February 11, 2013
Chapter 16 Section 1
Physical Features
January 2nd
Physical Feature
Importance
Strait of Gibraltar
links the Mediterranean sea with the
Atlantic Ocean.
link the Mediterranean sea with the
Black Sea, and separate Europe from
Asia.
Allows ships to pass from the
Mediterranean sea to the Red Sea.
Allows oil tankers to enter and leave
the Persian Gulf
Used as a trade route linking
Southwest Asia to other parts of Asia.
Dardanelles Strait, Sea of
Marmara, Bosporus Strait
Suez Canal
Strait of Hormuz
Khyber Pass
People have long settled in river valleys because of rich soil.
Nile River, Tigris River, and Euphrates River.
Ancient Egyptians relied on the Nile for flooding and silt that made the
land fertile.
Flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, led to a farming
civilization.
Mesopotamia- located on an alluvial plain, an area of fertile soil left by
river floods
February 11, 2013
Chapter 18 Section 1
January 8, 2013
North Africa
Egypt
Landscape- vast deserts, dry, arid landscape, most people live
within 20 miles of the Nile.
Economy- Developing. 1/3 of people work in agriculture.
Only 2% of land used for farming. Best land- Nile River Valley
Fellahin- peasant farmers use simple tools. They depend on
the Aswan High Dam to control Nile flood water.
The Dam provides hydroelectric power.
Main industry- oil Major exports- Petroleum products, and
phosphates (minerals used in fertilizer), cotton.
People- most live in cities for industry. Major cities: Cairo the
capital, and Alexandria (port city by Mediterranean Sea)
Egypt is a republic with one political party controlling the
government. This has led to some violence
February 11, 2013
Chapter 19 Section 1
Physical Features South of the Sahara
January 16, 2013
Land*Four distinct regions- West, Central, East, and Southern
*2.5x larger than the US
*Extends from South of the Sahara to Cape of Good Hope
*Madagascar- largest island
Plateaus and Lowlands*Almost all land south of Sahara lies on a series of plateaus
*Plateaus give Africa the highest elevation of any world region.
*In the east and south, plateaus are marked by Escarpments- steep,
jagged cliffs. They create trade barriers because they block ships.
*There are also lowlands including narrow plains that border the
oceans.
*Basins- low, sunken areas. Largest- Congo Basin in Central Africa
Drakensberg escarpment - the border between Lesotho and South Africa/ Hamm Plateau, edge of Ethiopia
February 11, 2013
Mountains- Page 532
*Ethiopian Highlands
*Volcanic Mountain Peaks- Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya
*Kilimanjaro in Tanzania- highest peak. Snow covered at summit even
though it is near the equator
*Drakensberg Range in the South
February 11, 2013
Chapter 19 Section 1
January 16, 2013
Physical Features South of the Sahara
The Great Rift ValleyRift Valley- a large break in the Earth's surface formed by shifting tectonic
plates.
The Great Rift Valley stretches about 4,000 miles from Southwest Asia to
Southern Africa.
Some areas of the GRV have rich volcanic soil good for farming
Pictures of the Great Rift Valley in Kenya
February 11, 2013
Lakes:
Most lakes lie in or around the Great Rift Valley
Lake Victoria is Africa's largest lake- Source of the White Nile
Lake T'ana- Source of the Blue Nile
They meet to form the Nile River
Lake Chad- Size changes/ varies based upon rainy/dry season
February 11, 2013
Chapter 19 Section 2 Pop Quiz
In a paragraph compare and contrast the Rain Forests of
Africa with the Savanna.
Things to consider:
Describe the land of both. What would you see if you
looked around? What type of vegetation is there? What is
the weather like? What about rainfall? Try to use
vocabulary words if you can!
Climate Region Spotlight Video
February 11, 2013
Chapter 19 Section 2
Climate Regions
January 23, 2013
South of the Sahara- mostly warm or hot climate
-mainly in the tropics
-direct sun rays
Higher elevations (mountains)- cooler
Rainfall varies- There are rain forests, but also deserts.
