4
Figure 2 shows the area around an old open-cast lead mine and the sampling sites in
a study of soil contamination.
Figure 2
N
0
300 m
Key
Mine void
left by
excavation
Area of spoil
dumping
Sampling
site
Road
Buildings
It was expected that there would be considerable variation in the results for different
parts of the area, with some localised higher concentrations.
4 (a)
Suggest how a preliminary study may have been used to select a suitable distance
between sample sites.
[1 mark]
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4 (b)
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Suggest how the collection of soil samples may have been standardised.
[2 marks]
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4 (c)
In an experimental area, phytoremediation of the contamination was attempted using
plants that absorb lead. If the plants absorbed and concentrated the lead, they could
be harvested and disposed of in a location where the lead would not cause pollution.
Table 2 shows the lead content in the dry biomass of the harvested plants.
Table 2
Lead content / mg lead per kg of plant tissue
Plant number
4 (c) (i)
Plant species A
Plant species B
1
60.5
70.4
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mean
Standard deviation
65.9
70.2
58.4
67.5
69.4
63.0
72.1
66.3
64.2
65.75
4.325
60.2
70.9
66.3
69.2
72.1
61.7
68.4
74.0
68.1
68.13
4.145
What information is provided by calculating the standard deviation?
[1 mark]
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4 (c) (ii) Use the flow diagram (Figure 3) to select a suitable test to see whether there is a
statistically significant difference between the results for the two plant species.
Figure 3
comparing the
frequencies (number
of things) in various
categories?
Are
you
finding if there is a
difference between
two averages?
Are you
testing
whether observed
frequencies are
the same as those
theoretically
expected?
Chi-squared
(goodness of fit)
whether two factors
are associated
(related)?
Chi-squared
(association)
calculated or
counted?
Are the
data
measured?
investigating the
relationship between
two variables?
Mann-Whitney
U test
t-test
Spearman’s Rank
Tick () one box to show which statistical test you have chosen.
[1 mark]
Chi-squared
(goodness of fit)
Chi-squared
(association)
Mann-Whitney U Test
t-test
Spearman’s Rank
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4 (d)
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Outline how, other than by phytoremediation, the risk of lead contamination of
local rivers may be reduced.
[3 marks]
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4 (e)
Why would there be cause for concern if lead entered public drinking water supplies,
even at low levels?
[2 marks]
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5
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Figure 4 is an outline graph that may be used to show the changes in temperature with
increasing altitude during a temperature inversion.
Figure 4
Altitude
Temperature
5 (a)
Complete Figure 4 to show conditions during a temperature inversion.
[1 mark]
5 (b)
Describe the factors that make it more likely that a temperature inversion will occur.
[3 marks]
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5 (c)
Outline the differences between smoke smogs and photochemical smogs.
[5 marks]
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5 (d)
Suggest how the production of a named pollutant, other than smoke, may be reduced
by the use of a named secondary fuel.
[1 mark]
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Figure 5 shows photothermal solar panels and Figure 6 shows a tank which stores the
hot water produced for later use.
Figure 5
Photothermal solar panels
Figure 6
Hot water tank
The volume of a heat store affects the rate at which heat is lost from the store.
Describe an experiment to investigate the effect of volume on the rate of heat loss.
[5 marks]
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7
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Figures 7, 8, 9 and 10 show information about selected energy resources.
Figure 7
Photovoltaic panels
Figure 8
Cost of generating electricity
by different methods in 2010
800
6
700
Key
600
5
Relative cost 500
of electricity
400
production
(2010 = 100) 300
Cost of
standby
generation
4
200
Cost /
p kWh –1 3
Carbon tax
at £10 per
tonne of CO2
Operation
and
maintenance
100
0
1980
2
1990 2000
Year
Fuel
2010
Manufacture
and
installation
1
0
Coal- Gas- Onshore
fired
fired
wind
power power farm
station station
Figure 9
Figure 10
Global maximum output of
photovoltaic solar power
Long-term coal price 2002 – 2012
150
250
200
100
Relative
cost of coal
(2010 = 100)
Relative
150
maximum
electricity
output
(2010 = 100) 100
50
50
0
2002
0
2004
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2008
Year
2010
2004
2006 2008
Year
2010
2012
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7 (a)
Use the information in Figures 7, 8, 9 and 10 to suggest:
7 (a) (i)
why governments decided to provide financial subsidies to the photovoltaic industry
[3 marks]
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7 (a) (ii) why subsidies will not be needed in the long term.
[1 mark]
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7 (b)
Suggest why costs for standby generation in Figure 8 are only included for windpower.
[1 mark]
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7 (c)
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Suggest how the economic competitiveness of energy resources would be affected if
the full economic costs of environmental impacts were included.
[5 marks]
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8
Write an essay on one of the following topics.
Credit will be given for your understanding of the relationship between different areas
of the subject, also for the organisation and presentation of the essay and for grammar,
punctuation and spelling.
You should answer this question in continuous prose.
Either
8 (a)
Discuss the extent to which recycling materials reduces environmental damage.
[20 marks]
or
8 (b)
Explain how changes in vehicle design may reduce the environmental impact during the
use and final disposal of the vehicles.
[20 marks]
or
8 (c)
Explain how good house design may reduce the amount of energy needed to produce
a suitable internal temperature.
[20 marks]
Which question have you chosen?
Tick () one box.
8 (a)
8 (b)
8 (c)
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Acknowledgement of copyright-holders and publishers
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders have been unsuccessful and AQA
will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements in future papers if notified.
Copyright © 2014 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
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