Some areas have long droughts: periods of time when there is
no rain at all
Tropical Wet Climate Zone- around equator in central and
western Africa
-hot temperatures, lots of rain, supports rain forests
Rain Forests: dense stands of trees and other plants that
receive high amounts of precipitation
-plants at different levels
-canopy: top of the highest trees that form an umbrella-like
covering. Lots of plant and animal life here
February 11, 2013
Chapter 19 Section 2
Climate Regions
January 23, 2013
Africans depend on their rain forests:
-sale of products (wood), farmland, wood for fuel
This has led to deforestation- widespread clearing of forestland
Some countries encourage Ecotourism: touring a place without
causing harm to the environment
Tropical Dry Climate
- Farther from the equator
-Savanna- grasslands with scattered woods
-Hot all year, less rain than rain forests
-Rain: heavy in summer, light in winter
-Home to elephants, lions, giraffes, etc.
February 11, 2013
Savanna- Notice the grasslands with areas of trees
Rain forest- Notice the different levels of
vegetation
Looking up at the canopy from the forest ground
February 11, 2013
Steppe:
-drier land than savanna, less rain
-trees, shrubs, grasses
-threatened by desertification: the process that turns fertile
land into land that is too dry to support life.
Deserts:
-Largest: Sahara, Kalahari, Namib
Sahara:
-high temps and little rain
-no sand dunes. it is rocky
-little vegetation
Kalahari:
-Covered with sand
-high temps, little rain
-some trees with deep roots
Namib:
-rocks and dunes
-temperatures cooler (ocean breeze)
-fog provides moisture to succulents: plants such as cacti
that conserve moisture
February 11, 2013
Africa Cultures and Lifestyles Partner Assignment
1. Get a textbook. Together, review chapter 20 section 2
2. Grab a piece of large white paper (1 per pair)
3. Fold it like a brochure
4. Title it "The People and Culture of Africa." Make it neat,
colorful, creative, and put your names on it.
5. Label the three inside columns: "The People," "The Cultures,"
and "The Lifestyles." These are the red sections of the text.
6. Label one of the back columns "Vocabulary"
7. Go through the text and bullet important details from each
section. Record them on your paper. Be neat and use complete
sentences! At least one detail from each blue section
8. Draw a picture at the bottom of each column.
9. Pull out all important vocabulary and record the word and
definition in the "Vocabulary" column.
Look at my example if you are confused!
February 11, 2013
Chapter 21 Section 1
West Africa
2/1/2013
Nigeria: one of the largest nations, large population, ethnic conflict,
political uncertainty.
Economy:
-Major oil producer
-Most income comes from oil
-Economy benefits from rising oil costs (better schools, roads,
factories)
-Many people work as farmers
-subsistence farms: small plots where farmers grow only enough
food to feed their families
-larger farms that produce cash crops (rubber, peanuts, palm oil,
cacao- tropical tree whose seeds are used to make chocolate and
cocoa)
-Too much focus on cash crops. They need to import food
People-More than 250 ethnic groups. 4 largest: Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba, Ibo
-Speak many African languages
-English is used for business and government
- 50% Muslim, 40% Christian, 10% African religions
-60% live in rural areas. Cities are growing though- better jobs
February 11, 2013
Chapter 21 Section 1
West Africa
2/1/2013
Government:
-Gained freedom from British in 1960
-Ethinic and religious fighting led to a civil war on two occasions
-Federal Republic: power shared by states and national government
-struggle to have a stable democracy
The Sahel
-Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Chad
-Landlocked (except for Mauritania): They do not have a sea or ocean
border.
-Lack of transportation systems
-They have gold, oil, and uranium, but have difficulty with transporting
-partly dry grasslands, little rain, small populations
-land is overgrazed: animals strip the land so bare the wind blows
away the soil.
Coastal West Africa
-Cape Verde Islands and mainland countries that stretch from Senegal
to Benin
-deforestation because rain forests are being cleared crops
-many civil wars in some countries (Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast)
-stable democracies and good economies in others (Ghana, Senegal,
and Benin)
February 11, 2013
Chapter 21 Section 2
Central and East Africa
2/5/2013
Central Africa
Dem. Rep. of the Congo
-many different landscapes (one of the largest rain forests)
-major source of copper, tin, industrial diamonds
-poor transportation (lack of roads, thick rain forests)
-civil war is hurting the economy
-more than 200 ethnic groups, African languages, French (official)
Other Countries
Economic growth: Gabon (oil, manganese, uranium, timber). Cameroon
(cacao and coffee). Equatorial Guinea (oil). Sao Tome and Principe
(cacao, coconut, and oil).
Poverty: Congo and Cen. African Rep (weak governments)
Southern East
Tanzania
-largest of this region
-many different ethnic groups, each with own language. Most speak
Swahili
-little conflict between groups
-people work in farming or herding
-exports: coffee, cloves and sisal: used to make rope and twines
-Tourism is growing due to wildlife and Serengeti National Park
February 11, 2013
Chapter 21 Section 2 (Cont.)
February 6, 2013
Kenya
-most people live in highlands
-Nairobi: capital and largest city. Business center for all of East Africa
-Mombasa: on Indian Ocean, large and busy port
-free market economy, lots of prosperity
-most people farm (corn, bananas, sweet potatoes, cassava, coffee, tea)
-tourism (national parks)
-move towards democracy after gaining independence
Highland Countries: Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi
-rich soil, lots of rainfall, good for farming
-produce: bananas, cassava, potatoes, corn, grains (subsistance farms)
-exports: coffee, cotton, tea (plantations)
-large populations, lots of conflict and tragedy
-Uganda: ruled by a dictator for many years
-Rwanda and Burundi: two main ethnic groups (Hutu and Tutsi).
-Conflict between the groups led to civil war and genocide (1990s)
-Genocide: deliberate murder of a group of people because of their race or culture.
February 11, 2013
Chapter 21 Section 2 (Cont).
February 6th 2013
The Horn of Africa: Northeast, juts into Indian Ocean, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and
Djibouti
Sudan:
-most people live along the Nile
-large reserves of oil in the south
-cotton is leading export
-historically, deep ethnic differences between the northern, Arab Muslims, and the
southern Christians.
-civil war: many died, left their homes (refugees, lost boys)
Ethiopia and Eritrea:
-varied landscape, mild temperatures, rainfall varies
-crops: grains, sugarcane, potatoes, coffee
-major export: coffee
-experience severe droughts
-Eritrea broke away from Ethiopia in 1993
Somalia:
-hot and dry so farming is difficult
-most people are nomadic herders
-people: most are Muslim but very divided (different clans)
-1980s- conflict between clans led to civil war
-drought later killed many people
-US and other countries try to restore order
Djibouti:
-most stable country in the horn of Africa
-located at a narrow water passage that links the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
-Many trade routes that link the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, as well as
Africa and Southwest Asia
-Capital Djibouti: excellent harbor, shipping, commerce
-people historically worked as nomadic herders, but are moving towards cities for
jobs (land is too dry and hot)
February 11, 2013
Chapter 21 Section 3 (page 588)
Southern Africa
February 11, 2013
Republic of South Africa (South Africa)
Economy: most highly developed in Africa
-exports: diamonds and platinum, gold
-farming and ranching
-rural areas: more poverty and subsistence farms
-cities: not growing fast enough
People: diverse population
-black ethnic groups (75%), European decent (10%),
-other are mixed backgrounds
History and government:
-1900s white ruled country
-set up apartheid (racial segregation) to control non-European groups
-In the early 1990s, apartheid ended and S. Africans wrote a
constitution.
-constitution stated that all races would have equality and gave suffrage
to all people over 18 (the right to vote)
Inland South Africa
-thousands move to cities or to S. Africa as migrant workers: person
who earns a living by temp. moving to a place separate from his/her
home to work
-within S. Africa lie Lesotho and Swaziland. They are enclaves: small
territories located inside a larger country